1984 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
若 、 和 都不为 ,则 等于
If and are not then equals
小提示:
将分子和分母分别写成一个分式
Write the numerator and denominator as single fractions
大提示:
两部分都含有公因式
Both parts contain the common factor
解答:
有 和 。已知条件保证所需各量不为零,所以它们的商为 所以正确答案是 B。
We have and The hypotheses make the needed quantities nonzero, so their quotient is Therefore, the correct answer is B.
3.
令 为大于 、没有小于 的素因数的最小合数。则
Let be the smallest nonprime integer greater than with no prime factor less than Then
小提示:
允许的最小素因数为
The smallest permitted prime factor is
大提示:
要得到最小合数,使用两个最小的允许素因数
To make the smallest composite, use the two smallest permitted prime factors
解答:
的每个素因数都至少为 。满足这一性质的最小合数是 ,它位于 内。
所以正确答案是 C。
Every prime factor of is at least The smallest composite with that property is which lies in
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
4.
一个长方形与一个圆相交,如图所示:、、。则 等于
A rectangle intersects a circle as shown: and Then equals
小提示:
两条平行弦的垂直平分线经过同一个圆心
The perpendicular bisectors of the two parallel chords pass through the same center
大提示:
因此 和 的中点具有相同的水平位置
Therefore the midpoints of and have the same horizontal position
解答:
经过圆心并垂直于平行弦 和 的直线平分这两条弦。从长方形左边起测量, 的中点位置为 ,而 的中点位置为 。因此 得到 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The line through the circle’s center perpendicular to the parallel chords and bisects both. Measured from the rectangle’s left side, the midpoint of is while the midpoint of is Thus giving
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
5.
满足 的最大整数 为
The largest integer for which is
6.
某学校的男生人数是女生人数的三倍,女生人数是教师人数的九倍。用字母 、、 分别表示男生、女生和教师人数,则男生、女生和教师的总人数可表示为
In a certain school, there are three times as many boys as girls and nine times as many girls as teachers. Using the letters to represent the number of boys, girls and teachers, respectively, then the total number of boys, girls and teachers can be represented by the expression
7.
戴夫步行上学时,平均每分钟走 步,每步长 厘米。他到学校需要 分钟。他的弟弟杰克沿同一路线去同一所学校,平均每分钟走 步,但每步只有 厘米。杰克到学校需要多长时间?
When Dave walks to school, he averages steps per minute, each of his steps cm long. It takes him minutes to get to school. His brother, Jack, going to the same school by the same route, averages steps per minute, but his steps are only cm long. How long does it take Jack to get to school?
分钟
min.
分钟
min.
分钟
min.
分钟
min.
分钟
min.
小提示:
由戴夫的步频、步长和时间求出路线长度
Find the route’s length from Dave’s step rate, step length, and time
大提示:
杰克每分钟走 厘米
Jack covers centimeters each minute
解答:
路线长为 厘米。杰克每分钟走 厘米,所以所需时间为 分钟。所以正确答案是 C。
The route is centimeters long. Jack covers centimeters per minute, so his time is minutes. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
8.
图形 是梯形,其中 、、、、。 的长度为
Figure is a trapezoid with and The length of is
小提示:
从 和 向 作垂线
Drop perpendiculars from and to
大提示:
右侧三角形是 -- 三角形,左侧三角形是 -- 三角形
The right-hand triangle is -- and the left-hand triangle is --
解答:
从 和 向 作垂线。由于 ,且 处的角为 ,高和右侧的水平偏移量都为 。左侧的 -- 三角形高为 ,所以其水平偏移量为 。因此 正确答案是 D。
Drop perpendiculars from and to Since and the angle at is both the height and the right horizontal offset are The left -- triangle has height so its horizontal offset is Therefore The correct answer is D.
9.
(以通常的 进制形式写出)的位数为
The number of digits in (when written in the usual base form) is
10.
四个复数位于复平面上一个正方形的四个顶点。其中三个数为 、、。第四个数为
Four complex numbers lie at the vertices of a square in the complex plane. Three of the numbers are and The fourth number is
小提示:
所列顶点中有两个互为相反数
Two of the listed vertices are opposites
大提示:
它们的中点是正方形的中心,因此将剩余的已知顶点关于该点对称
Their midpoint is the square’s center, so reflect the remaining given vertex through that point
解答:
点 和 是相对的顶点,所以它们的中点 是正方形的中心。因此第四个顶点是 关于原点的对称点,即 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The points and are opposite vertices, so their midpoint is the center of the square. The fourth vertex is therefore the reflection of through the origin, namely
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
11.
计算器上有一个按键,可将显示的数替换为它的平方;另一个按键可将显示的数替换为它的倒数。设 为从非零数 开始,交替进行平方和取倒数的操作且每种操作各进行 次后的最终结果。假定计算器完全精确(例如,不存在舍入误差或溢出),则 等于
A calculator has a key which replaces the displayed entry with its square, and another key which replaces the displayed entry with its reciprocal. Let be the final result if one starts with an entry and alternately squares and reciprocates times each. Assuming the calculator is completely accurate (e.g., no roundoff or overflow), then equals
小提示:
只需追踪 的指数
Track only the exponent of
大提示:
每完成一组先平方再取倒数的操作,指数就乘以
One squaring-reciprocating pair multiplies the exponent by
解答:
将显示的数写成 。平方使 变为 ,随后取倒数使它变为 。从 开始,经过 组这样的操作后,指数为 。因此 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Write the displayed value as Squaring changes to and then reciprocating changes it to Starting from after such pairs the exponent is Thus
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
12.
13.
14.
方程 的所有实根之积为
The product of all real roots of the equation is
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
对等式两边取以 为底的对数
Take the base- logarithm of both sides
大提示:
令 ,并解所得关于 的方程
Let and solve the resulting equation in
解答:
对数要求 。等式两边取以 为底的对数,得到 因此 ,所以两个根为 和 ,它们的积为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The logarithm requires Taking base- logarithms gives Thus so the two roots are and whose product is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
15.
若 ,则 的一个可能值为
If then one value for is
16.
函数 满足 ,其中 为任意实数。若方程 恰有四个互不相同的实根,则这些根的和为
The function satisfies for all real numbers If the equation has exactly four distinct real roots, then the sum of these roots is
小提示:
该等式说明函数图像关于 对称
The equation makes the graph symmetric about
大提示:
将每个根 与其对称根 配对
Pair each root with its reflected root
解答:
该关系说明,每个根 都与根 配对。因此,四个互不相同的根组成两对,每对的和为 。四个根之和为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The relation shows that every root is paired with Four distinct roots therefore form two such pairs, and each pair has sum The sum of all four roots is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
17.
直角三角形 的斜边为 ,且 。高 将 分成线段 和 ,其中 。 的面积为
A right triangle with hypotenuse has side Altitude divides into segments and with The area of is
18.
在坐标平面内选取一点 ,使它到 轴、 轴以及直线 的距离都相等。则
A point is to be chosen in the coordinate plane so that it is equally distant from the -axis, the -axis, and the line Then is
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
小提示:
到两坐标轴距离相等意味着
Equal distance from the two axes forces
大提示:
分别检查直线 和
Check both lines and
解答:
到两坐标轴距离相等给出 或 。在 上,到直线 的距离为 ,所以 和 都满足三个距离条件。它们的 坐标不同,所以 不能唯一确定。
所以正确答案是 E。
Equal distance from the axes gives or On the distance to the line is so both and satisfy all three distance conditions. Their -coordinates differ, so is not uniquely determined.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
19.
盒中有 个球,编号依次为 、、、、。若同时随机取出 个球,所取球上数字之和为奇数的概率是多少?
A box contains balls, numbered If balls are drawn simultaneously at random, what is the probability that the sum of the numbers on the balls drawn is odd?
小提示:
有 个编号为奇数的球和 个编号为偶数的球
There are odd-numbered balls and even-numbered balls
大提示:
计算取出 、 或 个奇数球的选法数
Count selections containing or odd balls
解答:
六个所选球的数字之和为奇数,要求其中编号为奇数的球有奇数个。有 个奇数球和 个偶数球,所以有利选法数为 全部 种选法中,所求概率为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
An odd sum requires an odd number of the six selected balls to be odd. There are odd and even balls, so the favorable count is Of the selections, the desired probability is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
20.
方程 的不同解的个数为
The number of distinct solutions of the equation is
小提示:
将外层绝对值拆成两个方程
Split the outer absolute value into two equations
大提示:
对每个方程,先将 单独移到一边,再分别检验两种情形
For each equation, isolate before checking its two cases
解答:
若 ,则 ,这要求 ,但求解后没有符合条件的解。若 ,则 。分别解两个线性方程,得到 和 ,二者都符合条件。因此,共有 个不同的解。
所以正确答案是 C。
If then which requires and yields no solution. If then Its two linear cases give and both valid. Thus there are distinct solutions.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
21.
满足联立方程 的正整数三元组 的个数为
The number of triples of positive integers which satisfy the simultaneous equations is
小提示:
将第二个方程因式分解为
Factor the second equation as
大提示:
利用 是素数以及各变量为正数,确定 和
Use the primality of and positivity to determine and
解答:
由于 ,且所有变量都是正整数,所以 ,且 。将 代入 。于是 即 ,所以 或 。每种情形都会得到正整数 ,因此恰有两个三元组。
所以正确答案是 C。
Since and all variables are positive integers, and Put in Then or so or Each gives a positive producing exactly two triples.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
22.
设 和 为固定的正数。对每个实数 ,设 为抛物线 的顶点。若将顶点集合 (其中 取所有实数)画在平面上,则所得图形是
Let and be fixed positive numbers. For each real number let be the vertex of the parabola If the set of vertices for all real values of is graphed in the plane, the graph is
一条直线
a straight line
一条抛物线
a parabola
抛物线的一部分,但不是整条抛物线
part, but not all, of a parabola
双曲线的一支
one branch of a hyperbola
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
用 表示顶点坐标
Write the vertex coordinates in terms of
大提示:
利用 将 从 中消去
Use to eliminate from
解答:
顶点坐标为 由于 ,消去 得到 。当 遍历所有实数时, 也遍历所有实数,因此描出了整条抛物线。
所以正确答案是 B。
The vertex coordinates are Since eliminating gives As ranges over all reals, so does so the entire parabola is traced.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
23.
等于
equals
小提示:
对分子和分母都使用和差化积公式
Apply the sum-to-product identities to both numerator and denominator
大提示:
变换后的两个和式都含有相同的因子
Both transformed sums contain the same factor
解答:
设 表示所给比值。由和差化积公式,所以正确答案是 D。
Let denote the given ratio. By the sum-to-product identities, Therefore, the correct answer is D.
24.
若 和 为正实数,且下列两个方程 都有实根,则 的最小可能值为
If and are positive real numbers and each of the equations has real roots, then the smallest possible value of is
小提示:
要求两个二次方程的判别式都非负
Require both quadratic discriminants to be nonnegative
大提示:
结合 和 ,限定 和 的范围
Combine and to bound and
解答:
两个判别式给出 和 。因此 由于 ,可得 ;进而由 得 。所以 。当 时取等号,此时两个判别式都为零。
所以正确答案是 E。
The two discriminants give and Therefore Since this yields and then gives Thus Equality occurs at for which both discriminants are zero.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
25.
一个长方体所有面的总面积为 ,所有棱的总长度为 。那么它任意一条体对角线的长度(单位:厘米)为
The total area of all the faces of a rectangular solid is and the total length of all its edges is Then the length in cm of any one of its internal diagonals is
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
小提示:
设三条棱长为 ,并将两个总量分别写成方程
Let the side lengths be and translate both totals into equations
大提示:
展开 ,求出
Expand to find
解答:
条件给出 和 ,所以 ,且 。因此,一条体对角线长度的平方为 其长度为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The conditions give and so and Hence the square of an internal diagonal is Its length is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
26.
在钝角三角形 中,、、。若 的面积为 ,则 的面积为
In the obtuse triangle If the area of is then the area of is
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
小提示:
连接线段 ,并比较 与
Draw segment and compare with
大提示:
这两个三角形具有相同的底 和相等的高;此外, 是 的中点
Those triangles have the same base and equal altitudes; also is the midpoint of
解答:
连接 。由于 ,点 和 到 的垂直距离相等,所以 。因此 因为 是 的中点,所以三角形 的面积是 面积的一半。因此 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Draw Since points and have equal perpendicular distances from so Therefore Because is the midpoint of triangle has half the area of Thus
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
27.
在 中, 在 上, 在 上。此外,、,且 。求 。
In is on and is on Also, and Find
小提示:
令 ,并使用直角三角形中斜边与高的相似关系
Let and use the altitude-to-hypotenuse similarity relation
大提示:
然后比较 在直角三角形 和等腰三角形 中的表达式
Then compare in right triangle and isosceles triangle
解答:
令 。由直角三角形的射影定理可得 所以 。由于 ,余弦定理中的分子和分母分别满足 因此 。但 在 上,并且在直角三角形 中,。所以 ,从而 ,且 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let The right-triangle projection relation gives so Since the numerator and denominator in the Law of Cosines satisfy Hence But lies on and in right triangle Thus so and
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
28.
满足 的不同整数对 的个数为
The number of distinct pairs of integers such that is
小提示:
利用 ,并将两个被开方数写成具有相同无平方因子部分的形式
Use and write both radicands with a common squarefree part
大提示:
令 ,并计算满足 且 的正整数的组数
Set and count positive integers with
解答:
因为 ,两个根式必须具有相同的无平方因子部分 。写成 和 ,其中 为正整数。于是 可能的情况为 、、,得到三个不同的整数对 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Because the two radicals must have common squarefree part Write and for positive integers Then The possibilities are and producing three distinct pairs
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
29.
求 的最大值,其中实数对 满足
Find the largest value of for pairs of real numbers which satisfy
小提示:
将 理解为一条过原点直线的斜率
Interpret as the slope of a line through the origin
大提示:
斜率取极值时,直线 与圆相切
At an extreme slope, the line is tangent to the circle
解答:
该圆全部位于 的区域内,所以 是斜率 ,相应直线 经过圆上一点。取极值时,这条直线与圆相切。圆心 到直线 的距离必须等于 ,因此 两边平方并化简,得到 ,所以 。较大的值为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The circle lies entirely where so is the slope of the line through a point on it. At an extreme, this line is tangent. The distance from the center to must equal so Squaring and simplifying gives hence The larger value is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.