2016 AMC 12B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
两个数的调和平均数可由“它们乘积的两倍除以它们的和”来计算。 与 的调和平均数最接近哪个整数?
The harmonic mean of two numbers can be computed as twice their product divided by their sum. The harmonic mean of and is closest to which integer?
小提示:
乘积的两倍除以和,即 。
Twice the product over the sum:
大提示:
只比一个整数略小;将它四舍五入。
is just a hair under a whole number; round it
解答:
调和平均数为 。因为 非常接近 ,所以这个数略小于 ,最接近的整数是 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The harmonic mean is Since is very close to this is just under so the closest integer is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
3.
设 。下列式子的值是多少?
Let What is the value of
小提示:
,最内层是 。
and the innermost part is
大提示:
由内向外化简:,再算 ,再取外层绝对值,最后加上 。
Simplify outward: then then the outer absolute value, and finally
解答:
因为 ,所以 。最内层为 。接着 ,外层绝对值仍为 。最后减去 ,得到 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Since The innermost expression is Then and the outer absolute value leaves Finally subtracting gives
Thus, the correct answer is D.
4.
两个锐角度数之比为 ,且其中一个角的余角是另一个角余角的两倍。这两个角的度数之和是多少?
The ratio of the measures of two acute angles is and the complement of one of these two angles is twice as large as the complement of the other. What is the sum of the degree measures of the two angles?
5.
年战争于 年六月 日星期四宣战开始。结束战争的和平条约在 天后,即 年十二月 日签署。条约是在星期几签署的?
The War of started with a declaration of war on Thursday, June The peace treaty to end the war was signed days later, on December On what day of the week was the treaty signed?
星期五
Friday
星期六
Saturday
星期日
Sunday
星期一
Monday
星期二
Tuesday
小提示:
星期每 天循环一次,所以把 对 取余。
Days of the week repeat every days, so reduce modulo
大提示:
,所以从星期四往后数 天。
so count days forward from Thursday
解答:
因为 ,条约签署日比星期四晚 个整周再加 天。
星期四后两天是星期六。所以正确答案是 B。
Because the treaty was signed full weeks plus days after Thursday. Two days beyond Thursday is Saturday.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
6.
的三个顶点都在抛物线 上,其中 在原点, 平行于 轴。三角形面积为 。 的长度是多少?
All three vertices of lie on the parabola defined by with at the origin and parallel to the -axis. The area of the triangle is What is the length of
小提示:
设上方一个顶点为 ;由对称性,另一个为 。
Let a top vertex be by symmetry the other is
大提示:
底边 ,高为 ,所以 。
The base is and the height is so
解答:
设第一象限中的顶点为 。由对称性,底边长为 ,高为 ,所以面积满足 。因此 ,从而 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let the vertex in the first quadrant be By symmetry the base is and the height is so Thus and
Thus, the correct answer is C.
7.
Josh 写下数字 ,,,,,。他划掉 ,跳过下一个数 ,划掉 ,并继续交替跳过和划掉直到列表末尾。然后他回到列表开头,划掉第一个剩下的数 ,跳过下一个数 ,划掉 ,跳过 ,划掉 ,如此继续到末尾。Josh 以这种方式继续,直到只剩一个数。这个数是多少?
Josh writes the numbers He marks out skips the next number marks out and continues skipping and marking out the next number to the end of his list. Then he goes back to the start of his list, marks out the first remaining number skips the next number marks out skips marks out and so on to the end. Josh continues in this manner until only one number remains. What is that number?
小提示:
第一轮后只剩 的倍数;下一轮后只剩 的倍数。
After the first pass only the multiples of remain; after the next, only the multiples of
大提示:
每一轮留下下一个 的幂的倍数;找出不超过 的最大 的幂。
Each pass keeps the multiples of the next power of find the highest power of that is at most
解答:
第一轮划掉奇数,留下 的倍数。第二轮划掉 留下 的倍数。一般地,第 轮后只剩 的倍数。最后幸存的是不超过 的最大 的幂,即 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The first pass removes the odd numbers, leaving the multiples of The second pass removes leaving the multiples of In general, after the th pass only the multiples of remain. The surviving number is the highest power of not exceeding which is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
8.
一块均匀密度的薄木片呈边长 英寸的等边三角形,重 盎司。第二块同种木材、同样厚度、也是等边三角形的木片边长为 英寸。下列哪一项最接近第二块木片的重量(盎司)?
A thin piece of wood of uniform density in the shape of an equilateral triangle with side length inches weighs ounces. A second piece of the same type of wood, with the same thickness, also in the shape of an equilateral triangle, has side length inches. Which of the following is closest to the weight, in ounces, of the second piece?
小提示:
重量与面积成正比,而面积按边长的平方缩放。
The weight is proportional to the area, which scales with the square of the side length
大提示:
将 乘以 。
Multiply by
解答:
重量与面积成正比,面积随边长平方缩放。第二块边长是第一块的 倍,所以重量为 盎司。
所以正确答案是 D。
Weight is proportional to area, and area scales with the square of the side length. The second side is times the first, so its weight is ounces.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
9.
Carl 决定给他的长方形花园围篱笆。他买了 根篱笆桩,在四个角各放一根,其余沿花园边均匀放置,相邻桩之间正好相距 码。花园较长的一边(包括角上的桩)桩数是较短一边(包括角上的桩)的两倍。Carl 的花园面积是多少平方码?
Carl decided to fence in his rectangular garden. He bought fence posts, placed one on each of the four corners, and spaced out the rest evenly along the edges of the garden, leaving exactly yards between neighboring posts. The longer side of his garden, including the corners, has twice as many posts as the shorter side, including the corners. What is the area, in square yards, of Carl’s garden?
小提示:
设较短边有 根桩,较长边有 根桩;四个角桩被共享。
Let the shorter side have posts and the longer side posts; the four corner posts are shared
大提示:
总桩数 ;一条边有 根桩时长度为 码。
Total posts a side with posts spans yards
解答:
设较短边有 根桩,则较长边有 根。四个角都被重复计算一次,所以 ,得 。较短边有 根桩,长度为 码;较长边有 根桩,长度为 码。面积为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the shorter side have posts, so the longer side has Counting all posts and subtracting the four corners counted twice, giving The shorter side has posts, or yards, and the longer side has posts, or yards. The area is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
10.
一个四边形顶点为 、、、,其中 、 为整数且 。 的面积为 。 是多少?
A quadrilateral has vertices and where and are integers with The area of is What is
小提示:
检查斜率: 和 的斜率为 ,而 和 的斜率为 ,所以 是长方形。
Check the slopes: and have slope while and have slope so is a rectangle
大提示:
它的边长为 与 ,所以面积为 。
Its sides are and so the area is
解答:
边 与 的斜率为 , 与 的斜率为 ,所以 是长方形,边长为 与 。它的面积为 ,所以 。唯一相差 的两个完全平方数是 和 ,因此 、,从而 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The sides and have slope and and have slope so is a rectangle with sides and Its area is so The only perfect squares differing by are and giving and
Thus, the correct answer is A.
11.
有多少个边平行于坐标轴、顶点坐标均为整数的正方形,完全位于由直线 、直线 和直线 围成的区域内?
How many squares whose sides are parallel to the axes and whose vertices have coordinates that are integers lie entirely within the region bounded by the line the line and the line
小提示:
该区域位于 下方;注意 、 和 。
The region sits below note and
大提示:
在每个竖条 中,分别数能放在线下方的 、 和 正方形。
In each vertical strip count the and squares that fit below the line, then add them up
解答:
左边位于 的正方形,必须低于其宽度范围内 的最低点,即 。对边长 ,可能的左边位置 分别贡献 个正方形。对边长 ,左边位置 贡献 个;对边长 ,左边位置 贡献 个。边长至少为 的正方形无法放入,所以总数是 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
A square whose left edge is must fit below the lowest point of over its width, namely For side length the possible left edges contribute squares. For side length the left edges contribute and for side length the left edges contribute A square of side at least cannot fit, so the total is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
12.
数字 ,,,,,,,, 被写入一个 方格阵列中,每格一个数,并且若两个数连续,则它们所在的方格共边。四个角上的数字和为 。中心格中的数字是多少?
All the numbers are written in a array of squares, one number in each square, in such a way that if two numbers are consecutive then they occupy squares that share an edge. The numbers in the four corners add up to What number is in the center?
小提示:
像棋盘一样给方格染色;连续数字必须在相反颜色上,所以颜色交替。
Color the grid like a checkerboard; consecutive numbers must lie on opposite colors, so they alternate
大提示:
五个同色格(四个角和中心)必须放五个奇数,它们和为 。
The five same-colored cells (four corners plus center) must hold the five odd numbers, which sum to
解答:
像棋盘一样染色,使四个角和中心同色。由于连续数字位于相邻的异色格中,沿数字链颜色交替,所以这五个同色格中是五个奇数 ,其和为 。四个角的和为 ,所以中心格中的数为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Color the grid like a checkerboard so the four corners and the center share one color. Since consecutive numbers occupy adjacent (opposite colored) squares, the numbers alternate parity along the chain, so the five same-colored cells contain the five odd numbers which sum to The four corners add to so the center is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
13.
Alice 和 Bob 相距 英里。某天,Alice 从家中向正北方看到一架飞机。与此同时,Bob 从家中向正西方看到同一架飞机。Alice 看到的仰角为 ,Bob 看到的仰角为 。下列哪一项最接近飞机的高度(英里)?
Alice and Bob live miles apart. One day Alice looks due north from her house and sees an airplane. At the same time Bob looks due west from his house and sees the same airplane. The angle of elevation of the airplane is from Alice’s position and from Bob’s position. Which of the following is closest to the airplane’s altitude, in miles?
小提示:
设飞机在地面点 正上方,高度为 。三角形 和 是 -- 直角三角形。
Let the plane be above point on the ground at height Triangles and are -- right triangles
大提示:
,;再用 。
and then
解答:
设飞机位于点 ,其正下方的地面点为 ,高度为 。三角形 和 都是 -- 直角三角形,所以 ,。Alice 向北看而 Bob 向西看,因此 ,从而 。于是 ,解得 ,最接近 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Let the airplane be at directly above point on the ground at altitude Triangles and are -- right triangles, so and Since Alice looks north and Bob looks west, so Then giving closest to
Thus, the correct answer is E.
14.
一个无穷等比级数的和为正数 ,且该级数第二项为 。 的最小可能值是多少?
The sum of an infinite geometric series is a positive number and the second term in the series is What is the smallest possible value of
小提示:
设公比为 ,第二项为 ,则第一项为 ,所以 。
With ratio and second term the first term is so
大提示:
最小时, 最大;最大化开口向下的抛物线 。
is smallest when is largest; maximize the downward parabola
解答:
设公比为 。因为第二项为 ,第一项为 ,所以 。收敛要求 ,而 又迫使 。因此,要使 最小,就要使 最大。抛物线 在 处达到最大值 ,所以 的最小值为 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let be the common ratio. Since the second term is the first term is so Convergence requires and then forces Therefore is smallest when is largest. The parabola peaks at where it equals so the smallest value of is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
15.
数字 ,,,,, 被分配到一个立方体的六个面上,每面一个数。对立方体的每个顶点,计算包含该顶点的三个面上的数字之积。这八个乘积之和的最大可能值是多少?
All the numbers are assigned to the six faces of a cube, one number to each face. For each of the eight vertices of the cube, a product of three numbers is computed, where the three numbers are the numbers assigned to the three faces that include that vertex. What is the greatest possible value of the sum of these eight products?
小提示:
将三对相对面分组为 。
Group the three pairs of opposite faces as
大提示:
八个顶点乘积之和可分解为 ;总和固定时,乘积在因子尽量相等时最大。
The sum of the eight vertex products factors as with a fixed total, a product is largest when the factors are equal
解答:
将相对面配成 。每个顶点乘积从每对相对面中取一个数,所以八个乘积之和可分解为 。三个因子的总和固定为 ,乘积在三者相等、各为 时最大。这可由 达到,得到 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Pair the opposite faces as Each vertex product uses one face from each pair, so the sum of all eight products factors as The three factors have fixed total and a product with fixed sum is largest when the factors are equal, at each. This balance is achievable with giving
Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
有多少种方式可将 写成两个或更多连续正整数的递增序列之和?
In how many ways can be written as the sum of an increasing sequence of two or more consecutive positive integers?
小提示:
一串 个连续整数的和等于 乘以中位数,且 。
A run of consecutive integers equals times its median, and
大提示:
当 为奇数时,中位数为整数因数;当 为偶数时,中位数为半整数。两类都要计数,并保证所有项为正。
For odd the median is an integer factor; for even the median is a half-integer. Count both while keeping all terms positive
解答:
连续整数之和等于项数乘以中位数。若项数为奇数,中位数是 的整数因数,得到项数为 (中位数 )、(中位数 )、(中位数 )和 (中位数 )的序列。若项数为偶数,中位数为半整数;符合要求的项数为 ,对应的中位数依次为 。更长的序列会含有非正项。因此共有 种。
所以正确答案是 E。
A sum of consecutive integers equals the count times the median. For an odd number of terms, the median is an integer divisor of giving runs of (median ), (median ), (median ), and (median ) terms. For an even number of terms the median is a half-integer. The positive possibilities have lengths with respective medians Longer divisor-based runs would force a nonpositive first term. This gives ways.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
17.
如图,在 中,,,,且 是高。点 、 分别在边 、 上,使得 和 是角平分线,并分别与 交于 和 。 是多少?
In shown in the figure, and is an altitude. Points and lie on sides and respectively, so that and are angle bisectors, intersecting at and respectively. What is
小提示:
令 ,则 ,可得 和 。
Let Then which gives and
大提示:
由角平分线定理,,且 ;然后 。
By the angle bisector theorem, and then
解答:
令 ,则 。由两个直角三角形可得 ,所以 ,且 。在 中,由角平分线定理,,所以 。同理,在 中,,所以 。于是
所以正确答案是 D。
Let Then and from the two right triangles This gives and By the angle bisector theorem in so Similarly in so Then
Thus, the correct answer is D.
18.
方程 的图像所围成区域的面积是多少?
What is the area of the region enclosed by the graph of the equation
小提示:
图像关于两条坐标轴对称;在第一象限中方程为 。
The graph is symmetric about both axes; in the first quadrant the equation is
大提示:
配方得 ;第一象限内的区域是一个直角三角形加一个半圆。
Complete the square to in that quadrant the region is a right triangle plus a semicircle
解答:
由对称性,只看第一象限,此时方程为 ,即 。这是一个圆心在 、经过 和 的圆。由于圆心是连接 与 的弦的中点,第一象限内围成的区域由面积为 的直角三角形和半径为 、面积为 的半圆组成。乘以 个象限,总面积为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
By symmetry, consider the first quadrant, where the equation is or This is a circle centered at passing through and since the center is the midpoint of that chord, the enclosed first-quadrant region is the right triangle with legs to and (area ) plus a semicircle of radius (area ). Multiplying by for all quadrants gives
Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
Tom、Dick 和 Harry 正在玩一个游戏。他们同时开始,各自不断投掷一枚公平硬币,直到第一次出现正面时停止。三人投掷次数都相同的概率是多少?
Tom, Dick, and Harry are playing a game. Starting at the same time, each of them flips a fair coin repeatedly until he gets his first head, at which point he stops. What is the probability that all three flip their coins the same number of times?
小提示:
单个玩家在第 次投掷首次出现正面的概率为 。
A single player gets his first head on flip with probability
大提示:
三人都在第 次停止的概率为 ;对 求这个等比级数。
All three stop on flip with probability sum this geometric series over
解答:
单个玩家第一次正面出现在第 次的概率为 。三人都在第 次停止的概率为 。对 求和,得 。
所以正确答案是 B。
A player’s first head comes on flip with probability All three stopping on the same flip has probability Summing over
Thus, the correct answer is B.
20.
若干支队伍进行循环赛,每队与其他每队恰好比赛一次。每队赢 场、输 场,没有平局。有多少组三支队伍 ,满足 击败 , 击败 ,且 击败 ?
A set of teams held a round-robin tournament in which every team played every other team exactly once. Every team won games and lost games; there were no ties. How many sets of three teams were there in which beat beat and beat
小提示:
每队与 个对手比赛,所以共有 支队伍,三队组总数为 。
Each team plays others, so there are teams and triples in all
大提示:
非循环的三队组恰有一支队伍击败另外两支;数出这些并从总数中减去。
A non-cyclic triple has exactly one team that beats the other two; count those and subtract from the total
解答:
因为每队赢 场、输 场,所以共有 支队伍,三队组总数为 。一个三队组不是循环关系,当且仅当其中某一队击败另外两队。选定这支胜队有 种方式,再从被它击败的 支队伍中选出 支,所以非循环三队组共有 个。因此循环三队组共有 个。
所以正确答案是 A。
Since each team won and lost there are teams and triples. A triple is not cyclic exactly when one team beats both others. Choosing that team ( ways) and of the teams it beat gives non-cyclic triples. Thus the cyclic triples number
Thus, the correct answer is A.
21.
设 是单位正方形。令 为 的中点。对 ,,,令 为 与 的交点,并令 为从 到 的垂足。下式的值是多少?
Let be a unit square. Let be the midpoint of For let be the intersection of and and let be the foot of the perpendicular from to What is
小提示:
相似三角形给出递推 ,且 ,从而 。
Similar triangles give the recursion and leads to
大提示:
三角形 的面积为 ;求和时中间项会相消。
The area of is the sum telescopes
解答:
设 、、、,并令 。直线 与 (即直线 )相交于 ,交点的两个坐标都为 ,所以 。由 可得 。三角形 的底为 ,高为 的 坐标,即 。于是 求和后中间项相消,得到 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Place and let Intersecting line with (the line ) gives with both coordinates so From this yields The base of is and its height is the -coordinate of which is Then Summing telescopes to
Thus, the correct answer is B.
22.
对某个小于 的正整数 , 的十进制表示为 ,循环节长度为 ;而 的十进制表示为 ,循环节长度为 。 位于哪个区间?
For a certain positive integer less than the decimal equivalent of is a repeating decimal of period and the decimal equivalent of is a repeating decimal of period In which interval does lie?
小提示:
周期 表示 是 的倍数;周期 表示 是 的倍数。
Period means is divisible by period means is divisible by
大提示:
必须整除 但不整除 ,迫使 ;检验每个 ,看 是否是 的倍数。
must divide but not forcing test each to see whether is divisible by
解答:
周期为 要求 是 的倍数。周期为 要求 是 的倍数,而 不是 的倍数(否则周期会是 或 )。因此 是 的倍数。又因为 整除 且小于 ,所以只有 三种可能,对应 。其中只有 整除 ,所以 。
最后,,而 且 ,所以它的周期恰为 。此外, 整除 但不整除 ,所以 的周期恰为 。因此 位于 中。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Period requires to be divisible by Period requires to be divisible by while is not divisible by (else the period would be or ). Hence is a multiple of Since also divides and is less than the only possibilities are giving Only divides so
Finally, while and so its period is exactly Also divides but not so the period of is exactly Thus lies in
Thus, the correct answer is B.
23.
三维空间中,由不等式 和 所定义的区域体积是多少?
What is the volume of the region in three-dimensional space defined by the inequalities and
小提示:
集合 是一个正八面体,对角线长为 ,体积为 。
The set is a regular octahedron with diagonals of length and volume
大提示:
第二个不等式是该八面体向上平移 ;两者交集是线性尺寸为一半的相似八面体。
The second inequality is that octahedron translated up by their overlap is a similar octahedron with half the linear size
解答:
区域 是一个正八面体,顶点为 ,体积为 。第二个区域是同一个八面体向上平移 后得到的。两者的交集是另一个对角线长为 的正八面体,其线性尺寸是原八面体的一半,所以体积为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The region is a regular octahedron with vertices at whose volume is The second region is the same octahedron shifted up by Their intersection is bounded by another regular octahedron with diagonals of length half the linear dimensions of the first, so its volume is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
24.
恰有 个有序四元组 满足 且 。 的最小可能值是多少?
There are exactly ordered quadruples such that and What is the smallest possible value of
小提示:
全部除以 。令 ,需要约化后的四元组最大公约数为 、最小公倍数为 ,并逐质数分析。
Divide everything by With you need reduced quadruples of gcd and lcm analyzed one prime at a time
大提示:
对最大指数为 的质数,指数四元组的数量为 。分解 ,确定有多少个质数整除 ,以及 可以取哪些值
For a prime with maximum exponent the count of exponent quadruples is Use the factorization of to determine how many primes divide and which values of can occur
解答:
将每个数写成 乘以一个约化值,我们需要 且 。对每个整除 且最大指数为 的质数 ,有效指数四元组的个数为 。所有质数的贡献乘积必须等于 。当 时, 分别等于 、 和 ,并且 ,所以指数 给出一个候选分解。
每个质数恰好贡献一个因数 ,所以 恰好有三个质因数。它们的奇数因子 必须整除 。检查这些因数得到 ,相应的奇数因子为 。若取 ,其余两个奇数因子的乘积只能为 ,但每个至少为 ,不可能。因此最大指数恰为 。为使 最小,把最大指数分配给最小质数:,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Writing each entry as times a reduced value, we need and For each prime dividing with maximum exponent the number of valid exponent quadruples is The total over all primes must equal Since equals and for and the exponents give one candidate factorization.
Every prime contributes exactly one factor of so exactly three primes divide Their odd factors must divide Checking the divisors gives with odd factors The choice leaves only for the product of the other two odd factors, but each is at least so this is impossible. Therefore the maximum exponents are exactly To minimize assign the largest exponent to the smallest prime: so
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
序列 递归定义为 、,且对 ,有 。使乘积 为整数的最小正整数 是多少?
The sequence is defined recursively by and for What is the smallest positive integer such that the product is an integer?
小提示:
写成 ,则 、,且 。
Write Then and
大提示:
乘积为整数当且仅当 是 的倍数;解出 ,并使用 模 的阶。
The product is an integer exactly when is divisible by solve and use the order of modulo
解答:
写成 。递推变为 ,,,解为 。乘积 为整数,当且仅当 是 的倍数。对 的公式求和可得:当 为奇数时,;当 为偶数时,。
模 的阶为 ,因为 且 。对奇数 ,整除条件要求 是 的倍数,最早在 时发生。对偶数 ,条件要求 是 的倍数,最早在 时发生。因此最小正整数 是 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Write The recursion becomes solved by The product is an integer exactly when is divisible by Summing the formula for gives when is odd, and when is even.
The order of modulo is because and For odd divisibility therefore requires to be divisible by first occurring at For even it requires to be divisible by first occurring at Hence the smallest positive is
Thus, the correct answer is A.