2001 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
两个数的和是 。给每个数都加上 ,再将所得的两个数分别翻倍。最后这两个数的和是多少?
The sum of two numbers is Suppose is added to each number and then each of the resulting numbers is doubled. What is the sum of the final two numbers?
小提示:
给两个数各加 会使它们的和增加
Adding to each of the two numbers increases their sum by
大提示:
把每个数翻倍,也会使总和翻倍
Doubling each number doubles the sum
解答:
给每个数加 后,总和从 变为 。再把每个数翻倍,总和也翻倍,得到
因此,正确答案是 E。
Adding to each number raises the sum from to Doubling each number doubles the sum, giving
Thus, the correct answer is E.
2.
设 和 分别表示整数 的各位数字之积和各位数字之和。例如, 且 。假设 是一个两位数,并且 。 的个位数字是多少?
Let and denote the product and the sum, respectively, of the digits of the integer For example, and Suppose is a two-digit number such that What is the units digit of
3.
Kristin 所住的州规定,年收入中前 的所得税率为 ,超过 的部分税率为 。Kristin 发现,她缴纳的州所得税相当于年收入的 。她的年收入是多少?
The state income tax where Kristin lives is levied at the rate of of the first of annual income plus of any amount above Kristin noticed that the state income tax she paid amounted to of her annual income. What was her annual income?
小提示:
设她的收入为 美元,其中 ,并用两种方式表示税额
Let her income be dollars with and write the tax two different ways
大提示:
列式 ;其中含 的项会抵消
Set ; the terms cancel
解答:
设她的收入为 美元。用两种描述写出税额,并同乘以 ,
展开后,所有含 的项都抵消,剩下 所以 ,且 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let her income be dollars. Writing the tax with both descriptions and multiplying by
Expanding, every term containing cancels, leaving so and
Thus, the correct answer is B.
4.
三个数的平均数比其中最小的数大 ,并且比其中最大的数小 。这三个数的中位数是 。它们的和是多少?
The mean of three numbers is more than the least of the numbers and less than the greatest. The median of the three numbers is What is their sum?
小提示:
设平均数为 ,最小的数是 ,最大的数是
Let be the mean; the least number is and the greatest is
大提示:
中位数就是中间的数 ,所以
The median is the middle number so
解答:
设平均数为 。最小的数是 ,最大的数是 ,中间的数是中位数 。它们的和是 ,因此
由此得 ,所以三个数的和是 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let be the mean. The least number is the greatest is and the middle number is the median Their sum is so
This gives so the sum of the three numbers is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
5.
所有小于 的正奇整数的乘积是多少?
What is the product of all positive odd integers less than
小提示:
所有奇数的乘积等于 除以所有不超过 的偶数的乘积
The product of all odd numbers equals divided by the product of all even numbers up to
大提示:
这些偶数为
The even numbers are
解答:
从 到 的所有整数的乘积是 ,所以所有奇数的乘积等于 除以所有偶数的乘积。
偶数的乘积可分解为
因此奇整数的乘积是
因此,正确答案是 D。
The product of every integer from to is so the product of the odd ones is divided by the product of the even ones.
The even numbers factor as
Therefore the product of the odd integers is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
6.
一个电话号码的形式为 ,其中每个字母代表一个不同的数字。号码每一段中的数字都按递减顺序排列;也就是说,,,且 。此外,,,和 是连续的偶数字;,,,和 是连续的奇数字;并且 。求 。
A telephone number has the form where each letter represents a different digit. The digits in each part of the number are in decreasing order; that is, and Furthermore, and are consecutive even digits; and are consecutive odd digits; and Find
小提示:
四个连续递减的奇数字只能是 或
Four consecutive decreasing odd digits must be or
大提示:
剩下的那个奇数字在 中,并且它要和两个偶数字相加得到 ,所以它必须是
The leftover odd digit sits in and with two even digits summing to it must be
解答:
四个连续递减的奇数字 只能是 或 ,因而留给 的奇数字是 或 。
因为 且 的另外两个数字是偶数,那个奇数字必须是 (若为 ,两个偶数字之和就必须为 )。所以两个偶数字之和为 。
三个连续递减的偶数字 是 、 或 ,留给 的偶数对分别是 、 或 。只有 的和为 ,所以 ,且 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The four consecutive decreasing odd digits are either or leaving one odd digit ( or ) for
Since and the other two digits of are even, the odd digit must be (a would force the two even digits to sum to ). So the two even digits sum to
The three consecutive decreasing even digits are or leaving the even pairs or for Only sums to so and
Thus, the correct answer is E.
7.
一个慈善机构出售了 张义演票,共收入 。有些票按全价出售(全价是整数美元),其余按半价出售。全价票一共收入了多少钱?
A charity sells benefit tickets for a total of Some tickets sell for full price (a whole dollar amount), and the rest sell for half price. How much money is raised by the full-price tickets?
小提示:
若 张全价票每张 美元,则总收入是
With full-price tickets at price the total is
大提示:
这变为 ,且 在 和 之间
This becomes and lies between and
解答:
设 张票以每张 美元的全价出售。则 所以 。
因为 ,我们需要 的一个因数满足 。唯一这样的因数是 ,得 且 。
全价票收入为 美元。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Let tickets sell at full price dollars. Then so
Since we need a factor of with The only such factor is giving and
The full-price tickets raise dollars.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
8.
下面哪个圆锥可以由一个半径为 、圆心角为 的扇形,把两条直边对齐后形成?
Which of the cones below can be formed from a sector of a circle of radius by aligning the two straight sides?
小提示:
扇形的半径会成为圆锥的母线长,所以母线长是
The radius of the sector becomes the slant height of the cone, so the slant height is
大提示:
扇形的弧长会成为底面周长:
The arc length of the sector becomes the base circumference:
解答:
当扇形卷成圆锥时,它的半径 成为母线长,它的弧成为底面圆。
弧长为 所以底面周长是 ,底面半径是 。
因此该圆锥的底面半径为 ,母线长为 ,对应选项 C。
因此,正确答案是 C。
When the sector is rolled into a cone, its radius becomes the slant height, and its arc becomes the base circle.
The arc length is so the base circumference is and the base radius is
The cone therefore has base radius and slant height which is choice C.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
9.
10.
平面按图所示由全等的正方形和全等的五边形铺成。被五边形覆盖的平面面积百分比最接近
The plane is tiled by congruent squares and congruent pentagons as indicated. The percent of the plane that is enclosed by the pentagons is closest to
小提示:
图案以 个单位正方形为一组重复
The pattern repeats in blocks of unit squares
大提示:
每一组中,保持为正方形的四个小方格占总面积的
In each block, the four squares that stay square make up of the area
解答:
图案在一个由九个单位正方形组成的 方块中重复。其中九个小方格有四个未被五边形覆盖;剩余面积属于五边形。
所以五边形覆盖的比例为 最接近 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The pattern repeats over a block of nine unit squares. Four of these nine squares are not covered by pentagons; the rest of the area belongs to the pentagons.
So the pentagons enclose which is closest to
Thus, the correct answer is D.
11.
一个盒子里恰有五枚筹码,三枚红色、两枚白色。随机一次取出一枚且不放回,直到所有红筹码都被取出或所有白筹码都被取出为止。最后一枚被取出的筹码是白色的概率是多少?
A box contains exactly five chips, three red and two white. Chips are randomly removed one at a time without replacement until all the red chips are drawn or all the white chips are drawn. What is the probability that the last chip drawn is white?
小提示:
想象把五枚筹码全部取完,并记录完整顺序
Imagine drawing all five chips and recording the full order
大提示:
抽取过程在第二枚白筹码处结束,恰好等价于完整顺序的最后一枚筹码是红色
The drawing ends on the second white exactly when the very last chip in the full order is red
解答:
想象继续取直到五枚筹码全部取出。实际过程停在白筹码上,恰好说明白筹码先于红筹码用完,也就是完整排列中的最后一枚筹码是红色。
五枚筹码中最后一枚等可能是任意一枚,因此它是红色的概率为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Imagine continuing until all five chips are removed. The process actually stops on a white chip exactly when the whites run out before the reds, i.e. when the last chip in the full ordering is red.
The last of the five chips is equally likely to be any chip, so it is red with probability
Thus, the correct answer is D.
12.
不超过 的正整数中,有多少个是 或 的倍数,但不是 的倍数?
How many positive integers not exceeding are multiples of or but not
小提示:
先用 计算 或 的倍数
First count multiples of or using
大提示:
再减去其中也能被 整除的数,也就是 或 的倍数
Then subtract those also divisible by i.e. the multiples of or
解答:
不超过 的 或 的倍数共有 这里用到 、 以及 。
其中能被 整除的是 或 的倍数,共有 这里用到 、 以及 。
所求个数为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Multiples of or up to number using and
Among these, the ones divisible by are multiples of or : using and
The count is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
13.
方程为 、顶点为 的抛物线关于直线 反射后,得到的抛物线方程为 。以下哪一个等于 ?
The parabola with equation and vertex is reflected about the line This results in the parabola with equation Which of the following equals
小提示:
注意 是第一条抛物线在 处的值,而 是第二条抛物线在 处的值
Note that is the first parabola evaluated at and is the second at
大提示:
关于 反射会把每个 对应的高度 变为
Reflecting about sends the value at each to
解答:
是原抛物线在 处的值, 是反射后抛物线在 处的值。
关于 反射,会把每个高度 替换成 。因此在 处,两条抛物线的高度之和为
因此,正确答案是 E。
The value is the first parabola at and is the reflected parabola at
Reflecting the curve about replaces each height by So at the two heights sum to
Thus, the correct answer is E.
14.
给定正九边形 ,在该多边形所在平面内,有多少个不同的等边三角形至少有两个顶点属于集合 ?
Given the nine-sided regular polygon how many distinct equilateral triangles in the plane of the polygon have at least two vertices in the set
小提示:
每一对顶点都恰好可以作为两个等边三角形的一条边
Each pair of vertices is a side of exactly two equilateral triangles
大提示:
这样得到 个计数,但三个全由给定顶点组成的三角形各被数了三次
This counts triangles, but the three all-vertex triangles get counted three times each
解答:
对顶点中的每一对,都可以作为恰好两个等边三角形的一条边,因此按重数计共有 个三角形。
三角形 ,,和 的三个顶点都在该集合中,所以每个被数了三次而不是一次,每个多算了 次。
不同三角形的个数为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Each of the pairs of vertices is a side of exactly two equilateral triangles, giving triangles counted with multiplicity.
The triangles and have all three vertices in the set, so each is counted three times instead of once, an overcount of apiece.
The number of distinct triangles is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
15.
一只昆虫生活在边长为 的正四面体表面。它想沿四面体表面,从一条棱的中点走到其对棱的中点。这样的最短路程是多少?(注:四面体的两条棱若没有公共端点,则称为对棱。)
An insect lives on the surface of a regular tetrahedron with edges of length It wishes to travel on the surface of the tetrahedron from the midpoint of one edge to the midpoint of the opposite edge. What is the length of the shortest such trip? (Note: Two edges of a tetrahedron are opposite if they have no common endpoint.)
小提示:
把路径经过的两个面展开到同一个平面图形中
Unfold the two faces the path crosses into a single flat figure
大提示:
这两个面形成一个边长为 的菱形,而两个中点变成对边的中点
The two faces form a rhombus of side and the midpoints become midpoints of opposite sides
解答:
将昆虫经过的两个面展开到平面上。它们形成一个由两个等边三角形组成、边长为 的菱形。
这两个对棱中点会变成该菱形两条对边的中点,它们之间的直线距离正好是 。折回四面体不会改变长度,因此最短路程是 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
A shortest path leaves the starting edge through one of its two incident faces and reaches the opposite edge through one of its two incident faces. Any such pair of faces shares an edge. Unfolding that pair gives a rhombus of side made of two equilateral triangles.
The two opposite-edge midpoints become the midpoints of opposite sides of this rhombus, which are exactly unit apart along a straight segment. Folding back preserves the length, so the shortest trip is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
16.
一只蜘蛛的八条腿各有一只袜子和一只鞋。若每条腿上必须先穿袜子再穿鞋,那么这只蜘蛛穿上所有袜子和鞋的顺序共有多少种?
A spider has one sock and one shoe for each of its eight legs. In how many different orders can the spider put on its socks and shoes, assuming that, on each leg, the sock must be put on before the shoe?
小提示:
一共有 件物品,若没有限制则有 种排列
There are items, so orderings with no restriction
大提示:
对每条腿来说,在所有排列中袜子先于鞋子的排列恰占一半,八条腿的限制相互独立
On each leg the sock precedes the shoe in exactly half of all orderings, and the eight legs are independent
解答:
把 件物品( 只袜子和 只鞋)按某个顺序排列:共有 种排列。
对每条腿,袜子在鞋子之前出现的排列恰好占所有排列的一半。对八条腿同时施加这个限制,需要除以 得到
因此,正确答案是 D。
Think of the items ( socks and shoes) arranged in some order: there are arrangements.
For each leg, the sock comes before the shoe in exactly half of all arrangements. Imposing this on all eight legs independently divides by giving
Thus, the correct answer is D.
17.
从顶点为 、、、 和 的五边形内部随机选取一点 。 为钝角的概率是多少?
A point is selected at random from the interior of the pentagon with vertices and What is the probability that is obtuse?
小提示:
是钝角,恰好当 位于以 为直径的圆内
is obtuse exactly when lies inside the circle having as diameter
大提示:
这个半圆完全位于五边形内,所以比较它的面积与五边形的面积
That semicircle lies entirely inside the pentagon, so compare its area to the pentagon’s area
解答:
当 在以 为直径的圆上时,。该圆的圆心为 ,半径为 。当 在这个圆内时,该角为钝角。
相关的半圆完全在五边形内,面积为 。
该五边形等于顶点为 ,,, 的矩形减去三角形 ,所以面积为
概率为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
when is on the circle with diameter centered at with radius The angle is obtuse when is inside this circle.
The relevant half-disk lies wholly within the pentagon, with area
The pentagon is the rectangle with corners minus triangle so its area is
The probability is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
18.
一个以 为圆心、半径为 的圆和一个以 为圆心、半径为 的圆外切。第三个圆与前两个圆相切,并且与它们的一条公共外切线相切,如图所示。第三个圆的半径是
A circle centered at with a radius of and a circle centered at with a radius of are externally tangent. A third circle is tangent to the first two and to one of their common external tangents as shown. The radius of the third circle is
小提示:
对两个半径为 和 、都与同一直线相切且彼此相切的圆,它们在该直线上的切点相距
For two circles of radii and both tangent to a line and to each other, their contact points on the line are apart
大提示:
小圆的切点把线段分成两段:。
The contact point of the small circle splits the segment:
解答:
当两个半径为 和 的相切圆都贴在同一直线上时,它们在直线上的切点距离为 。
两个大圆的切点相距 。设夹在它们中间的小圆半径为 ,则它到两边的切点距离相加为
于是 ,所以 且 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
When two mutually tangent circles of radii and both rest on a line, the distance between their points of tangency is
The big circles’ contact points are apart. Placing the small circle of radius between them, its two tangent distances add up:
Then so and
Thus, the correct answer is D.
19.
多项式 具有如下性质:它的零点的平均数、零点的乘积以及各项系数之和都相等。若函数 的图像的 -截距是 ,则 是多少?
The polynomial has the property that the mean of its zeros, the product of its zeros, and the sum of its coefficients are all equal. If the -intercept of the graph of is what is
小提示:
由韦达定理,零点之和是 ,零点之积是 ;系数之和是
By Vieta, the sum of the zeros is and the product is the sum of coefficients is
大提示:
-截距给出 ,所以公共值就是零点的乘积
The -intercept gives so the common value is the product of the zeros
解答:
-截距为 。由韦达定理,零点之积为 ,零点的平均数为 ,系数之和为 。
这三者都等于 。由 得 。
于是 变为 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The -intercept is By Vieta’s formulas the product of the zeros is the mean of the zeros is and the sum of the coefficients is
All three are equal to From we get
Then becomes so
Thus, the correct answer is A.
20.
点 ,,,和 位于第一象限,并且是四边形 的顶点。连接 ,,,和 的中点所形成的四边形是一个正方形。点 的坐标之和是多少?
Points and lie in the first quadrant and are the vertices of quadrilateral The quadrilateral formed by joining the midpoints of and is a square. What is the sum of the coordinates of point
小提示:
设 和 分别为 和 的中点;先求出 和
Let and be the midpoints of and find and first
大提示:
下一个中点 满足 旋转 后的向量(等长且垂直)
The next midpoint satisfies rotated (same length, perpendicular)
解答:
的中点为 , 的中点为 。
为了使中点四边形成为正方形,相邻边必须垂直且等长。由于 ,通向 的中点 的边向量 必须为 ,所以 。
因为 是 的中点,且 ,得 。它的坐标和为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The midpoints are of and of
For the midpoint quadrilateral to be a square, consecutive sides are perpendicular and equal. With the side to the midpoint of must be so
Since is the midpoint of and we get The sum of its coordinates is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
21.
四个正整数 ,,,和 的乘积为 并满足
是多少?
Four positive integers and have a product of and satisfy
What is
小提示:
给每个方程两边都加 使左边可分解:,依此类推
Add to each equation so the left side factors: and so on
大提示:
含有因数 但 不含,因此 是 的倍数
has a factor of but does not, so is a multiple of
解答:
给每个方程两边加 ,左边就可以分解:
因为 含有因数 而 不能被 整除,所以因数 必须包含这个 。在 的因数中,只有 会使 整除 。
接着 ,,且 ,所以 ,,。(确实 。)
所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Adding to each equation factors the left sides:
Since has a factor of while is not divisible by the factor must carry the Among divisors of only makes divide
Then and giving (Indeed )
So
Thus, the correct answer is D.
22.
在矩形 中,点 和 在 上,使得 ,而 是 的中点。另外, 与 交于 ,与 交于 。矩形 的面积为 。求三角形 的面积。
In rectangle points and lie on so that and is the midpoint of Also, intersects at and at The area of rectangle is Find the area of triangle
小提示:
三角形 的底为 ,高为矩形的全高,所以它的面积是矩形面积的
Triangle has base and the full height, so its area is of the rectangle
大提示:
利用 和相似三角形,得到 且
Use to get and from similar triangles
解答:
三角形 的底边 ,高等于矩形的高,所以它的面积是 。
因为 ,三角形 与 相似,比例为 ,所以 。同理 。
因此 ,得
因此,正确答案是 C。
Triangle has base and height equal to the rectangle’s height, so its area is
Because triangles and are similar with ratio so Likewise
Then giving
Thus, the correct answer is C.
23.
一个首项系数为 、系数为整数的四次多项式有两个实零点,并且这两个实零点都是整数。以下哪一个也可能是该多项式的一个零点?
A polynomial of degree four with leading coefficient and integer coefficients has two real zeros, both of which are integers. Which of the following can also be a zero of the polynomial?
小提示:
先把两个整数根对应的因式提出:剩余因式为 ,其中 是整数
Factor out the two integer roots: the remaining factor is with integers
大提示:
复零点为 ;匹配实部并检查 是否为整数
The complex zeros are match the real part and check that is an integer
解答:
写成 ,其中 是整数根;比较系数可知 和 必须是整数。
另外两个零点为 若实部为 ,则需要 ,从而虚部为 。
选项 A 要求 ,即 是整数,所以可行。其他选项都会迫使 不是整数(例如选项 E 需要 ,选项 D 需要 且 )。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Writing with integer roots matching coefficients forces and to be integers.
The other two zeros are A real part of requires making the imaginary part
Choice A needs i.e. an integer, so it works. The other choices force a non-integer (for example choice E needs and choice D needs with ).
Thus, the correct answer is A.
24.
在三角形 中,。点 在 上,使得 ,且 。求 。
In triangle Point is on so that and Find
小提示:
外角关系给出 。
The exterior angle gives
大提示:
从 向直线 作垂线,垂足为 ;则 是 -- 三角形,且
Drop a perpendicular from to line at then is -- with
解答:
设 为从 到直线 的垂足。由 的外角可得 ,所以 是一个 -- 三角形,且 。
因此 是等腰三角形,,又因为 ,所以 是等腰三角形,。
同时 ,所以 是等腰三角形,。因此 ,使得直角三角形 为等腰直角三角形,。
所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let be the foot of the perpendicular from to line The exterior angle of gives so is a -- triangle with
Then is isosceles with and since too, is isosceles with
Also so is isosceles with Hence making right triangle isosceles with
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
考虑形如 ,,, 的正实数数列,其中从第二项开始,每一项都比它相邻两项的乘积少 。对多少个不同的 值,项 会出现在数列的某处?
Consider sequences of positive real numbers of the form in which every term after the first is less than the product of its two immediate neighbors. For how many different values of does the term appear somewhere in the sequence?
多于
more than
小提示:
条件 可整理为 ,这让你可以向后逐项推进
The condition rearranges to letting you march forward
大提示:
反复这样做可知数列以 为周期,所以 只能是五个位置之一
Doing this repeatedly shows the sequence is periodic with period so can only be one of five terms
解答:
若 是连续三项,则 ,所以 。反复应用这个关系,前五项依次为 此后 和 又重新出现,因此数列以 为周期。
此处 是第二项。令上面另外四项分别等于 ,依次解得 这四个值都是正数且互不相同。而第二项本身等于 ,再由周期性可知没有其他位置需要考虑。
所以共有 个 值。
因此,正确答案是 D。
If are consecutive terms then so Applying this repeatedly, the first five terms are after which and recur, so the sequence is periodic with period
Here is the second term. Setting each of the other four displayed terms equal to gives, respectively, These four values are positive and distinct. The second term itself is and periodicity shows there are no other positions to consider.
So there are values of
Thus, the correct answer is D.