2022 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

对所有实数 xxyy,定义 xyx \diamond yxy|x - y|。求下式的值:

(1(23))((12)3)(1 \diamond (2 \diamond 3)) - ((1 \diamond 2) \diamond 3)\text{?}

Define xyx \diamond y to be xy|x - y| for all real numbers xx and y.y. What is the value of

(1(23))((12)3)?(1 \diamond (2 \diamond 3)) - ((1 \diamond 2) \diamond 3)?

2-2

1-1

00

11

22

知识点:自定义运算绝对值运算顺序
难度评级:890
小提示:

先计算括号内的 \diamond,并使用 ab=aba \diamond b = |a-b|

Evaluate the inner \diamond first, using ab=aba \diamond b = |a-b|

大提示:

分别计算 1(23)1 \diamond (2 \diamond 3)(12)3(1 \diamond 2) \diamond 3,再相减。

Compute 1(23)1 \diamond (2 \diamond 3) and (12)3(1 \diamond 2) \diamond 3 separately, then subtract

解答:

因为 23=23=12 \diamond 3 = |2-3| = 1,所以 1(23)=11=01 \diamond (2 \diamond 3) = 1 \diamond 1 = 0

因为 12=12=11 \diamond 2 = |1-2| = 1,所以 (12)3=13=13=2(1 \diamond 2) \diamond 3 = 1 \diamond 3 = |1-3| = 2

所求值为 02=20 - 2 = -2

所以正确答案是 A

Since 23=23=1,2 \diamond 3 = |2-3| = 1, we get 1(23)=11=0.1 \diamond (2 \diamond 3) = 1 \diamond 1 = 0.

Since 12=12=1,1 \diamond 2 = |1-2| = 1, we get (12)3=13=13=2.(1 \diamond 2) \diamond 3 = 1 \diamond 3 = |1-3| = 2.

The value is 02=2.0 - 2 = -2.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

2.

在菱形 ABCDABCD 中,点 PPAD\overline{AD} 上,使得 BPAD\overline{BP} \perp \overline{AD}AP=3AP = 3,且 PD=2PD = 2。求 ABCDABCD 的面积。(注:图不按比例绘制。)

In rhombus ABCD,ABCD, point PP lies on segment AD\overline{AD} so that BPAD,\overline{BP} \perp \overline{AD}, AP=3,AP = 3, and PD=2.PD = 2. What is the area of ABCD?ABCD? (Note: the figure is not drawn to scale.)

353\sqrt5

1010

656\sqrt5

2020

2525

难度评级:1020
小提示:

菱形的边长为 AD=AP+PDAD = AP + PD

The side length of the rhombus is AD=AP+PDAD = AP + PD

大提示:

在直角三角形 APBAPB 中求 BPBP,再用面积 =ADBP= AD \cdot BP

In right triangle APB,APB, find BP,BP, then use area =ADBP= AD \cdot BP

解答:

边长 AD=AP+PD=5AD = AP + PD = 5,所以 AB=5AB = 5。在直角三角形 APBAPB 中,BP=AB2AP2=259=4 \begin{aligned} BP &= \sqrt{AB^2 - AP^2} \\ &= \sqrt{25 - 9} = 4 \end{aligned}\text{。}

ADAD 为底,BPBP 为高,面积为 ADBP=54=20AD \cdot BP = 5 \cdot 4 = 20

所以正确答案是 D

The side length is AD=AP+PD=5,AD = AP + PD = 5, so AB=5.AB = 5. In right triangle APB,APB, BP=AB2AP2=259=4. \begin{aligned} BP &= \sqrt{AB^2 - AP^2} \\ &= \sqrt{25 - 9} = 4. \end{aligned}

Taking ADAD as the base and BPBP as the height, the area is ADBP=54=20.AD \cdot BP = 5 \cdot 4 = 20.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

3.

数列 121121112111121111121111112111\ldots 的前十项中,有多少项是质数?

How many of the first ten numbers of the sequence 121,121, 11211,11211, 1112111,1112111, \ldots are prime numbers?

00

11

22

33

44

知识点:因式分解质数
难度评级:1350
小提示:

尝试把每一项分解成两个都大于 11 的整数的乘积。

Look for a factorization of each term into two integers both greater than 11

大提示:

尝试将每项写成循环单位数与形如 10n+110^n + 1 的数之积,例如 11211=11110111211 = 111 \cdot 101

Try writing a term as a repunit times a number of the form 10n+1,10^n + 1, for example 11211=11110111211 = 111 \cdot 101

解答:

nn 项由 nn 个一、一个 22,再接 nn 个一组成。它可分解为循环单位数与形如 10n+110^n + 1 的数之积。例如 121=1111,11211=111101,1112111=11111001 \begin{aligned} &121 = 11 \cdot 11, \\ &\quad 11211 = 111 \cdot 101, \\ &\quad 1112111 = 1111 \cdot 1001\text{,} \end{aligned} 一般地,第 nn 项等于 11n+1(10n+1)\underbrace{1\cdots1}_{n+1} \cdot (10^n + 1)

对每个 n1n \ge 1,两个因子都大于 11,所以每一项都是合数。前十项中没有质数。

所以正确答案是 A

The nnth term consists of nn ones, then a 2,2, then nn ones. It factors as a repunit times a number of the form 10n+1:10^n + 1: 121=1111,11211=111101,1112111=11111001, \begin{aligned} &121 = 11 \cdot 11, \\ &\quad 11211 = 111 \cdot 101, \\ &\quad 1112111 = 1111 \cdot 1001, \end{aligned} and in general the nnth term equals 11n+1(10n+1).\underbrace{1\cdots1}_{n+1} \cdot (10^n + 1).

For every n1n \ge 1 both factors exceed 1,1, so every term is composite. None of the ten numbers is prime.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

4.

有多少个常数 kk,使多项式 x2+kx+36x^2 + kx + 36 有两个不同的整数根?

For how many values of the constant kk will the polynomial x2+kx+36x^2 + kx + 36 have two distinct integer roots?

66

88

99

1414

1616

难度评级:1200
小提示:

若根为 ppqq,则 pq=36pq = 36,且 k=(p+q)k = -(p+q)

If the roots are pp and q,q, then pq=36pq = 36 and k=(p+q)k = -(p+q)

大提示:

计数乘积为 3636 且两个整数不同的无序因子对,包括负因子对。

Count the ordered-independent factor pairs of 3636 with two distinct integers, including negatives

解答:

若整数根为 ppqq,则 pq=36pq = 36,且 k=(p+q)k = -(p+q)。两个不同的根必须同号,所以列出 3636 的因子对,并要求 pqp \ne q

正因子对为 (1,36),(2,18),(3,12),(4,9)(1,36), (2,18), (3,12), (4,9),负因子对为 (1,36)(-1,-36)(2,18)(-2,-18)(3,12)(-3,-12)(4,9)(-4,-9)。因为要求两根不同,排除 (6,6)(6,6)

88 个因子对各给出一个不同的 kk 值。

所以正确答案是 B

If the roots are integers pp and q,q, then pq=36pq = 36 and k=(p+q).k = -(p+q). Distinct roots must have the same sign, so we list factor pairs of 3636 with pq.p \ne q.

The positive pairs are (1,36),(2,18),(3,12),(4,9),(1,36), (2,18), (3,12), (4,9), and the negative pairs are (1,36),(-1,-36), (2,18),(-2,-18), (3,12),(-3,-12), (4,9).(-4,-9). The pair (6,6)(6,6) is excluded since the roots must be distinct.

Each of these 88 pairs gives a different value of k.k.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

(1,2)(-1, -2) 绕点 (3,1)(3, 1) 逆时针旋转 270270^\circ。新位置的坐标是什么?

The point (1,2)(-1, -2) is rotated 270270^\circ counterclockwise about the point (3,1).(3, 1). What are the coordinates of its new position?

(3,4)(-3, -4)

(0,5)(0, 5)

(2,1)(2, -1)

(4,3)(4, 3)

(6,3)(6, -3)

知识点:变换坐标几何
难度评级:1200
小提示:

先平移使旋转中心为原点,旋转后再平移回去。

Translate so the center of rotation is the origin, rotate, then translate back

大提示:

逆时针 270270^\circ 旋转把 (x,y)(x, y) 变为 (y,x)(y, -x)

A 270270^\circ counterclockwise rotation sends (x,y)(x, y) to (y,x)(y, -x)

解答:

相对于旋转中心 (3,1)(3, 1),该点的坐标为 (13,21)=(4,3)(-1 - 3,\, -2 - 1) = (-4, -3)

逆时针 270270^\circ 旋转将 (x,y)(x, y) 变为 (y,x)(y, -x),所以 (4,3)(-4, -3) 变为 (3,4)(-3, 4)

平移回去得 (33,1+4)=(0,5)(3 - 3,\, 1 + 4) = (0, 5)

所以正确答案是 B

Relative to the center (3,1),(3, 1), the point is at (13,21)=(4,3).(-1 - 3,\, -2 - 1) = (-4, -3).

A 270270^\circ counterclockwise rotation sends (x,y)(x, y) to (y,x),(y, -x), so (4,3)(-4, -3) becomes (3,4).(-3, 4).

Translating back gives (33,1+4)=(0,5).(3 - 3,\, 1 + 4) = (0, 5).

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

考虑下列 100100 个集合,每个集合有 1010 个元素:

{1,2,3,,10}\{1,2,3,\ldots,10\}\text{,}{11,12,13,,20}\{11,12,13,\ldots,20\}\text{,}{21,22,23,,30}\{21,22,23,\ldots,30\}\text{,}\vdots {991,992,993,,1000}\{991,992,993,\ldots,1000\}\text{。}

其中有多少个集合恰好含有两个 77 的倍数?

Consider the following 100100 sets of 1010 elements each:

{1,2,3,,10},\{1,2,3,\ldots,10\}, {11,12,13,,20},\{11,12,13,\ldots,20\}, {21,22,23,,30},\{21,22,23,\ldots,30\}, \vdots {991,992,993,,1000}.\{991,992,993,\ldots,1000\}.

How many of these sets contain exactly two multiples of 7?7?

4040

4242

4343

4949

5050

难度评级:1350
小提示:

一个含 1010 个连续整数的区间含有一个或两个 77 的倍数。

A block of 1010 consecutive integers contains either one or two multiples of 77

大提示:

先数 {1,,1000}\{1,\ldots,1000\}77 的倍数总数,再设有 xx 个区间含两个、100x100-x 个区间含一个。

Count the total multiples of 77 in {1,,1000},\{1,\ldots,1000\}, then let xx blocks have two and 100x100-x have one

解答:

1110001000 中有 10007=142\left\lfloor \tfrac{1000}{7} \right\rfloor = 14277 的倍数。由于 10>710 \gt 7,每个长度为 1010 的连续整数区间含有一个或两个 77 的倍数。

设有 xx 个区间含两个倍数,其余 100x100 - x 个区间各含一个,则 2x+(100x)=1422x + (100 - x) = 142,所以 x=42x = 42

所以正确答案是 B

Among 11 to 10001000 there are 10007=142\left\lfloor \tfrac{1000}{7} \right\rfloor = 142 multiples of 7.7. Because 10>7,10 \gt 7, each block of 1010 consecutive integers contains one or two multiples of 7.7.

If xx blocks contain two and the remaining 100x100 - x contain one, then 2x+(100x)=142,2x + (100 - x) = 142, so x=42.x = 42.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

Camila 写下五个正整数。这些整数的唯一众数比它们的中位数大 22,而中位数比它们的算术平均数大 22。众数的最小可能值是多少?

Camila writes down five positive integers. The unique mode of these integers is 22 greater than their median, and the median is 22 greater than their arithmetic mean. What is the least possible value for the mode?

55

77

99

1111

1313

难度评级:1380
小提示:

众数大于中位数,所以它只能出现在两个最大的数中。

The mode exceeds the median, so it can only appear among the two largest numbers

大提示:

设中位数为 mm;为了有唯一众数,两个最大数都必须等于 m+2m+2,且总和为 5(m2)5(m-2)

Let the median be m;m; for a unique mode the two largest must both equal m+2,m+2, and the sum is 5(m2)5(m-2)

解答:

将五个数按递增排列,设中位数为 mm。众数为 m+2>mm + 2 \gt m,所以它只能出现在两个最大数中;要成为唯一众数,这两个数必须都等于 m+2m + 2

平均数为 m2m - 2,所以五个数之和为 5(m2)5(m-2)。除去两个 m+2m + 2 和中位数 mm,两个最小数之和为 5(m2)m2(m+2)5(m-2) - m - 2(m+2) =2m14= 2m - 14

两个最小数是不同的正整数,所以 2m141+2=32m - 14 \ge 1 + 2 = 3,得 m9m \ge 9。当 m=9m = 9 时,1,3,9,11,111, 3, 9, 11, 11 满足条件,因此最小众数为 m+2=11m + 2 = 11

所以正确答案是 D

List the numbers in increasing order with median m.m. The mode is m+2>m,m + 2 \gt m, so it can only occur among the two largest entries; for it to be the unique mode, both of them must equal m+2.m + 2.

The mean is m2,m - 2, so the total is 5(m2).5(m-2). With the two largest equal to m+2m + 2 and the median m,m, the two smallest sum to 5(m2)m2(m+2)5(m-2) - m - 2(m+2) =2m14.= 2m - 14.

The two smallest are distinct positive integers, so 2m141+2=3,2m - 14 \ge 1 + 2 = 3, giving m9.m \ge 9. With m=9m = 9 the list 1,3,9,11,111, 3, 9, 11, 11 works, so the least mode is m+2=11.m + 2 = 11.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

方程 y4+1=x4+2y2y^4 + 1 = x^4 + 2y^2 在坐标平面中的图像是什么?

What is the graph of y4+1=x4+2y2y^4 + 1 = x^4 + 2y^2 in the coordinate plane?

两条相交抛物线

two intersecting parabolas

两条不相交抛物线

two nonintersecting parabolas

两个相交圆

two intersecting circles

一个圆和一条双曲线

a circle and a hyperbola

一个圆和两条抛物线

a circle and two parabolas

难度评级:1440
小提示:

移项得到 (y21)2=(x2)2(y^2 - 1)^2 = (x^2)^2

Move everything to one side to get (y21)2=(x2)2(y^2 - 1)^2 = (x^2)^2

大提示:

作为平方差分解,得到两个单独的方程。

Factor as a difference of squares, giving two separate equations

解答:

整理得 y42y2+1=x4y^4 - 2y^2 + 1 = x^4,即 (y21)2=(x2)2(y^2 - 1)^2 = (x^2)^2。作平方差分解,得 (y21x2)(y21+x2)=0 (y^2 - 1 - x^2)(y^2 - 1 + x^2) = 0\text{。}

因此或者 y2x2=1y^2 - x^2 = 1,这是一条双曲线;或者 x2+y2=1x^2 + y^2 = 1,这是一个圆。

所以正确答案是 D

Rearranging, y42y2+1=x4,y^4 - 2y^2 + 1 = x^4, so (y21)2=(x2)2.(y^2 - 1)^2 = (x^2)^2. This factors as (y21x2)(y21+x2)=0. (y^2 - 1 - x^2)(y^2 - 1 + x^2) = 0.

Thus either y2x2=1,y^2 - x^2 = 1, which is a hyperbola, or x2+y2=1,x^2 + y^2 = 1, which is a circle.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

数列 a0a_0a1a_1a2a_2\cdots 是正整数的严格递增等差数列,且 2a7=227a72^{a_7} = 2^{27} \cdot a_7\text{。}a2a_2 的最小可能值。

The sequence a0,a_0, a1,a_1, a2,a_2, \cdots is a strictly increasing arithmetic sequence of positive integers such that 2a7=227a7.2^{a_7} = 2^{27} \cdot a_7. What is the minimum possible value of a2?a_2?

88

1212

1616

1717

2222

难度评级:1530
小提示:

两边除以 2272^{27} 得到 2a727=a72^{a_7 - 27} = a_7

Divide both sides by 2272^{27} to get 2a727=a72^{a_7 - 27} = a_7

大提示:

求出 a7a_7 后,写成 a2=a75da_2 = a_7 - 5d,并让公差 dd 尽可能大。

After finding a7,a_7, write a2=a75da_2 = a_7 - 5d and make the common difference dd as large as possible

解答:

两边除以 2272^{27},得 2a727=a72^{a_7 - 27} = a_7。因此 a7=2ja_7=2^j,并且 2jj=272^j-j=27,其中 j=a7270j=a_7-27\ge0。当 j1j\ge1 时,左边严格递增,而 j=5j=5 满足方程,所以唯一解是 a7=32a_7=32

设公差 d1d \ge 1,则 a7=a0+7d=32a_7 = a_0 + 7d = 32,并且 a2=a0+2d=325da_2 = a_0 + 2d = 32 - 5d。要使 a2a_2 最小,就要使 dd 尽可能大。因为 a0=327d1a_0 = 32 - 7d \ge 1,最大选择为 d=4d = 4(此时 a0=4a_0 = 4)。

于是 a2=3220=12a_2 = 32 - 20 = 12

因此,正确答案是 B

Dividing by 227,2^{27}, we need 2a727=a7.2^{a_7 - 27} = a_7. Thus a7=2ja_7=2^j and 2jj=27,2^j-j=27, where j=a7270.j=a_7-27\ge0. The left side is strictly increasing for j1,j\ge1, and j=5j=5 works, so uniquely a7=32.a_7=32.

With common difference d1,d \ge 1, we have a7=a0+7d=32a_7 = a_0 + 7d = 32 and a2=a0+2d=325d.a_2 = a_0 + 2d = 32 - 5d. To minimize a2a_2 we maximize d;d; since a0=327d1,a_0 = 32 - 7d \ge 1, the largest choice is d=4d = 4 (giving a0=4a_0 = 4).

Then a2=3220=12.a_2 = 32 - 20 = 12.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

正六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 的边长为 22。设 GGAB\overline{AB} 的中点,HHDE\overline{DE} 的中点。四边形 GCHFGCHF 的周长是多少?

Regular hexagon ABCDEFABCDEF has side length 2.2. Let GG be the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, and let HH be the midpoint of DE.\overline{DE}. What is the perimeter of GCHF?GCHF?

434\sqrt3

88

454\sqrt5

474\sqrt7

1212

难度评级:1500
小提示:

将正六边形放在坐标系中,并把中心设为原点。

Place the hexagon on coordinates with its center at the origin

大提示:

由对称性,GCHFGCHF 的四条边相等;用距离公式算一条边。

By symmetry all four sides of GCHFGCHF are equal; compute one distance with the distance formula

解答:

将中心置于原点,取 A=(1,3)A = (-1, \sqrt3)B=(1,3)B = (1, \sqrt3)C=(2,0)C = (2, 0)D=(1,3)D = (1, -\sqrt3)E=(1,3)E = (-1, -\sqrt3)F=(2,0)F = (-2, 0)

G=(0,3)G = (0, \sqrt3)H=(0,3)H = (0, -\sqrt3)。由对称性,四边形 GCHFGCHF 的四条边相等,并且 GC=22+(3)2=7 GC = \sqrt{2^2 + (\sqrt3)^2} = \sqrt7\text{。}

所以周长为 474\sqrt7

所以正确答案是 D

Place the hexagon with center at the origin: A=(1,3),A = (-1, \sqrt3), B=(1,3),B = (1, \sqrt3), C=(2,0),C = (2, 0), D=(1,3),D = (1, -\sqrt3), E=(1,3),E = (-1, -\sqrt3), F=(2,0).F = (-2, 0).

Then G=(0,3)G = (0, \sqrt3) and H=(0,3).H = (0, -\sqrt3). By symmetry all four sides of GCHFGCHF are equal, and GC=22+(3)2=7. GC = \sqrt{2^2 + (\sqrt3)^2} = \sqrt7.

The perimeter is 47.4\sqrt7.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

f(n)=(1+i32)n+(1i32)n \begin{aligned} f(n) &= \left(\dfrac{-1 + i\sqrt3}{2}\right)^n \\ &\quad {}+ \left(\dfrac{-1 - i\sqrt3}{2}\right)^n\text{,} \end{aligned} 其中 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}f(2022)f(2022) 是多少?

Let f(n)=(1+i32)n+(1i32)n, \begin{aligned} f(n) &= \left(\dfrac{-1 + i\sqrt3}{2}\right)^n \\ &\quad {}+ \left(\dfrac{-1 - i\sqrt3}{2}\right)^n, \end{aligned} where i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}. What is f(2022)?f(2022)?

2-2

1-1

00

3\sqrt3

22

知识点:单位根复数
难度评级:1570
小提示:

这两个底数是本原三次单位根 ω\omegaω2\omega^2

The two bases are the primitive cube roots of unity, ω\omega and ω2\omega^2

大提示:

f(n)=ωn+ωnf(n) = \omega^n + \omega^{-n},把指数 2022202233 取模。

Then f(n)=ωn+ωn;f(n) = \omega^n + \omega^{-n}; reduce the exponent 20222022 modulo 33

解答:

两个底数是本原三次单位根 ω=e2πi3\omega = e^{\frac{2\pi i}{3}} 及其共轭 ω2=e2πi3\omega^2 = e^{-\frac{2\pi i}{3}}。因此 f(n)=ωn+ωn=2cos2πn3f(n) = \omega^n + \omega^{-n} = 2\cos\dfrac{2\pi n}{3}

由于 2022202233 的倍数,ω2022=1\omega^{2022} = 1,所以 f(2022)=1+1=2f(2022) = 1 + 1 = 2

所以正确答案是 E

The two bases are the primitive cube roots of unity, ω=e2πi3\omega = e^{\frac{2\pi i}{3}} and its conjugate ω2=e2πi3.\omega^2 = e^{-\frac{2\pi i}{3}}. So f(n)=ωn+ωn=2cos2πn3.f(n) = \omega^n + \omega^{-n} = 2\cos\dfrac{2\pi n}{3}.

Since 20222022 is a multiple of 3,3, ω2022=1,\omega^{2022} = 1, so f(2022)=1+1=2.f(2022) = 1 + 1 = 2.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

Kayla 掷四个公平 66 面骰。至少有一个掷出的数大于 44,且至少有两个掷出的数大于 22 的概率是多少?

Kayla rolls four fair 66-sided dice. What is the probability that at least one of the numbers Kayla rolls is greater than 44 and at least two of the numbers she rolls are greater than 2?2?

23\dfrac{2}{3}

1927\dfrac{19}{27}

5981\dfrac{59}{81}

6181\dfrac{61}{81}

79\dfrac{7}{9}

难度评级:1630
小提示:

把每个骰子分为低档 {1,2}\{1,2\}、中档 {3,4}\{3,4\} 和高档 {5,6}\{5,6\},每类概率都是 13\tfrac13

Sort each die into low {1,2},\{1,2\}, mid {3,4},\{3,4\}, or high {5,6},\{5,6\}, each with probability 13\tfrac13

大提示:

需要至少一个高骰,且至少两个骰子不是低骰;在 343^4 个类别模式中数出符合条件的模式。

You need at least one high die and at least two dice that are not low; count the good category patterns out of 343^4

解答:

将每个骰子分类为低档 {1,2}\{1,2\}、中档 {3,4}\{3,4\} 或高档 {5,6}\{5,6\};每类概率都是 13\tfrac13,所以 34=813^4 = 81 个类别模式等可能。

需要至少一个高骰,即骰面大于 44,并且至少两个骰面大于 22,也就是中档或高档。两个坏事件分别是没有高骰,以及至多一个非低档骰。

没有高骰的模式有 24=162^4 = 16 个,至多一个非低骰的模式有 99 个,两种坏条件同时发生的模式有 55 个。由容斥,可行模式数为 81169+5=6181 - 16 - 9 + 5 = 61

概率为 6181\dfrac{61}{81}

所以正确答案是 D

Sort each die into low {1,2},\{1,2\}, mid {3,4},\{3,4\}, or high {5,6};\{5,6\}; each has probability 13,\tfrac13, so the 34=813^4 = 81 category patterns are equally likely.

We need at least one high die (a number greater than 44) and at least two dice that are greater than 22 (mid or high). The two bad events are having no high die and having at most one non-low die.

There are 24=162^4 = 16 patterns of the first kind, 99 of the second kind, and 55 in their intersection. By inclusion-exclusion the count of good patterns is 81169+5=61.81 - 16 - 9 + 5 = 61.

The probability is 6181.\dfrac{61}{81}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

下图显示一个边长为 4488 的长方形,以及一个边长为 55 的正方形。正方形的三个顶点如图所示,分别位于长方形的三条不同边上。正方形和长方形内部重叠区域的面积是多少?

The diagram below shows a rectangle with side lengths 44 and 88 and a square with side length 5.5. Three vertices of the square lie on three different sides of the rectangle, as shown. What is the area of the region inside both the square and the rectangle?

151815\dfrac18

153815\dfrac38

151215\dfrac12

155815\dfrac58

157815\dfrac78

难度评级:1660
小提示:

建立坐标系;正方形的倾斜会在角落形成 33-44-55 直角三角形。

Set up coordinates; the tilt of the square makes 33-44-55 right triangles at the corners

大提示:

除了一个伸出上边界的三角形,整个正方形都在长方形内;从 2525 中减去该三角形面积。

The whole square lies inside the rectangle except one triangle sticking out past the top edge; subtract that triangle from 2525

解答:

将长方形放在 [0,8]×[0,4][0,8] \times [0,4]。利用 33-44-55 直角三角形,倾斜正方形的顶点可取为 (4,0)(4, 0)(0,3)(0, 3)(3,7)(3, 7)(7,4)(7, 4)

除了伸出顶边 y=4y = 4 的三角形外,整个正方形都在长方形内。该三角形的顶点为 (0.75,4)(0.75, 4)(3,7)(3, 7)(7,4)(7, 4),面积为 12(70.75)(74)=758 \dfrac12 \cdot (7 - 0.75) \cdot (7 - 4) = \dfrac{75}{8}\text{。}

重叠区域的面积为 25758=1258=155825 - \dfrac{75}{8} = \dfrac{125}{8} = 15\dfrac58

所以正确答案是 D

Place the rectangle as [0,8]×[0,4].[0,8] \times [0,4]. The tilted square, using the 33-44-55 right triangles, has vertices (4,0),(4, 0), (0,3),(0, 3), (3,7),(3, 7), and (7,4).(7, 4).

The entire square lies inside the rectangle except for the triangle poking above the top edge y=4.y = 4. That triangle has vertices (0.75,4),(0.75, 4), (3,7),(3, 7), and (7,4),(7, 4), with area 12(70.75)(74)=758. \dfrac12 \cdot (7 - 0.75) \cdot (7 - 4) = \dfrac{75}{8}.

The region inside both is 25758=1258=1558.25 - \dfrac{75}{8} = \dfrac{125}{8} = 15\dfrac58.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

抛物线 y=x2+2x15y = x^2 + 2x - 15xx-轴交于点 AACC,与 yy-轴交于点 BB。求 tan(ABC)\tan(\angle ABC)

The graph of y=x2+2x15y = x^2 + 2x - 15 intersects the xx-axis at points AA and CC and the yy-axis at point B.B. What is tan(ABC)?\tan(\angle ABC)?

17\dfrac17

14\dfrac14

37\dfrac37

12\dfrac12

47\dfrac47

难度评级:1570
小提示:

因式分解以求截距:AACCxx-轴上,BByy-轴上。

Factor to find the intercepts: AA and CC on the xx-axis, BB on the yy-axis

大提示:

对向量 BA\vec{BA}BC\vec{BC},使用 tanθ=BA×BCBABC\tan\theta = \dfrac{|\vec{BA} \times \vec{BC}|}{\vec{BA} \cdot \vec{BC}}

With vectors BA\vec{BA} and BC,\vec{BC}, use tanθ=BA×BCBABC\tan\theta = \dfrac{|\vec{BA} \times \vec{BC}|}{\vec{BA} \cdot \vec{BC}}

解答:

因式分解得 x2+2x15=(x+5)(x3)x^2 + 2x - 15 = (x+5)(x-3),所以 A=(5,0)A = (-5, 0)C=(3,0)C = (3, 0),且 yy-截距为 B=(0,15)B = (0, -15)

于是 BA=(5,15)\vec{BA} = (-5, 15)BC=(3,15)\vec{BC} = (3, 15)。利用叉积和点积,tan(ABC)=(5)(15)(15)(3)(5)(3)+(15)(15)=120210=47 \begin{gathered} \tan(\angle ABC) = \scriptsize \dfrac{|(-5)(15) - (15)(3)|}{(-5)(3) + (15)(15)} \\ = \dfrac{120}{210} \\ = \dfrac47 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Factoring, x2+2x15=(x+5)(x3),x^2 + 2x - 15 = (x+5)(x-3), so A=(5,0)A = (-5, 0) and C=(3,0),C = (3, 0), and the yy-intercept is B=(0,15).B = (0, -15).

Then BA=(5,15)\vec{BA} = (-5, 15) and BC=(3,15).\vec{BC} = (3, 15). Using the cross and dot products, tan(ABC)=(5)(15)(15)(3)(5)(3)+(15)(15)=120210=47. \begin{gathered} \tan(\angle ABC) = \scriptsize \dfrac{|(-5)(15) - (15)(3)|}{(-5)(3) + (15)(15)} \\ = \dfrac{120}{210} \\ = \dfrac47. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

下列数中有一个不能被任何小于 1010 的质数整除。是哪一个?

One of the following numbers is not divisible by any prime number less than 10.10. Which is it?

260612^{606} - 1

2606+12^{606} + 1

260712^{607} - 1

2607+12^{607} + 1

2607+36072^{607} + 3^{607}

难度评级:1730
小提示:

五个数都是奇数,所以只需测试 3,53, 577 的整除性。

All five numbers are odd, so test divisibility only by 3,5,3, 5, and 77

大提示:

使用 2n2^n3,5,73, 5, 7 的循环;例如 nn 为偶数时 2n1(mod3)2^n \equiv 1 \pmod 3

Use the cycles of 2n2^n modulo 3,5,7:3, 5, 7: for example 2n1(mod3)2^n \equiv 1 \pmod 3 when nn is even

解答:

所有选项都是奇数,所以只需检查质数 3,5,73, 5, 7

选项 A 中,26061(mod3)2^{606} \equiv 1 \pmod 3,所以 260612^{606} - 1 能被 33 整除。选项 B 中,26064(mod5)2^{606} \equiv 4 \pmod 5,所以 2606+12^{606} + 1 能被 55 整除。选项 D 中,26072(mod3)2^{607} \equiv 2 \pmod 3,所以 2607+12^{607} + 1 能被 33 整除。选项 E 对 55 取模时,2607+36073+2=502^{607} + 3^{607} \equiv 3 + 2 = 5 \equiv 0

对于 260712^{607} - 1,它对三取模时 1(mod3)\equiv 1 \pmod 3,对五取模时 2(mod5)\equiv 2 \pmod 5;而且由 231(mod7)2^3 \equiv 1 \pmod 76071(mod3)607 \equiv 1 \pmod 3 可得它对七取模时 1(mod7)\equiv 1 \pmod 7。因此它不能被任何小于 1010 的质数整除。

所以正确答案是 C

Every option is odd, so only the primes 3,5,73, 5, 7 need checking.

Option A: 26061(mod3),2^{606} \equiv 1 \pmod 3, so 260612^{606} - 1 is divisible by 3.3. Option B: 26064(mod5),2^{606} \equiv 4 \pmod 5, so 2606+12^{606} + 1 is divisible by 5.5. Option D: 26072(mod3),2^{607} \equiv 2 \pmod 3, so 2607+12^{607} + 1 is divisible by 3.3. Option E: modulo 5,5, 2607+36073+2=50.2^{607} + 3^{607} \equiv 3 + 2 = 5 \equiv 0.

For 26071:2^{607} - 1: it is 1(mod3),\equiv 1 \pmod 3, 2(mod5),\equiv 2 \pmod 5, and (since 231(mod7)2^3 \equiv 1 \pmod 7 and 6071(mod3)607 \equiv 1 \pmod 3) 1(mod7).\equiv 1 \pmod 7. So it is not divisible by any prime below 10.10.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

16.

xxyy 为正实数,并满足

xy=264x^y = 2^{64} 以及 (log2x)log2y=27(\log_2 x)^{\log_2 y} = 2^7\text{。}

log2y\log_2 y 的最大可能值是多少?

Suppose xx and yy are positive real numbers such that

xy=264x^y = 2^{64} and (log2x)log2y=27.(\log_2 x)^{\log_2 y} = 2^7.

What is the greatest possible value of log2y?\log_2 y?

33

44

3+23 + \sqrt2

4+34 + \sqrt3

77

难度评级:1800
小提示:

a=log2xa = \log_2 xb=log2yb = \log_2 y;对两个方程取 log2\log_2

Let a=log2xa = \log_2 x and b=log2y;b = \log_2 y; take log2\log_2 of both equations

大提示:

得到 a2b=26a \cdot 2^b = 2^6a=27ba = 2^{\frac{7}{b}};合并得到关于 bb 的二次方程。

You get a2b=26a \cdot 2^b = 2^6 and a=27b;a = 2^{\frac{7}{b}}; combine to form a quadratic in bb

解答:

a=log2xa = \log_2 xb=log2yb = \log_2 y。对第一个方程取 log2\log_2,由 xy=264x^y = 2^{64}ylog2x=64y \log_2 x = 64,即 a2b=26a \cdot 2^b = 2^6

对第二个方程取 log2\log_2 得到 blog2a=7b \log_2 a = 7,所以 a=27ba = 2^{\frac{7}{b}}。代入前式得 27b2b=262^{\frac{7}{b}} \cdot 2^b = 2^6,也就是 b+7b=6b + \dfrac7b = 6,即 b26b+7=0b^2 - 6b + 7 = 0

解得 b=3±2b = 3 \pm \sqrt2,因此 log2y\log_2 y 的最大可能值为 3+23 + \sqrt2

所以正确答案是 C

Let a=log2xa = \log_2 x and b=log2y.b = \log_2 y. Taking log2\log_2 of xy=264x^y = 2^{64} gives ylog2x=64,y \log_2 x = 64, i.e. a2b=26.a \cdot 2^b = 2^6.

Taking log2\log_2 of the second equation gives blog2a=7,b \log_2 a = 7, so a=27b.a = 2^{\frac{7}{b}}. Substituting, 27b2b=26,2^{\frac{7}{b}} \cdot 2^b = 2^6, so b+7b=6,b + \dfrac7b = 6, i.e. b26b+7=0.b^2 - 6b + 7 = 0.

Thus b=3±2,b = 3 \pm \sqrt2, and the greatest value of log2y\log_2 y is 3+2.3 + \sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

有多少个 4×44 \times 400-11 数组,使得四行的和以某种顺序为 11223344,而四列的和也以某种顺序为 11223344?例如,数组 [1110011011110100]\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} 满足条件。

How many 4×44 \times 4 arrays whose entries are 00s and 11s are there such that the row sums (the sum of the entries in each row) are 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and 4,4, in some order, and the column sums (the sum of the entries in each column) are also 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and 4,4, in some order? For example, the array [1110011011110100]\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} satisfies the condition.

144144

240240

336336

576576

624624

难度评级:1840
小提示:

和为 44 的行全是 11,和为 44 的列也全是 11

The row of sum 44 is all 11s and the column of sum 44 is all 11s

大提示:

删除和为 44 的列;剩下的 4×34 \times 3 数组行和为 0,1,2,30,1,2,3,列和为 1,2,31,2,3

Delete the sum-44 column; the remaining 4×34 \times 3 array has row sums 0,1,2,30,1,2,3 and column sums 1,2,31,2,3

解答:

行和为 44 的行全是 11,列和为 44 的列也全是 11。将行和 1,2,3,41, 2, 3, 4 分配给四行有 4!4! 种方式,选择哪一列的和为 4444 种方式。

删除该列后,剩下的 4×34 \times 3 数组的行和为 0,1,2,30, 1, 2, 3,列和必须为 1,2,31, 2, 3。全零行和全一行已确定;行和为 1122 的两行有 66 种排法,使列和按某种顺序成为 1,2,31, 2, 3

因此总数为 2446=57624 \cdot 4 \cdot 6 = 576

所以正确答案是 D

The row with sum 44 is all 11s and the column with sum 44 is all 11s. There are 4!4! ways to assign the row sums 1,2,3,41, 2, 3, 4 to the four rows, and 44 choices for which column has sum 4.4.

Delete that column. The remaining 4×34 \times 3 array has row sums 0,1,2,30, 1, 2, 3 and must have column sums 1,2,3.1, 2, 3. The all-zero and all-one rows are forced; the rows of reduced sum 11 and 22 can be placed in 66 ways to produce column sums 1,2,31, 2, 3 in some order.

The total is 2446=576.24 \cdot 4 \cdot 6 = 576.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

5×55 \times 5 网格中的每个小方格或填充或为空,并且至多有八个相邻方格,相邻指共边或共顶点。网格按如下规则变换:

任一填充方格若有两个或三个填充邻居,则保持填充。任一空方格若恰有三个填充邻居,则变为填充。其他所有方格保持为空或变为空。

下图给出一个变换示例。

假设 5×55 \times 5 网格有一圈空方格包围一个 3×33 \times 3 子网格。有多少种初始构型会在一次变换后得到只有中心一个填充方格的网格?(旋转或反射得到的构型视为不同。)

Each square in a 5×55 \times 5 grid is either filled or empty, and has up to eight adjacent neighboring squares, where neighboring squares share either a side or a corner. The grid is transformed by the following rules:

Any filled square with two or three filled neighbors remains filled. Any empty square with exactly three filled neighbors becomes a filled square. All other squares remain empty or become empty.

A sample transformation is shown in the figure below.

Suppose the 5×55 \times 5 grid has a border of empty squares surrounding a 3×33 \times 3 subgrid. How many initial configurations will lead to a transformed grid consisting of a single filled square in the center after a single transformation? (Rotations and reflections of the same configuration are considered different.)

1414

1818

2222

2626

3030

难度评级:2000
小提示:

只有内部 3×33 \times 3 子网格可以被填充;中心若原为空,则需恰有 33 个填充邻居,若原已填充,则需有 2233 个填充邻居。

Only the inner 3×33 \times 3 can be filled; the center becoming filled needs exactly 33 filled neighbors (if it was empty) or 22-33 (if it was filled)

大提示:

关键限制是没有边界方格获得恰好三个填充邻居;检查可知每个有效构型恰有三个填充格。

The binding constraint is that no border square gains exactly three filled neighbors; check that every valid configuration has exactly three filled cells

解答:

只有内部 3×33 \times 3 子网格可以初始填充。要使中心在变换后填充,若它原为空,则需恰有 33 个填充邻居;若它原已填充,则需有 2233 个填充邻居。

其他所有方格在变换后都必须为空。关键限制是任何边界方格都不能恰好获得三个填充邻居,这就排除了把 3×33 \times 3 子网格某条外边上的三格全部填充的情况。

若中心初始为空,则它的 88 个邻居中必须恰有 33 个被填充。在正方形的对称下检查这些三元组,只剩四种类型。以中心为 (0,0)(0,0) 建立环坐标,代表元为 {(1,1),(1,0),(1,1)},{(1,1),(1,1),(1,1)},{(1,1),(1,1),(1,0)},{(1,1),(0,1),(1,0)} \begin{gathered} \{(-1,-1),(-1,0),(1,1)\},\\ \{(-1,-1),(-1,1),(1,-1)\},\\ \{(-1,-1),(-1,1),(1,0)\},\\ \{(-1,-1),(0,1),(1,0)\} \end{gathered}\text{。} 它们的对称轨道大小依次为 8,4,4,48,4,4,4,共给出 2020 种构型。

若中心初始已填充,同样的邻居检查只留下两种构型,其中另外两个填充格是一对相对的角邻居。因此总数为 20+2=2220+2=22

所以正确答案是 C

Only the inner 3×33 \times 3 squares can start filled. For the center to be filled afterward, if it began empty it needs exactly 33 filled neighbors, and if it began filled it needs 22 or 3.3.

Every other square must end empty. The key restriction is that no border square may acquire exactly three filled neighbors, which rules out filling all three squares along an outer edge of the 3×3.3 \times 3.

If the center starts empty, exactly 33 of its 88 neighbors must be filled. Checking these triples up to square symmetry leaves four types. With ring coordinates centered at (0,0),(0,0), representatives are {(1,1),(1,0),(1,1)},{(1,1),(1,1),(1,1)},{(1,1),(1,1),(1,0)},{(1,1),(0,1),(1,0)}. \begin{gathered} \{(-1,-1),(-1,0),(1,1)\},\\ \{(-1,-1),(-1,1),(1,-1)\},\\ \{(-1,-1),(-1,1),(1,0)\},\\ \{(-1,-1),(0,1),(1,0)\}. \end{gathered} Their symmetry-orbit sizes are 8,4,4,4,8,4,4,4, giving 2020 configurations.

If the center starts filled, the same neighbor check leaves only the two configurations in which the other filled cells are opposite corner neighbors. Hence the total is 20+2=22.20+2=22.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

19.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,中线 AD\overline{AD}BE\overline{BE} 相交于 GG,且 AGE\triangle AGE 是等边三角形。那么 cos(C)\cos(C) 可写为 mpn\dfrac{m\sqrt p}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数,pp 是不被任何质数平方整除的正整数。求 m+n+pm + n + p

In ABC\triangle ABC medians AD\overline{AD} and BE\overline{BE} intersect at GG and AGE\triangle AGE is equilateral. Then cos(C)\cos(C) can be written as mpn,\dfrac{m\sqrt p}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers and pp is a positive integer not divisible by the square of any prime. What is m+n+p?m + n + p?

4444

4848

5252

5656

6060

难度评级:2020
小提示:

重心把 ADAD 分开,使 AG=23ADAG = \tfrac23 AD,且 GE=13BEGE = \tfrac13 BE;同时 AE=12ACAE = \tfrac12 AC

The centroid splits ADAD so AG=23AD,AG = \tfrac23 AD, and GE=13BE;GE = \tfrac13 BE; also AE=12ACAE = \tfrac12 AC

大提示:

令这三段相等,并用中线长度公式联系边长,再用余弦定理。

Set all three equal and use the median-length formula to relate the sides, then apply the law of cosines

解答:

a=BCa = BCb=CAb = CAc=ABc = AB。由于 EEACAC 的中点,AE=b2AE = \tfrac{b}{2}。重心性质给出 AG=23maAG = \tfrac23 m_aGE=13mbGE = \tfrac13 m_b,其中 ma,mbm_a, m_b 分别是从 AABB 出发的中线长。

等边三角形 AGE\triangle AGE 说明 AG=GE=AEAG = GE = AE。由 23ma=b2\tfrac23 m_a = \tfrac{b}{2}ma=34bm_a = \tfrac34 b,结合 ma2=2b2+2c2a24m_a^2 = \tfrac{2b^2 + 2c^2 - a^2}{4}2c2a2=b242c^2 - a^2 = \tfrac{b^2}{4}。由 13mb=b2\tfrac13 m_b = \tfrac{b}{2}mb=32bm_b = \tfrac32 b,所以 a2+c2=5b2a^2 + c^2 = 5b^2

解这两个关系得 c2=7b24c^2 = \tfrac{7b^2}{4}a2=13b24a^2 = \tfrac{13b^2}{4}。取 b=2b = 2,则 a2=13a^2 = 13c2=7c^2 = 7,于是 cosC=a2+b2c22ab=13+472132=51326 \begin{aligned} \cos C &= \dfrac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab} \\ &= \dfrac{13 + 4 - 7}{2 \cdot \sqrt{13} \cdot 2} \\ &= \dfrac{5\sqrt{13}}{26} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 m+n+p=5+26+13=44m + n + p = 5 + 26 + 13 = 44

所以正确答案是 A

Let a=BC,a = BC, b=CA,b = CA, c=AB.c = AB. Since EE is the midpoint of AC,AC, AE=b2.AE = \tfrac{b}{2}. The centroid gives AG=23maAG = \tfrac23 m_a and GE=13mb,GE = \tfrac13 m_b, where ma,mbm_a, m_b are the medians from AA and B.B.

Equilateral AGE\triangle AGE means AG=GE=AE.AG = GE = AE. From 23ma=b2\tfrac23 m_a = \tfrac{b}{2} we get ma=34b,m_a = \tfrac34 b, which with ma2=2b2+2c2a24m_a^2 = \tfrac{2b^2 + 2c^2 - a^2}{4} gives 2c2a2=b24.2c^2 - a^2 = \tfrac{b^2}{4}. From 13mb=b2\tfrac13 m_b = \tfrac{b}{2} we get mb=32b,m_b = \tfrac32 b, giving a2+c2=5b2.a^2 + c^2 = 5b^2.

Solving, c2=7b24c^2 = \tfrac{7b^2}{4} and a2=13b24.a^2 = \tfrac{13b^2}{4}. Taking b=2b = 2 gives a2=13,a^2 = 13, c2=7,c^2 = 7, so cosC=a2+b2c22ab=13+472132=51326. \begin{aligned} \cos C &= \dfrac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab} \\ &= \dfrac{13 + 4 - 7}{2 \cdot \sqrt{13} \cdot 2} \\ &= \dfrac{5\sqrt{13}}{26}. \end{aligned}

Then m+n+p=5+26+13=44.m + n + p = 5 + 26 + 13 = 44.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

20.

P(x)P(x) 是有理系数多项式,满足:用 x2+x+1x^2 + x + 1P(x)P(x) 的余式为 x+2x + 2,用 x2+1x^2 + 1P(x)P(x) 的余式为 2x+12x + 1。满足这两个性质的最低次数多项式唯一。该多项式各系数平方和是多少?

Let P(x)P(x) be a polynomial with rational coefficients such that when P(x)P(x) is divided by the polynomial x2+x+1,x^2 + x + 1, the remainder is x+2,x + 2, and when P(x)P(x) is divided by the polynomial x2+1,x^2 + 1, the remainder is 2x+1.2x + 1. There is a unique polynomial of least degree with these two properties. What is the sum of the squares of the coefficients of that polynomial?

1010

1313

1919

2020

2323

难度评级:2020
小提示:

最低次数多项式是三次多项式;将它写成 P(x)=x+2P(x) = x + 2 +(x2+x+1)(px+q)+ (x^2 + x + 1)(px + q)

The least-degree polynomial is a cubic; write P(x)=x+2P(x) = x + 2 +(x2+x+1)(px+q)+ (x^2 + x + 1)(px + q)

大提示:

x2+1x^2 + 1 化简这个式子,利用 x21x^2 \equiv -1,再将所得余式与 2x+12x + 1 比较。

Reduce that expression modulo x2+1x^2 + 1 using x21,x^2 \equiv -1, and match it to 2x+12x + 1

解答:

一次多项式不可能给出这两个不同的余式。若 P(x)=ax2+bx+cP(x)=ax^2+bx+c 是二次的,比较它的两个余式会同时得到 ba=1, ca=2b-a=1,\ c-a=2b=2, ca=1b=2,\ c-a=1,互相矛盾。因此最低可能次数是 33。写成 P(x)=(x+2)P(x) = (x + 2) +(x2+x+1)(px+q)+ (x^2 + x + 1)(px + q),它除以 x2+x+1x^2 + x + 1 的余式就是 x+2x + 2

x2+1x^2 + 1 化简(即令 x21x^2 \equiv -1),所得余式为 (q+1)x+(2p)(q + 1)x + (2 - p)。令它等于 2x+12x + 1,得到 q=1q = 1p=1p = 1

于是 P(x)=x3+2x2+3x+3P(x) = x^3 + 2x^2 + 3x + 3,各系数的平方和为 1+4+9+9=231 + 4 + 9 + 9 = 23

所以正确答案是 E

No linear polynomial can have the two different remainders. If P(x)=ax2+bx+cP(x)=ax^2+bx+c were quadratic, comparing its remainders would give both ba=1, ca=2b-a=1,\ c-a=2 and b=2, ca=1,b=2,\ c-a=1, a contradiction. Thus the least possible degree is 3.3. Write P(x)=(x+2)P(x) = (x + 2) +(x2+x+1)(px+q),+ (x^2 + x + 1)(px + q), which has remainder x+2x + 2 upon division by x2+x+1.x^2 + x + 1.

Reducing modulo x2+1x^2 + 1 (so x21x^2 \equiv -1) gives remainder (q+1)x+(2p).(q + 1)x + (2 - p). Setting this equal to 2x+12x + 1 gives q=1q = 1 and p=1.p = 1.

Then P(x)=x3+2x2+3x+3,P(x) = x^3 + 2x^2 + 3x + 3, and the sum of the squares of the coefficients is 1+4+9+9=23.1 + 4 + 9 + 9 = 23.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

21.

SS 为坐标平面中同时与三个圆 x2+y2=4x^2 + y^2 = 4x2+y2=64x^2 + y^2 = 64(x5)2+y2=3(x - 5)^2 + y^2 = 3 相切的所有圆的集合。SS 中所有圆的面积之和是多少?

Let SS be the set of circles in the coordinate plane that are tangent to each of the three circles with equations x2+y2=4,x^2 + y^2 = 4, x2+y2=64,x^2 + y^2 = 64, and (x5)2+y2=3.(x - 5)^2 + y^2 = 3. What is the sum of the areas of all circles in S?S?

48π48\pi

68π68\pi

96π96\pi

102π102\pi

136π136\pi

难度评级:2170
小提示:

同时与两个同心圆(半径 2288)相切的圆,其半径为 3355

A circle tangent to both concentric circles (radii 22 and 88) has radius 33 or radius 55

大提示:

半径为 33 的圆的圆心在半径为 55 的圆上,半径为 55 的圆的圆心在半径为 33 的圆上。分别数出其中有多少个还与第三个圆相切。

The radius-33 circles have centers on the circle of radius 5;5; the radius-55 circles on the circle of radius 3.3. Count how many of each are also tangent to the third circle

解答:

前两个圆同心,半径分别为 2288。同时与它们相切的圆,要么半径为 33,圆心到原点的距离为 55;要么半径为 55,圆心到原点的距离为 33

第三个圆的圆心为 (5,0)(5, 0),半径为 3\sqrt3。对每个候选半径 s{3,5}s\in\{3,5\},与第三个圆相切要求圆心到 (5,0)(5,0) 的距离为 s+3s+\sqrt3s3s-\sqrt3。这两个距离圆各与相应的圆心轨迹交于两个对称的点。因此恰有四个半径为 33 的圆和四个半径为 55 的圆满足条件。

面积和为 4π(3)2+4π(5)24 \cdot \pi(3)^2 + 4 \cdot \pi(5)^2 =36π+100π=136π= 36\pi + 100\pi = 136\pi

所以正确答案是 E

The first two circles are concentric with radii 22 and 8.8. A circle tangent to both either has radius 33 with center at distance 55 from the origin, or radius 55 with center at distance 33 from the origin.

The third circle has center (5,0)(5, 0) and radius 3.\sqrt3. For each candidate radius s{3,5},s\in\{3,5\}, tangency requires the center’s distance from (5,0)(5,0) to be s+3s+\sqrt3 or s3.s-\sqrt3. Each of these two distance circles intersects the appropriate center-locus in two symmetric points. Hence exactly four radius-33 circles and four radius-55 circles work.

The sum of the areas is 4π(3)2+4π(5)24 \cdot \pi(3)^2 + 4 \cdot \pi(5)^2 =36π+100π=136π.= 36\pi + 100\pi = 136\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

22.

蚂蚁 Amelia 从数轴上的 00 出发,并按如下方式爬行。对于 n=1n = 12233,Amelia 独立地从区间 (0,1)(0, 1) 中均匀随机选取持续时间 tnt_n 和位移增量 xnx_n。在过程的第 nn 步,她沿正方向移动 xnx_n 个单位,用时 tnt_n 分钟。如果总用时在第 nn 步中已超过 11 分钟,她就在该步结束时停止;否则继续下一步,最多共走 33 步。Amelia 停止时的位置大于 11 的概率是多少?

Ant Amelia starts on the number line at 00 and crawls in the following manner. For n=1,n = 1, 2,2, 3,3, Amelia chooses a time duration tnt_n and an increment xnx_n independently and uniformly at random from the interval (0,1).(0, 1). During the nnth step of the process, Amelia moves xnx_n units in the positive direction, using up tnt_n minutes. If the total elapsed time has exceeded 11 minute during the nnth step, she stops at the end of that step; otherwise, she continues with the next step, taking at most 33 steps in all. What is the probability that Amelia’s position when she stops will be greater than 1?1?

13\dfrac13

12\dfrac12

23\dfrac23

34\dfrac34

56\dfrac56

难度评级:2110
小提示:

因为每个 tn<1t_n \lt 1,她总会至少走两步;她恰好走两步,当且仅当 t1+t2>1t_1 + t_2 \gt 1

Since each tn<1,t_n \lt 1, she always takes at least two steps; she takes exactly two iff t1+t2>1t_1 + t_2 \gt 1

大提示:

时间与位移独立;使用 P(x1+x2>1)=12P(x_1 + x_2 \gt 1) = \tfrac12P(x1+x2+x3>1)=56P(x_1 + x_2 + x_3 \gt 1) = \tfrac56

The times are independent of the increments; use P(x1+x2>1)=12P(x_1 + x_2 \gt 1) = \tfrac12 and P(x1+x2+x3>1)=56P(x_1 + x_2 + x_3 \gt 1) = \tfrac56

解答:

因为每个 tn<1t_n \lt 1,Amelia 一定至少完成两步。她恰好两步后停止当且仅当 t1+t2>1t_1 + t_2 \gt 1,其概率为 12\tfrac12;否则她走满三步。

位移与时间独立。若走两步,位置为 x1+x2x_1 + x_2,且 P(x1+x2>1)=12P(x_1 + x_2 \gt 1) = \tfrac12。若走三步,位置为 x1+x2+x3x_1 + x_2 + x_3,且 P(x1+x2+x3>1)P(x_1 + x_2 + x_3 \gt 1) =116=56= 1 - \tfrac16 = \tfrac56

所求概率为 1212+1256=14+512=23\tfrac12 \cdot \tfrac12 + \tfrac12 \cdot \tfrac56 = \tfrac14 + \tfrac{5}{12} = \tfrac23

所以正确答案是 C

Because each tn<1,t_n \lt 1, Amelia always completes at least two steps. She stops after exactly two steps when t1+t2>1,t_1 + t_2 \gt 1, which happens with probability 12;\tfrac12; otherwise she takes all three steps.

The increments are independent of the times. If she takes two steps, her position is x1+x2,x_1 + x_2, and P(x1+x2>1)=12.P(x_1 + x_2 \gt 1) = \tfrac12. If she takes three, her position is x1+x2+x3,x_1 + x_2 + x_3, and P(x1+x2+x3>1)P(x_1 + x_2 + x_3 \gt 1) =116=56.= 1 - \tfrac16 = \tfrac56.

The answer is 1212+1256=14+512=23.\tfrac12 \cdot \tfrac12 + \tfrac12 \cdot \tfrac56 = \tfrac14 + \tfrac{5}{12} = \tfrac23.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

x0x_0x1x_1x2x_2\ldots 是一个数列,其中每个 xkx_k 都是 0011。对每个正整数 nn,定义 Sn=k=0n1xk2kS_n = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} x_k 2^k\text{。} 假设对所有 n1n \ge 1 都有 7Sn1(mod2n)7 S_n \equiv 1 \pmod{2^n}。求下面这个和的值:x2019+2x2020+4x2021+8x2022x_{2019} + 2x_{2020} + 4x_{2021} + 8x_{2022}\text{?}

Let x0,x_0, x1,x_1, x2,x_2, \ldots be a sequence of numbers, where each xkx_k is either 00 or 1.1. For each positive integer n,n, define Sn=k=0n1xk2k.S_n = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} x_k 2^k. Suppose 7Sn1(mod2n)7 S_n \equiv 1 \pmod{2^n} for all n1.n \ge 1. What is the value of the sum x2019+2x2020+4x2021+8x2022?x_{2019} + 2x_{2020} + 4x_{2021} + 8x_{2022}?

66

77

1212

1414

1515

难度评级:2270
小提示:

SnS_n 是低 nn 位二元数;条件说明 Sn71(mod2n)S_n \equiv 7^{-1} \pmod{2^n}

SnS_n is the number formed by the low nn bits; the condition says Sn71(mod2n)S_n \equiv 7^{-1} \pmod{2^n}

大提示:

因此 xkx_k17\tfrac17 的二进制(即二进数)数字;找出其循环模式。

So the bits xkx_k are the binary (2-adic) digits of 17;\tfrac17; find their repeating pattern

解答:

因为 SnS_n 是由低 nn 位构成的整数,条件 7Sn17S_n \equiv 1 表示 Sn71(mod2n)S_n \equiv 7^{-1} \pmod{2^n} 对每个 nn 都成立。因此 xkx_k 是以 22 为底表示 17\tfrac17 时的数位,也就是它作为 22-进数时的数位。

22 进制长除可得 x0=x1=x2=1x_0 = x_1 = x_2 = 1,之后以 33 为周期重复:当 k1k \ge 1 时,恰在 kk33 的倍数时有 xk=0x_k = 0,否则 xk=1x_k = 1

因为 2019201920222022 都是 33 的倍数,而 202012020 \equiv 120212(mod3)2021 \equiv 2 \pmod 3,所以 x2019=0x_{2019} = 0x2020=1x_{2020} = 1x2021=1x_{2021} = 1x2022=0x_{2022} = 0。所求和为 0+2+4+0=60 + 2 + 4 + 0 = 6

所以正确答案是 A

Since SnS_n is the integer formed by the low nn bits, the condition 7Sn17S_n \equiv 1 means Sn71(mod2n)S_n \equiv 7^{-1} \pmod{2^n} for every n.n. Thus the digits xkx_k are the base-22 digits of 17\tfrac17 as a 22-adic number.

Long division in base 22 gives digits x0=x1=x2=1,x_0 = x_1 = x_2 = 1, and thereafter the block repeats with period 3:3: for k1,k \ge 1, xk=0x_k = 0 exactly when kk is divisible by 3,3, and xk=1x_k = 1 otherwise.

Since 20192019 and 20222022 are both divisible by 3,3, while 202012020 \equiv 1 and 20212(mod3),2021 \equiv 2 \pmod 3, we get x2019=0,x_{2019} = 0, x2020=1,x_{2020} = 1, x2021=1,x_{2021} = 1, x2022=0.x_{2022} = 0. The sum is 0+2+4+0=6.0 + 2 + 4 + 0 = 6.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

下图为一个内接于单位圆的正 77 边形。

它的全部 2121 条边和对角线长度的 44 次方之和是多少?

The figure below depicts a regular 77-gon inscribed in a unit circle.

What is the sum of the 44th powers of the lengths of all 2121 of its edges and diagonals?

4949

9898

147147

168168

196196

难度评级:2370
小提示:

相隔 dd 步的两个顶点之间,弦长的平方为 22cos2πd72 - 2\cos\dfrac{2\pi d}{7};对于 d=1,2,3d = 1, 2, 3,每一类都有 77 条弦。

A chord between vertices dd apart has squared length 22cos2πd7;2 - 2\cos\dfrac{2\pi d}{7}; there are 77 of each type d=1,2,3d = 1, 2, 3

大提示:

使用 d=13cos2πd7=12\sum_{d=1}^{3} \cos\dfrac{2\pi d}{7} = -\dfrac12 来计算 (22cos2πd7)2\sum \left(2 - 2\cos\dfrac{2\pi d}{7}\right)^2

Use d=13cos2πd7=12\sum_{d=1}^{3} \cos\dfrac{2\pi d}{7} = -\dfrac12 to evaluate (22cos2πd7)2\sum \left(2 - 2\cos\dfrac{2\pi d}{7}\right)^2

解答:

相隔 dd 步的两个顶点之间弦长平方为 22cos2πd72 - 2\cos\dfrac{2\pi d}{7},且 d=1,2,3d = 1, 2, 3 时每类有 77 条弦。因此所求和为 7d=13(22cos2πd7)2 7 \sum_{d=1}^{3} \left(2 - 2\cos\tfrac{2\pi d}{7}\right)^2\text{。}

利用 d=13cos2πd7=12\displaystyle\sum_{d=1}^{3} \cos\tfrac{2\pi d}{7} = -\tfrac12 以及 d=13cos22πd7=54\displaystyle\sum_{d=1}^{3} \cos^2\tfrac{2\pi d}{7} = \tfrac54,括号内的和展开为 4(3+1+54)=214\left(3 + 1 + \tfrac54\right) = 21

因此总和是 721=1477 \cdot 21 = 147

所以正确答案是 C

A chord joining two vertices dd steps apart has squared length 22cos2πd7,2 - 2\cos\dfrac{2\pi d}{7}, and there are 77 chords for each of d=1,2,3.d = 1, 2, 3. The required sum is 7d=13(22cos2πd7)2. 7 \sum_{d=1}^{3} \left(2 - 2\cos\tfrac{2\pi d}{7}\right)^2.

Using d=13cos2πd7=12\displaystyle\sum_{d=1}^{3} \cos\tfrac{2\pi d}{7} = -\tfrac12 and d=13cos22πd7=54,\displaystyle\sum_{d=1}^{3} \cos^2\tfrac{2\pi d}{7} = \tfrac54, the inner sum expands to 4(3+1+54)=21.4\left(3 + 1 + \tfrac54\right) = 21.

Therefore the total is 721=147.7 \cdot 21 = 147.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

四个正六边形围绕一个边长为 11 的正方形,每个六边形都与该正方形共用一条边,如下图所示。所得外侧 1212 边非凸多边形的面积可写成 mn+pm\sqrt n + p,其中 mmnnpp 都是整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p

Four regular hexagons surround a square with a side length 1,1, each one sharing an edge with the square, as shown in the figure below. The area of the resulting 1212-sided outer nonconvex polygon can be written as mn+p,m\sqrt n + p, where m,m, n,n, and pp are integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is m+n+p?m + n + p?

12-12

4-4

44

2424

3232

难度评级:2520
小提示:

每个六边形与正方形共用一条边并延伸到对侧;把正方形中心设为原点建立坐标。

Each hexagon shares an edge with the square and reaches across to the far side; set up coordinates with the square centered at the origin

大提示:

外边界有距离中心 312\sqrt3 - \tfrac12 的平边,以及相邻六边形边相交形成的凹点 (523, 523)\left(\tfrac52 - \sqrt3,\ \tfrac52 - \sqrt3\right)

The outer boundary has flat edges at distance 312\sqrt3 - \tfrac12 and reflex notches where adjacent hexagons’ edges cross, at (523, 523)\left(\tfrac52 - \sqrt3,\ \tfrac52 - \sqrt3\right)

解答:

将正方形中心置于原点,顶点为 (±12,±12)\left(\pm\tfrac12, \pm\tfrac12\right)。每个六边形与正方形共用一条边,并向正方形的对侧延伸。例如底边上的六边形,其远端上边从 (12,312)\left(-\tfrac12, \sqrt3 - \tfrac12\right)(12,312)\left(\tfrac12, \sqrt3 - \tfrac12\right)

外边界是一个 1212 边形,其平边到中心的距离为 312\sqrt3 - \tfrac12,凸顶点包括 (312,12)\left(\sqrt3 - \tfrac12, \tfrac12\right),而相邻六边形的斜边在 (523,523)\left(\tfrac52 - \sqrt3, \tfrac52 - \sqrt3\right) 及其对称点相交,形成四个凹入的顶点。

对这 1212 个顶点使用鞋带公式,面积为 1632316\sqrt3 - 23,所以 m=16m = 16n=3n = 3p=23p = -23,从而 m+n+p=4m + n + p = -4

所以正确答案是 B

Center the square at the origin with vertices (±12,±12).\left(\pm\tfrac12, \pm\tfrac12\right). Each hexagon shares one edge with the square and extends across to the opposite side; the hexagon on the bottom edge, for instance, has its far (top) edge from (12,312)\left(-\tfrac12, \sqrt3 - \tfrac12\right) to (12,312).\left(\tfrac12, \sqrt3 - \tfrac12\right).

The outer boundary is a 1212-gon with flat edges at distance 312\sqrt3 - \tfrac12 from the center, convex vertices such as (312,12),\left(\sqrt3 - \tfrac12, \tfrac12\right), and four reflex notches where adjacent hexagons’ slanted edges meet, at (523,523)\left(\tfrac52 - \sqrt3, \tfrac52 - \sqrt3\right) and its symmetric images.

Applying the shoelace formula to these 1212 vertices gives area 16323,16\sqrt3 - 23, so m=16,m = 16, n=3,n = 3, p=23,p = -23, and m+n+p=4.m + n + p = -4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.