2005 AMC 10A 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

外出就餐时,Mike 和 Joe 各给服务员 $2\$2 的小费。Mike 的小费是他账单的 10%10\%,Joe 的小费是他账单的 20%20\%。他们账单相差多少美元?

While eating out, Mike and Joe each tipped their server $2.\$2. Mike tipped 10%10\% of his bill and Joe tipped 20%20\% of his bill. What was the difference, in dollars, between their bills?

22

44

55

1010

2020

知识点:百分数钱币
难度评级:900
小提示:

小费等于账单的 10%10\%,表示账单是小费的 1010 倍。

A tip equal to 10%10\% of a bill means the bill is 1010 times the tip

大提示:

先由小费求出两人的账单,再相减。

Recover each bill from its tip, then subtract

解答:

Mike 的 $2\$2 小费是账单的 10%10\%,所以他的账单是 2×10=202 \times 10 = 20 美元。Joe 的 $2\$2 小费是账单的 20%20\%,所以他的账单是 2×5=102 \times 5 = 10 美元。差为 2010=1020 - 10 = 10 美元。

所以正确答案是 D

Mike’s $2\$2 tip is 10%10\% of his bill, so his bill is 2×10=202 \times 10 = 20 dollars. Joe’s $2\$2 tip is 20%20\% of his bill, so his bill is 2×5=102 \times 5 = 10 dollars. The difference is 2010=1020 - 10 = 10 dollars.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

2.

对每对满足 aba \neq b 的实数,定义运算 \star(ab)=a+bab (a \star b) = \frac{a+b}{a-b}\text{。}

((12)3)((1 \star 2) \star 3) 的值。

For each pair of real numbers ab,a \neq b, define the operation \star as (ab)=a+bab. (a \star b) = \frac{a+b}{a-b}.

What is the value of ((12)3)?((1 \star 2) \star 3)?

23-\dfrac{2}{3}

15-\dfrac{1}{5}

00

12\dfrac{1}{2}

这个值未定义。

This value is not defined.

难度评级:960
小提示:

先计算内层运算 (12)(1 \star 2)

Evaluate the inner operation (12)(1 \star 2) first

大提示:

先算 (12)=1+212(1 \star 2) = \dfrac{1+2}{1-2},再对结果作 3\star 3 运算。

(12)=1+212,(1 \star 2) = \dfrac{1+2}{1-2}, then apply 3\star 3 to that result

解答:

首先,(12)=1+212=31=3(1 \star 2) = \dfrac{1+2}{1-2} = \dfrac{3}{-1} = -3。然后,(33)=3+333=06=0(-3 \star 3) = \dfrac{-3+3}{-3-3} = \dfrac{0}{-6} = 0

所以正确答案是 C

First (12)=1+212=31=3.(1 \star 2) = \dfrac{1+2}{1-2} = \dfrac{3}{-1} = -3. Then (33)=3+333=06=0.(-3 \star 3) = \dfrac{-3+3}{-3-3} = \dfrac{0}{-6} = 0.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

方程 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3bx10=2bx - 10 = -2 有相同的解 xxbb 的值是多少?

The equations 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3 and bx10=2bx - 10 = -2 have the same solution x.x. What is the value of b?b?

8-8

4-4

2-2

44

88

难度评级:960
小提示:

先解 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3 得到 xx

Solve 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3 for xx first

大提示:

将这个 xx 代入 bx10=2bx - 10 = -2,再求 bb

Substitute that value of xx into bx10=2bx - 10 = -2 and solve for bb

解答:

2x+7=32x + 7 = 3x=2x = -2。代入另一个方程,2b10=2-2b - 10 = -2,所以 2b=8-2b = 8b=4b = -4

所以正确答案是 B

From 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3 we get x=2.x = -2. Substituting, 2b10=2,-2b - 10 = -2, so 2b=8-2b = 8 and b=4.b = -4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

一个长方形的对角线长度为 xx,并且长是宽的两倍。这个长方形的面积是多少?

A rectangle with a diagonal of length xx is twice as long as it is wide. What is the area of the rectangle?

14x2\dfrac{1}{4}x^2

25x2\dfrac{2}{5}x^2

12x2\dfrac{1}{2}x^2

x2x^2

32x2\dfrac{3}{2}x^2

难度评级:1100
小提示:

设宽为 ww;则长为 2w2w

Let the width be w;w; then the length is 2w2w

大提示:

由勾股定理 x2=w2+(2w)2x^2 = w^2 + (2w)^2,先求 w2w^2,再求面积 2w22w^2

By the Pythagorean theorem x2=w2+(2w)2;x^2 = w^2 + (2w)^2; solve for w2w^2 and then find the area 2w22w^2

解答:

设宽为 ww,长为 2w2w。由勾股定理,x2=w2+(2w)2=5w2x^2 = w^2 + (2w)^2 = 5w^2,所以 w2=x25w^2 = \dfrac{x^2}{5}。长方形面积为 w2w=2w2=25x2w \cdot 2w = 2w^2 = \dfrac{2}{5}x^2

所以正确答案是 B

Let the width be w,w, so the length is 2w.2w. Then x2=w2+(2w)2=5w2,x^2 = w^2 + (2w)^2 = 5w^2, giving w2=x25.w^2 = \dfrac{x^2}{5}. The area is w2w=2w2=25x2.w \cdot 2w = 2w^2 = \dfrac{2}{5}x^2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

一家商店通常以每扇 $100\$100 的价格出售窗户。本周商店推出买四送一活动。Dave 需要七扇窗户,Doug 需要八扇窗户。如果他们一起购买而不是分别购买,会节省多少美元?

A store normally sells windows at $100\$100 each. This week the store is offering one free window for each purchase of four. Dave needs seven windows and Doug needs eight windows. How many dollars will they save if they purchase the windows together rather than separately?

100100

200200

300300

400400

500500

知识点:钱币基本计数
难度评级:1170
小提示:

每购买四扇窗户,就免费获得第五扇。

Every four windows purchased comes with a fifth window free

大提示:

比较分别购买 77 扇和 88 扇,与一起购买 1515 扇。

Compare buying alone (77 windows and 88 windows) with buying all 1515 together

解答:

Dave 单独购买时,付 66 扇的钱并得到一扇免费窗户,达到 77 扇,共 $600\$600;Doug 单独购买时,付 77 扇的钱并得到一扇免费窗户,达到 88 扇,共 $700\$700。分别购买总共 $1300\$1300。一起购买需要 1515 扇窗户,买 1212 扇可获得 33 扇免费窗户,共 $1200\$1200。节省 13001200=1001300 - 1200 = 100 美元。

所以正确答案是 A

Alone, Dave pays for 66 windows and receives one free to reach 7,7, costing $600;\$600; Doug pays for 77 and receives one free to reach 8,8, costing $700.\$700. Separately they pay $1300.\$1300. Together they need 1515 windows: buying 1212 yields 33 free, for $1200.\$1200. The savings are 13001200=1001300 - 1200 = 100 dollars.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

2020 个数的平均数为 3030,另外 3030 个数的平均数为 2020。这 5050 个数的平均数是多少?

The average (mean) of 2020 numbers is 30,30, and the average of 3030 other numbers is 20.20. What is the average of all 5050 numbers?

2323

2424

2525

2626

2727

难度评级:1020
小提示:

平均数乘以数量得到总和。

An average multiplied by the count gives the total sum

大提示:

将两个总和相加,再除以 5050

Add the two totals, then divide by 5050

解答:

两组数的总和为 2030+3020=600+60020 \cdot 30 + 30 \cdot 20 = 600 + 600 =1200= 1200。所以这 5050 个数的平均数为 120050=24\dfrac{1200}{50} = 24

所以正确答案是 B

The combined sum is 2030+3020=600+60020 \cdot 30 + 30 \cdot 20 = 600 + 600 =1200.= 1200. The average of all 5050 numbers is 120050=24.\dfrac{1200}{50} = 24.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

Josh 和 Mike 相距 1313 英里。昨天 Josh 开始骑车去 Mike 家。稍后 Mike 开始骑车去 Josh 家。他们相遇时,Josh 骑行的时间是 Mike 的两倍,速度是 Mike 的五分之四。相遇时 Mike 骑了多少英里?

Josh and Mike live 1313 miles apart. Yesterday Josh started to ride his bicycle toward Mike’s house. A little later Mike started to ride his bicycle toward Josh’s house. When they met, Josh had ridden for twice the length of time as Mike and at four-fifths of Mike’s rate. How many miles had Mike ridden when they met?

44

55

66

77

88

难度评级:1240
小提示:

距离等于速度乘以时间;用 Mike 的距离表示 Josh 的距离。

Distance equals rate times time; write Josh’s distance in terms of Mike’s

大提示:

Josh 的距离是 Mike 的 452=85\frac{4}{5} \cdot 2 = \frac{8}{5} 倍,两人的距离和为 1313

Josh’s distance is 452=85\frac{4}{5} \cdot 2 = \frac{8}{5} of Mike’s, and the two distances add to 1313

解答:

设 Mike 骑了 mm 英里。Josh 的速度是 Mike 的 45\frac{4}{5},时间是 Mike 的 22 倍,所以 Josh 的距离为 85m\frac{8}{5}m。两人合计骑了 1313 英里,因此 m+85m=135m=13m + \frac{8}{5}m = \frac{13}{5}m = 13,得到 m=5m = 5

所以正确答案是 B

Let Mike ride mm miles. Josh rides 45\frac{4}{5} the rate for 22 times the time, so Josh’s distance is 85m.\frac{8}{5}m. Together they cover 13,13, so m+85m=135m=13,m + \frac{8}{5}m = \frac{13}{5}m = 13, giving m=5.m = 5.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

图中,正方形 ABCDABCD 的边 ABAB 长为 50\sqrt{50},点 EEBBHH 之间,且 BE=1BE = 1。内正方形 EFGHEFGH 的面积是多少?

In the figure, the length of side ABAB of square ABCDABCD is 50,\sqrt{50}, EE is between BB and H,H, and BE=1.BE = 1. What is the area of the inner square EFGH?EFGH?

2525

3232

3636

4040

4242

难度评级:1280
小提示:

四个角上的三角形,如 ABH\triangle ABH,是全等直角三角形。

The four corner triangles, such as ABH,\triangle ABH, are congruent right triangles

大提示:

每个角上的三角形斜边为 50\sqrt{50},一条直角边为 BE=1BE = 1;内正方形边长是另一条直角边减去 11

Each corner triangle is right with hypotenuse 50\sqrt{50} and one leg BE=1;BE = 1; the inner square’s side is the other leg minus 11

解答:

三角形 ABHABHBCEBCECDFCDFDAGDAG 是全等直角三角形。在 BCE\triangle BCE 中,斜边 BC=50BC = \sqrt{50},且 BE=1BE = 1,所以 CE=501=7CE = \sqrt{50 - 1} = 7。因为 BH=CE=7BH = CE = 7,且 EEBHBH 上、BE=1BE = 1,所以内正方形边长 EH=71=6EH = 7 - 1 = 6,面积为 62=366^2 = 36

所以正确答案是 C

The triangles ABH,ABH, BCE,BCE, CDF,CDF, and DAGDAG are congruent right triangles. In BCE\triangle BCE the hypotenuse is BC=50BC = \sqrt{50} and BE=1,BE = 1, so CE=501=7.CE = \sqrt{50 - 1} = 7. Since BH=CE=7BH = CE = 7 and EE lies on BHBH with BE=1,BE = 1, the inner square’s side is EH=71=6,EH = 7 - 1 = 6, giving area 62=36.6^2 = 36.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

三张牌标有 X,另外两张牌标有 O。将这五张牌随机排成一行。排列读作 XOXOX 的概率是多少?

Three tiles are marked X and two other tiles are marked O. The five tiles are randomly arranged in a row. What is the probability that the arrangement reads XOXOX?

112\dfrac{1}{12}

110\dfrac{1}{10}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

知识点:基本概率组合
难度评级:1280
小提示:

数出三个 X 和两个 O 的不同排列数。

Count the distinct arrangements of three X’s and two O’s in a row

大提示:

两个 O 的位置有 (52)\binom{5}{2} 种等可能选择,其中只有一种给出 XOXOX。

The two O’s occupy (52)\binom{5}{2} equally likely position sets, and only one of them gives XOXOX

解答:

三个 X 的位置可以是 (53)=10\binom{5}{3} = 10 种等可能选择,其中只有一种位置选择产生 XOXOX,所以概率为 110\dfrac{1}{10}

所以正确答案是 B

The three X positions can be any of (53)=10\binom{5}{3} = 10 equally likely choices, and exactly one of them produces XOXOX. So the probability is 110.\dfrac{1}{10}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

有两个 aa 的值使方程 4x2+ax+8x+9=04x^2 + ax + 8x + 9 = 0 只有一个 xx 的解。这两个 aa 的值之和是多少?

There are two values of aa for which the equation 4x2+ax+8x+9=04x^2 + ax + 8x + 9 = 0 has only one solution for x.x. What is the sum of those values of a?a?

16-16

8-8

00

88

2020

难度评级:1370
小提示:

二次方程恰好有一个解时,判别式等于 00

A quadratic has exactly one solution when its discriminant equals 00

大提示:

合并一次项为 (a+8)x(a + 8)x,再令 (a+8)2449=0(a+8)^2 - 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 9 = 0

Combine the linear terms into (a+8)x,(a + 8)x, then set (a+8)2449=0(a+8)^2 - 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 9 = 0

解答:

方程可写为 4x2+(a+8)x+9=04x^2 + (a+8)x + 9 = 0,它只有一个解当且仅当判别式 (a+8)2144=0(a+8)^2 - 144 = 0。所以 a+8=±12a + 8 = \pm 12,即 a=4a = 4a=20a = -20,二者之和为 16-16

所以正确答案是 A

Writing the equation as 4x2+(a+8)x+9=0,4x^2 + (a+8)x + 9 = 0, there is one solution exactly when the discriminant (a+8)2144=0.(a+8)^2 - 144 = 0. Then a+8=±12,a + 8 = \pm 12, so a=4a = 4 or a=20,a = -20, and their sum is 16.-16.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

11.

一个边长为 nn 个单位的木质立方体六个面全部涂红,然后切成 n3n^3 个单位小立方体。所有小立方体面的总数中,正好有四分之一是红色的。nn 是多少?

A wooden cube nn units on a side is painted red on all six faces and then cut into n3n^3 unit cubes. Exactly one-fourth of the total number of faces of the unit cubes are red. What is n?n?

33

44

55

66

77

难度评级:1400
小提示:

n3n^3 个单位立方体每个都有 66 个面,所以总面数为 6n36n^3

Each of the n3n^3 unit cubes has 66 faces, so there are 6n36n^3 faces in all

大提示:

只有原立方体表面是红色的,贡献 6n26n^2 个红色面;令 6n26n3=14\dfrac{6n^2}{6n^3} = \dfrac{1}{4}

Only the original surface is red, contributing 6n26n^2 red faces; set 6n26n3=14\dfrac{6n^2}{6n^3} = \dfrac{1}{4}

解答:

小立方体共有 6n36n^3 个面,其中来自原立方体外表面的红色面共有 6n26n^2 个。因此 6n26n3=1n=14\dfrac{6n^2}{6n^3} = \dfrac{1}{n} = \dfrac{1}{4},所以 n=4n = 4

所以正确答案是 B

The unit cubes have 6n36n^3 faces total, of which the original surface accounts for 6n26n^2 red faces. Then 6n26n3=1n=14,\dfrac{6n^2}{6n^3} = \dfrac{1}{n} = \dfrac{1}{4}, so n=4.n = 4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

图中形状称为三叶形,由围绕全等等边三角形的边画圆形扇形构成。若三叶形的水平底边长为 22,它的面积是多少?

The figure shown is called a trefoil and is constructed by drawing circular sectors about sides of the congruent equilateral triangles. What is the area of a trefoil whose horizontal base has length 2?2?

13π+32\dfrac{1}{3}\pi + \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

23π\dfrac{2}{3}\pi

23π+34\dfrac{2}{3}\pi + \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4}

23π+33\dfrac{2}{3}\pi + \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

23π+32\dfrac{2}{3}\pi + \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

难度评级:1460
小提示:

底边长 22 跨过两个半径,所以每个圆形扇形半径为 11

The base of length 22 spans two radii, so each circular sector has radius 11

大提示:

将四个等边三角形和四个圆弓形重新组合成四个半径为 11、圆心角为 6060^\circ 的扇形。

Rearrange the four equilateral triangles and four circular segments into four 6060^\circ sectors of radius 11

解答:

底边长 22 等于两个半径,所以半径为 11。这个三叶形由四个等边三角形和四个圆弓形组成,它们可以重新拼成四个半径为 11、圆心角为 6060^\circ 的扇形,总面积为 460360π(1)2=23π4 \cdot \dfrac{60}{360}\pi (1)^2 = \dfrac{2}{3}\pi

所以正确答案是 B

Since the base 22 equals two radii, the radius is 1.1. The trefoil is made of four equilateral triangles and four circular segments, which reassemble into four 6060^\circ sectors of a circle of radius 1.1. Their total area is 460360π(1)2=23π.4 \cdot \dfrac{60}{360}\pi (1)^2 = \dfrac{2}{3}\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

有多少个正整数 nn 满足

(130n)50>n100>2200 (130n)^{50} \gt n^{100} \gt 2^{200}\text{?}

How many positive integers nn satisfy the following condition:

(130n)50>n100>2200? (130n)^{50} \gt n^{100} \gt 2^{200}?

00

77

1212

6565

125125

难度评级:1540
小提示:

所有量都为正,所以对不等式各部分取第 5050 次方根。

All quantities are positive, so take the 5050th root of each part of the inequality

大提示:

条件变为 130n>n2130n \gt n^2n2>16n^2 \gt 16,合起来是 4<n<1304 \lt n \lt 130

The conditions become 130n>n2130n \gt n^2 and n2>16,n^2 \gt 16, which together give 4<n<1304 \lt n \lt 130

解答:

取第 5050 次方根,条件变为 130n>n2>24=16130n \gt n^2 \gt 2^4 = 16。由 n2>16n^2 \gt 16n>4n \gt 4,由 130n>n2130n \gt n^2n<130n \lt 130。所以 nn 可以是整数 5,6,,1295, 6, \ldots, 129,共有 125125 个。

所以正确答案是 E

Taking 5050th roots, the condition becomes 130n>n2>24=16.130n \gt n^2 \gt 2^4 = 16. From n2>16n^2 \gt 16 we get n>4,n \gt 4, and from 130n>n2130n \gt n^2 we get n<130.n \lt 130. So nn ranges over the integers 5,6,,129,5, 6, \ldots, 129, which is 125125 values.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

14.

有多少个三位数满足:中间数字是第一个数字和最后一个数字的平均数?

How many three-digit numbers satisfy the property that the middle digit is the average of the first and the last digits?

4141

4242

4343

4444

4545

难度评级:1460
小提示:

只有当首位和末位数字奇偶性相同时,中间数字才是整数。

The middle digit is an integer only when the first and last digits share the same parity

大提示:

分别数首位和末位都是奇数或都是偶数的数字对,注意首位不能为 00

Count first-and-last digit pairs that are both odd or both even, remembering the first digit cannot be 00

解答:

首位和末位数字必须奇偶性相同,平均数才是一个数字。若二者都为奇数,有 55=255 \cdot 5 = 25 对。若二者都为偶数,且首位非零,有 45=204 \cdot 5 = 20 对。每一对首末数字唯一确定中间数字,所以共有 25+20=4525 + 20 = 45 个三位数。

所以正确答案是 E

The first and last digits must have the same parity so their average is a digit. Both odd gives 55=255 \cdot 5 = 25 pairs. Both even, with a nonzero leading digit, gives 45=204 \cdot 5 = 20 pairs. Each pair fixes the middle digit, for a total of 25+20=4525 + 20 = 45 numbers.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

有多少个正立方数能整除 3!5!7!3! \cdot 5! \cdot 7!

How many positive cubes divide 3!5!7!?3! \cdot 5! \cdot 7!?

22

33

44

55

66

难度评级:1580
小提示:

3!5!7!3! \cdot 5! \cdot 7! 写成质因数幂的乘积。

Write 3!5!7!3! \cdot 5! \cdot 7! as a product of prime powers

大提示:

立方数因子中每个质数的指数都必须是 33 的倍数;分别数每个质数可选的指数。

A cube divisor uses each prime to an exponent that is a multiple of 3;3; count the allowed exponents for each prime

解答:

质因数分解为 3!5!7!=28345273! \cdot 5! \cdot 7! = 2^8 \cdot 3^4 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7。立方数因子的质数指数必须是 33 的倍数:22 的指数可为 003366,有 33 种;33 的指数可为 0033,有 22 种;5577 的指数只能为 00。因此共有 3211=63 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = 6 个立方数因子。

所以正确答案是 E

As a product of primes, 3!5!7!=2834527.3! \cdot 5! \cdot 7! = 2^8 \cdot 3^4 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7. A cube divisor uses exponents that are multiples of 3:3: the exponent of 22 can be 0,0, 3,3, or 66 (33 choices), the exponent of 33 can be 00 or 33 (22 choices), and the exponents of 55 and 77 must be 0.0. That gives 3211=63 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = 6 cubes.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

16.

一个两位数减去它的各位数字之和后,结果的个位数字是 66。有多少个两位数满足这个性质?

The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is subtracted from the number. The units digit of the result is 6.6. How many two-digit numbers have this property?

55

77

99

1010

1919

难度评级:1510
小提示:

将这个数写成 10a+b10a + b,并减去数字和 a+ba + b

Write the number as 10a+b10a + b and subtract its digit sum a+ba + b

大提示:

结果化为 9a9a,它的个位数字为 66 只对应一个 aa

The result simplifies to 9a,9a, whose units digit is 66 for only one value of aa

解答:

若这个两位数为 10a+b10a + b,则 (10a+b)(a+b)=9a(10a + b) - (a + b) = 9a9a9a 的个位数字为 66 只在 a=4a = 4 时发生,因为 94=369 \cdot 4 = 36。此时 bb 可以是 0099 中任意数字,所以从 40404949 共有十个数。

所以正确答案是 D

If the number is 10a+b,10a + b, then (10a+b)(a+b)=9a.(10a + b) - (a + b) = 9a. The units digit of 9a9a is 66 only when a=4,a = 4, since 94=36.9 \cdot 4 = 36. The digit bb can then be anything from 00 to 9,9, giving the ten numbers 4040 through 49.49.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

17.

在图中的五角星中,字母 AABBCCDDEE 分别被数字 3355667799 替换,但顺序不一定如此。线段 ABABBCBCCDCDDEDEEAEA 两端数字的和形成一个等差数列,顺序不一定相同。这个等差数列的中间项是多少?

In the five-sided star shown, the letters A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, and EE are replaced by the numbers 3,3, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, and 9,9, although not necessarily in this order. The sums of the numbers at the ends of the line segments AB,AB, BC,BC, CD,CD, DE,DE, and EAEA form an arithmetic sequence, although not necessarily in this order. What is the middle term of the arithmetic sequence?

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

难度评级:1660
小提示:

每个数字恰好是两条线段的端点。

Each of the five numbers is an endpoint of exactly two of the segments

大提示:

五个线段和的总和为 2(3+5+6+7+9)2(3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9),而五项等差数列的中间项等于它的平均数。

The five segment sums total 2(3+5+6+7+9),2(3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9), and the middle term of a five-term arithmetic sequence is its mean

解答:

每个数字都是两条线段的端点,所以五个线段和的总和为 2(3+5+6+7+9)=602(3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9) = 60。五项等差数列的中间项等于平均数,因此为 605=12\dfrac{60}{5} = 12

所以正确答案是 D

Every number is an endpoint of two segments, so the five segment sums total 2(3+5+6+7+9)=60.2(3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9) = 60. The middle term of a five-term arithmetic sequence equals its mean, which is 605=12.\dfrac{60}{5} = 12.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

A 队和 B 队进行系列赛,先赢三场的队伍赢得系列赛。每场比赛两队获胜概率相同,没有平局,且各场结果相互独立。已知 B 队赢了第二场,且 A 队赢得系列赛,那么 B 队赢第一场的概率是多少?

Team A and team B play a series. The first team to win three games wins the series. Each team is equally likely to win each game, there are no ties, and the outcomes of the individual games are independent. If team B wins the second game and team A wins the series, what is the probability that team B wins the first game?

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

难度评级:1860
小提示:

想象五场比赛都进行,即使系列赛已经提前结束,这样每个五场序列等可能。

Imagine all five games are played, even after the series is decided, so each five-game sequence is equally likely

大提示:

列出 B 赢第 22 场且 A 赢得系列赛的序列,再看其中多少个第 11 场也是 B 赢。

List the sequences in which B wins game 22 and A wins the series, then see how many also have B winning game 11

解答:

假设五场都进行,则所有五场结果序列等可能。要求 B 赢第 22 场且 A 最终以三场胜利赢得系列赛,得到以下等可能序列:

BBAAA,ABBAA,ABABA,ABAAB,ABAAA \begin{gathered} \text{BBAAA}, \quad \text{ABBAA}, \\ \text{ABABA}, \quad \text{ABAAB}, \\ \text{ABAAA} \end{gathered}\text{。}

其中只有 BBAAA 的第一场是 B 赢,所以概率为 15\dfrac{1}{5}

所以正确答案是 A

Suppose all five games are played, so every sequence of five results is equally likely. Requiring that B wins game 22 and A ends up with the series (three wins) leaves the equally likely sequences

BBAAA,ABBAA,ABABA,ABAAB,ABAAA. \begin{gathered} \text{BBAAA}, \quad \text{ABBAA}, \\ \text{ABABA}, \quad \text{ABAAB}, \\ \text{ABAAA}. \end{gathered}

Only in BBAAA does team B win the first game, so the probability is 15.\dfrac{1}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

三个一英寸正方形的底边放在同一直线上。中间的正方形被取出并旋转 4545^\circ,如图所示。然后将它居中并放回原位置,直到它接触相邻两个正方形。点 BB 距原来正方形底边所在直线多少英寸?

Three one-inch squares are placed with their bases on a line. The center square is lifted out and rotated 45,45^\circ, as shown. Then it is centered and lowered into its original location until it touches both of the adjoining squares. How many inches is the point BB from the line on which the bases of the original squares were placed?

11

2\sqrt{2}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

2+12\sqrt{2} + \dfrac{1}{2}

22

难度评级:1760
小提示:

旋转 4545^\circ 后,正方形的一条对角线竖直,长度为 2\sqrt{2},点 BB 是上顶点。

After the 4545^\circ rotation, the square’s diagonal (length 2\sqrt{2}) is vertical, with BB at the top vertex

大提示:

利用下边的 4545^\circ 斜率,以及它与相邻正方形上角的接触位置,确定下顶点的位置。

Use a lower edge’s 4545^\circ slope and its contact with an adjoining top corner to locate the bottom vertex

解答:

旋转后的正方形向下移动时,它的两条下边落在相邻正方形的内侧上角,这些角的高度为 11。下顶点位于两角正中,所以每个角与它的水平距离为 12\tfrac12。下边斜率的绝对值为 11,因此从下顶点到角会升高 12\tfrac12。所以下顶点的高度是 112=121-\tfrac12=\tfrac12

BB 是对角顶点,比下顶点高一条长度为 2\sqrt2 的完整竖直对角线。因此它的高度是 12+2\tfrac12+\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 D

When lowered, the rotated square’s two lower edges rest on the inner top corners of the adjoining squares, which are at height 1.1. The bottom vertex is centered between those corners, so each corner is horizontally 12\tfrac12 unit from it. A lower edge has slope 11 in magnitude, so it rises 12\tfrac12 unit on the way to a corner. Therefore the bottom vertex is at height 112=12.1-\tfrac12=\tfrac12.

Point BB is the opposite vertex, a full vertical diagonal of length 2\sqrt2 higher. Its height is therefore 12+2.\tfrac12+\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

20.

一个等角八边形有四条边长为 11,四条边长为 22\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},并且任意两条相邻边长度不同。这个八边形的面积是多少?

An equiangular octagon has four sides of length 11 and four sides of length 22,\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, arranged so that no two consecutive sides have the same length. What is the area of the octagon?

72\dfrac{7}{2}

722\dfrac{7\sqrt{2}}{2}

5+422\dfrac{5 + 4\sqrt{2}}{2}

4+522\dfrac{4 + 5\sqrt{2}}{2}

77

难度评级:1760
小提示:

等角八边形的每个内角为 135135^\circ;把八边形放入一个较大的正方形中。

Every interior angle of an equiangular octagon is 135;135^\circ; enclose the octagon in a larger square

大提示:

四条短边是等腰直角三角形的斜边,这些三角形直角边为 12\frac{1}{2},从边长 22 的正方形四角切去。

The four short sides are hypotenuses of isosceles right triangles with legs 12,\frac{1}{2}, cut from a square of side 22

解答:

延长四条长为 11 的边可形成一个正方形。每条短边 22\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} 是等腰直角三角形的斜边,对应直角边为 12\dfrac{1}{2},因此八边形可看作从边长 1+212=21 + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 2 的正方形四角切去四个这样的三角形,面积为 22412(12)2=412=722^2 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 = 4 - \frac{1}{2} = \dfrac{7}{2}

所以正确答案是 A

Extend the four sides of length 11 to form a square. Each short side 22\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} is the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle with legs 12,\dfrac{1}{2}, and cutting these four corners from a square of side 1+212=21 + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 2 gives the octagon. Its area is 22412(12)2=412=72.2^2 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 = 4 - \frac{1}{2} = \dfrac{7}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

21.

对多少个正整数 nn1+2++n1 + 2 + \cdots + n 能整除 6n6n

For how many positive integers nn does 1+2++n1 + 2 + \cdots + n evenly divide 6n?6n?

33

55

77

99

1111

难度评级:1790
小提示:

使用 1+2++n=n(n+1)21 + 2 + \cdots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}

Use 1+2++n=n(n+1)21 + 2 + \cdots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}

大提示:

商为 6nn(n+1)2=12n+1\dfrac{6n}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}} = \dfrac{12}{n+1};数出哪些 nn 使 n+1n + 1 整除 1212

Then 6nn(n+1)2=12n+1;\dfrac{6n}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}} = \dfrac{12}{n+1}; count the nn for which n+1n + 1 divides 1212

解答:

1+2++n=n(n+1)21 + 2 + \cdots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2} 可知,商为 6nn(n+1)2=12n+1\dfrac{6n}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}} = \dfrac{12}{n+1}。它是整数当且仅当 n+1n + 1 整除 12121212 的因数中不小于 22 的有 223344661212,对应 n=1n = 12233551111,共五个值。

所以正确答案是 B

Since 1+2++n=n(n+1)2,1 + 2 + \cdots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}, the quotient is 6nn(n+1)2=12n+1,\dfrac{6n}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}} = \dfrac{12}{n+1}, which is an integer exactly when n+1n + 1 divides 12.12. The divisors of 1212 that are at least 22 are 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 6,6, 12,12, giving n=1,n = 1, 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 1111 — five values.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

SS 为最小的 20052005 个正的 44 的倍数组成的集合,TT 为最小的 20052005 个正的 66 的倍数组成的集合。SSTT 有多少个共同元素?

Let SS be the set of the 20052005 smallest positive multiples of 4,4, and let TT be the set of the 20052005 smallest positive multiples of 6.6. How many elements are common to SS and T?T?

166166

333333

500500

668668

10011001

难度评级:1690
小提示:

共同元素必须是 lcm(4,6)=12\operatorname{lcm}(4, 6) = 12 的倍数。

A number common to both sets must be a multiple of lcm(4,6)=12\operatorname{lcm}(4, 6) = 12

大提示:

集合 SS 最大到 42005=80204 \cdot 2005 = 8020;数出不超过它的 1212 的倍数。

The set SS reaches up to 42005=8020;4 \cdot 2005 = 8020; count the multiples of 1212 that do not exceed that

解答:

SSTT 的共同元素是 lcm(4,6)=12\operatorname{lcm}(4,6) = 12 的倍数。集合 SS 包含不超过 42005=80204 \cdot 2005 = 802044 的倍数,而 TT 最大到 62005=12,0306 \cdot 2005 = 12{,}030,所以上界由 80208020 决定。共同元素是不超过该上界的 1212 的倍数,共有 802012=668\left\lfloor \dfrac{8020}{12} \right\rfloor = 668 个。

所以正确答案是 D

The elements common to SS and TT are the multiples of lcm(4,6)=12.\operatorname{lcm}(4,6) = 12. Now SS contains multiples of 44 up to 42005=8020,4 \cdot 2005 = 8020, while TT reaches up to 62005=12,030,6 \cdot 2005 = 12{,}030, so the common elements are the multiples of 1212 not exceeding 8020.8020. There are 802012=668\left\lfloor \dfrac{8020}{12} \right\rfloor = 668 of them.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

ABAB 为一个圆的直径,点 CCABAB 上且 2AC=BC2 \cdot AC = BC。点 DDEE 在圆上,使得 DCABDC \perp AB,且 DEDE 是另一条直径。DCE\triangle DCE 的面积与 ABD\triangle ABD 的面积之比是多少?

Let ABAB be a diameter of a circle and CC be a point on ABAB with 2AC=BC.2 \cdot AC = BC. Let DD and EE be points on the circle such that DCABDC \perp AB and DEDE is a second diameter. What is the ratio of the area of DCE\triangle DCE to the area of ABD?\triangle ABD?

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

难度评级:2010
小提示:

OO 为圆心;由 2AC=BC2 \cdot AC = BC 可得 AC=13ABAC = \frac{1}{3}AB,从而定位 CC

Let OO be the center; from 2AC=BC2 \cdot AC = BC locate CC using AC=13ABAC = \frac{1}{3}AB

大提示:

因为 OODEDE 的中点,[DCE]=2[DCO][\triangle DCE] = 2\,[\triangle DCO],而 DCO\triangle DCODAB\triangle DABDD 出发的高相同。

Since OO is the midpoint of DE,DE, [DCE]=2[DCO],[\triangle DCE] = 2\,[\triangle DCO], and DCO\triangle DCO shares the altitude from DD with DAB\triangle DAB

解答:

OO 是圆心。由 2AC=BC2 \cdot AC = BCAC+BC=ABAC + BC = AB,得 AC=AB3AC = \dfrac{AB}{3},因此 CO=AB2AB3=AB6CO = \dfrac{AB}{2} - \dfrac{AB}{3} = \dfrac{AB}{6}。三角形 DCODCODABDAB 的顶点 DD 相同,底边 COCOABAB 在同一直线上,所以 [DCO]=COAB[DAB][\triangle DCO] = \dfrac{CO}{AB}[\triangle DAB] =16[DAB]= \dfrac{1}{6}[\triangle DAB]。又因为 OODEDE 的中点,[DCE]=2[DCO][\triangle DCE] = 2\,[\triangle DCO] =13[DAB]= \dfrac{1}{3}[\triangle DAB]

所以正确答案是 C

Let OO be the center. From 2AC=BC2 \cdot AC = BC and AC+BC=AB,AC + BC = AB, we get AC=AB3,AC = \dfrac{AB}{3}, so CO=AB2AB3=AB6.CO = \dfrac{AB}{2} - \dfrac{AB}{3} = \dfrac{AB}{6}. Triangles DCODCO and DABDAB share the apex DD with bases COCO and ABAB on the same line, so [DCO]=COAB[DAB][\triangle DCO] = \dfrac{CO}{AB}[\triangle DAB] =16[DAB].= \dfrac{1}{6}[\triangle DAB]. Because OO is the midpoint of DE,DE, [DCE]=2[DCO][\triangle DCE] = 2\,[\triangle DCO] =13[DAB].= \dfrac{1}{3}[\triangle DAB].

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

对每个正整数 m>1m \gt 1,令 P(m)P(m) 表示 mm 的最大质因数。有多少个正整数 nn 同时满足 P(n)=nP(n) = \sqrt{n}P(n+48)=n+48P(n + 48) = \sqrt{n + 48}

For each positive integer m>1,m \gt 1, let P(m)P(m) denote the greatest prime factor of m.m. For how many positive integers nn is it true that both P(n)=nP(n) = \sqrt{n} and P(n+48)=n+48?P(n + 48) = \sqrt{n + 48}?

00

11

33

44

55

难度评级:2120
小提示:

P(n)=nP(n) = \sqrt{n} 迫使 nn 是某个质数的平方。

P(n)=nP(n) = \sqrt{n} forces nn to be the square of a prime

大提示:

写成 n=q2n = q^2n+48=p2n + 48 = p^2,则 48=p2q2=(pq)(p+q)48 = p^2 - q^2 = (p - q)(p + q)

Write n=q2n = q^2 and n+48=p2;n + 48 = p^2; then 48=p2q2=(pq)(p+q)48 = p^2 - q^2 = (p - q)(p + q)

解答:

条件 P(n)=nP(n) = \sqrt{n} 表示 nn 是某个质数 qq 的平方;同理 n+48=p2n + 48 = p^2,其中 pp 是质数。因此 48=p2q2=(pq)(p+q)48 = p^2 - q^2 = (p - q)(p + q)。检查 4848 的同奇偶因数分解,只有 pq=2, p+q=24p - q = 2,\ p + q = 24 给出质数,得到 (p,q)=(13,11)(p, q) = (13, 11),所以 n=121n = 121。因此恰好有一个这样的 nn

所以正确答案是 B

The condition P(n)=nP(n) = \sqrt{n} means nn is the square of a prime q,q, and likewise n+48=p2n + 48 = p^2 for a prime p.p. Then 48=p2q2=(pq)(p+q).48 = p^2 - q^2 = (p - q)(p + q). Checking the same-parity factorizations of 48,48, only pq=2, p+q=24p - q = 2,\ p + q = 24 yields primes, giving (p,q)=(13,11)(p, q) = (13, 11) and n=121.n = 121. So there is exactly one such n.n.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=25AB = 25BC=39BC = 39AC=42AC = 42。点 DDEE 分别在 ABABACAC 上,且 AD=19AD = 19AE=14AE = 14。求三角形 ADEADE 的面积与四边形 BCEDBCED 的面积之比。

In ABC\triangle ABC we have AB=25,AB = 25, BC=39,BC = 39, and AC=42.AC = 42. Points DD and EE are on ABAB and ACAC respectively, with AD=19AD = 19 and AE=14.AE = 14. What is the ratio of the area of triangle ADEADE to the area of the quadrilateral BCED?BCED?

2661521\dfrac{266}{1521}

1975\dfrac{19}{75}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

1956\dfrac{19}{56}

11

难度评级:1760
小提示:

共用角 AA 的两个三角形满足 [ADE][ABC]=ADAEABAC\dfrac{[ADE]}{[ABC]} = \dfrac{AD \cdot AE}{AB \cdot AC}

Triangles sharing angle AA satisfy [ADE][ABC]=ADAEABAC\dfrac{[ADE]}{[ABC]} = \dfrac{AD \cdot AE}{AB \cdot AC}

大提示:

四边形是剩余部分:[BCED]=[ABC][ADE][BCED] = [ABC] - [ADE]

The quadrilateral is the remaining part: [BCED]=[ABC][ADE][BCED] = [ABC] - [ADE]

解答:

三角形 ADEADEABCABC 共用角 AA,所以 [ADE][ABC]=ADAEABAC=19142542=2661050=1975 \begin{aligned} \dfrac{[ADE]}{[ABC]} &= \dfrac{AD \cdot AE}{AB \cdot AC} \\ &= \dfrac{19 \cdot 14}{25 \cdot 42} \\ &= \dfrac{266}{1050} \\ &= \dfrac{19}{75} \end{aligned}\text{。}又因为 [BCED]=[ABC][ADE][BCED] = [ABC] - [ADE],所以 [ADE][BCED]=197519=1956\dfrac{[ADE]}{[BCED]} = \dfrac{19}{75 - 19} = \dfrac{19}{56}

所以正确答案是 D

Triangles ADEADE and ABCABC share angle A,A, so [ADE][ABC]=ADAEABAC=19142542=2661050=1975. \begin{aligned} \dfrac{[ADE]}{[ABC]} &= \dfrac{AD \cdot AE}{AB \cdot AC} \\ &= \dfrac{19 \cdot 14}{25 \cdot 42} \\ &= \dfrac{266}{1050} \\ &= \dfrac{19}{75}. \end{aligned} Since [BCED]=[ABC][ADE],[BCED] = [ABC] - [ADE], we get [ADE][BCED]=197519=1956.\dfrac{[ADE]}{[BCED]} = \dfrac{19}{75 - 19} = \dfrac{19}{56}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.