Solution:

Set $n = \lfloor x \rfloor.$ Then $n^2 - 3x + 2 = 0$ gives $x = \frac{n^2 + 2}{3}.$ For this to be consistent we need $n \le \frac{n^2 + 2}{3} \lt n + 1.$ The left side, $n^2 - 3n + 2 \ge 0,$ holds for every integer $n.$ The right side, $n^2 - 3n - 1 \lt 0,$ holds only for $n \in \{0, 1, 2, 3\}.$ Those give $x = \frac{2}{3}, 1, 2, \frac{11}{3},$ so there are $4$ distinct values. Therefore, the answer is B.