2016 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

求下列式子的值:

2a1+a12a \frac{2a^{-1}+\frac{a^{-1}}{2}}{a}

其中 a=12a=\tfrac12

What is the value of

2a1+a12a \frac{2a^{-1}+\frac{a^{-1}}{2}}{a}

when a=12?a=\tfrac12?

11

22

52\dfrac52

1010

2020

知识点:指数运算顺序
难度评级:920
小提示:

a1=1aa^{-1}=\frac{1}{a},所以当 a=12a=\tfrac12 时,a1=2a^{-1}=2

a1=1a,a^{-1}=\frac{1}{a}, so a1=2a^{-1}=2 when a=12a=\tfrac12

大提示:

分子可合并为 2a1+12a1=52a12a^{-1}+\tfrac12 a^{-1}=\tfrac52 a^{-1},然后再除以 aa

The numerator is 2a1+12a1=52a1;2a^{-1}+\tfrac12 a^{-1}=\tfrac52 a^{-1}; then divide by aa

解答:

a=12a=\tfrac12 时,a1=2a^{-1}=2。分子为 22+22=4+1=52\cdot2+\dfrac{2}{2}=4+1=5,再除以 a=12a=\tfrac12,得到 512=10\dfrac{5}{\frac{1}{2}}=10

所以正确答案是 D

With a=12,a=\tfrac12, we have a1=2.a^{-1}=2. The numerator is 22+22=4+1=5,2\cdot2+\dfrac{2}{2}=4+1=5, and dividing by a=12a=\tfrac12 gives 512=10.\dfrac{5}{\frac{1}{2}}=10.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

2.

两个数的调和平均数可由“它们乘积的两倍除以它们的和”来计算。1120162016 的调和平均数最接近哪个整数?

The harmonic mean of two numbers can be computed as twice their product divided by their sum. The harmonic mean of 11 and 20162016 is closest to which integer?

22

4545

504504

10081008

20152015

难度评级:1020
小提示:

乘积的两倍除以和,即 2120161+2016\dfrac{2\cdot1\cdot2016}{1+2016}

Twice the product over the sum: 2120161+2016\dfrac{2\cdot1\cdot2016}{1+2016}

大提示:

40322017\dfrac{4032}{2017} 只比一个整数略小;将它四舍五入。

40322017\dfrac{4032}{2017} is just a hair under a whole number; round it

解答:

调和平均数为 2120161+2016=40322017\dfrac{2\cdot1\cdot2016}{1+2016}=\dfrac{4032}{2017}。因为 20162017\dfrac{2016}{2017} 非常接近 11,所以这个数略小于 22,最接近的整数是 22

所以正确答案是 A

The harmonic mean is 2120161+2016=40322017.\dfrac{2\cdot1\cdot2016}{1+2016}=\dfrac{4032}{2017}. Since 20162017\dfrac{2016}{2017} is very close to 1,1, this is just under 2,2, so the closest integer is 2.2.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

3.

x=2016x=-2016。下列式子的值是多少?

  xxx  x \Big|\;\big|\,|x|-x\,\big|-|x|\;\Big|-x\text{?}

Let x=2016.x=-2016. What is the value of

  xxx  x? \Big|\;\big|\,|x|-x\,\big|-|x|\;\Big|-x?

2016-2016

00

20162016

40324032

60486048

难度评级:1130
小提示:

x=2016|x|=2016,最内层是 xx=2016(2016)|x|-x=2016-(-2016)

x=2016,|x|=2016, and the innermost part is xx=2016(2016)|x|-x=2016-(-2016)

大提示:

由内向外化简:xx=4032|x|-x=4032,再算 4032x\big|4032\big|-|x|,再取外层绝对值,最后加上 x-x

Simplify outward: xx=4032,|x|-x=4032, then 4032x,\big|4032\big|-|x|, then the outer absolute value, and finally x-x

解答:

因为 x=2016x=-2016,所以 x=2016|x|=2016。最内层为 xx=2016+2016=4032|x|-x=2016+2016=4032。接着 4032x=40322016\big|4032\big|-|x|=4032-2016 =2016=2016,外层绝对值仍为 20162016。最后减去 xx,得到 2016(2016)=40322016-(-2016)=4032

所以正确答案是 D

Since x=2016,x=-2016, x=2016.|x|=2016. The innermost expression is xx=2016+2016=4032.|x|-x=2016+2016=4032. Then 4032x=40322016\big|4032\big|-|x|=4032-2016 =2016,=2016, and the outer absolute value leaves 2016.2016. Finally subtracting xx gives 2016(2016)=4032.2016-(-2016)=4032.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

4.

两个锐角度数之比为 5:45:4,且其中一个角的余角是另一个角余角的两倍。这两个角的度数之和是多少?

The ratio of the measures of two acute angles is 5:4,5:4, and the complement of one of these two angles is twice as large as the complement of the other. What is the sum of the degree measures of the two angles?

7575

9090

135135

150150

270270

难度评级:1200
小提示:

设两角为 α<β\alpha\lt\beta,且 βα=54\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}=\dfrac54

Let the angles be α<β\alpha\lt\beta with βα=54\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}=\dfrac54

大提示:

余角为 90α90-\alpha90β90-\beta;令 90α=2(90β)90-\alpha=2(90-\beta)

The complements are 90α90-\alpha and 90β;90-\beta; set 90α=2(90β)90-\alpha=2(90-\beta)

解答:

设两角为 α<β\alpha\lt\beta,其中 β=54α\beta=\tfrac54\alpha。较小角的余角较大,所以 90α=2(90β)=18052α90-\alpha=2(90-\beta)=180-\tfrac52\alpha。由此得到 32α=90\tfrac32\alpha=90,所以 α=60\alpha=60^\circβ=75\beta=75^\circ。两角之和为 135135^\circ

所以正确答案是 C

Let the angles be α<β\alpha\lt\beta with β=54α.\beta=\tfrac54\alpha. The larger complement belongs to the smaller angle, so 90α=2(90β)=18052α.90-\alpha=2(90-\beta)=180-\tfrac52\alpha. This gives 32α=90,\tfrac32\alpha=90, so α=60\alpha=60^\circ and β=75.\beta=75^\circ. The sum is 135.135^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

5.

18121812 年战争于 18121812 年六月 1818 日星期四宣战开始。结束战争的和平条约在 919919 天后,即 18141814 年十二月 2424 日签署。条约是在星期几签署的?

The War of 18121812 started with a declaration of war on Thursday, June 18,18, 1812.1812. The peace treaty to end the war was signed 919919 days later, on December 24,24, 1814.1814. On what day of the week was the treaty signed?

星期五

Friday

星期六

Saturday

星期日

Sunday

星期一

Monday

星期二

Tuesday

难度评级:1200
小提示:

星期每 77 天循环一次,所以把 91991977 取余。

Days of the week repeat every 77 days, so reduce 919919 modulo 77

大提示:

919=7131+2919=7\cdot131+2,所以从星期四往后数 22 天。

919=7131+2,919=7\cdot131+2, so count 22 days forward from Thursday

解答:

因为 919=7131+2919=7\cdot131+2,条约签署日比星期四晚 131131 个整周再加 22 天。

星期四后两天是星期六。所以正确答案是 B

Because 919=7131+2,919=7\cdot131+2, the treaty was signed 131131 full weeks plus 22 days after Thursday. Two days beyond Thursday is Saturday.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

ABC\triangle ABC 的三个顶点都在抛物线 y=x2y=x^2 上,其中 AA 在原点,BC\overline{BC} 平行于 xx 轴。三角形面积为 6464BCBC 的长度是多少?

All three vertices of ABC\triangle ABC lie on the parabola defined by y=x2,y=x^2, with AA at the origin and BC\overline{BC} parallel to the xx-axis. The area of the triangle is 64.64. What is the length of BC?BC?

44

66

88

1010

1616

难度评级:1350
小提示:

设上方一个顶点为 (x,x2)(x,x^2);由对称性,另一个为 (x,x2)(-x,x^2)

Let a top vertex be (x,x2);(x,x^2); by symmetry the other is (x,x2)(-x,x^2)

大提示:

底边 BC=2xBC=2x,高为 x2x^2,所以 12(2x)(x2)=64\tfrac12(2x)(x^2)=64

The base is BC=2xBC=2x and the height is x2,x^2, so 12(2x)(x2)=64\tfrac12(2x)(x^2)=64

解答:

设第一象限中的顶点为 (x,x2)(x,x^2)。由对称性,底边长为 BC=2xBC=2x,高为 x2x^2,所以面积满足 122xx2=x3=64\tfrac12\cdot2x\cdot x^2=x^3=64。因此 x=4x=4,从而 BC=2x=8BC=2x=8

所以正确答案是 C

Let the vertex in the first quadrant be (x,x2).(x,x^2). By symmetry the base is BC=2xBC=2x and the height is x2,x^2, so 122xx2=x3=64.\tfrac12\cdot2x\cdot x^2=x^3=64. Thus x=4x=4 and BC=2x=8.BC=2x=8.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

Josh 写下数字 112233\ldots9999100100。他划掉 11,跳过下一个数 (2)(2),划掉 33,并继续交替跳过和划掉直到列表末尾。然后他回到列表开头,划掉第一个剩下的数 (2)(2),跳过下一个数 (4)(4),划掉 66,跳过 88,划掉 1010,如此继续到末尾。Josh 以这种方式继续,直到只剩一个数。这个数是多少?

Josh writes the numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 99,99, 100.100. He marks out 1,1, skips the next number (2),(2), marks out 3,3, and continues skipping and marking out the next number to the end of his list. Then he goes back to the start of his list, marks out the first remaining number (2),(2), skips the next number (4),(4), marks out 6,6, skips 8,8, marks out 10,10, and so on to the end. Josh continues in this manner until only one number remains. What is that number?

1313

3232

5656

6464

9696

知识点:2的幂找规律
难度评级:1440
小提示:

第一轮后只剩 22 的倍数;下一轮后只剩 44 的倍数。

After the first pass only the multiples of 22 remain; after the next, only the multiples of 44

大提示:

每一轮留下下一个 22 的幂的倍数;找出不超过 100100 的最大 22 的幂。

Each pass keeps the multiples of the next power of 2;2; find the highest power of 22 that is at most 100100

解答:

第一轮划掉奇数,留下 22 的倍数。第二轮划掉 2,6,10,2,6,10,\ldots 留下 44 的倍数。一般地,第 nn 轮后只剩 2n2^n 的倍数。最后幸存的是不超过 100100 的最大 22 的幂,即 26=642^6=64

所以正确答案是 D

The first pass removes the odd numbers, leaving the multiples of 2.2. The second pass removes 2,6,10,,2,6,10,\ldots, leaving the multiples of 4.4. In general, after the nnth pass only the multiples of 2n2^n remain. The surviving number is the highest power of 22 not exceeding 100,100, which is 26=64.2^6=64.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

一块均匀密度的薄木片呈边长 33 英寸的等边三角形,重 1212 盎司。第二块同种木材、同样厚度、也是等边三角形的木片边长为 55 英寸。下列哪一项最接近第二块木片的重量(盎司)?

A thin piece of wood of uniform density in the shape of an equilateral triangle with side length 33 inches weighs 1212 ounces. A second piece of the same type of wood, with the same thickness, also in the shape of an equilateral triangle, has side length 55 inches. Which of the following is closest to the weight, in ounces, of the second piece?

14.014.0

16.016.0

20.020.0

33.333.3

55.655.6

难度评级:1350
小提示:

重量与面积成正比,而面积按边长的平方缩放。

The weight is proportional to the area, which scales with the square of the side length

大提示:

1212 乘以 (53)2\left(\dfrac53\right)^2

Multiply 1212 by (53)2\left(\dfrac53\right)^2

解答:

重量与面积成正比,面积随边长平方缩放。第二块边长是第一块的 53\tfrac53 倍,所以重量为 12(53)2=100333.312\cdot\left(\dfrac53\right)^2=\dfrac{100}{3}\approx33.3 盎司。

所以正确答案是 D

Weight is proportional to area, and area scales with the square of the side length. The second side is 53\tfrac53 times the first, so its weight is 12(53)2=100333.312\cdot\left(\dfrac53\right)^2=\dfrac{100}{3}\approx33.3 ounces.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

Carl 决定给他的长方形花园围篱笆。他买了 2020 根篱笆桩,在四个角各放一根,其余沿花园边均匀放置,相邻桩之间正好相距 44 码。花园较长的一边(包括角上的桩)桩数是较短一边(包括角上的桩)的两倍。Carl 的花园面积是多少平方码?

Carl decided to fence in his rectangular garden. He bought 2020 fence posts, placed one on each of the four corners, and spaced out the rest evenly along the edges of the garden, leaving exactly 44 yards between neighboring posts. The longer side of his garden, including the corners, has twice as many posts as the shorter side, including the corners. What is the area, in square yards, of Carl’s garden?

256256

336336

384384

448448

512512

难度评级:1440
小提示:

设较短边有 xx 根桩,较长边有 2x2x 根桩;四个角桩被共享。

Let the shorter side have xx posts and the longer side 2x2x posts; the four corner posts are shared

大提示:

总桩数 2x+2(2x)4=202x+2(2x)-4=20;一条边有 kk 根桩时长度为 (k1)4(k-1)\cdot4 码。

Total posts 2x+2(2x)4=20;2x+2(2x)-4=20; a side with kk posts spans (k1)4(k-1)\cdot4 yards

解答:

设较短边有 xx 根桩,则较长边有 2x2x 根。四个角都被重复计算一次,所以 2x+2(2x)4=202x+2(2x)-4=20,得 x=4x=4。较短边有 44 根桩,长度为 (41)4=12(4-1)\cdot4=12 码;较长边有 88 根桩,长度为 (81)4=28(8-1)\cdot4=28 码。面积为 1228=33612\cdot28=336

所以正确答案是 B

Let the shorter side have xx posts, so the longer side has 2x.2x. Counting all posts and subtracting the four corners counted twice, 2x+2(2x)4=20,2x+2(2x)-4=20, giving x=4.x=4. The shorter side has 44 posts, or (41)4=12(4-1)\cdot4=12 yards, and the longer side has 88 posts, or (81)4=28(8-1)\cdot4=28 yards. The area is 1228=336.12\cdot28=336.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

一个四边形顶点为 P(a,b)P(a,b)Q(b,a)Q(b,a)R(a,b)R(-a,-b)S(b,a)S(-b,-a),其中 aabb 为整数且 a>b>0a\gt b\gt0PQRSPQRS 的面积为 1616a+ba+b 是多少?

A quadrilateral has vertices P(a,b),P(a,b), Q(b,a),Q(b,a), R(a,b),R(-a,-b), and S(b,a),S(-b,-a), where aa and bb are integers with a>b>0.a\gt b\gt0. The area of PQRSPQRS is 16.16. What is a+b?a+b?

44

55

66

1212

1313

难度评级:1500
小提示:

检查斜率:PQ\overline{PQ}RS\overline{RS} 的斜率为 1-1,而 QR\overline{QR}PS\overline{PS} 的斜率为 11,所以 PQRSPQRS 是长方形。

Check the slopes: PQ\overline{PQ} and RS\overline{RS} have slope 1,-1, while QR\overline{QR} and PS\overline{PS} have slope 1,1, so PQRSPQRS is a rectangle

大提示:

它的边长为 (ab)2(a-b)\sqrt2(a+b)2(a+b)\sqrt2,所以面积为 2(a2b2)=162(a^2-b^2)=16

Its sides are (ab)2(a-b)\sqrt2 and (a+b)2,(a+b)\sqrt2, so the area is 2(a2b2)=162(a^2-b^2)=16

解答:

PQ\overline{PQ}RS\overline{RS} 的斜率为 1-1QR\overline{QR}PS\overline{PS} 的斜率为 11,所以 PQRSPQRS 是长方形,边长为 (ab)2(a-b)\sqrt2(a+b)2(a+b)\sqrt2。它的面积为 2(ab)(a+b)=2(a2b2)2(a-b)(a+b)=2(a^2-b^2) =16=16,所以 a2b2=8a^2-b^2=8。唯一相差 88 的两个完全平方数是 9911,因此 a=3a=3b=1b=1,从而 a+b=4a+b=4

所以正确答案是 A

The sides PQ\overline{PQ} and RS\overline{RS} have slope 1,-1, and QR\overline{QR} and PS\overline{PS} have slope 1,1, so PQRSPQRS is a rectangle with sides (ab)2(a-b)\sqrt2 and (a+b)2.(a+b)\sqrt2. Its area is 2(ab)(a+b)=2(a2b2)2(a-b)(a+b)=2(a^2-b^2) =16,=16, so a2b2=8.a^2-b^2=8. The only perfect squares differing by 88 are 99 and 1,1, giving a=3,a=3, b=1,b=1, and a+b=4.a+b=4.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

11.

有多少个边平行于坐标轴、顶点坐标均为整数的正方形,完全位于由直线 y=πxy=\pi x、直线 y=0.1y=-0.1 和直线 x=5.1x=5.1 围成的区域内?

How many squares whose sides are parallel to the axes and whose vertices have coordinates that are integers lie entirely within the region bounded by the line y=πx,y=\pi x, the line y=0.1,y=-0.1, and the line x=5.1?x=5.1?

3030

4141

4545

5050

5757

难度评级:1630
小提示:

该区域位于 y=πxy=\pi x 下方;注意 3<π<43\lt\pi\lt46<2π<76\lt2\pi\lt79<3π<109\lt3\pi\lt10

The region sits below y=πx;y=\pi x; note 3<π<4,3\lt\pi\lt4, 6<2π<7,6\lt2\pi\lt7, and 9<3π<109\lt3\pi\lt10

大提示:

在每个竖条 kxk+1k\le x\le k+1 中,分别数能放在线下方的 1×11\times12×22\times23×33\times3 正方形。

In each vertical strip kxk+1,k\le x\le k+1, count the 1×1,1\times1, 2×2,2\times2, and 3×33\times3 squares that fit below the line, then add them up

解答:

左边位于 x=kx=k 的正方形,必须低于其宽度范围内 y=πxy=\pi x 的最低点,即 y=πky=\pi k。对边长 11,可能的左边位置 k=1,2,3,4k=1,2,3,4 分别贡献 3+6+9+12=303+6+9+12=30 个正方形。对边长 22,左边位置 k=1,2,3k=1,2,3 贡献 2+5+8=152+5+8=15 个;对边长 33,左边位置 k=1,2k=1,2 贡献 1+4=51+4=5 个。边长至少为 44 的正方形无法放入,所以总数是 30+15+5=5030+15+5=50

因此,正确答案是 D

A square whose left edge is x=kx=k must fit below the lowest point of y=πxy=\pi x over its width, namely y=πk.y=\pi k. For side length 1,1, the possible left edges k=1,2,3,4k=1,2,3,4 contribute 3+6+9+12=303+6+9+12=30 squares. For side length 2,2, the left edges k=1,2,3k=1,2,3 contribute 2+5+8=15,2+5+8=15, and for side length 3,3, the left edges k=1,2k=1,2 contribute 1+4=5.1+4=5. A square of side at least 44 cannot fit, so the total is 30+15+5=50.30+15+5=50.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

数字 112233445566778899 被写入一个 3×33\times3 方格阵列中,每格一个数,并且若两个数连续,则它们所在的方格共边。四个角上的数字和为 1818。中心格中的数字是多少?

All the numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 99 are written in a 3×33\times3 array of squares, one number in each square, in such a way that if two numbers are consecutive then they occupy squares that share an edge. The numbers in the four corners add up to 18.18. What number is in the center?

55

66

77

88

99

难度评级:1590
小提示:

像棋盘一样给方格染色;连续数字必须在相反颜色上,所以颜色交替。

Color the grid like a checkerboard; consecutive numbers must lie on opposite colors, so they alternate

大提示:

五个同色格(四个角和中心)必须放五个奇数,它们和为 2525

The five same-colored cells (four corners plus center) must hold the five odd numbers, which sum to 2525

解答:

像棋盘一样染色,使四个角和中心同色。由于连续数字位于相邻的异色格中,沿数字链颜色交替,所以这五个同色格中是五个奇数 1,3,5,7,91,3,5,7,9,其和为 2525。四个角的和为 1818,所以中心格中的数为 2518=725-18=7

所以正确答案是 C

Color the grid like a checkerboard so the four corners and the center share one color. Since consecutive numbers occupy adjacent (opposite colored) squares, the numbers alternate parity along the chain, so the five same-colored cells contain the five odd numbers 1,3,5,7,9,1,3,5,7,9, which sum to 25.25. The four corners add to 18,18, so the center is 2518=7.25-18=7.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

13.

Alice 和 Bob 相距 1010 英里。某天,Alice 从家中向正北方看到一架飞机。与此同时,Bob 从家中向正西方看到同一架飞机。Alice 看到的仰角为 3030^\circ,Bob 看到的仰角为 6060^\circ。下列哪一项最接近飞机的高度(英里)?

Alice and Bob live 1010 miles apart. One day Alice looks due north from her house and sees an airplane. At the same time Bob looks due west from his house and sees the same airplane. The angle of elevation of the airplane is 3030^\circ from Alice’s position and 6060^\circ from Bob’s position. Which of the following is closest to the airplane’s altitude, in miles?

3.53.5

44

4.54.5

55

5.55.5

难度评级:1630
小提示:

设飞机在地面点 DD 正上方,高度为 hh。三角形 ACDACDBCDBCD3030-6060-9090 直角三角形。

Let the plane be above point DD on the ground at height h.h. Triangles ACDACD and BCDBCD are 3030-6060-9090 right triangles

大提示:

AD=3hAD=\sqrt3\,hBD=h3BD=\dfrac{h}{\sqrt3};再用 AD2+BD2=102AD^2+BD^2=10^2

AD=3hAD=\sqrt3\,h and BD=h3;BD=\dfrac{h}{\sqrt3}; then AD2+BD2=102AD^2+BD^2=10^2

解答:

设飞机位于点 CC,其正下方的地面点为 DD,高度为 hh。三角形 ACDACDBCDBCD 都是 3030-6060-9090 直角三角形,所以 AD=3hAD=\sqrt3\,hBD=h3BD=\dfrac{h}{\sqrt3}。Alice 向北看而 Bob 向西看,因此 ADB=90\angle ADB=90^\circ,从而 AD2+BD2=AB2=100AD^2+BD^2=AB^2=100。于是 3h2+h23=10h23=1003h^2+\dfrac{h^2}{3}=\dfrac{10h^2}{3}=100,解得 h=305.48h=\sqrt{30}\approx5.48,最接近 5.55.5

所以正确答案是 E

Let the airplane be at C,C, directly above point DD on the ground at altitude h.h. Triangles ACDACD and BCDBCD are 3030-6060-9090 right triangles, so AD=3hAD=\sqrt3\,h and BD=h3.BD=\dfrac{h}{\sqrt3}. Since Alice looks north and Bob looks west, ADB=90,\angle ADB=90^\circ, so AD2+BD2=AB2=100.AD^2+BD^2=AB^2=100. Then 3h2+h23=10h23=100,3h^2+\dfrac{h^2}{3}=\dfrac{10h^2}{3}=100, giving h=305.48,h=\sqrt{30}\approx5.48, closest to 5.5.5.5.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

14.

一个无穷等比级数的和为正数 SS,且该级数第二项为 11SS 的最小可能值是多少?

The sum of an infinite geometric series is a positive number S,S, and the second term in the series is 1.1. What is the smallest possible value of S?S?

1+52\dfrac{1+\sqrt5}{2}

22

5\sqrt5

33

44

难度评级:1730
小提示:

设公比为 rr,第二项为 11,则第一项为 1r\frac{1}{r},所以 S=1r1r=1rr2S=\dfrac{\frac{1}{r}}{1-r}=\dfrac{1}{r-r^2}

With ratio rr and second term 1,1, the first term is 1r,\frac{1}{r}, so S=1r1r=1rr2S=\dfrac{\frac{1}{r}}{1-r}=\dfrac{1}{r-r^2}

大提示:

SS 最小时,rr2r-r^2 最大;最大化开口向下的抛物线 rr2r-r^2

SS is smallest when rr2r-r^2 is largest; maximize the downward parabola rr2r-r^2

解答:

设公比为 rr。因为第二项为 11,第一项为 1r\dfrac1r,所以 S=1r1r=1rr2S=\dfrac{\frac{1}{r}}{1-r}=\dfrac{1}{r-r^2}。收敛要求 r<1|r|\lt1,而 S>0S\gt0 又迫使 0<r<10\lt r\lt1。因此,要使 SS 最小,就要使 rr2r-r^2 最大。抛物线 rr2r-r^2r=12r=\tfrac12 处达到最大值 14\tfrac14,所以 SS 的最小值为 114=4\dfrac{1}{\frac{1}{4}}=4

因此,正确答案是 E

Let rr be the common ratio. Since the second term is 1,1, the first term is 1r,\dfrac1r, so S=1r1r=1rr2.S=\dfrac{\frac{1}{r}}{1-r}=\dfrac{1}{r-r^2}. Convergence requires r<1,|r|\lt1, and S>0S\gt0 then forces 0<r<1.0\lt r\lt1. Therefore SS is smallest when rr2r-r^2 is largest. The parabola rr2r-r^2 peaks at r=12,r=\tfrac12, where it equals 14,\tfrac14, so the smallest value of SS is 114=4.\dfrac{1}{\frac{1}{4}}=4.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

数字 223344556677 被分配到一个立方体的六个面上,每面一个数。对立方体的每个顶点,计算包含该顶点的三个面上的数字之积。这八个乘积之和的最大可能值是多少?

All the numbers 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 77 are assigned to the six faces of a cube, one number to each face. For each of the eight vertices of the cube, a product of three numbers is computed, where the three numbers are the numbers assigned to the three faces that include that vertex. What is the greatest possible value of the sum of these eight products?

312312

343343

625625

729729

16801680

难度评级:1800
小提示:

将三对相对面分组为 (a,b),(c,d),(e,f)(a,b),(c,d),(e,f)

Group the three pairs of opposite faces as (a,b),(c,d),(e,f)(a,b),(c,d),(e,f)

大提示:

八个顶点乘积之和可分解为 (a+b)(c+d)(e+f)(a+b)(c+d)(e+f);总和固定时,乘积在因子尽量相等时最大。

The sum of the eight vertex products factors as (a+b)(c+d)(e+f);(a+b)(c+d)(e+f); with a fixed total, a product is largest when the factors are equal

解答:

将相对面配成 (a,b),(c,d),(e,f)(a,b),(c,d),(e,f)。每个顶点乘积从每对相对面中取一个数,所以八个乘积之和可分解为 (a+b)(c+d)(e+f)(a+b)(c+d)(e+f)。三个因子的总和固定为 2+3+4+5+6+7=272+3+4+5+6+7=27,乘积在三者相等、各为 99 时最大。这可由 (2,7),(3,6),(4,5)(2,7),(3,6),(4,5) 达到,得到 999=7299\cdot9\cdot9=729

所以正确答案是 D

Pair the opposite faces as (a,b),(c,d),(e,f).(a,b),(c,d),(e,f). Each vertex product uses one face from each pair, so the sum of all eight products factors as (a+b)(c+d)(e+f).(a+b)(c+d)(e+f). The three factors have fixed total 2+3+4+5+6+7=27,2+3+4+5+6+7=27, and a product with fixed sum is largest when the factors are equal, at 99 each. This balance is achievable with (2,7),(3,6),(4,5),(2,7),(3,6),(4,5), giving 999=729.9\cdot9\cdot9=729.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

有多少种方式可将 345345 写成两个或更多连续正整数的递增序列之和?

In how many ways can 345345 be written as the sum of an increasing sequence of two or more consecutive positive integers?

11

33

55

66

77

难度评级:1800
小提示:

一串 kk 个连续整数的和等于 kk 乘以中位数,且 345=3523345=3\cdot5\cdot23

A run of kk consecutive integers equals kk times its median, and 345=3523345=3\cdot5\cdot23

大提示:

kk 为奇数时,中位数为整数因数;当 kk 为偶数时,中位数为半整数。两类都要计数,并保证所有项为正。

For odd k,k, the median is an integer factor; for even k,k, the median is a half-integer. Count both while keeping all terms positive

解答:

连续整数之和等于项数乘以中位数。若项数为奇数,中位数是 345345 的整数因数,得到项数为 33(中位数 115115)、55(中位数 6969)、1515(中位数 2323)和 2323(中位数 1515)的序列。若项数为偶数,中位数为半整数;符合要求的项数为 2,6,102,6,10,对应的中位数依次为 172.5,57.5,34.5172.5,57.5,34.5。更长的序列会含有非正项。因此共有 4+3=74+3=7 种。

所以正确答案是 E

A sum of consecutive integers equals the count times the median. For an odd number of terms, the median is an integer divisor of 345,345, giving runs of 33 (median 115115), 55 (median 6969), 1515 (median 2323), and 2323 (median 1515) terms. For an even number of terms the median is a half-integer. The positive possibilities have lengths 2,6,10,2,6,10, with respective medians 172.5,57.5,34.5.172.5,57.5,34.5. Longer divisor-based runs would force a nonpositive first term. This gives 4+3=74+3=7 ways.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

17.

如图,在 ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=7AB=7BC=8BC=8CA=9CA=9,且 AH\overline{AH} 是高。点 DDEE 分别在边 AC\overline{AC}AB\overline{AB} 上,使得 BD\overline{BD}CE\overline{CE} 是角平分线,并分别与 AH\overline{AH} 交于 QQPPPQPQ 是多少?

In ABC\triangle ABC shown in the figure, AB=7,AB=7, BC=8,BC=8, CA=9,CA=9, and AH\overline{AH} is an altitude. Points DD and EE lie on sides AC\overline{AC} and AB,\overline{AB}, respectively, so that BD\overline{BD} and CE\overline{CE} are angle bisectors, intersecting AH\overline{AH} at QQ and P,P, respectively. What is PQ?PQ?

11

583\dfrac58\sqrt3

452\dfrac45\sqrt2

8155\dfrac{8}{15}\sqrt5

65\dfrac65

难度评级:1910
小提示:

BH=xBH=x,则 AH2=72x2=92(8x)2AH^2=7^2-x^2=9^2-(8-x)^2,可得 x=2x=2AH=45AH=\sqrt{45}

Let BH=x.BH=x. Then AH2=72x2=92(8x)2,AH^2=7^2-x^2=9^2-(8-x)^2, which gives x=2x=2 and AH=45AH=\sqrt{45}

大提示:

由角平分线定理,APPH=CACH=96\dfrac{AP}{PH}=\dfrac{CA}{CH}=\dfrac96,且 AQQH=BABH=72\dfrac{AQ}{QH}=\dfrac{BA}{BH}=\dfrac72;然后 PQ=AQAPPQ=AQ-AP

By the angle bisector theorem, APPH=CACH=96\dfrac{AP}{PH}=\dfrac{CA}{CH}=\dfrac96 and AQQH=BABH=72;\dfrac{AQ}{QH}=\dfrac{BA}{BH}=\dfrac72; then PQ=AQAPPQ=AQ-AP

解答:

x=BHx=BH,则 CH=8xCH=8-x。由两个直角三角形可得 AH2=72x2=92(8x)2AH^2=7^2-x^2=9^2-(8-x)^2,所以 x=2x=2,且 AH=45AH=\sqrt{45}。在 ACH\triangle ACH 中,由角平分线定理,APPH=CACH=96\dfrac{AP}{PH}=\dfrac{CA}{CH}=\dfrac96,所以 AP=35AHAP=\dfrac35 AH。同理,在 ABH\triangle ABH 中,AQQH=BABH=72\dfrac{AQ}{QH}=\dfrac{BA}{BH}=\dfrac72,所以 AQ=79AHAQ=\dfrac79 AH。于是 PQ=AQAP=(7935)AH=84545=8155 \begin{aligned} PQ &= AQ-AP \\ &= \left(\dfrac79-\dfrac35\right)AH \\ &= \dfrac{8}{45}\sqrt{45} \\ &= \dfrac{8}{15}\sqrt5 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let x=BH.x=BH. Then CH=8x,CH=8-x, and from the two right triangles AH2=72x2=92(8x)2.AH^2=7^2-x^2=9^2-(8-x)^2. This gives x=2x=2 and AH=45.AH=\sqrt{45}. By the angle bisector theorem in ACH,\triangle ACH, APPH=CACH=96,\dfrac{AP}{PH}=\dfrac{CA}{CH}=\dfrac96, so AP=35AH.AP=\dfrac35 AH. Similarly in ABH,\triangle ABH, AQQH=BABH=72,\dfrac{AQ}{QH}=\dfrac{BA}{BH}=\dfrac72, so AQ=79AH.AQ=\dfrac79 AH. Then PQ=AQAP=(7935)AH=84545=8155. \begin{aligned} PQ &= AQ-AP \\ &= \left(\dfrac79-\dfrac35\right)AH \\ &= \dfrac{8}{45}\sqrt{45} \\ &= \dfrac{8}{15}\sqrt5. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

方程 x2+y2=x+yx^2+y^2=|x|+|y| 的图像所围成区域的面积是多少?

What is the area of the region enclosed by the graph of the equation x2+y2=x+y?x^2+y^2=|x|+|y|?

π+2\pi+\sqrt2

π+2\pi+2

π+22\pi+2\sqrt2

2π+22\pi+\sqrt2

2π+222\pi+2\sqrt2

难度评级:1990
小提示:

图像关于两条坐标轴对称;在第一象限中方程为 x2+y2=x+yx^2+y^2=x+y

The graph is symmetric about both axes; in the first quadrant the equation is x2+y2=x+yx^2+y^2=x+y

大提示:

配方得 (x12)2+(y12)2=12\left(x-\tfrac12\right)^2+\left(y-\tfrac12\right)^2 =\tfrac12;第一象限内的区域是一个直角三角形加一个半圆。

Complete the square to (x12)2+(y12)2=12;\left(x-\tfrac12\right)^2+\left(y-\tfrac12\right)^2 =\tfrac12; in that quadrant the region is a right triangle plus a semicircle

解答:

由对称性,只看第一象限,此时方程为 x2+y2=x+yx^2+y^2=x+y,即 (x12)2+(y12)2=12\left(x-\tfrac12\right)^2+\left(y-\tfrac12\right)^2=\tfrac12。这是一个圆心在 (12,12)\left(\tfrac12,\tfrac12\right)、经过 (1,0)(1,0)(0,1)(0,1) 的圆。由于圆心是连接 (1,0)(1,0)(0,1)(0,1) 的弦的中点,第一象限内围成的区域由面积为 12\tfrac12 的直角三角形和半径为 22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}、面积为 π4\dfrac\pi4 的半圆组成。乘以 44 个象限,总面积为 4(12+π4)=π+24\left(\tfrac12+\tfrac\pi4\right)=\pi+2

所以正确答案是 B

By symmetry, consider the first quadrant, where the equation is x2+y2=x+y,x^2+y^2=x+y, or (x12)2+(y12)2=12.\left(x-\tfrac12\right)^2+\left(y-\tfrac12\right)^2=\tfrac12. This is a circle centered at (12,12)\left(\tfrac12,\tfrac12\right) passing through (1,0)(1,0) and (0,1);(0,1); since the center is the midpoint of that chord, the enclosed first-quadrant region is the right triangle with legs to (1,0)(1,0) and (0,1)(0,1) (area 12\tfrac12) plus a semicircle of radius 22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2} (area π4\dfrac\pi4). Multiplying by 44 for all quadrants gives 4(12+π4)=π+2.4\left(\tfrac12+\tfrac\pi4\right)=\pi+2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

Tom、Dick 和 Harry 正在玩一个游戏。他们同时开始,各自不断投掷一枚公平硬币,直到第一次出现正面时停止。三人投掷次数都相同的概率是多少?

Tom, Dick, and Harry are playing a game. Starting at the same time, each of them flips a fair coin repeatedly until he gets his first head, at which point he stops. What is the probability that all three flip their coins the same number of times?

18\dfrac18

17\dfrac17

16\dfrac16

14\dfrac14

13\dfrac13

难度评级:1910
小提示:

单个玩家在第 nn 次投掷首次出现正面的概率为 (12)n\left(\tfrac12\right)^n

A single player gets his first head on flip nn with probability (12)n\left(\tfrac12\right)^n

大提示:

三人都在第 nn 次停止的概率为 (18)n\left(\tfrac18\right)^n;对 n1n\ge1 求这个等比级数。

All three stop on flip nn with probability (18)n;\left(\tfrac18\right)^n; sum this geometric series over n1n\ge1

解答:

单个玩家第一次正面出现在第 nn 次的概率为 (12)n\left(\tfrac12\right)^n。三人都在第 nn 次停止的概率为 ((12)n)3=(18)n\left(\left(\tfrac12\right)^n\right)^3=\left(\tfrac18\right)^n。对 n1n\ge1 求和,得 n=1(18)n=18118=17\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^\infty\left(\tfrac18\right)^n =\frac{\frac{1}{8}}{1-\frac{1}{8}}=\frac17

所以正确答案是 B

A player’s first head comes on flip nn with probability (12)n.\left(\tfrac12\right)^n. All three stopping on the same flip nn has probability ((12)n)3=(18)n.\left(\left(\tfrac12\right)^n\right)^3=\left(\tfrac18\right)^n. Summing over n1,n\ge1, n=1(18)n=18118=17.\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^\infty\left(\tfrac18\right)^n =\frac{\frac{1}{8}}{1-\frac{1}{8}}=\frac17.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

若干支队伍进行循环赛,每队与其他每队恰好比赛一次。每队赢 1010 场、输 1010 场,没有平局。有多少组三支队伍 {A,B,C}\{A,B,C\},满足 AA 击败 BBBB 击败 CC,且 CC 击败 AA

A set of teams held a round-robin tournament in which every team played every other team exactly once. Every team won 1010 games and lost 1010 games; there were no ties. How many sets of three teams {A,B,C}\{A,B,C\} were there in which AA beat B,B, BB beat C,C, and CC beat A?A?

385385

665665

945945

11401140

13301330

难度评级:2110
小提示:

每队与 2020 个对手比赛,所以共有 2121 支队伍,三队组总数为 (213)=1330\binom{21}{3}=1330

Each team plays 2020 others, so there are 2121 teams and (213)=1330\binom{21}{3}=1330 triples in all

大提示:

非循环的三队组恰有一支队伍击败另外两支;数出这些并从总数中减去。

A non-cyclic triple has exactly one team that beats the other two; count those and subtract from the total

解答:

因为每队赢 1010 场、输 1010 场,所以共有 2121 支队伍,三队组总数为 (213)=1330\binom{21}{3}=1330。一个三队组不是循环关系,当且仅当其中某一队击败另外两队。选定这支胜队有 2121 种方式,再从被它击败的 1010 支队伍中选出 22 支,所以非循环三队组共有 21(102)=2145=94521\cdot\binom{10}{2}=21\cdot45=945 个。因此循环三队组共有 1330945=3851330-945=385 个。

所以正确答案是 A

Since each team won 1010 and lost 10,10, there are 2121 teams and (213)=1330\binom{21}{3}=1330 triples. A triple is not cyclic exactly when one team beats both others. Choosing that team (2121 ways) and 22 of the 1010 teams it beat gives 21(102)=2145=94521\cdot\binom{10}{2}=21\cdot45=945 non-cyclic triples. Thus the cyclic triples number 1330945=385.1330-945=385.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

21.

ABCDABCD 是单位正方形。令 Q1Q_1CD\overline{CD} 的中点。对 i=1i=122\ldots,令 PiP_iAQi\overline{AQ_i}BD\overline{BD} 的交点,并令 Qi+1Q_{i+1} 为从 PiP_iCD\overline{CD} 的垂足。下式的值是多少?

i=1面积 DQiPi \sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\text{面积 }\triangle DQ_iP_i

Let ABCDABCD be a unit square. Let Q1Q_1 be the midpoint of CD.\overline{CD}. For i=1,i=1, 2,2, ,\ldots, let PiP_i be the intersection of AQi\overline{AQ_i} and BD,\overline{BD}, and let Qi+1Q_{i+1} be the foot of the perpendicular from PiP_i to CD.\overline{CD}. What is

i=1Area of DQiPi? \sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\text{Area of }\triangle DQ_iP_i?

16\dfrac16

14\dfrac14

13\dfrac13

12\dfrac12

11

难度评级:2210
小提示:

相似三角形给出递推 DQi+1=DQi1+DQiDQ_{i+1}=\dfrac{DQ_i}{1+DQ_i},且 DQ1=12DQ_1=\tfrac12,从而 DQi=1i+1DQ_i=\dfrac{1}{i+1}

Similar triangles give the recursion DQi+1=DQi1+DQi,DQ_{i+1}=\dfrac{DQ_i}{1+DQ_i}, and DQ1=12DQ_1=\tfrac12 leads to DQi=1i+1DQ_i=\dfrac{1}{i+1}

大提示:

三角形 DQiPi\triangle DQ_iP_i 的面积为 121i+1\tfrac12\cdot\dfrac{1}{i+1} 1i+2\cdot\dfrac{1}{i+2} =12(1i+11i+2)=\tfrac12\left(\dfrac{1}{i+1}-\dfrac{1}{i+2}\right);求和时中间项会相消。

The area of DQiPi\triangle DQ_iP_i is 121i+1\tfrac12\cdot\dfrac{1}{i+1} 1i+2\cdot\dfrac{1}{i+2} =12(1i+11i+2);=\tfrac12\left(\dfrac{1}{i+1}-\dfrac{1}{i+2}\right); the sum telescopes

解答:

D=(0,0)D=(0,0)C=(1,0)C=(1,0)B=(1,1)B=(1,1)A=(0,1)A=(0,1),并令 qi=DQiq_i=DQ_i。直线 AQiAQ_iBD\overline{BD}(即直线 y=xy=x)相交于 PiP_i,交点的两个坐标都为 qi1+qi\dfrac{q_i}{1+q_i},所以 qi+1=qi1+qiq_{i+1}=\dfrac{q_i}{1+q_i}。由 q1=12q_1=\tfrac12 可得 qi=1i+1q_i=\dfrac{1}{i+1}。三角形 DQiPi\triangle DQ_iP_i 的底为 DQi=1i+1DQ_i=\dfrac{1}{i+1},高为 PiP_iyy 坐标,即 qi+1=1i+2q_{i+1}=\dfrac{1}{i+2}。于是 面积 DQiPi=121i+11i+2=12(1i+11i+2) \begin{gathered} \text{面积 }\triangle DQ_iP_i=\tfrac12\cdot\dfrac{1}{i+1} \\ \quad{}\cdot\dfrac{1}{i+2} \\ {}=\tfrac12\left(\dfrac{1}{i+1}-\dfrac{1}{i+2}\right)\text{。} \end{gathered} 求和后中间项相消,得到 1212=14\tfrac12\cdot\tfrac12=\tfrac14

所以正确答案是 B

Place D=(0,0),D=(0,0), C=(1,0),C=(1,0), B=(1,1),B=(1,1), A=(0,1),A=(0,1), and let qi=DQi.q_i=DQ_i. Intersecting line AQiAQ_i with BD\overline{BD} (the line y=xy=x) gives PiP_i with both coordinates qi1+qi,\dfrac{q_i}{1+q_i}, so qi+1=qi1+qi.q_{i+1}=\dfrac{q_i}{1+q_i}. From q1=12q_1=\tfrac12 this yields qi=1i+1.q_i=\dfrac{1}{i+1}. The base of DQiPi\triangle DQ_iP_i is DQi=1i+1DQ_i=\dfrac{1}{i+1} and its height is the yy-coordinate of Pi,P_i, which is qi+1=1i+2.q_{i+1}=\dfrac{1}{i+2}. Then Area of DQiPi=121i+11i+2=12(1i+11i+2). \begin{gathered} \text{Area of }\triangle DQ_iP_i=\tfrac12\cdot\dfrac{1}{i+1} \\ \quad{}\cdot\dfrac{1}{i+2} \\ {}=\tfrac12\left(\dfrac{1}{i+1}-\dfrac{1}{i+2}\right). \end{gathered} Summing telescopes to 1212=14.\tfrac12\cdot\tfrac12=\tfrac14.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

对某个小于 10001000 的正整数 nn1n\dfrac1n 的十进制表示为 0.abcdef0.\overline{abcdef},循环节长度为 66;而 1n+6\dfrac{1}{n+6} 的十进制表示为 0.wxyz0.\overline{wxyz},循环节长度为 44nn 位于哪个区间?

For a certain positive integer nn less than 1000,1000, the decimal equivalent of 1n\dfrac1n is 0.abcdef,0.\overline{abcdef}, a repeating decimal of period 6,6, and the decimal equivalent of 1n+6\dfrac{1}{n+6} is 0.wxyz,0.\overline{wxyz}, a repeating decimal of period 4.4. In which interval does nn lie?

[1,200][1,200]

[201,400][201,400]

[401,600][401,600]

[601,800][601,800]

[801,999][801,999]

难度评级:2270
小提示:

周期 66 表示 1061=33711133710^6-1=3^3\cdot7\cdot11\cdot13\cdot37nn 的倍数;周期 44 表示 1041=321110110^4-1=3^2\cdot11\cdot101n+6n+6 的倍数。

Period 66 means 1061=33711133710^6-1=3^3\cdot7\cdot11\cdot13\cdot37 is divisible by n;n; period 44 means 1041=321110110^4-1=3^2\cdot11\cdot101 is divisible by n+6n+6

大提示:

n+6n+6 必须整除 104110^4-1 但不整除 102110^2-1,迫使 n+6=101kn+6=101k;检验每个 n=101k6<1000n=101k-6\lt1000,看 106110^6-1 是否是 nn 的倍数。

n+6n+6 must divide 104110^4-1 but not 1021,10^2-1, forcing n+6=101k;n+6=101k; test each n=101k6<1000n=101k-6\lt1000 to see whether 106110^6-1 is divisible by nn

解答:

周期为 66 要求 1061=33711133710^6-1=3^3\cdot7\cdot11\cdot13\cdot37nn 的倍数。周期为 44 要求 1041=321110110^4-1=3^2\cdot11\cdot101n+6n+6 的倍数,而 1021=321110^2-1=3^2\cdot11 不是 n+6n+6 的倍数(否则周期会是 1122)。因此 n+6n+6101101 的倍数。又因为 n+6n+6 整除 32111013^2\cdot11\cdot101 且小于 10061006,所以只有 n+6=101,303,909n+6=101,303,909 三种可能,对应 n=95,297,903n=95,297,903。其中只有 297=3311297=3^3\cdot11 整除 106110^6-1,所以 n=297n=297

最后,1061(mod297)10^6\equiv1\pmod{297},而 102≢110^2\not\equiv1103≢1(mod297)10^3\not\equiv1\pmod{297},所以它的周期恰为 66。此外,303303 整除 104110^4-1 但不整除 102110^2-1,所以 1303\frac{1}{303} 的周期恰为 44。因此 n=297n=297 位于 [201,400][201,400] 中。

因此,正确答案是 B

Period 66 requires 1061=33711133710^6-1=3^3\cdot7\cdot11\cdot13\cdot37 to be divisible by n.n. Period 44 requires 1041=321110110^4-1=3^2\cdot11\cdot101 to be divisible by n+6,n+6, while 1021=321110^2-1=3^2\cdot11 is not divisible by n+6n+6 (else the period would be 11 or 22). Hence n+6n+6 is a multiple of 101.101. Since n+6n+6 also divides 32111013^2\cdot11\cdot101 and is less than 1006,1006, the only possibilities are n+6=101,303,909,n+6=101,303,909, giving n=95,297,903.n=95,297,903. Only 297=3311297=3^3\cdot11 divides 1061,10^6-1, so n=297.n=297.

Finally, 1061(mod297),10^6\equiv1\pmod{297}, while 102≢110^2\not\equiv1 and 103≢1(mod297),10^3\not\equiv1\pmod{297}, so its period is exactly 6.6. Also 303303 divides 104110^4-1 but not 1021,10^2-1, so the period of 1303\frac{1}{303} is exactly 4.4. Thus n=297n=297 lies in [201,400].[201,400].

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

三维空间中,由不等式 x+y+z1|x|+|y|+|z|\le1x+y+z11|x|+|y|+|z-1|\le1 所定义的区域体积是多少?

What is the volume of the region in three-dimensional space defined by the inequalities x+y+z1|x|+|y|+|z|\le1 and x+y+z11?|x|+|y|+|z-1|\le1?

16\dfrac16

13\dfrac13

12\dfrac12

23\dfrac23

11

难度评级:2270
小提示:

集合 x+y+z1|x|+|y|+|z|\le1 是一个正八面体,对角线长为 22,体积为 43\tfrac43

The set x+y+z1|x|+|y|+|z|\le1 is a regular octahedron with diagonals of length 22 and volume 43\tfrac43

大提示:

第二个不等式是该八面体向上平移 11;两者交集是线性尺寸为一半的相似八面体。

The second inequality is that octahedron translated up by 1;1; their overlap is a similar octahedron with half the linear size

解答:

区域 x+y+z1|x|+|y|+|z|\le1 是一个正八面体,顶点为 (±1,0,0),(0,±1,0),(0,0,±1)(\pm1,0,0),(0,\pm1,0),(0,0,\pm1),体积为 213(2)21=432\cdot\tfrac13\cdot(\sqrt2)^2\cdot1=\tfrac43。第二个区域是同一个八面体向上平移 11 后得到的。两者的交集是另一个对角线长为 11 的正八面体,其线性尺寸是原八面体的一半,所以体积为 (12)343=16\left(\tfrac12\right)^3\cdot\tfrac43=\tfrac16

所以正确答案是 A

The region x+y+z1|x|+|y|+|z|\le1 is a regular octahedron with vertices at (±1,0,0),(0,±1,0),(0,0,±1),(\pm1,0,0),(0,\pm1,0),(0,0,\pm1), whose volume is 213(2)21=43.2\cdot\tfrac13\cdot(\sqrt2)^2\cdot1=\tfrac43. The second region is the same octahedron shifted up by 1.1. Their intersection is bounded by another regular octahedron with diagonals of length 1,1, half the linear dimensions of the first, so its volume is (12)343=16.\left(\tfrac12\right)^3\cdot\tfrac43=\tfrac16.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

恰有 77,00077{,}000 个有序四元组 (a,b,c,d)(a,b,c,d) 满足 gcd(a,b,c,d)=77\gcd(a,b,c,d)=77lcm(a,b,c,d)=n\text{lcm}(a,b,c,d)=nnn 的最小可能值是多少?

There are exactly 77,00077{,}000 ordered quadruples (a,b,c,d)(a,b,c,d) such that gcd(a,b,c,d)=77\gcd(a,b,c,d)=77 and lcm(a,b,c,d)=n.\text{lcm}(a,b,c,d)=n. What is the smallest possible value of n?n?

13,86013{,}860

20,79020{,}790

21,56021{,}560

27,72027{,}720

41,58041{,}580

难度评级:2550
小提示:

全部除以 7777。令 m=n77m=\frac{n}{77},需要约化后的四元组最大公约数为 11、最小公倍数为 mm,并逐质数分析。

Divide everything by 77.77. With m=n77,m=\frac{n}{77}, you need reduced quadruples of gcd 11 and lcm m,m, analyzed one prime at a time

大提示:

对最大指数为 MM 的质数,指数四元组的数量为 2(6M2+1)2(6M^2+1)。分解 7700077000,确定有多少个质数整除 mm,以及 MM 可以取哪些值

For a prime with maximum exponent M,M, the count of exponent quadruples is 2(6M2+1).2(6M^2+1). Use the factorization of 7700077000 to determine how many primes divide mm and which values of MM can occur

解答:

将每个数写成 7777 乘以一个约化值,我们需要 gcd=1\gcd=1lcm=m=n77\text{lcm}=m=\frac{n}{77}。对每个整除 mm 且最大指数为 MM 的质数 pp,有效指数四元组的个数为 (M+1)42M4(M+1)^4-2M^4 +(M1)4+(M-1)^4 =2(6M2+1)=2(6M^2+1)。所有质数的贡献乘积必须等于 77,000=235371177{,}000=2^3\cdot5^3\cdot7\cdot11。当 M=1,2,3M=1,2,3 时,2(6M2+1)2(6M^2+1) 分别等于 14145050110110,并且 1450110=77,00014\cdot50\cdot110=77{,}000,所以指数 1,2,31,2,3 给出一个候选分解。

每个质数恰好贡献一个因数 22,所以 mm 恰好有三个质因数。它们的奇数因子 6M2+16M^2+1 必须整除 77,00023=9625\frac{77{,}000}{2^3}=9625。检查这些因数得到 M=1,2,3,8M=1,2,3,8,相应的奇数因子为 7,25,55,3857,25,55,385。若取 M=8M=8,其余两个奇数因子的乘积只能为 2525,但每个至少为 77,不可能。因此最大指数恰为 1,2,31,2,3。为使 m=n77m=\frac{n}{77} 最小,把最大指数分配给最小质数:m=23325=360m=2^3\cdot3^2\cdot5=360,所以 n=77360=27,720n=77\cdot360=27{,}720

因此,正确答案是 D

Writing each entry as 7777 times a reduced value, we need gcd=1\gcd=1 and lcm=m=n77.\text{lcm}=m=\frac{n}{77}. For each prime pp dividing mm with maximum exponent M,M, the number of valid exponent quadruples is (M+1)42M4(M+1)^4-2M^4 +(M1)4+(M-1)^4 =2(6M2+1).=2(6M^2+1). The total over all primes must equal 77,000=2353711.77{,}000=2^3\cdot5^3\cdot7\cdot11. Since 2(6M2+1)2(6M^2+1) equals 14,14, 50,50, and 110110 for M=1,2,3,M=1,2,3, and 1450110=77,000,14\cdot50\cdot110=77{,}000, the exponents 1,2,31,2,3 give one candidate factorization.

Every prime contributes exactly one factor of 2,2, so exactly three primes divide m.m. Their odd factors 6M2+16M^2+1 must divide 77,00023=9625.\frac{77{,}000}{2^3}=9625. Checking the divisors gives M=1,2,3,8,M=1,2,3,8, with odd factors 7,25,55,385.7,25,55,385. The choice M=8M=8 leaves only 2525 for the product of the other two odd factors, but each is at least 7,7, so this is impossible. Therefore the maximum exponents are exactly 1,2,3.1,2,3. To minimize m=n77,m=\frac{n}{77}, assign the largest exponent to the smallest prime: m=23325=360,m=2^3\cdot3^2\cdot5=360, so n=77360=27,720.n=77\cdot360=27{,}720.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

序列 (an)(a_n) 递归定义为 a0=1a_0=1a1=219a_1=\sqrt[19]{2},且对 n2n\ge2,有 an=an1an22a_n=a_{n-1}a_{n-2}^2。使乘积 a1a2aka_1a_2\cdots a_k 为整数的最小正整数 kk 是多少?

The sequence (an)(a_n) is defined recursively by a0=1,a_0=1, a1=219,a_1=\sqrt[19]{2}, and an=an1an22a_n=a_{n-1}a_{n-2}^2 for n2.n\ge2. What is the smallest positive integer kk such that the product a1a2aka_1a_2\cdots a_k is an integer?

1717

1818

1919

2020

2121

难度评级:2650
小提示:

写成 an=2bn19a_n=2^{\frac{b_n}{19}},则 b0=0b_0=0b1=1b_1=1,且 bn=bn1+2bn2b_n=b_{n-1}+2b_{n-2}

Write an=2bn19.a_n=2^{\frac{b_n}{19}}. Then b0=0,b_0=0, b1=1,b_1=1, and bn=bn1+2bn2b_n=b_{n-1}+2b_{n-2}

大提示:

乘积为整数当且仅当 b1+b2++bkb_1+b_2+\cdots+b_k1919 的倍数;解出 bn=13(2n(1)n)b_n=\tfrac13(2^n-(-1)^n),并使用 221919 的阶。

The product is an integer exactly when b1+b2++bkb_1+b_2+\cdots+b_k is divisible by 19;19; solve bn=13(2n(1)n)b_n=\tfrac13(2^n-(-1)^n) and use the order of 22 modulo 1919

解答:

写成 an=2bn19a_n=2^{\frac{b_n}{19}}。递推变为 b0=0b_0=0b1=1b_1=1bn=bn1+2bn2b_n=b_{n-1}+2b_{n-2},解为 bn=13(2n(1)n)b_n=\tfrac13\bigl(2^n-(-1)^n\bigr)。乘积 a1aka_1\cdots a_k 为整数,当且仅当 b1++bkb_1+\cdots+b_k1919 的倍数。对 bnb_n 的公式求和可得:当 kk 为奇数时,b1++bk=2k+113b_1+\cdots+b_k=\dfrac{2^{k+1}-1}{3};当 kk 为偶数时,b1++bk=2k+123b_1+\cdots+b_k=\dfrac{2^{k+1}-2}{3}

221919 的阶为 1818,因为 291(mod19)2^9\equiv-1\pmod{19}26≢1(mod19)2^6\not\equiv1\pmod{19}。对奇数 kk,整除条件要求 k+1k+11818 的倍数,最早在 k=17k=17 时发生。对偶数 kk,条件要求 kk1818 的倍数,最早在 k=18k=18 时发生。因此最小正整数 kk1717

因此,正确答案是 A

Write an=2bn19.a_n=2^{\frac{b_n}{19}}. The recursion becomes b0=0,b_0=0, b1=1,b_1=1, bn=bn1+2bn2,b_n=b_{n-1}+2b_{n-2}, solved by bn=13(2n(1)n).b_n=\tfrac13\bigl(2^n-(-1)^n\bigr). The product a1aka_1\cdots a_k is an integer exactly when b1++bkb_1+\cdots+b_k is divisible by 19.19. Summing the formula for bnb_n gives b1++bk=2k+113b_1+\cdots+b_k=\dfrac{2^{k+1}-1}{3} when kk is odd, and b1++bk=2k+123b_1+\cdots+b_k=\dfrac{2^{k+1}-2}{3} when kk is even.

The order of 22 modulo 1919 is 1818 because 291(mod19)2^9\equiv-1\pmod{19} and 26≢1(mod19).2^6\not\equiv1\pmod{19}. For odd k,k, divisibility therefore requires k+1k+1 to be divisible by 18,18, first occurring at k=17.k=17. For even k,k, it requires kk to be divisible by 18,18, first occurring at k=18.k=18. Hence the smallest positive kk is 17.17.

Thus, the correct answer is A.