2005 AMC 10A 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
外出就餐时,Mike 和 Joe 各给服务员 的小费。Mike 的小费是他账单的 ,Joe 的小费是他账单的 。他们账单相差多少美元?
While eating out, Mike and Joe each tipped their server Mike tipped of his bill and Joe tipped of his bill. What was the difference, in dollars, between their bills?
小提示:
小费等于账单的 ,表示账单是小费的 倍。
A tip equal to of a bill means the bill is times the tip
大提示:
先由小费求出两人的账单,再相减。
Recover each bill from its tip, then subtract
解答:
Mike 的 小费是账单的 ,所以他的账单是 美元。Joe 的 小费是账单的 ,所以他的账单是 美元。差为 美元。
所以正确答案是 D。
Mike’s tip is of his bill, so his bill is dollars. Joe’s tip is of his bill, so his bill is dollars. The difference is dollars.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
2.
对每对满足 的实数,定义运算 为
求 的值。
For each pair of real numbers define the operation as
What is the value of
这个值未定义。
This value is not defined.
3.
4.
一个长方形的对角线长度为 ,并且长是宽的两倍。这个长方形的面积是多少?
A rectangle with a diagonal of length is twice as long as it is wide. What is the area of the rectangle?
5.
一家商店通常以每扇 的价格出售窗户。本周商店推出买四送一活动。Dave 需要七扇窗户,Doug 需要八扇窗户。如果他们一起购买而不是分别购买,会节省多少美元?
A store normally sells windows at each. This week the store is offering one free window for each purchase of four. Dave needs seven windows and Doug needs eight windows. How many dollars will they save if they purchase the windows together rather than separately?
小提示:
每购买四扇窗户,就免费获得第五扇。
Every four windows purchased comes with a fifth window free
大提示:
比较分别购买 扇和 扇,与一起购买 扇。
Compare buying alone ( windows and windows) with buying all together
解答:
Dave 单独购买时,付 扇的钱并得到一扇免费窗户,达到 扇,共 ;Doug 单独购买时,付 扇的钱并得到一扇免费窗户,达到 扇,共 。分别购买总共 。一起购买需要 扇窗户,买 扇可获得 扇免费窗户,共 。节省 美元。
所以正确答案是 A。
Alone, Dave pays for windows and receives one free to reach costing Doug pays for and receives one free to reach costing Separately they pay Together they need windows: buying yields free, for The savings are dollars.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
6.
个数的平均数为 ,另外 个数的平均数为 。这 个数的平均数是多少?
The average (mean) of numbers is and the average of other numbers is What is the average of all numbers?
7.
Josh 和 Mike 相距 英里。昨天 Josh 开始骑车去 Mike 家。稍后 Mike 开始骑车去 Josh 家。他们相遇时,Josh 骑行的时间是 Mike 的两倍,速度是 Mike 的五分之四。相遇时 Mike 骑了多少英里?
Josh and Mike live miles apart. Yesterday Josh started to ride his bicycle toward Mike’s house. A little later Mike started to ride his bicycle toward Josh’s house. When they met, Josh had ridden for twice the length of time as Mike and at four-fifths of Mike’s rate. How many miles had Mike ridden when they met?
小提示:
距离等于速度乘以时间;用 Mike 的距离表示 Josh 的距离。
Distance equals rate times time; write Josh’s distance in terms of Mike’s
大提示:
Josh 的距离是 Mike 的 倍,两人的距离和为 。
Josh’s distance is of Mike’s, and the two distances add to
解答:
设 Mike 骑了 英里。Josh 的速度是 Mike 的 ,时间是 Mike 的 倍,所以 Josh 的距离为 。两人合计骑了 英里,因此 ,得到 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let Mike ride miles. Josh rides the rate for times the time, so Josh’s distance is Together they cover so giving
Thus, the correct answer is B.
8.
图中,正方形 的边 长为 ,点 在 和 之间,且 。内正方形 的面积是多少?
In the figure, the length of side of square is is between and and What is the area of the inner square
小提示:
四个角上的三角形,如 ,是全等直角三角形。
The four corner triangles, such as are congruent right triangles
大提示:
每个角上的三角形斜边为 ,一条直角边为 ;内正方形边长是另一条直角边减去 。
Each corner triangle is right with hypotenuse and one leg the inner square’s side is the other leg minus
解答:
三角形 、、 和 是全等直角三角形。在 中,斜边 ,且 ,所以 。因为 ,且 在 上、,所以内正方形边长 ,面积为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The triangles and are congruent right triangles. In the hypotenuse is and so Since and lies on with the inner square’s side is giving area
Thus, the correct answer is C.
9.
三张牌标有 X,另外两张牌标有 O。将这五张牌随机排成一行。排列读作 XOXOX 的概率是多少?
Three tiles are marked X and two other tiles are marked O. The five tiles are randomly arranged in a row. What is the probability that the arrangement reads XOXOX?
小提示:
数出三个 X 和两个 O 的不同排列数。
Count the distinct arrangements of three X’s and two O’s in a row
大提示:
两个 O 的位置有 种等可能选择,其中只有一种给出 XOXOX。
The two O’s occupy equally likely position sets, and only one of them gives XOXOX
解答:
三个 X 的位置可以是 种等可能选择,其中只有一种位置选择产生 XOXOX,所以概率为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The three X positions can be any of equally likely choices, and exactly one of them produces XOXOX. So the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
10.
有两个 的值使方程 只有一个 的解。这两个 的值之和是多少?
There are two values of for which the equation has only one solution for What is the sum of those values of
小提示:
二次方程恰好有一个解时,判别式等于 。
A quadratic has exactly one solution when its discriminant equals
大提示:
合并一次项为 ,再令 。
Combine the linear terms into then set
解答:
方程可写为 ,它只有一个解当且仅当判别式 。所以 ,即 或 ,二者之和为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Writing the equation as there is one solution exactly when the discriminant Then so or and their sum is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
11.
一个边长为 个单位的木质立方体六个面全部涂红,然后切成 个单位小立方体。所有小立方体面的总数中,正好有四分之一是红色的。 是多少?
A wooden cube units on a side is painted red on all six faces and then cut into unit cubes. Exactly one-fourth of the total number of faces of the unit cubes are red. What is
小提示:
个单位立方体每个都有 个面,所以总面数为 。
Each of the unit cubes has faces, so there are faces in all
大提示:
只有原立方体表面是红色的,贡献 个红色面;令 。
Only the original surface is red, contributing red faces; set
解答:
小立方体共有 个面,其中来自原立方体外表面的红色面共有 个。因此 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The unit cubes have faces total, of which the original surface accounts for red faces. Then so
Thus, the correct answer is B.
12.
图中形状称为三叶形,由围绕全等等边三角形的边画圆形扇形构成。若三叶形的水平底边长为 ,它的面积是多少?
The figure shown is called a trefoil and is constructed by drawing circular sectors about sides of the congruent equilateral triangles. What is the area of a trefoil whose horizontal base has length
小提示:
底边长 跨过两个半径,所以每个圆形扇形半径为 。
The base of length spans two radii, so each circular sector has radius
大提示:
将四个等边三角形和四个圆弓形重新组合成四个半径为 、圆心角为 的扇形。
Rearrange the four equilateral triangles and four circular segments into four sectors of radius
解答:
底边长 等于两个半径,所以半径为 。这个三叶形由四个等边三角形和四个圆弓形组成,它们可以重新拼成四个半径为 、圆心角为 的扇形,总面积为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since the base equals two radii, the radius is The trefoil is made of four equilateral triangles and four circular segments, which reassemble into four sectors of a circle of radius Their total area is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
13.
有多少个正整数 满足
How many positive integers satisfy the following condition:
小提示:
所有量都为正,所以对不等式各部分取第 次方根。
All quantities are positive, so take the th root of each part of the inequality
大提示:
条件变为 且 ,合起来是 。
The conditions become and which together give
解答:
取第 次方根,条件变为 。由 得 ,由 得 。所以 可以是整数 ,共有 个。
所以正确答案是 E。
Taking th roots, the condition becomes From we get and from we get So ranges over the integers which is values.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
14.
有多少个三位数满足:中间数字是第一个数字和最后一个数字的平均数?
How many three-digit numbers satisfy the property that the middle digit is the average of the first and the last digits?
小提示:
只有当首位和末位数字奇偶性相同时,中间数字才是整数。
The middle digit is an integer only when the first and last digits share the same parity
大提示:
分别数首位和末位都是奇数或都是偶数的数字对,注意首位不能为 。
Count first-and-last digit pairs that are both odd or both even, remembering the first digit cannot be
解答:
首位和末位数字必须奇偶性相同,平均数才是一个数字。若二者都为奇数,有 对。若二者都为偶数,且首位非零,有 对。每一对首末数字唯一确定中间数字,所以共有 个三位数。
所以正确答案是 E。
The first and last digits must have the same parity so their average is a digit. Both odd gives pairs. Both even, with a nonzero leading digit, gives pairs. Each pair fixes the middle digit, for a total of numbers.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
15.
有多少个正立方数能整除 ?
How many positive cubes divide
小提示:
将 写成质因数幂的乘积。
Write as a product of prime powers
大提示:
立方数因子中每个质数的指数都必须是 的倍数;分别数每个质数可选的指数。
A cube divisor uses each prime to an exponent that is a multiple of count the allowed exponents for each prime
解答:
质因数分解为 。立方数因子的质数指数必须是 的倍数: 的指数可为 、 或 ,有 种; 的指数可为 或 ,有 种; 和 的指数只能为 。因此共有 个立方数因子。
所以正确答案是 E。
As a product of primes, A cube divisor uses exponents that are multiples of the exponent of can be or ( choices), the exponent of can be or ( choices), and the exponents of and must be That gives cubes.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
16.
一个两位数减去它的各位数字之和后,结果的个位数字是 。有多少个两位数满足这个性质?
The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is subtracted from the number. The units digit of the result is How many two-digit numbers have this property?
小提示:
将这个数写成 ,并减去数字和 。
Write the number as and subtract its digit sum
大提示:
结果化为 ,它的个位数字为 只对应一个 。
The result simplifies to whose units digit is for only one value of
解答:
若这个两位数为 ,则 。 的个位数字为 只在 时发生,因为 。此时 可以是 到 中任意数字,所以从 到 共有十个数。
所以正确答案是 D。
If the number is then The units digit of is only when since The digit can then be anything from to giving the ten numbers through
Thus, the correct answer is D.
17.
在图中的五角星中,字母 、、、 和 分别被数字 、、、 和 替换,但顺序不一定如此。线段 、、、 和 两端数字的和形成一个等差数列,顺序不一定相同。这个等差数列的中间项是多少?
In the five-sided star shown, the letters and are replaced by the numbers and although not necessarily in this order. The sums of the numbers at the ends of the line segments and form an arithmetic sequence, although not necessarily in this order. What is the middle term of the arithmetic sequence?
小提示:
每个数字恰好是两条线段的端点。
Each of the five numbers is an endpoint of exactly two of the segments
大提示:
五个线段和的总和为 ,而五项等差数列的中间项等于它的平均数。
The five segment sums total and the middle term of a five-term arithmetic sequence is its mean
解答:
每个数字都是两条线段的端点,所以五个线段和的总和为 。五项等差数列的中间项等于平均数,因此为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Every number is an endpoint of two segments, so the five segment sums total The middle term of a five-term arithmetic sequence equals its mean, which is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
18.
A 队和 B 队进行系列赛,先赢三场的队伍赢得系列赛。每场比赛两队获胜概率相同,没有平局,且各场结果相互独立。已知 B 队赢了第二场,且 A 队赢得系列赛,那么 B 队赢第一场的概率是多少?
Team A and team B play a series. The first team to win three games wins the series. Each team is equally likely to win each game, there are no ties, and the outcomes of the individual games are independent. If team B wins the second game and team A wins the series, what is the probability that team B wins the first game?
小提示:
想象五场比赛都进行,即使系列赛已经提前结束,这样每个五场序列等可能。
Imagine all five games are played, even after the series is decided, so each five-game sequence is equally likely
大提示:
列出 B 赢第 场且 A 赢得系列赛的序列,再看其中多少个第 场也是 B 赢。
List the sequences in which B wins game and A wins the series, then see how many also have B winning game
解答:
假设五场都进行,则所有五场结果序列等可能。要求 B 赢第 场且 A 最终以三场胜利赢得系列赛,得到以下等可能序列:
其中只有 BBAAA 的第一场是 B 赢,所以概率为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Suppose all five games are played, so every sequence of five results is equally likely. Requiring that B wins game and A ends up with the series (three wins) leaves the equally likely sequences
Only in BBAAA does team B win the first game, so the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
19.
三个一英寸正方形的底边放在同一直线上。中间的正方形被取出并旋转 ,如图所示。然后将它居中并放回原位置,直到它接触相邻两个正方形。点 距原来正方形底边所在直线多少英寸?
Three one-inch squares are placed with their bases on a line. The center square is lifted out and rotated as shown. Then it is centered and lowered into its original location until it touches both of the adjoining squares. How many inches is the point from the line on which the bases of the original squares were placed?
小提示:
旋转 后,正方形的一条对角线竖直,长度为 ,点 是上顶点。
After the rotation, the square’s diagonal (length ) is vertical, with at the top vertex
大提示:
利用下边的 斜率,以及它与相邻正方形上角的接触位置,确定下顶点的位置。
Use a lower edge’s slope and its contact with an adjoining top corner to locate the bottom vertex
解答:
旋转后的正方形向下移动时,它的两条下边落在相邻正方形的内侧上角,这些角的高度为 。下顶点位于两角正中,所以每个角与它的水平距离为 。下边斜率的绝对值为 ,因此从下顶点到角会升高 。所以下顶点的高度是 。
点 是对角顶点,比下顶点高一条长度为 的完整竖直对角线。因此它的高度是 。
所以正确答案是 D。
When lowered, the rotated square’s two lower edges rest on the inner top corners of the adjoining squares, which are at height The bottom vertex is centered between those corners, so each corner is horizontally unit from it. A lower edge has slope in magnitude, so it rises unit on the way to a corner. Therefore the bottom vertex is at height
Point is the opposite vertex, a full vertical diagonal of length higher. Its height is therefore
Thus, the correct answer is D.
20.
一个等角八边形有四条边长为 ,四条边长为 ,并且任意两条相邻边长度不同。这个八边形的面积是多少?
An equiangular octagon has four sides of length and four sides of length arranged so that no two consecutive sides have the same length. What is the area of the octagon?
小提示:
等角八边形的每个内角为 ;把八边形放入一个较大的正方形中。
Every interior angle of an equiangular octagon is enclose the octagon in a larger square
大提示:
四条短边是等腰直角三角形的斜边,这些三角形直角边为 ,从边长 的正方形四角切去。
The four short sides are hypotenuses of isosceles right triangles with legs cut from a square of side
解答:
延长四条长为 的边可形成一个正方形。每条短边 是等腰直角三角形的斜边,对应直角边为 ,因此八边形可看作从边长 的正方形四角切去四个这样的三角形,面积为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Extend the four sides of length to form a square. Each short side is the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle with legs and cutting these four corners from a square of side gives the octagon. Its area is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
21.
对多少个正整数 , 能整除 ?
For how many positive integers does evenly divide
小提示:
使用 。
Use
大提示:
商为 ;数出哪些 使 整除 。
Then count the for which divides
解答:
由 可知,商为 。它是整数当且仅当 整除 。 的因数中不小于 的有 、、、、,对应 、、、、,共五个值。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since the quotient is which is an integer exactly when divides The divisors of that are at least are giving — five values.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
22.
设 为最小的 个正的 的倍数组成的集合, 为最小的 个正的 的倍数组成的集合。 和 有多少个共同元素?
Let be the set of the smallest positive multiples of and let be the set of the smallest positive multiples of How many elements are common to and
小提示:
共同元素必须是 的倍数。
A number common to both sets must be a multiple of
大提示:
集合 最大到 ;数出不超过它的 的倍数。
The set reaches up to count the multiples of that do not exceed that
解答:
和 的共同元素是 的倍数。集合 包含不超过 的 的倍数,而 最大到 ,所以上界由 决定。共同元素是不超过该上界的 的倍数,共有 个。
所以正确答案是 D。
The elements common to and are the multiples of Now contains multiples of up to while reaches up to so the common elements are the multiples of not exceeding There are of them.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
23.
令 为一个圆的直径,点 在 上且 。点 和 在圆上,使得 ,且 是另一条直径。 的面积与 的面积之比是多少?
Let be a diameter of a circle and be a point on with Let and be points on the circle such that and is a second diameter. What is the ratio of the area of to the area of
小提示:
设 为圆心;由 可得 ,从而定位 。
Let be the center; from locate using
大提示:
因为 是 的中点,,而 与 从 出发的高相同。
Since is the midpoint of and shares the altitude from with
解答:
设 是圆心。由 且 ,得 ,因此 。三角形 和 的顶点 相同,底边 与 在同一直线上,所以 。又因为 是 的中点, 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let be the center. From and we get so Triangles and share the apex with bases and on the same line, so Because is the midpoint of
Thus, the correct answer is C.
24.
对每个正整数 ,令 表示 的最大质因数。有多少个正整数 同时满足 和 ?
For each positive integer let denote the greatest prime factor of For how many positive integers is it true that both and
小提示:
迫使 是某个质数的平方。
forces to be the square of a prime
大提示:
写成 、,则 。
Write and then
解答:
条件 表示 是某个质数 的平方;同理 ,其中 是质数。因此 。检查 的同奇偶因数分解,只有 给出质数,得到 ,所以 。因此恰好有一个这样的 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The condition means is the square of a prime and likewise for a prime Then Checking the same-parity factorizations of only yields primes, giving and So there is exactly one such
Thus, the correct answer is B.
25.
在 中,,,。点 和 分别在 和 上,且 、。求三角形 的面积与四边形 的面积之比。
In we have and Points and are on and respectively, with and What is the ratio of the area of triangle to the area of the quadrilateral