2015 AMC 10B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

2(2)22-(-2)^{-2} 的值。

What is the value of 2(2)2?2-(-2)^{-2}?

2-2

116\dfrac{1}{16}

74\dfrac{7}{4}

94\dfrac{9}{4}

66

知识点:指数运算顺序
难度评级:560
小提示:

负指数表示取幂的倒数。

Negative exponent means reciprocal of a power

大提示:

计算 2142-\frac14

Compute 2142-\frac14

解答:

因为 (2)2=1(2)2=14(-2)^{-2}=\frac{1}{(-2)^2}=\frac14,所以 214=742-\frac14=\frac74\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Since (2)2=1(2)2=14(-2)^{-2}=\frac{1}{(-2)^2}=\frac14, the expression is 214=74.2-\frac14=\frac74.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

Marie 连续做三项耗时相同的任务,中间不休息。她下午 1 ⁣: ⁣001\!:\!00 开始第一项任务,下午 2 ⁣: ⁣402\!:\!40 完成第二项任务。她什么时候完成第三项任务?

Marie does three equally time-consuming tasks in a row without taking breaks. She begins the first task at 1 ⁣: ⁣001\!:\!00 PM and finishes the second task at 2 ⁣: ⁣402\!:\!40 PM. When does she finish the third task?

下午 3:103{:}10

3:103{:}10 PM

下午 3:303{:}30

3:303{:}30 PM

下午 4:004{:}00

4:004{:}00 PM

下午 4:104{:}10

4:104{:}10 PM

下午 4:304{:}30

4:304{:}30 PM

知识点:日期与时间
难度评级:560
小提示:

两项任务共用 100100 分钟。

Two tasks take 100100 minutes

大提示:

在下午 2 ⁣: ⁣402\!:\!40 后再加一项 5050 分钟的任务。

Add one more 5050-minute task after 2 ⁣: ⁣402\!:\!40 PM

解答:

完成 22 项任务共用 100100 分钟。因此在 2:402:40 之后还需要 5050 分钟,也就是 3:303:30

所以正确答案是 B

The time it takes to do 22 tasks is 100100 minutes. Thus, it takes 5050 more minutes after 2:40,2:40, which is 3:30.3:30.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

3.

Isaac 写下了某个整数两次,另一个整数三次。这五个数的和为 100100,并且其中一个数是 2828。另一个数是多少?

Isaac has written down one integer two times and another integer three times. The sum of the five numbers is 100,100, and one of the numbers is 28.28. What is the other number?

88

1111

1414

1515

1818

难度评级:870
小提示:

分别测试 2828 是被写了两次还是三次。

Test whether 2828 is repeated two or three times

大提示:

剩余总和必须能被剩余次数整除。

The remaining total must divide by the remaining count

解答:

设写了两次的数为 xx,写了三次的数为 yy2x+3y=1002x+3y=100

x=28x=28,则 3y=10056=443y=100-56=44,所以 yy 不可能是整数。因此 y=28y=28,从而 2x=10084=162x=100-84=16,所以 x=8x=8

所以正确答案是 A

Let the number written twice be xx, and let the number written three times be yy. Then 2x+3y=1002x+3y=100.

If x=28x=28, then 3y=10056=443y=100-56=44, impossible for an integer yy. Therefore y=28y=28, and 2x=10084=162x=100-84=16, so x=8x=8.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

4.

四个兄弟姐妹点了一张特大披萨。Alex 吃了披萨的 15\frac15,Beth 吃了 13\frac13,Cyril 吃了 14\frac14。Dan 吃了剩下的部分。按吃掉披萨的份额从大到小排列,顺序是什么?

Four siblings ordered an extra large pizza. Alex ate 15,\frac15, Beth 13,\frac13, and Cyril 14\frac14 of the pizza. Dan got the leftovers. What is the sequence of the siblings in decreasing order of the part of the pizza they consumed?

Alex, Beth, Cyril, Dan

Beth, Cyril, Alex, Dan

Beth, Cyril, Dan, Alex

Beth, Dan, Cyril, Alex

Dan, Beth, Cyril, Alex

知识点:分数
难度评级:960
小提示:

Dan 得到 11513141-\frac15-\frac13-\frac14

Dan receives 11513141-\frac15-\frac13-\frac14

大提示:

把所有份额都化为分母 6060 的分数来比较。

Compare all shares with denominator 6060

解答:

因为 13>14>15\frac 13 > \frac 14 > \frac 15,所以 Beth 吃得比 Cyril 多,Cyril 吃得比 Alex 多。因此这三人的顺序已经确定。

Dan 吃了 1131415=13601- \dfrac 13 - \dfrac 14 - \dfrac 15 = \dfrac{13}{60}\text{。} 这大于 15\frac 15,小于 14\frac 14 ,所以 Dan 排在 Cyril 和 Alex 之间,顺序为 Beth、Cyril、Dan、Alex。

所以正确答案是 C

Since 13>14>15,\frac 13 > \frac 14 > \frac 15, we know Beth ate more than Cyril and Cyril ate more than Alex. Thus, those three are in order.

The amount Dan ate is 1131415=1360.1- \dfrac 13 - \dfrac 14 - \dfrac 15 = \dfrac{13}{60}. This is greater than 15\frac 15 and less than 14,\frac 14 , so Dan is in between Cyril and Alex. This makes the order Beth, Cyril, Dan, Alex.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

5.

David、Hikmet、Jack、Marta、Rand 和 Todd 与另外 66 人参加了一场 1212 人赛跑。Rand 比 Hikmet 早 66 个名次完成。Marta 比 Jack 晚 11 个名次。David 比 Hikmet 晚 22 个名次。Jack 比 Todd 晚 22 个名次。Todd 比 Rand 晚 11 个名次。Marta 得第 66 名。谁得第 88 名?

David, Hikmet, Jack, Marta, Rand, and Todd were in a 1212-person race with 66 other people. Rand finished 66 places ahead of Hikmet. Marta finished 11 place behind Jack. David finished 22 places behind Hikmet. Jack finished 22 places behind Todd. Todd finished 11 place behind Rand. Marta finished in 66th place. Who finished in 88th place?

David

Hikmet

Jack

Rand

Todd

知识点:逻辑推理
难度评级:960
小提示:

从 Marta 的第 66 名往回推。

Work backward from Marta’s 66th place

大提示:

Hikmet 比 Rand 晚 66 个名次。

Hikmet is 66 places behind Rand

解答:

Marta 是第 66 名,所以 Jack 是第 55 名。Jack 比 Todd 晚 22 个名次,所以 Todd 是第 33 名;Todd 比 Rand 晚 11 个名次,所以 Rand 是第 22 名。

Hikmet 比 Rand 晚 66 个名次,所以 Hikmet 是第 88 名。

所以正确答案是 B

Marta finished 66th, so Jack finished 55th. Since Jack finished 22 places behind Todd, Todd finished 33rd. Since Todd finished 11 place behind Rand, Rand finished 22nd.

Hikmet finished 66 places behind Rand, so Hikmet finished 88th.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

Marley 一周中每天恰好练习一项运动。她每周跑步三天,但从不连续两天跑步。星期一她打篮球,两天后打高尔夫。她还游泳和打网球,但她从不在跑步或游泳的后一天打网球。Marley 星期几游泳?

Marley practices exactly one sport each day of the week. She runs three days a week but never on two consecutive days. On Monday she plays basketball and two days later golf. She swims and plays tennis, but she never plays tennis the day after running or swimming. Which day of the week does Marley swim?

星期日

Sunday

星期二

Tuesday

星期四

Thursday

星期五

Friday

星期六

Saturday

难度评级:1280
小提示:

星期一和星期三已经确定。

Monday and Wednesday are fixed

大提示:

星期二必须是跑步日。

Tuesday must be a running day

解答:

Marley 星期一打篮球,星期三打高尔夫。若星期二不跑步,则三天跑步只能安排在星期四到星期日之间,必然有连续两天跑步,所以星期二必须跑步。

从星期四到星期日,她必须安排两天跑步、一天游泳和一天打网球。打网球不能排在跑步或游泳的后一天,所以只能在星期四。剩下两天跑步必须是星期五和星期日,因此星期六游泳。

所以正确答案是 E

Marley plays basketball on Monday and golf on Wednesday. She cannot fit all three running days among Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday without having two consecutive running days, so Tuesday must be a running day.

From Thursday through Sunday, she must run twice, swim once, and play tennis once. Tennis cannot be the day after running or swimming, so tennis must be Thursday. Then the two remaining running days must be Friday and Sunday, leaving Saturday for swimming.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

7.

定义运算“减去倒数”为 ab=a1ba\diamond b=a-\frac{1}{b}。求 ((12)3)(1(23))((1\diamond2)\diamond3)-(1\diamond(2\diamond3))\text{?}

Consider the operation “minus the reciprocal of,” defined by ab=a1b.a\diamond b=a-\frac{1}{b}. What is ((12)3)(1(23))?((1\diamond2)\diamond3)-(1\diamond(2\diamond3))?

730-\dfrac{7}{30}

16-\dfrac{1}{6}

00

16\dfrac{1}{6}

730\dfrac{7}{30}

难度评级:960
小提示:

先计算 121\diamond2232\diamond3

Compute 121\diamond2 and 232\diamond3 first

大提示:

记住 ab=a1ba\diamond b=a-\frac1b

Remember ab=a1ba\diamond b=a-\frac1b

解答:

((12)3)(1(23))=(1213)(153)=(1213)(135)=1625=730\begin{aligned} &((1\diamond2)\diamond3)-(1\diamond(2\diamond3)) \\ &= \left(\dfrac 12- \dfrac 13\right) - \left(1 \diamond \dfrac 53\right)\\ &= \left(\dfrac 12 - \dfrac 13\right) - \left(1-\dfrac 35\right)\\ &= \dfrac 16 - \dfrac 25 \\&= -\dfrac{7}{30} \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 A

((12)3)(1(23))=(1213)(153)=(1213)(135)=1625=730\begin{aligned} &((1\diamond2)\diamond3)-(1\diamond(2\diamond3)) \\ &= \left(\dfrac 12- \dfrac 13\right) - \left(1 \diamond \dfrac 53\right)\\ &= \left(\dfrac 12 - \dfrac 13\right) - \left(1-\dfrac 35\right)\\ &= \dfrac 16 - \dfrac 25 \\&= -\dfrac{7}{30} \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is A .

8.

下图中的字母 F 先绕原点顺时针旋转 9090^\circ,再关于 yy 轴反射,然后绕原点旋转半圈。最终图像是哪一个?

The letter F shown below is rotated 9090^\circ clockwise around the origin, then reflected in the yy-axis, and then rotated a half turn around the origin. What is the final image?

知识点:变换
难度评级:1140
小提示:

跟踪三次变换对坐标轴方向的作用。

Track what happens to the axes under the three transformations

大提示:

在关于 yy 轴反射后再旋转半圈,等价于关于 xx 轴反射。

A half turn after a yy-reflection is a reflection in the xx-axis

解答:

第一次旋转把字母 F 移到 xx 轴下方。

旋转半圈等价于依次关于两条坐标轴反射,因此最后的半圈旋转抵消了前面关于 yy 轴的反射,只留下关于 xx 轴的反射。

把旋转后的图形关于 xx 轴反射,就得到选项 E。

所以正确答案是 E

The first rotation puts the F below the xx-axis.

A half turn is equivalent to reflecting in both coordinate axes. Therefore the final half turn cancels the preceding reflection in the yy-axis and leaves a reflection in the xx-axis.

Reflecting the rotated figure in the xx-axis produces choice E.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

9.

下图阴影区域称为鲨鱼鳍形弓月,是 Leonardo da Vinci 研究过的图形。它由第一象限内圆心为 (0,0)(0,0)、半径为 33 的圆弧,第一象限内圆心为 (0,32)(0,\tfrac{3}{2})、半径为 32\tfrac{3}{2} 的圆弧,以及从 (0,0)(0,0)(3,0)(3,0) 的线段围成。该鲨鱼鳍形弓月的面积是多少?

The shaded region below is called a shark’s fin falcata, a figure studied by Leonardo da Vinci. It is bounded by the portion of the circle of radius 33 and center (0,0)(0,0) that lies in the first quadrant, the portion of the circle with radius 32\tfrac{3}{2} and center (0,32)(0,\tfrac{3}{2}) that lies in the first quadrant, and the line segment from (0,0)(0,0) to (3,0).(3,0). What is the area of the shark’s fin falcata?

4π5\dfrac{4\pi}{5}

9π8\dfrac{9\pi}{8}

4π3\dfrac{4\pi}{3}

7π5\dfrac{7\pi}{5}

3π2\dfrac{3\pi}{2}

难度评级:1020
小提示:

用较大的四分之一圆减去较小的半圆。

Subtract the smaller semicircle from the larger quarter circle

大提示:

较小圆的半径为 32\frac32

The smaller circle has radius 32\frac32

解答:

外边界是半径为 33 的四分之一圆,所以面积为 14π32=9π4\frac14\pi\cdot3^2=\frac{9\pi}{4}

内边界是半径为 32\frac32 的圆的右半部分,所以面积为 12π(32)2=9π8\frac12\pi\left(\frac32\right)^2=\frac{9\pi}{8}

阴影面积就是二者之差,9π49π8=9π8\frac{9\pi}{4}-\frac{9\pi}{8}=\frac{9\pi}{8}

所以正确答案是 B

The larger boundary is a quarter circle of radius 33, so its area is 14π32=9π4\frac14\pi\cdot3^2=\frac{9\pi}{4}.

The inner boundary is the right half of a circle of radius 32\frac32, so its area is 12π(32)2=9π8\frac12\pi\left(\frac32\right)^2=\frac{9\pi}{8}.

The shaded area is the difference, 9π49π8=9π8\frac{9\pi}{4}-\frac{9\pi}{8}=\frac{9\pi}{8}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

所有严格大于 2015-2015 的负奇整数的乘积,其符号和个位数字是什么?

What are the sign and units digit of the product of all the odd negative integers strictly greater than 2015?-2015?

它是一个个位为 11 的负数。

It is a negative number ending with a 1.1.

它是一个个位为 11 的正数。

It is a positive number ending with a 1.1.

它是一个个位为 55 的负数。

It is a negative number ending with a 5.5.

它是一个个位为 55 的正数。

It is a positive number ending with a 5.5.

它是一个个位为 00 的负数。

It is a negative number ending with a 0.0.

难度评级:960
小提示:

先数有多少个负奇数因子。

Count how many odd negative factors there are

大提示:

奇数乘积若含因子 55,个位数字为 55

An odd product with a factor of 55 has units digit 55

解答:

大于 2015-2015 的负奇整数共有 10071007 个。

负因子个数为奇数,所以乘积为负。

乘积包含因子 5-5,所以是 55 的倍数,个位只能是 5500

又因为所有因子都是奇数,所以乘积不可能是偶数,个位不能为零,只能为 55

所以正确答案是 C

There are 10071007 odd numbers greater than 2015.-2015.

Our product is of an odd number of negative numbers, so the result is negative.

Also, we multiply by 5-5 in there, so the product is a multiple of 5,5, making it end in 55 or 0.0. None of our factors are even, so the product can’t be even.

Therefore, the product must end in 5.5.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

11.

在小于 100100 的正整数中,每一位数字都是质数的数被等可能地选出一个。所选数是质数的概率是多少?

Among the positive integers less than 100,100, each of whose digits is a prime number, one is selected at random. What is the probability that the selected number is prime?

899\dfrac{8}{99}

25\dfrac{2}{5}

920\dfrac{9}{20}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

916\dfrac{9}{16}

难度评级:1420
小提示:

列出一位质数,以及只使用 2,3,5,72,3,5,7 的两位数。

List one-digit primes and two-digit numbers using only 2,3,5,72,3,5,7

大提示:

两位质数不能以二或五结尾,只需检查以 3377 结尾的情况。

Two-digit primes ending in 33 or 77 must still pass divisibility tests

解答:

可用数字为 2,3,5,72,3,5,7。一位数有 44 个,两位数有 42=164^2=16 个,共 2020 个选择。

所有 44 个一位选择都是质数。两位质数不能以 2255 结尾,所以检查以 3377 结尾的情况,得到两位质数 23,37,53,7323,37,53,73

因此共有 88 个质数;总选择数为 2020,所以概率为 820=25\frac{8}{20}=\frac25

所以正确答案是 B

The available digits are 2,3,5,72,3,5,7. There are 44 one-digit numbers and 42=164^2=16 two-digit numbers, for 2020 total choices.

All 44 one-digit choices are prime. A two-digit prime cannot end in 22 or 55, so checking endings 33 and 77 gives the two-digit primes 23,37,53,7323,37,53,73.

Thus 88 of the 2020 choices are prime, and the probability is 820=25\frac{8}{20}=\frac25.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

有多少个整数 xx,使点 (x,x)(x, -x) 位于以 (5,5)(5, 5) 为圆心、半径为 1010 的圆内或圆上?

For how many integers xx is the point (x,x)(x, -x) inside or on the circle of radius 1010 centered at (5,5)?(5, 5)?

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

难度评级:1020
小提示:

(x,x)(x,-x) 代入到 (5,5)(5,5) 的距离公式中。

Substitute (x,x)(x,-x) into the distance formula from (5,5)(5,5)

大提示:

解不等式 2x2+501002x^2+50\le100

Solve 2x2+501002x^2+50\le100

解答:

(x,x)(x,-x)(5,5)(5,5) 的距离平方为 (x5)2+(x5)2=2x2+50 \begin{aligned} &(x-5)^2+(-x-5)^2 \\ &= 2x^2+50 \end{aligned}\text{。}

2x2+501002x^2+50\le100x225x^2\le25,所以 5x5-5\le x\le5,共有 1111 个整数。

所以正确答案是 A

The squared distance from (x,x)(x,-x) to (5,5)(5,5) is (x5)2+(x5)2=2x2+50. \begin{aligned} &(x-5)^2+(-x-5)^2 \\ &= 2x^2+50. \end{aligned}

Being inside or on the circle means 2x2+501002x^2+50\le100, so x225x^2\le25. Thus 5x5-5\le x\le5, giving 1111 integer values.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

13.

直线 12x+5y=6012x+5y=60 与坐标轴围成一个三角形。这个三角形三条高的长度之和是多少?

The line 12x+5y=6012x+5y=60 forms a triangle with the coordinate axes. What is the sum of the lengths of the altitudes of this triangle?

2020

36017\dfrac{360}{17}

1075\dfrac{107}{5}

432\dfrac{43}{2}

28113\dfrac{281}{13}

难度评级:1280
小提示:

两个截距为 551212

The intercepts are 55 and 1212

大提示:

用面积求到斜边的高。

Use area to find the altitude to the hypotenuse

解答:

这个三角形是直角三角形,两条直角边为 121255,因此斜边为 1313

两条直角边对应的高分别为 551212。用面积公式 A=bh2A = \frac{bh}2,其中 bb 是底、hh 是高。

三角形面积为 1252=30\frac {12\cdot 5}2 = 30,设斜边上的高为 hh,则 30=13h230 = \frac{13h}2,所以这条高为 6013\frac{60}{13}

三条高之和为 12+5+6013=2811312+5+\dfrac{60}{13} = \dfrac{281}{13}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

The triangle is a right triangle with legs of 1212 and 5.5. This makes the hypotenuse 13.13.

Two of the altitudes are then 1212 and 5.5. Also, for any side, A=bh2A = \frac{bh}2 where bb is the base and hh is the altitude.

The area is 1252=30,\frac {12\cdot 5}2 = 30, so the other altitude hh can be found with 30=13h2.30 = \frac{13h}2. Thus, this altitude is 6013.\frac{60}{13}.

Therefore, the sum is 12+5+6013=28113.12+5+\dfrac{60}{13} = \dfrac{281}{13} .

Thus, the correct answer is E .

14.

aabbcc 是三个不同的一位数。下面方程的根之和的最大值是多少?(xa)(xb)+(xb)(xc)=0 \begin{aligned} &(x-a)(x-b) \\ &\quad +(x-b)(x-c)=0 \end{aligned}\text{?}

Let a,a, b,b, and cc be three distinct one-digit numbers. What is the maximum value of the sum of the roots of the equation (xa)(xb)+(xb)(xc)=0? \begin{aligned} &(x-a)(x-b) \\ &\quad +(x-b)(x-c)=0? \end{aligned}

1515

15.515.5

1616

16.516.5

1717

难度评级:1280
小提示:

提取公因子 xbx-b

Factor out xbx-b

大提示:

用不同的一位数最大化 b+a+c2b+\frac{a+c}{2}

Maximize b+a+c2b+\frac{a+c}{2} using distinct one-digit numbers

解答:

将左边因式分解,得到 (xb)(2xac)=0(x-b)(2x-a-c)=0\text{。}因此两根是 bba+c2\frac{a+c}{2},根之和为 b+a+c2b+\frac{a+c}{2}\text{。}

在这个和中,bb 的系数是 aacc 的系数的两倍,所以把最大的数字赋给 bb。接下来两个最大的不同数字应赋给 aacc

b=9b=9{a,c}={7,8}\{a,c\}=\{7,8\},得到 9+7+82=16.59+\frac{7+8}{2}=16.5\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Factoring the left-hand side gives (xb)(2xac)=0.(x-b)(2x-a-c)=0. Thus the roots are bb and a+c2,\frac{a+c}{2}, whose sum is b+a+c2.b+\frac{a+c}{2}.

The coefficient of bb in this sum is twice the coefficient of either aa or c,c, so assign the largest digit to b.b. The next two largest distinct digits should be aa and c.c.

Taking b=9b=9 and {a,c}={7,8}\{a,c\}=\{7,8\} gives 9+7+82=16.5.9+\frac{7+8}{2}=16.5.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

15.

Hamlet 镇中,每一匹马对应 33 个人;每一头牛对应 44 只羊;每一个人对应 33 只鸭。下列哪个数不可能是 Hamlet 镇中人、马、羊、牛、鸭的总数?

The town of Hamlet has 33 people for each horse, 44 sheep for each cow, and 33 ducks for each person. Which of the following could not possibly be the total number of people, horses, sheep, cows, and ducks in Hamlet?

4141

4747

5959

6161

6666

难度评级:1420
小提示:

把总数写成 13h+5c13h+5c

Write the total as 13h+5c13h+5c

大提示:

对每个选项,减去 1313 的倍数后检查是否为 55 的倍数。

Check each option modulo 55 after subtracting multiples of 1313

解答:

若有 hh 匹马和 cc 头牛,则有 3h3h 个人、9h9h 只鸭和 4c4c 只羊,总数为 13h+5c13h+5c

4747 外,其余选项都可表示为所需形式:41=132+53,59=133+54,61=132+57,66=132+58 \begin{gathered} 41=13\cdot2+5\cdot3, \\ 59=13\cdot3+5\cdot4, \\ 61=13\cdot2+5\cdot7, \\ 66=13\cdot2+5\cdot8\text{。} \end{gathered} 4747,减去 0,13,26,390,13,26,39 后分别得到 47,34,21,847,34,21,8,没有一个是 55 的倍数。

所以正确答案是 B

If there are hh horses and cc cows, then there are 3h3h people, 9h9h ducks, and 4c4c sheep. The total is therefore 13h+5c13h+5c.

The listed values except 4747 can be written in that form: 41=132+53,59=133+54,61=132+57,66=132+58. \begin{gathered} 41=13\cdot2+5\cdot3, \\ 59=13\cdot3+5\cdot4, \\ 61=13\cdot2+5\cdot7, \\ 66=13\cdot2+5\cdot8. \end{gathered} For 4747, subtracting 0,13,26,390,13,26,39 leaves 47,34,21,847,34,21,8, none of which is divisible by 55.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

Al、Bill 和 Cal 将各自随机分到一个 111010 之间的整数,且三人得到的数两两不同。Al 的数是 Bill 的数的正整数倍,并且 Bill 的数是 Cal 的数的正整数倍的概率是多少?

Al, Bill, and Cal will each randomly be assigned a whole number from 11 to 10,10, inclusive, with no two of them getting the same number. What is the probability that Al’s number will be a whole number multiple of Bill’s and Bill’s number will be a whole number multiple of Cal’s?

91000\dfrac{9}{1000}

190\dfrac{1}{90}

180\dfrac{1}{80}

172\dfrac{1}{72}

2121\dfrac{2}{121}

难度评级:1600
小提示:

数有序三元组 (A,B,C)(A,B,C),其中 AABB 的倍数,BBCC 的倍数。

Count ordered triples (A,B,C)(A,B,C) with AA a multiple of BB and BB a multiple of CC

大提示:

从整除链中的最小数 CC 开始列举。

Start with the smallest number CC in the divisibility chain

解答:

设 Al、Bill、Cal 的数分别为 (A,B,C)(A,B,C)。需要 AABB 的倍数,且 BBCC 的倍数,同时三个数互不相同。

满足条件的三元组为(4,2,1),(6,2,1),(8,2,1),(10,2,1),(6,3,1),(9,3,1),(8,4,1),(10,5,1),(8,4,2) \begin{gathered} (4,2,1),(6,2,1),(8,2,1), \\ (10,2,1),(6,3,1),(9,3,1), \\ (8,4,1),(10,5,1),(8,4,2) \end{gathered}\text{。} 共有 99 种有利的分配。

总分配数为 1098=72010\cdot9\cdot8=720,所以概率为 9720=180\frac9{720}=\frac1{80}

所以正确答案是 C

Let (A,B,C)(A,B,C) be the numbers assigned to Al, Bill, and Cal. We need AA to be a multiple of BB, and BB to be a multiple of CC, with all three numbers distinct.

The valid triples are (4,2,1),(6,2,1),(8,2,1),(10,2,1),(6,3,1),(9,3,1),(8,4,1),(10,5,1),(8,4,2). \begin{gathered} (4,2,1),(6,2,1),(8,2,1), \\ (10,2,1),(6,3,1),(9,3,1), \\ (8,4,1),(10,5,1),(8,4,2). \end{gathered} There are 99 favorable assignments.

The total number of assignments is 1098=72010\cdot9\cdot8=720, so the probability is 9720=180\frac9{720}=\frac1{80}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

如下图所示,把长方体各个面的中心连接起来,形成一个八面体。这个八面体的体积是多少?

The centers of the faces of the right rectangular prism shown below are joined to create an octahedron. What is the volume of this octahedron?

7512\dfrac{75}{12}

1010

1212

10210\sqrt{2}

1515

难度评级:1420
小提示:

把八面体看成两个以中央菱形为底的棱锥。

View the octahedron as two pyramids with a central rhombus base

大提示:

底面菱形的对角线为 4455

The base rhombus has diagonals 44 and 55

解答:

这个八面体可看成两个全等棱锥,它们共用的底面是通过四个侧面中心的菱形。该菱形对角线为 4455,面积为 1245=10\frac12\cdot4\cdot5=10

两个棱锥的高都为 32\frac32,即长方体高的一半,所以八面体体积为 2131032=102\cdot\frac13\cdot10\cdot\frac32=10\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The octahedron can be viewed as two congruent pyramids whose shared base is the rhombus through the centers of the four side faces. This rhombus has diagonals 44 and 55, so its area is 1245=10\frac12\cdot4\cdot5=10.

Each pyramid has height 32\frac32, half the prism’s height. Thus the total volume is 2131032=10.2\cdot\frac13\cdot10\cdot\frac32=10.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

Johann 有 6464 枚公平硬币。他抛所有硬币。任何反面朝上的硬币都再抛一次。第二次仍为反面的硬币再抛第三次。现在正面朝上的硬币的期望数量是多少?

Johann has 6464 fair coins. He flips all the coins. Any coin that lands on tails is tossed again. Coins that land on tails on the second toss are tossed a third time. What is the expected number of coins that are now heads?

3232

4040

4848

5656

6464

难度评级:1070
小提示:

一枚硬币最终为反面,当且仅当前三次都是反面。

A coin is tails at the end only after three tails

大提示:

使用期望的线性性。

Use linearity of expectation

解答:

一枚硬币最后仍为反面,当且仅当它连续 33 次都是反面,概率为 18\frac 18。因此任意一枚硬币最后为正面的概率为 78\frac 78

由于一枚硬币为正面的概率是 78\frac78,且一共有 6464 枚硬币,所以现在正面朝上的硬币期望数为 6478=5664 \cdot \dfrac 78 = 56\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

A coin ends as tails if and only if it has 33 flips that are tails, which happens with probability 18.\frac 18. Thus, the probability of any coin being heads is 78.\frac 78 .

Since each of the 6464 coins ends as heads with probability 78,\frac78, linearity of expectation gives the expected number of coins that are now heads: 6478=56.64 \cdot \dfrac 78 = 56.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

19.

ABC\triangle{ABC} 中,C=90\angle{C} = 90^{\circ},且 AB=12AB = 12。在三角形外侧作正方形 ABXYABXYACWZACWZ。点 XXYYZZWW 共圆。求该三角形的周长。

In ABC,\triangle{ABC}, C=90\angle{C} = 90^{\circ} and AB=12.AB = 12. Squares ABXYABXY and ACWZACWZ are constructed outside of the triangle. The points X,X, Y,Y, Z,Z, and WW lie on a circle. What is the perimeter of the triangle?

12+9312+9\sqrt{3}

18+6318+6\sqrt{3}

12+12212+12\sqrt{2}

3030

3232

难度评级:2010
小提示:

该圆圆心也是直角三角形的外心。

The circle center is the circumcenter of the right triangle

大提示:

把外心放在斜边中点。

Put the circumcenter at the midpoint of the hypotenuse

解答:

X,Y,Z,WX,Y,Z,W 的圆心在 XYXYZWZW 的垂直平分线上,也就是在 ABABACAC 的垂直平分线上,所以同一点也是直角三角形 ABCABC 的外心。

因此圆心是斜边中点 OO,其中斜边为 ABAB,所以 OA=OB=OC=6OA=OB=OC=6。令 a=12BCa=\frac12BCb=12CAb=\frac12CA,则 a2+b2=62a^2+b^2=6^2

ABAB 上的正方形可得 OX2=62+122=180OX^2=6^2+12^2=180。由 ACAC 上的正方形可知,对应半径也给出 OW2=b2+(a+2b)2OW^2=b^2+(a+2b)^2。因此 b2+(a+2b)2=180b^2+(a+2b)^2=180\text{。} 从这个方程减去 a2+b2=36a^2+b^2=36,得到 b(a+b)=36b(a+b)=36。但同样有 a2+b2=36a^2+b^2=36,所以 ab=a2ab=a^2。由于 a>0a>0,得到 a=b=32a=b=3\sqrt{2}

于是 AC=BC=62AC=BC=6\sqrt{2},所以周长为 12+12212+12\sqrt{2}

所以正确答案是 C

The center of the circle through X,Y,Z,WX,Y,Z,W lies on the perpendicular bisectors of XYXY and ZWZW. These are also the perpendicular bisectors of ABAB and ACAC, so the same point is the circumcenter of right triangle ABCABC.

Therefore the center is the midpoint OO of hypotenuse ABAB, so OA=OB=OC=6OA=OB=OC=6. Let a=12BCa=\frac12BC and b=12CAb=\frac12CA. Then a2+b2=62a^2+b^2=6^2.

From the square on ABAB, OX2=62+122=180OX^2=6^2+12^2=180. From the square on ACAC, the corresponding radius also gives OW2=b2+(a+2b)2OW^2=b^2+(a+2b)^2. Hence b2+(a+2b)2=180.b^2+(a+2b)^2=180. Subtracting a2+b2=36a^2+b^2=36 from this equation gives b(a+b)=36b(a+b)=36. But a2+b2=36a^2+b^2=36 as well, so ab=a2ab=a^2. Since a>0a>0, we get a=b=32a=b=3\sqrt{2}.

Thus AC=BC=62AC=BC=6\sqrt{2}, and the perimeter is 12+12212+12\sqrt{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

蚂蚁 Erin 从立方体的一个指定顶点出发,沿着恰好 77 条棱爬行,正好访问每个顶点一次,然后发现无法沿一条棱回到起点。有多少条路径满足这些条件?

Erin the ant starts at a given corner of a cube and crawls along exactly 77 edges in such a way that she visits every corner exactly once and then finds that she is unable to return along an edge to her starting point. How many paths are there meeting these conditions?

66

99

1212

1818

2424

难度评级:2030
小提示:

前两步之后,起始面上的下一个顶点被迫确定。

After two moves, the next vertex on the starting face is forced

大提示:

再沿对面完成路径,并只保留不能回到起点的路径。

Finish around the opposite face and keep only paths that cannot return

解答:

前两条棱可用 32=63\cdot2=6 种方式选择。这两条棱确定了立方体的一个起始面。

下一步必须访问该面上唯一尚未访问的顶点;否则以后到达它时,它的所有相邻顶点都已经访问过,路径将无法继续。剩余四个顶点都在对面,可以按两个环绕方向访问。

这两个方向中,恰有一个会终止在与起点不相邻的顶点。因此共有 66 条合格路径。

所以正确答案是 A

The first two edges can be chosen in 32=63\cdot2=6 ways. These two edges determine an initial face of the cube. After those moves, there is one unvisited vertex on that initial face.

That remaining vertex must be visited next; otherwise Erin would later reach it after all of its neighbors had already been visited, and the path could not continue. The last four vertices are then on the opposite face and can be visited in two cyclic orders.

Of those two orders, exactly one ends at a vertex not adjacent to the starting point. Hence there are 66 valid paths.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

21.

猫 Cozy 和狗 Dash 正在爬一段有若干台阶的楼梯。不过他们不是一级一级地走上去,而是跳着上。

Cozy 每次跳上两级台阶(若有必要,他会只跳最后一级)。

Dash 每次跳上五级台阶(若有必要,当剩下不足 55 级时,他会直接跳完剩下的台阶)。

假设 Dash 到达楼顶所需跳数比 Cozy 少 1919 次。令 ss 为所有可能台阶数的和。求 ss 的各位数字之和。

Cozy the Cat and Dash the Dog are going up a staircase with a certain number of steps. However, instead of walking up the steps one at a time, both Cozy and Dash jump.

Cozy goes two steps up with each jump (though if necessary, he will just jump the last step).

Dash goes five steps up with each jump (though if necessary, he will just jump the last steps if there are fewer than 55 steps left).

Suppose Dash takes 1919 fewer jumps than Cozy to reach the top of the staircase. Let ss denote the sum of all possible numbers of steps this staircase can have. What is the sum of the digits of s?s?

99

1111

1212

1313

1515

难度评级:2180
小提示:

设 Dash 跳 d+1d+1 次,Cozy 跳 d+20d+20 次。

Let Dash take d+1d+1 jumps and Cozy take d+20d+20

大提示:

tt 同时放入 5d+1,,5d+55d+1,\ldots,5d+52d+39,2d+402d+39,2d+40 的可能范围。

Match tt between 5d+1,,5d+55d+1,\ldots,5d+5 and 2d+39,2d+402d+39,2d+40

解答:

设 Dash 跳 d+1d+1 次,则台阶数 tt5d+1,5d+2,5d+3,5d+4,5d+5 \begin{gathered} 5d+1,5d+2,5d+3, \\ 5d+4,5d+5\text{。} \end{gathered} 中的一个。Cozy 多跳 1919 次,所以 Cozy 跳 d+20d+20 次,这意味着 tt2d+392d+392d+402d+40

匹配这些可能性,整数解来自 5d+3=2d+39,5d+1=2d+40,5d+4=2d+40 \begin{gathered} 5d+3=2d+39, \\ 5d+1=2d+40, \\ 5d+4=2d+40\text{。} \end{gathered} 对应 t=63,66,64t=63,66,64

因此 s=63+66+64=193s=63+66+64=193,各位数字之和为 1313

所以正确答案是 D

Suppose Dash takes d+1d+1 jumps. Then the number of steps tt is one of 5d+1,5d+2,5d+3,5d+4,5d+5. \begin{gathered} 5d+1,5d+2,5d+3, \\ 5d+4,5d+5. \end{gathered} Cozy takes 1919 more jumps, so Cozy takes d+20d+20 jumps, which means tt is either 2d+392d+39 or 2d+402d+40.

Matching these possibilities, the integer solutions are 5d+3=2d+39,5d+1=2d+40,5d+4=2d+40. \begin{gathered} 5d+3=2d+39, \\ 5d+1=2d+40, \\ 5d+4=2d+40. \end{gathered} They give t=63,66,64t=63,66,64, respectively.

Thus s=63+66+64=193s=63+66+64=193, and the sum of its digits is 1313.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

在下图中,ABCDEABCDE 是正五边形,且 AG=1AG=1。求 FG+JH+CDFG + JH + CD 的值。

In the figure shown below, ABCDEABCDE is a regular pentagon and AG=1.AG=1. What is FG+JH+CD?FG + JH + CD?

33

124512-4\sqrt{5}

5+253\dfrac{5+2\sqrt{5}}{3}

1+51+\sqrt{5}

11+11510\dfrac{11+11\sqrt{5}}{10}

难度评级:1880
小提示:

使用相似三角形,设 AG=1AG=1FG=bFG=bCD=dCD=d

Use similar triangles with side lengths AG=1AG=1, FG=bFG=b, and CD=dCD=d

大提示:

第一个相似关系给出 b2+b1=0b^2+b-1=0

The first similarity gives b2+b1=0b^2+b-1=0

解答:

由对称性,AG=HC=HJ=1AG=HC=HJ=1,且三角形 AFGAFG 与三角形 BGHBGH 全等,所以 FG=GHFG=GH。设 FG=bFG=bCD=dCD=d

正五边形中的相似三角形给出 1b=1+b\frac1b=1+b1+b1=d\frac{1+b}{1}=d\text{。} 第一式为 b2+b1=0b^2+b-1=0,所以 b=1+52b=\frac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}。于是 d=1+b=1+52d=1+b=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}

因此 FG+JH+CD=b+1+d=1+5 \begin{aligned} FG+JH+CD &= b+1+d \\ &= 1+\sqrt{5}\text{。} \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 D

By symmetry, AG=HC=HJ=1AG=HC=HJ=1, and triangles AFGAFG and BGHBGH are congruent, so FG=GHFG=GH. Let FG=bFG=b, and let CD=dCD=d.

The similar triangles in the pentagon give 1b=1+b\frac1b=1+b and 1+b1=d.\frac{1+b}{1}=d. The first equation is b2+b1=0b^2+b-1=0, so b=1+52b=\frac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}. Then d=1+b=1+52d=1+b=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}.

Therefore FG+JH+CD=b+1+d=1+5. \begin{aligned} FG+JH+CD &= b+1+d \\ &= 1+\sqrt{5}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

nn 是大于 44 的正整数,n!n! 以十为底表示时末尾有 kk 个零,而 (2n)!(2n)! 以十为底表示时末尾有 3k3k 个零。令 ss 为四个最小可能的 nn 值之和。求 ss 的各位数字之和。

Let nn be a positive integer greater than 44 such that the decimal representation of n!n! ends in kk zeros and the decimal representation of (2n)!(2n)! ends in 3k3k zeros. Let ss denote the sum of the four least possible values of n.n. What is the sum of the digits of s?s?

77

88

99

1010

1111

难度评级:1790
小提示:

统计 n!n!(2n)!(2n)! 中因子 55 的个数。

Count factors of 55 in n!n! and (2n)!(2n)!

大提示:

先测试 k=1k=1k=2k=2 的最早范围。

Test the first ranges where k=1k=1 and k=2k=2

解答:

阶乘末尾零的个数等于其中因子 55 的个数。对 5n95\le n\le9n!n!k=1k=1 个零;要使 (2n)!(2n)!33 个零,需要 152n1915\le2n\le19,所以 n=8,9n=8,9

10n1410\le n\le14n!n!k=2k=2 个零;要使 (2n)!(2n)!66 个零,需要 252n2925\le2n\le29,所以 n=13,14n=13,14

这就是四个最小值,所以 s=8+9+13+14=44s=8+9+13+14=44ss 的各位数字和为 88

所以正确答案是 B

The number of trailing zeros is the number of factors of 55. For 5n95\le n\le9, n!n! has k=1k=1 zero. We need (2n)!(2n)! to have 33 zeros, which happens when 152n1915\le2n\le19. Thus n=8,9n=8,9.

For 10n1410\le n\le14, n!n! has k=2k=2 zeros. We need (2n)!(2n)! to have 66 zeros, which happens when 252n2925\le2n\le29. Thus n=13,14n=13,14.

These are the four least possible values, so s=8+9+13+14=44s=8+9+13+14=44. The sum of the digits of ss is 88.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

蚂蚁 Aaron 按如下规则在坐标平面上行走。

他从原点 p0=(0,0)p_0=(0,0) 出发,面向东方,走一个单位到达 p1=(1,0)p_1=(1,0)

n=1n=12233\dots,每次到达点 pnp_n 后,若 Aaron 可以向左转 9090^\circ 并走一个单位到达一个尚未访问过的点 pn+1p_{n+1},他就这样做。否则,他直走一个单位到达 pn+1p_{n+1}。因此点列继续为 p2=(1,1),  p3=(0,1),p4=(1,1),  p5=(1,0),   \begin{aligned} &p_2=(1,1),\; p_3=(0,1), \\ &p_4=(-1,1),\; p_5=(-1,0),\;\ldots \end{aligned} 如此形成逆时针螺旋。求 p2015p_{2015}

Aaron the ant walks on the coordinate plane according to the following rules.

He starts at the origin p0=(0,0)p_0=(0,0) facing to the east and walks one unit, arriving at p1=(1,0).p_1=(1,0).

For n=1,n=1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\dots, right after arriving at the point pn,p_n, if Aaron can turn 9090^\circ left and walk one unit to an unvisited point pn+1,p_{n+1}, he does that. Otherwise, he walks one unit straight ahead to reach pn+1.p_{n+1}. Thus the sequence of points continues p2=(1,1),  p3=(0,1),p4=(1,1),  p5=(1,0),   \begin{aligned} &p_2=(1,1),\; p_3=(0,1), \\ &p_4=(-1,1),\; p_5=(-1,0),\;\ldots \end{aligned} in a counterclockwise spiral pattern. What is p2015?p_{2015}?

(22,13)(-22,-13)

(13,22)(-13,-22)

(13,22)(-13,22)

(13,22)(13,-22)

(22,13)(22,-13)

难度评级:1880
小提示:

20152015(2k+1)21(2k+1)^2-1 比较。

Compare 20152015 to (2k+1)21(2k+1)^2-1

大提示:

使用 p2024=(22,22)p_{2024}=(22,-22),再沿路径倒推。

Use p2024=(22,22)p_{2024}=(22,-22) and step backward

解答:

当 Aaron 到达 (k,k)(k,-k) 时,他刚好完成了包含所有坐标介于 k-kkk 之间的格点的方形螺旋。因此 p(2k+1)21=(k,k)p_{(2k+1)^2-1}=(k,-k)\text{。}

k=22k=22,得到 p2024=(22,22)p_{2024}=(22,-22)。因为 20242015=92024-2015=9,沿底边倒推时,xx 坐标减去 99,所以 p2015=(13,22)p_{2015}=(13,-22)\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

When Aaron reaches (k,k)(k,-k), he has just completed the square spiral containing all grid points with coordinates between k-k and kk. Therefore p(2k+1)21=(k,k).p_{(2k+1)^2-1}=(k,-k).

With k=22k=22, this gives p2024=(22,22)p_{2024}=(22,-22). Since 20242015=92024-2015=9, stepping backward along the bottom edge subtracts 99 from the xx-coordinate, so p2015=(13,22).p_{2015}=(13,-22).

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

一个长方体尺寸为 a×b×ca \times b \times c,其中 aabbcc 是整数,且 1abc1\leq a \leq b \leq c\text{。} 该长方体的体积和表面积在数值上相等。可能的有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a,b,c) 有多少个?

A rectangular box measures a×b×c,a \times b \times c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers and 1abc.1\leq a \leq b \leq c. The volume and the surface area of the box are numerically equal. How many ordered triples (a,b,c)(a,b,c) are possible?

44

1010

1212

2121

2626

难度评级:2010
小提示:

abc=2(ab+ac+bc)abc=2(ab+ac+bc) 开始。

Start from abc=2(ab+ac+bc)abc=2(ab+ac+bc)

大提示:

固定 a6a\le6,再因式分解剩余方程。

Fix a6a\le6 and factor the remaining equation

解答:

条件为 abc=2(ab+ac+bc)abc=2(ab+ac+bc)\text{。} 因为 abc6bcabc\le6bc,所以 a6a\le6。此外,a=1a=1a=2a=2 都没有正整数解,因此只需检查 a=3,4,5,6a=3,4,5,6

a=3a=3 时,(b6)(c6)=36(b-6)(c-6)=36,得到 (b,c)=(7,42),(b,c)=(7,42), (8,24),(8,24), (9,18),(9,18), (10,15),(10,15), (12,12)(12,12)。当 a=4a=4 时,(b4)(c4)=16(b-4)(c-4)=16,得到 (5,20),(6,12),(8,8)(5,20),(6,12),(8,8)

a=5a=5 时,(3b10)(3c10)=100(3b-10)(3c-10)=100,满足 abca\le b\le c 的唯一解是 (b,c)=(5,10)(b,c)=(5,10)。当 a=6a=6 时,(b3)(c3)=9(b-3)(c-3)=9,满足 abca\le b\le c 的唯一解是 (6,6)(6,6)

所以三元组总数为 5+3+1+1=105+3+1+1=10

所以正确答案是 B

The condition is abc=2(ab+ac+bc).abc=2(ab+ac+bc). Since abc6bcabc\le6bc, we have a6a\le6. Also a=1a=1 and a=2a=2 give no positive solutions, so test a=3,4,5,6a=3,4,5,6.

For a=3a=3, (b6)(c6)=36(b-6)(c-6)=36, giving (b,c)=(7,42),(b,c)=(7,42), (8,24),(8,24), (9,18),(9,18), (10,15),(10,15), (12,12)(12,12). For a=4a=4, (b4)(c4)=16(b-4)(c-4)=16, giving (5,20),(6,12),(8,8)(5,20),(6,12),(8,8).

For a=5a=5, (3b10)(3c10)=100(3b-10)(3c-10)=100, and the only solution with abca\le b\le c is (b,c)=(5,10)(b,c)=(5,10). For a=6a=6, (b3)(c3)=9(b-3)(c-3)=9, and the only solution with abca\le b\le c is (6,6)(6,6).

The total number of triples is 5+3+1+1=105+3+1+1=10.

Thus, the correct answer is B.