1984 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

1000225222482\frac{1000^2}{252^2-248^2} 等于

1000225222482\frac{1000^2}{252^2-248^2} equals

62,50062{,}500

10001000

500500

250250

12\frac12

知识点:平方差代数变形
难度评级:1210
小提示:

将分母分解为平方差

Factor the denominator as a difference of squares

大提示:

利用 252+248=500252+248=500252248=4252-248=4

Use 252+248=500252+248=500 and 252248=4252-248=4

解答:

分解分母得 25222482=(252+248)(252248)=5004=2000 \begin{aligned} 252^2-248^2 &=(252+248)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(252-248)\\ &=500\cdot4=2000 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此原商为 100022000=500\frac{1000^2}{2000}=500。所以正确答案是 C

Factoring the denominator gives 25222482=(252+248)(252248)=5004=2000. \begin{aligned} 252^2-248^2 &=(252+248)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(252-248)\\ &=500\cdot4=2000. \end{aligned} Thus the given quotient is 100022000=500.\frac{1000^2}{2000}=500. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

2.

xxyyy1xy-\frac1x 都不为 00,则 x1yy1x \frac{x-\frac1y}{y-\frac1x} 等于

If x,x, yy and y1xy-\frac1x are not 0,0, then x1yy1x \frac{x-\frac1y}{y-\frac1x} equals

11

xy\frac{x}{y}

yx\frac{y}{x}

xyyx\frac{x}{y}-\frac{y}{x}

xy1xyxy-\frac1{xy}

知识点:分数代数变形
难度评级:1330
小提示:

将分子和分母分别写成一个分式

Write the numerator and denominator as single fractions

大提示:

两部分都含有公因式 xy1xy-1

Both parts contain the common factor xy1xy-1

解答:

x1y=xy1yx-\frac1y=\frac{xy-1}{y}y1x=xy1xy-\frac1x=\frac{xy-1}{x}。已知条件保证所需各量不为零,所以它们的商为 xy1yxy1x=xy \frac{\frac{xy-1}{y}}{\frac{xy-1}{x}}=\frac{x}{y}\text{。}所以正确答案是 B

We have x1y=xy1yx-\frac1y=\frac{xy-1}{y} and y1x=xy1x.y-\frac1x=\frac{xy-1}{x}. The hypotheses make the needed quantities nonzero, so their quotient is xy1yxy1x=xy. \frac{\frac{xy-1}{y}}{\frac{xy-1}{x}}=\frac{x}{y}. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

3.

nn 为大于 11、没有小于 1010 的素因数的最小合数。则

Let nn be the smallest nonprime integer greater than 11 with no prime factor less than 10.10. Then

100<n110100\lt n\le110

110<n120110\lt n\le120

120<n130120\lt n\le130

130<n140130\lt n\le140

140<n150140\lt n\le150

难度评级:1770
小提示:

允许的最小素因数为 1111

The smallest permitted prime factor is 1111

大提示:

要得到最小合数,使用两个最小的允许素因数

To make the smallest composite, use the two smallest permitted prime factors

解答:

nn 的每个素因数都至少为 1111。满足这一性质的最小合数是 1111=12111\cdot11=121,它位于 120<n130120\lt n\le130 内。

所以正确答案是 C

Every prime factor of nn is at least 11.11. The smallest composite with that property is 1111=121,11\cdot11=121, which lies in 120<n130.120\lt n\le130.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

4.

一个长方形与一个圆相交,如图所示:AB=4AB=4BC=5BC=5DE=3DE=3。则 EFEF 等于

A rectangle intersects a circle as shown: AB=4,AB=4, BC=5BC=5 and DE=3.DE=3. Then EFEF equals

66

77

203\frac{20}{3}

88

99

难度评级:1720
小提示:

两条平行弦的垂直平分线经过同一个圆心

The perpendicular bisectors of the two parallel chords pass through the same center

大提示:

因此 BCBCEFEF 的中点具有相同的水平位置

Therefore the midpoints of BCBC and EFEF have the same horizontal position

解答:

经过圆心并垂直于平行弦 BCBCEFEF 的直线平分这两条弦。从长方形左边起测量,BCBC 的中点位置为 4+524+\frac52,而 EFEF 的中点位置为 3+EF23+\frac{EF}{2}。因此 4+52=3+EF2 4+\frac52=3+\frac{EF}{2}\text{,}得到 EF=7EF=7

所以正确答案是 B

The line through the circle’s center perpendicular to the parallel chords BCBC and EFEF bisects both. Measured from the rectangle’s left side, the midpoint of BCBC is 4+52,4+\frac52, while the midpoint of EFEF is 3+EF2.3+\frac{EF}{2}. Thus 4+52=3+EF2, 4+\frac52=3+\frac{EF}{2}, giving EF=7.EF=7.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

5.

满足 n200<5300n^{200}\lt5^{300} 的最大整数 nn

The largest integer nn for which n200<5300n^{200}\lt5^{300} is

88

99

1010

1111

1212

难度评级:1630
小提示:

对两边取正的一百分之一次方

Take the positive one-hundredth root of both sides

大提示:

比较 n2n^2535^3

Compare n2n^2 with 535^3

解答:

对两边取正的一百分之一次方,得到 n2<53=125n^2\lt5^3=125。由于 112=121<12511^2=121\lt125,而 122=144>12512^2=144\gt125,所以最大可能整数为 1111

所以正确答案是 D

Taking positive one-hundredth roots gives n2<53=125.n^2\lt5^3=125. Since 112=121<12511^2=121\lt125 but 122=144>125,12^2=144\gt125, the largest possible integer is 11.11.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

6.

某学校的男生人数是女生人数的三倍,女生人数是教师人数的九倍。用字母 bbggtt 分别表示男生、女生和教师人数,则男生、女生和教师的总人数可表示为

In a certain school, there are three times as many boys as girls and nine times as many girls as teachers. Using the letters b,b, g,g, tt to represent the number of boys, girls and teachers, respectively, then the total number of boys, girls and teachers can be represented by the expression

31b31b

3727b\frac{37}{27}b

13g13g

3727g\frac{37}{27}g

3727t\frac{37}{27}t

难度评级:1290
小提示:

ggtt 都用 bb 表示

Express both gg and tt in terms of bb

大提示:

已知比例给出 g=b3g=\frac{b}{3}t=b27t=\frac{b}{27}

The given ratios imply g=b3g=\frac{b}{3} and t=b27t=\frac{b}{27}

解答:

因为 b=3gb=3gg=9tg=9t,所以 g=b3g=\frac{b}{3},且 t=b27t=\frac{b}{27}。因此 b+g+t=b+b3+b27=3727b b+g+t=b+\frac b3+\frac b{27}=\frac{37}{27}b\text{。}所以正确答案是 B

Because b=3gb=3g and g=9t,g=9t, we have g=b3g=\frac{b}{3} and t=b27.t=\frac{b}{27}. Hence b+g+t=b+b3+b27=3727b. b+g+t=b+\frac b3+\frac b{27}=\frac{37}{27}b. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

7.

戴夫步行上学时,平均每分钟走 9090 步,每步长 7575 厘米。他到学校需要 1616 分钟。他的弟弟杰克沿同一路线去同一所学校,平均每分钟走 100100 步,但每步只有 6060 厘米。杰克到学校需要多长时间?

When Dave walks to school, he averages 9090 steps per minute, each of his steps 7575 cm long. It takes him 1616 minutes to get to school. His brother, Jack, going to the same school by the same route, averages 100100 steps per minute, but his steps are only 6060 cm long. How long does it take Jack to get to school?

142914\frac29 分钟

142914\frac29 min.

1515 分钟

1515 min.

1818 分钟

1818 min.

2020 分钟

2020 min.

222922\frac29 分钟

222922\frac29 min.

难度评级:1290
小提示:

由戴夫的步频、步长和时间求出路线长度

Find the route’s length from Dave’s step rate, step length, and time

大提示:

杰克每分钟走 10060100\cdot60 厘米

Jack covers 10060100\cdot60 centimeters each minute

解答:

路线长为 16907516\cdot90\cdot75 厘米。杰克每分钟走 10060100\cdot60 厘米,所以所需时间为 16907510060=18 \frac{16\cdot90\cdot75}{100\cdot60}=18 分钟。所以正确答案是 C

The route is 16907516\cdot90\cdot75 centimeters long. Jack covers 10060100\cdot60 centimeters per minute, so his time is 16907510060=18 \frac{16\cdot90\cdot75}{100\cdot60}=18 minutes. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

8.

图形 ABCDABCD 是梯形,其中 ABDCAB\parallel DCAB=5AB=5BC=32BC=3\sqrt2BCD=45\angle BCD=45^\circCDA=60\angle CDA=60^\circDCDC 的长度为

Figure ABCDABCD is a trapezoid with ABDC,AB\parallel DC, AB=5,AB=5, BC=32,BC=3\sqrt2, BCD=45\angle BCD=45^\circ and CDA=60.\angle CDA=60^\circ. The length of DCDC is

7+2337+\frac23\sqrt3

88

9129\frac12

8+38+\sqrt3

8+338+3\sqrt3

难度评级:1800
小提示:

AABBDCDC 作垂线

Drop perpendiculars from AA and BB to DCDC

大提示:

右侧三角形是 4545^\circ-4545^\circ-9090^\circ 三角形,左侧三角形是 3030^\circ-6060^\circ-9090^\circ 三角形

The right-hand triangle is 4545^\circ-4545^\circ-90,90^\circ, and the left-hand triangle is 3030^\circ-6060^\circ-9090^\circ

解答:

AABBDCDC 作垂线。由于 BC=32BC=3\sqrt2,且 CC 处的角为 4545^\circ,高和右侧的水平偏移量都为 33。左侧的 3030^\circ-6060^\circ-9090^\circ 三角形高为 33,所以其水平偏移量为 3\sqrt3。因此 DC=3+AB+3=8+3 DC=\sqrt3+AB+3=8+\sqrt3\text{。}正确答案是 D

Drop perpendiculars from AA and BB to DC.DC. Since BC=32BC=3\sqrt2 and the angle at CC is 45,45^\circ, both the height and the right horizontal offset are 3.3. The left 3030^\circ-6060^\circ-9090^\circ triangle has height 3,3, so its horizontal offset is 3.\sqrt3. Therefore DC=3+AB+3=8+3. DC=\sqrt3+AB+3=8+\sqrt3. The correct answer is D.

9.

4165254^{16}5^{25}(以通常的 1010 进制形式写出)的位数为

The number of digits in 4165254^{16}5^{25} (when written in the usual base 1010 form) is

3131

3030

2929

2828

2727

难度评级:1750
小提示:

44 的幂改写为 22 的幂

Rewrite the power of 44 as a power of 22

大提示:

2525 个因数 222525 个因数 55 配对

Pair 2525 factors of 22 with the 2525 factors of 55

解答:

416525=232525=271025=1281025 \begin{aligned} 4^{16}5^{25} &=2^{32}5^{25}\\ &=2^7\cdot10^{25}\\ &=128\cdot10^{25} \end{aligned}\text{。}这是 128128 后面跟着 2525 个零,所以共有 3+25=283+25=28 位。正确答案是 D

We have 416525=232525=271025=1281025. \begin{aligned} 4^{16}5^{25} &=2^{32}5^{25}\\ &=2^7\cdot10^{25}\\ &=128\cdot10^{25}. \end{aligned} This is 128128 followed by 2525 zeros, so it has 3+25=283+25=28 digits. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

10.

四个复数位于复平面上一个正方形的四个顶点。其中三个数为 1+2i1+2i2+i-2+i12i-1-2i。第四个数为

Four complex numbers lie at the vertices of a square in the complex plane. Three of the numbers are 1+2i,1+2i, 2+i-2+i and 12i.-1-2i. The fourth number is

2+i2+i

2i2-i

12i1-2i

1+2i-1+2i

2i-2-i

难度评级:1680
小提示:

所列顶点中有两个互为相反数

Two of the listed vertices are opposites

大提示:

它们的中点是正方形的中心,因此将剩余的已知顶点关于该点对称

Their midpoint is the square’s center, so reflect the remaining given vertex through that point

解答:

1+2i1+2i12i-1-2i 是相对的顶点,所以它们的中点 00 是正方形的中心。因此第四个顶点是 2+i-2+i 关于原点的对称点,即 2i2-i

所以正确答案是 B

The points 1+2i1+2i and 12i-1-2i are opposite vertices, so their midpoint 00 is the center of the square. The fourth vertex is therefore the reflection of 2+i-2+i through the origin, namely 2i.2-i.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

11.

计算器上有一个按键,可将显示的数替换为它的平方;另一个按键可将显示的数替换为它的倒数。设 yy 为从非零数 x0x\ne0 开始,交替进行平方和取倒数的操作且每种操作各进行 nn 次后的最终结果。假定计算器完全精确(例如,不存在舍入误差或溢出),则 yy 等于

A calculator has a key which replaces the displayed entry with its square, and another key which replaces the displayed entry with its reciprocal. Let yy be the final result if one starts with an entry x0x\ne0 and alternately squares and reciprocates nn times each. Assuming the calculator is completely accurate (e.g., no roundoff or overflow), then yy equals

x(2)nx^{(-2)^n}

x2nx^{2n}

x2nx^{-2n}

x2nx^{-2^n}

x(1)n2nx^{(-1)^n2n}

难度评级:1750
小提示:

只需追踪 xx 的指数

Track only the exponent of xx

大提示:

每完成一组先平方再取倒数的操作,指数就乘以 2-2

One squaring-reciprocating pair multiplies the exponent by 2-2

解答:

将显示的数写成 xex^e。平方使 ee 变为 2e2e,随后取倒数使它变为 2e-2e。从 e=1e=1 开始,经过 nn 组这样的操作后,指数为 (2)n(-2)^n。因此 y=x(2)ny=x^{(-2)^n}

所以正确答案是 A

Write the displayed value as xe.x^e. Squaring changes ee to 2e,2e, and then reciprocating changes it to 2e.-2e. Starting from e=1,e=1, after nn such pairs the exponent is (2)n.(-2)^n. Thus y=x(2)n.y=x^{(-2)^n}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

12.

若数列 {an}\{a_n\} 定义为 a1=2,an+1=an+2n(n1) \begin{aligned} a_1&=2,\\ a_{n+1}&=a_n+2n\quad(n\ge1) \end{aligned}\text{,}a100a_{100} 等于

If the sequence {an}\{a_n\} is defined by a1=2,an+1=an+2n(n1), \begin{aligned} a_1&=2,\\ a_{n+1}&=a_n+2n\quad(n\ge1), \end{aligned} then a100a_{100} equals

99009900

99029902

99049904

1010010100

1010210102

难度评级:1800
小提示:

将从 a1a_1a100a_{100} 的所有增量相加

Add all increments from a1a_1 through a100a_{100}

大提示:

使用 a100=2+2(1+2++99)a_{100}=2+2(1+2+\cdots+99)

Use a100=2+2(1+2++99)a_{100}=2+2(1+2+\cdots+99)

解答:

将递推式逐项相消,得到 a100=a1+2n=199n=2+2991002=9902 \begin{aligned} a_{100} &=a_1+2\sum_{n=1}^{99}n\\ &=2+2\cdot\frac{99\cdot100}{2}\\ &=9902 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以正确答案是 B

Telescoping the recurrence gives a100=a1+2n=199n=2+2991002=9902. \begin{aligned} a_{100} &=a_1+2\sum_{n=1}^{99}n\\ &=2+2\cdot\frac{99\cdot100}{2}\\ &=9902. \end{aligned} Therefore, the correct answer is B.

13.

262+3+5\frac{2\sqrt6}{\sqrt2+\sqrt3+\sqrt5} 等于

262+3+5\frac{2\sqrt6}{\sqrt2+\sqrt3+\sqrt5} equals

2+35\sqrt2+\sqrt3-\sqrt5

4234-\sqrt2-\sqrt3

2+3+65\sqrt2+\sqrt3+\sqrt6-5

12(2+53)\frac12(\sqrt2+\sqrt5-\sqrt3)

13(3+52)\frac13(\sqrt3+\sqrt5-\sqrt2)

难度评级:2150
小提示:

将分母中的前两个根式组合起来

Group the first two radicals in the denominator

大提示:

2+3+5\sqrt2+\sqrt3+\sqrt5 乘以 2+35\sqrt2+\sqrt3-\sqrt5

Multiply 2+3+5\sqrt2+\sqrt3+\sqrt5 by 2+35\sqrt2+\sqrt3-\sqrt5

解答:

注意 (2+3+5)(2+35)=(2+3)25=26 \begin{aligned} &(\sqrt2+\sqrt3+\sqrt5)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(\sqrt2+\sqrt3-\sqrt5)\\ &=(\sqrt2+\sqrt3)^2-5\\ &=2\sqrt6 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此,该商为 2+35\sqrt2+\sqrt3-\sqrt5

所以正确答案是 A

Observe that (2+3+5)(2+35)=(2+3)25=26. \begin{aligned} &(\sqrt2+\sqrt3+\sqrt5)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(\sqrt2+\sqrt3-\sqrt5)\\ &=(\sqrt2+\sqrt3)^2-5\\ &=2\sqrt6. \end{aligned} Hence the quotient is 2+35.\sqrt2+\sqrt3-\sqrt5.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

14.

方程 xlog10x=10x^{\log_{10}x}=10 的所有实根之积为

The product of all real roots of the equation xlog10x=10x^{\log_{10}x}=10 is

11

1-1

1010

10110^{-1}

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1960
小提示:

对等式两边取以 1010 为底的对数

Take the base-1010 logarithm of both sides

大提示:

t=log10xt=\log_{10}x,并解所得关于 tt 的方程

Let t=log10xt=\log_{10}x and solve the resulting equation in tt

解答:

对数要求 x>0x\gt0。等式两边取以 1010 为底的对数,得到 (log10x)2=1 (\log_{10}x)^2=1\text{。}因此 log10x=±1\log_{10}x=\pm1,所以两个根为 101010110^{-1},它们的积为 11

所以正确答案是 A

The logarithm requires x>0.x\gt0. Taking base-1010 logarithms gives (log10x)2=1. (\log_{10}x)^2=1. Thus log10x=±1,\log_{10}x=\pm1, so the two roots are 1010 and 101,10^{-1}, whose product is 1.1.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

15.

sin2xsin3x=cos2xcos3x\sin2x\sin3x=\cos2x\cos3x,则 xx 的一个可能值为

If sin2xsin3x=cos2xcos3x,\sin2x\sin3x=\cos2x\cos3x, then one value for xx is

1818^\circ

3030^\circ

3636^\circ

4545^\circ

6060^\circ

难度评级:1800
小提示:

将所有项移到等式一边,并识别余弦的和角公式

Move all terms to one side and recognize a cosine addition identity

大提示:

使用 cos2xcos3xsin2xsin3x\cos2x\cos3x-\sin2x\sin3x =cos5x=\cos5x

Use cos2xcos3xsin2xsin3x\cos2x\cos3x-\sin2x\sin3x =cos5x=\cos5x

解答:

原方程等价于 cos2xcos3xsin2xsin3x=cos5x=0 \begin{aligned} &\cos2x\cos3x\\ &\quad-\sin2x\sin3x\\ &=\cos5x=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 5x=90+180k5x=90^\circ+180^\circ k。取 k=0k=0,得到题目所列的值 x=18x=18^\circ

所以正确答案是 A

The equation is equivalent to cos2xcos3xsin2xsin3x=cos5x=0. \begin{aligned} &\cos2x\cos3x\\ &\quad-\sin2x\sin3x\\ &=\cos5x=0. \end{aligned} Therefore 5x=90+180k.5x=90^\circ+180^\circ k. Taking k=0k=0 gives x=18,x=18^\circ, the listed value.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

16.

函数 f(x)f(x) 满足 f(2+x)=f(2x)f(2+x)=f(2-x),其中 xx 为任意实数。若方程 f(x)=0f(x)=0 恰有四个互不相同的实根,则这些根的和为

The function f(x)f(x) satisfies f(2+x)=f(2x)f(2+x)=f(2-x) for all real numbers x.x. If the equation f(x)=0f(x)=0 has exactly four distinct real roots, then the sum of these roots is

00

22

44

66

88

难度评级:1800
小提示:

该等式说明函数图像关于 x=2x=2 对称

The equation makes the graph symmetric about x=2x=2

大提示:

将每个根 2+r2+r 与其对称根 2r2-r 配对

Pair each root 2+r2+r with its reflected root 2r2-r

解答:

该关系说明,每个根 2+r2+r 都与根 2r2-r 配对。因此,四个互不相同的根组成两对,每对的和为 44。四个根之和为 24=82\cdot4=8

所以正确答案是 E

The relation shows that every root 2+r2+r is paired with 2r.2-r. Four distinct roots therefore form two such pairs, and each pair has sum 4.4. The sum of all four roots is 24=8.2\cdot4=8.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

17.

直角三角形 ABCABC 的斜边为 ABAB,且 AC=15AC=15。高 CHCHABAB 分成线段 AHAHHBHB,其中 HB=16HB=16ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为

A right triangle ABCABC with hypotenuse ABAB has side AC=15.AC=15. Altitude CHCH divides ABAB into segments AHAH and HB,HB, with HB=16.HB=16. The area of ABC\triangle ABC is

120120

144144

150150

216216

1445144\sqrt5

难度评级:1920
小提示:

使用直角三角形的射影定理 AC2=AHABAC^2=AH\cdot AB

Use the right-triangle projection relation AC2=AHABAC^2=AH\cdot AB

大提示:

求出 AHAH 后,使用 CH2=AHHBCH^2=AH\cdot HB

After finding AH,AH, use CH2=AHHBCH^2=AH\cdot HB

解答:

AH=hAH=h。由直角三角形中的相似关系可得 AC2=AHAB,225=h(h+16) \begin{aligned} AC^2&=AH\cdot AB,\\ 225&=h(h+16) \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 h=9h=9。因此 AB=25AB=25。又有 CH=AHHBCH=\sqrt{AH\cdot HB},所以 CH=916=12CH=\sqrt{9\cdot16}=12。面积为 122512=150\frac12\cdot25\cdot12=150

所以正确答案是 C

Let AH=h.AH=h. Similarity in the right triangle gives AC2=AHAB,225=h(h+16), \begin{aligned} AC^2&=AH\cdot AB,\\ 225&=h(h+16), \end{aligned} so h=9.h=9. Hence AB=25.AB=25. Also CH=AHHB,CH=\sqrt{AH\cdot HB}, so CH=916=12.CH=\sqrt{9\cdot16}=12. The area is 122512=150.\frac12\cdot25\cdot12=150.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

18.

在坐标平面内选取一点 (x,y)(x,y),使它到 xx 轴、yy 轴以及直线 x+y=2x+y=2 的距离都相等。则 xx

A point (x,y)(x,y) is to be chosen in the coordinate plane so that it is equally distant from the xx-axis, the yy-axis, and the line x+y=2.x+y=2. Then xx is

21\sqrt2-1

12\frac12

222-\sqrt2

11

不能唯一确定

not uniquely determined

难度评级:2130
小提示:

到两坐标轴距离相等意味着 x=y|x|=|y|

Equal distance from the two axes forces x=y|x|=|y|

大提示:

分别检查直线 y=xy=xy=xy=-x

Check both lines y=xy=x and y=xy=-x

解答:

到两坐标轴距离相等给出 y=xy=xy=xy=-x。在 y=xy=-x 上,到直线 x+y=2x+y=2 的距离为 2\sqrt2,所以 (2,2)(\sqrt2,-\sqrt2)(2,2)(-\sqrt2,\sqrt2) 都满足三个距离条件。它们的 xx 坐标不同,所以 xx 不能唯一确定。

所以正确答案是 E

Equal distance from the axes gives y=xy=x or y=x.y=-x. On y=x,y=-x, the distance to the line x+y=2x+y=2 is 2,\sqrt2, so both (2,2)(\sqrt2,-\sqrt2) and (2,2)(-\sqrt2,\sqrt2) satisfy all three distance conditions. Their xx-coordinates differ, so xx is not uniquely determined.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

19.

盒中有 1111 个球,编号依次为 112233\ldots1111。若同时随机取出 66 个球,所取球上数字之和为奇数的概率是多少?

A box contains 1111 balls, numbered 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 11.11. If 66 balls are drawn simultaneously at random, what is the probability that the sum of the numbers on the balls drawn is odd?

100231\frac{100}{231}

115231\frac{115}{231}

12\frac12

118231\frac{118}{231}

611\frac6{11}

难度评级:2070
小提示:

66 个编号为奇数的球和 55 个编号为偶数的球

There are 66 odd-numbered balls and 55 even-numbered balls

大提示:

计算取出 113355 个奇数球的选法数

Count selections containing 1,1, 3,3, or 55 odd balls

解答:

六个所选球的数字之和为奇数,要求其中编号为奇数的球有奇数个。有 66 个奇数球和 55 个偶数球,所以有利选法数为 (61)(55)+(63)(53)+(65)(51)=6+200+30=236 \begin{aligned} &\binom61\binom55+\binom63\binom53\\ &\quad+\binom65\binom51\\ &=6+200+30=236 \end{aligned}\text{。}全部 (116)=462\binom{11}{6}=462 种选法中,所求概率为 236462=118231\frac{236}{462}=\frac{118}{231}

所以正确答案是 D

An odd sum requires an odd number of the six selected balls to be odd. There are 66 odd and 55 even balls, so the favorable count is (61)(55)+(63)(53)+(65)(51)=6+200+30=236. \begin{aligned} &\binom61\binom55+\binom63\binom53\\ &\quad+\binom65\binom51\\ &=6+200+30=236. \end{aligned} Of the (116)=462\binom{11}{6}=462 selections, the desired probability is 236462=118231.\frac{236}{462}=\frac{118}{231}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

20.

方程 x2x+1=3\left|x-|2x+1|\right|=3 的不同解的个数为

The number of distinct solutions of the equation x2x+1=3\left|x-|2x+1|\right|=3 is

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:1720
小提示:

将外层绝对值拆成两个方程

Split the outer absolute value into two equations

大提示:

对每个方程,先将 2x+1|2x+1| 单独移到一边,再分别检验两种情形

For each equation, isolate 2x+1|2x+1| before checking its two cases

解答:

x2x+1=3x-|2x+1|=3,则 2x+1=x3|2x+1|=x-3,这要求 x3x\ge3,但求解后没有符合条件的解。若 x2x+1=3x-|2x+1|=-3,则 2x+1=x+3|2x+1|=x+3。分别解两个线性方程,得到 x=2x=2x=43x=-\frac{4}{3},二者都符合条件。因此,共有 22 个不同的解。

所以正确答案是 C

If x2x+1=3,x-|2x+1|=3, then 2x+1=x3,|2x+1|=x-3, which requires x3x\ge3 and yields no solution. If x2x+1=3,x-|2x+1|=-3, then 2x+1=x+3.|2x+1|=x+3. Its two linear cases give x=2x=2 and x=43,x=-\frac{4}{3}, both valid. Thus there are 22 distinct solutions.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

21.

满足联立方程 ab+bc=44,ac+bc=23 \begin{aligned} ab+bc&=44,\\ ac+bc&=23 \end{aligned} 的正整数三元组 (a,b,c)(a,b,c) 的个数为

The number of triples (a,b,c)(a,b,c) of positive integers which satisfy the simultaneous equations ab+bc=44,ac+bc=23. \begin{aligned} ab+bc&=44,\\ ac+bc&=23. \end{aligned} is

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:1960
小提示:

将第二个方程因式分解为 c(a+b)=23c(a+b)=23

Factor the second equation as c(a+b)=23c(a+b)=23

大提示:

利用 2323 是素数以及各变量为正数,确定 cca+ba+b

Use the primality of 2323 and positivity to determine cc and a+ba+b

解答:

由于 c(a+b)=23c(a+b)=23,且所有变量都是正整数,所以 c=1c=1,且 a+b=23a+b=23。将 b=23ab=23-a 代入 ab+b=44ab+b=44。于是 (23a)(a+1)=44 (23-a)(a+1)=44\text{,}a222a+21=0a^2-22a+21=0,所以 a=1a=12121。每种情形都会得到正整数 bb,因此恰有两个三元组。

所以正确答案是 C

Since c(a+b)=23c(a+b)=23 and all variables are positive integers, c=1c=1 and a+b=23.a+b=23. Put b=23ab=23-a in ab+b=44.ab+b=44. Then (23a)(a+1)=44, (23-a)(a+1)=44, or a222a+21=0,a^2-22a+21=0, so a=1a=1 or 21.21. Each gives a positive b,b, producing exactly two triples.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

22.

aacc 为固定的正数。对每个实数 tt,设 (xt,yt)(x_t,y_t) 为抛物线 y=ax2+tx+cy=ax^2+tx+c 的顶点。若将顶点集合 (xt,yt)(x_t,y_t)(其中 tt 取所有实数)画在平面上,则所得图形是

Let aa and cc be fixed positive numbers. For each real number tt let (xt,yt)(x_t,y_t) be the vertex of the parabola y=ax2+tx+c.y=ax^2+tx+c. If the set of vertices (xt,yt)(x_t,y_t) for all real values of tt is graphed in the plane, the graph is

一条直线

a straight line

一条抛物线

a parabola

抛物线的一部分,但不是整条抛物线

part, but not all, of a parabola

双曲线的一支

one branch of a hyperbola

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1960
小提示:

tt 表示顶点坐标

Write the vertex coordinates in terms of tt

大提示:

利用 xt=t2ax_t=-\frac{t}{2a}ttyty_t 中消去

Use xt=t2ax_t=-\frac{t}{2a} to eliminate tt from yty_t

解答:

顶点坐标为 xt=t2a,yt=ct24a x_t=-\frac{t}{2a},\qquad y_t=c-\frac{t^2}{4a}\text{。}由于 t=2axtt=-2ax_t,消去 tt 得到 yt=caxt2y_t=c-ax_t^2。当 tt 遍历所有实数时,xtx_t 也遍历所有实数,因此描出了整条抛物线。

所以正确答案是 B

The vertex coordinates are xt=t2a,yt=ct24a. x_t=-\frac{t}{2a},\qquad y_t=c-\frac{t^2}{4a}. Since t=2axt,t=-2ax_t, eliminating tt gives yt=caxt2.y_t=c-ax_t^2. As tt ranges over all reals, so does xt,x_t, so the entire parabola is traced.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

23.

sin10+sin20cos10+cos20\frac{\sin10^\circ+\sin20^\circ}{\cos10^\circ+\cos20^\circ} 等于

sin10+sin20cos10+cos20\frac{\sin10^\circ+\sin20^\circ}{\cos10^\circ+\cos20^\circ} equals

tan10+tan20\tan10^\circ+\tan20^\circ

tan30\tan30^\circ

12(tan10+tan20)\frac12(\tan10^\circ+\tan20^\circ)

tan15\tan15^\circ

14tan60\frac14\tan60^\circ

难度评级:2130
小提示:

对分子和分母都使用和差化积公式

Apply the sum-to-product identities to both numerator and denominator

大提示:

变换后的两个和式都含有相同的因子 cos5\cos5^\circ

Both transformed sums contain the same cos5\cos5^\circ factor

解答:

RR 表示所给比值。由和差化积公式,R=sin10+sin20cos10+cos20,R=2sin15cos52cos15cos5=tan15 \begin{aligned} R&=\frac{\sin10^\circ+\sin20^\circ} {\cos10^\circ+\cos20^\circ},\\ R&=\frac{2\sin15^\circ\cos5^\circ} {2\cos15^\circ\cos5^\circ}\\ &=\tan15^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}所以正确答案是 D

Let RR denote the given ratio. By the sum-to-product identities, R=sin10+sin20cos10+cos20,R=2sin15cos52cos15cos5=tan15. \begin{aligned} R&=\frac{\sin10^\circ+\sin20^\circ} {\cos10^\circ+\cos20^\circ},\\ R&=\frac{2\sin15^\circ\cos5^\circ} {2\cos15^\circ\cos5^\circ}\\ &=\tan15^\circ. \end{aligned} Therefore, the correct answer is D.

24.

aabb 为正实数,且下列两个方程 x2+ax+2b=0,x2+2bx+a=0 \begin{aligned} x^2+ax+2b&=0,\\ x^2+2bx+a&=0 \end{aligned} 都有实根,则 a+ba+b 的最小可能值为

If aa and bb are positive real numbers and each of the equations x2+ax+2b=0,x2+2bx+a=0 \begin{aligned} x^2+ax+2b&=0,\\ x^2+2bx+a&=0 \end{aligned} has real roots, then the smallest possible value of a+ba+b is

22

33

44

55

66

难度评级:2240
小提示:

要求两个二次方程的判别式都非负

Require both quadratic discriminants to be nonnegative

大提示:

结合 a28ba^2\ge8bb2ab^2\ge a,限定 aabb 的范围

Combine a28ba^2\ge8b and b2ab^2\ge a to bound aa and bb

解答:

两个判别式给出 a28ba^2\ge8bb2ab^2\ge a。因此 a464b264a a^4\ge64b^2\ge64a\text{。}由于 a>0a\gt0,可得 a4a\ge4;进而由 b2a4b^2\ge a\ge4b2b\ge2。所以 a+b6a+b\ge6。当 a=4,b=2a=4,b=2 时取等号,此时两个判别式都为零。

所以正确答案是 E

The two discriminants give a28ba^2\ge8b and b2a.b^2\ge a. Therefore a464b264a. a^4\ge64b^2\ge64a. Since a>0,a\gt0, this yields a4,a\ge4, and then b2a4b^2\ge a\ge4 gives b2.b\ge2. Thus a+b6.a+b\ge6. Equality occurs at a=4,b=2,a=4,b=2, for which both discriminants are zero.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

25.

一个长方体所有面的总面积为 22 cm222\text{ cm}^2,所有棱的总长度为 24 cm24\text{ cm}。那么它任意一条体对角线的长度(单位:厘米)为

The total area of all the faces of a rectangular solid is 22 cm2,22\text{ cm}^2, and the total length of all its edges is 24 cm.24\text{ cm}. Then the length in cm of any one of its internal diagonals is

11\sqrt{11}

12\sqrt{12}

13\sqrt{13}

14\sqrt{14}

不能唯一确定

not uniquely determined

难度评级:1770
小提示:

设三条棱长为 x,y,zx,y,z,并将两个总量分别写成方程

Let the side lengths be x,y,zx,y,z and translate both totals into equations

大提示:

展开 (x+y+z)2(x+y+z)^2,求出 x2+y2+z2x^2+y^2+z^2

Expand (x+y+z)2(x+y+z)^2 to find x2+y2+z2x^2+y^2+z^2

解答:

条件给出 2(xy+xz+yz)=222(xy+xz+yz)=224(x+y+z)=244(x+y+z)=24,所以 xy+xz+yz=11xy+xz+yz=11,且 x+y+z=6x+y+z=6。因此,一条体对角线长度的平方为 x2+y2+z2=622(11)=14 x^2+y^2+z^2=6^2-2(11)=14\text{。}其长度为 14\sqrt{14}

所以正确答案是 D

The conditions give 2(xy+xz+yz)=222(xy+xz+yz)=22 and 4(x+y+z)=24,4(x+y+z)=24, so xy+xz+yz=11xy+xz+yz=11 and x+y+z=6.x+y+z=6. Hence the square of an internal diagonal is x2+y2+z2=622(11)=14. x^2+y^2+z^2=6^2-2(11)=14. Its length is 14.\sqrt{14}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

26.

在钝角三角形 ABCABC 中,AM=MBAM=MBMDBCMD\perp BCECBCEC\perp BC。若 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 2424,则 BED\triangle BED 的面积为

In the obtuse triangle ABC,ABC, AM=MB,AM=MB, MDBC,MD\perp BC, ECBC.EC\perp BC. If the area of ABC\triangle ABC is 24,24, then the area of BED\triangle BED is

99

1212

1515

1818

不能唯一确定

not uniquely determined

难度评级:1960
小提示:

连接线段 MCMC,并比较 DMC\triangle DMCDME\triangle DME

Draw segment MCMC and compare DMC\triangle DMC with DME\triangle DME

大提示:

这两个三角形具有相同的底 MDMD 和相等的高;此外,MMABAB 的中点

Those triangles have the same base MDMD and equal altitudes; also MM is the midpoint of ABAB

解答:

连接 MCMC。由于 ECMDEC\parallel MD,点 EECCMDMD 的垂直距离相等,所以 [DME]=[DMC][DME]=[DMC]。因此 [BED]=[BMD]+[DME]=[BMD]+[DMC]=[BMC] \begin{aligned} [BED]&=[BMD]+[DME]\\ &=[BMD]+[DMC]\\ &=[BMC] \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 MMABAB 的中点,所以三角形 BMCBMC 的面积是 ABCABC 面积的一半。因此 [BED]=12[BED]=12

所以正确答案是 B

Draw MC.MC. Since ECMD,EC\parallel MD, points EE and CC have equal perpendicular distances from MD,MD, so [DME]=[DMC].[DME]=[DMC]. Therefore [BED]=[BMD]+[DME]=[BMD]+[DMC]=[BMC]. \begin{aligned} [BED]&=[BMD]+[DME]\\ &=[BMD]+[DMC]\\ &=[BMC]. \end{aligned} Because MM is the midpoint of AB,AB, triangle BMCBMC has half the area of ABC.ABC. Thus [BED]=12.[BED]=12.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

27.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,DDACAC 上,FFBCBC 上。此外,ABACAB\perp ACAFBCAF\perp BC,且 BD=DC=FC=1BD=DC=FC=1。求 ACAC

In ABC,\triangle ABC, DD is on ACAC and FF is on BC.BC. Also, ABAC,AB\perp AC, AFBC,AF\perp BC, and BD=DC=FC=1.BD=DC=FC=1. Find AC.AC.

2\sqrt2

3\sqrt3

23\sqrt[3]{2}

33\sqrt[3]{3}

34\sqrt[4]{3}

难度评级:2350
小提示:

AC=sAC=s,并使用直角三角形中斜边与高的相似关系

Let AC=sAC=s and use the altitude-to-hypotenuse similarity relation

大提示:

然后比较 cosACB\cos\angle ACB 在直角三角形 ABCABC 和等腰三角形 BDCBDC 中的表达式

Then compare cosACB\cos\angle ACB in right triangle ABCABC and isosceles triangle BDCBDC

解答:

AC=sAC=s。由直角三角形的射影定理可得 AC2=FCBC AC^2=FC\cdot BC\text{,}所以 BC=s2BC=s^2。由于 BD=DC=1BD=DC=1,余弦定理中的分子和分母分别满足 BC2+DC2BD2=s4,2(BC)(DC)=2s2 \begin{aligned} BC^2+DC^2-BD^2&=s^4,\\ 2(BC)(DC)&=2s^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 cosBCD=s22\cos\angle BCD=\frac{s^2}{2}。但 DDACAC 上,并且在直角三角形 ABCABC 中,cosBCA=ACBC=1s\cos\angle BCA=\frac{AC}{BC}=\frac{1}{s}。所以 s22=1s\frac{s^2}{2}=\frac{1}{s},从而 s3=2s^3=2,且 AC=23AC=\sqrt[3]{2}

所以正确答案是 C

Let AC=s.AC=s. The right-triangle projection relation gives AC2=FCBC, AC^2=FC\cdot BC, so BC=s2.BC=s^2. Since BD=DC=1,BD=DC=1, the numerator and denominator in the Law of Cosines satisfy BC2+DC2BD2=s4,2(BC)(DC)=2s2. \begin{aligned} BC^2+DC^2-BD^2&=s^4,\\ 2(BC)(DC)&=2s^2. \end{aligned} Hence cosBCD=s22.\cos\angle BCD=\frac{s^2}{2}. But DD lies on AC,AC, and in right triangle ABC,ABC, cosBCA=ACBC=1s.\cos\angle BCA=\frac{AC}{BC}=\frac{1}{s}. Thus s22=1s,\frac{s^2}{2}=\frac{1}{s}, so s3=2s^3=2 and AC=23.AC=\sqrt[3]{2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

28.

满足 0<x<y,1984=x+y \begin{aligned} 0&\lt x\lt y,\\ \sqrt{1984}&=\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y} \end{aligned} 的不同整数对 (x,y)(x,y) 的个数为

The number of distinct pairs of integers (x,y)(x,y) such that 0<x<y,1984=x+y \begin{aligned} 0&\lt x\lt y,\\ \sqrt{1984}&=\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y} \end{aligned} is

00

11

22

33

77

难度评级:2380
小提示:

利用 1984=31821984=31\cdot8^2,并将两个被开方数写成具有相同无平方因子部分的形式

Use 1984=31821984=31\cdot8^2 and write both radicands with a common squarefree part

大提示:

x=31u2, y=31v2x=31u^2,\ y=31v^2,并计算满足 u<vu\lt vu+v=8u+v=8 的正整数的组数

Set x=31u2, y=31v2x=31u^2,\ y=31v^2 and count positive integers u<vu\lt v with u+v=8u+v=8

解答:

因为 x+y=831\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}=8\sqrt{31},两个根式必须具有相同的无平方因子部分 3131。写成 x=31u2x=31u^2y=31v2y=31v^2,其中 u,vu,v 为正整数。于是 u+v=8,u<v u+v=8,\qquad u\lt v\text{。}可能的情况为 (u,v)=(1,7)(u,v)=(1,7)(2,6)(2,6)(3,5)(3,5),得到三个不同的整数对 (x,y)(x,y)

所以正确答案是 D

Because x+y=831,\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}=8\sqrt{31}, the two radicals must have common squarefree part 31.31. Write x=31u2x=31u^2 and y=31v2y=31v^2 for positive integers u,v.u,v. Then u+v=8,u<v. u+v=8,\qquad u\lt v. The possibilities are (u,v)=(1,7),(u,v)=(1,7), (2,6),(2,6), and (3,5),(3,5), producing three distinct pairs (x,y).(x,y).

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

29.

yx\frac{y}{x} 的最大值,其中实数对 (x,y)(x,y) 满足 (x3)2+(y3)2=6 (x-3)^2+(y-3)^2=6\text{。}

Find the largest value of yx\frac{y}{x} for pairs of real numbers (x,y)(x,y) which satisfy (x3)2+(y3)2=6. (x-3)^2+(y-3)^2=6.

3+223+2\sqrt2

2+32+\sqrt3

333\sqrt3

66

6+236+2\sqrt3

难度评级:2240
小提示:

yx\frac{y}{x} 理解为一条过原点直线的斜率

Interpret yx\frac{y}{x} as the slope of a line through the origin

大提示:

斜率取极值时,直线 y=mxy=mx 与圆相切

At an extreme slope, the line y=mxy=mx is tangent to the circle

解答:

该圆全部位于 x>0x\gt0 的区域内,所以 yx\frac{y}{x} 是斜率 mm,相应直线 y=mxy=mx 经过圆上一点。取极值时,这条直线与圆相切。圆心 (3,3)(3,3) 到直线 mxy=0mx-y=0 的距离必须等于 6\sqrt6,因此 3m3m2+1=6 \frac{|3m-3|}{\sqrt{m^2+1}}=\sqrt6\text{。}两边平方并化简,得到 m26m+1=0m^2-6m+1=0,所以 m=3±22m=3\pm2\sqrt2。较大的值为 3+223+2\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 A

The circle lies entirely where x>0,x\gt0, so yx\frac{y}{x} is the slope mm of the line y=mxy=mx through a point on it. At an extreme, this line is tangent. The distance from the center (3,3)(3,3) to mxy=0mx-y=0 must equal 6,\sqrt6, so 3m3m2+1=6. \frac{|3m-3|}{\sqrt{m^2+1}}=\sqrt6. Squaring and simplifying gives m26m+1=0,m^2-6m+1=0, hence m=3±22.m=3\pm2\sqrt2. The larger value is 3+22.3+2\sqrt2.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

30.

对任意复数 w=a+biw=a+bi,将 w|w| 定义为实数 a2+b2\sqrt{a^2+b^2}。若 w=cos40+isin40w=\cos40^\circ+i\sin40^\circ,则 w+2w2+3w3++9w91 |w+2w^2+3w^3+\cdots+9w^9|^{-1} 等于

For any complex number w=a+bi,w=a+bi, w|w| is defined to be the real number a2+b2.\sqrt{a^2+b^2}. If w=cos40+isin40,w=\cos40^\circ+i\sin40^\circ, then w+2w2+3w3++9w91 |w+2w^2+3w^3+\cdots+9w^9|^{-1} equals

19sin40\frac19\sin40^\circ

29sin20\frac29\sin20^\circ

19cos40\frac19\cos40^\circ

118cos20\frac1{18}\cos20^\circ

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:2460
小提示:

S=w+2w2++9w9S=w+2w^2+\cdots+9w^9,再把 wSwSSS 中减去

Let S=w+2w2++9w9S=w+2w^2+\cdots+9w^9 and subtract wSwS from SS

大提示:

使用 w9=1w^9=11eiθ=2sin(θ2)|1-e^{i\theta}|=2\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})

Use w9=1w^9=1 and 1eiθ=2sin(θ2)|1-e^{i\theta}|=2\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})

解答:

S=k=19kwkS=\sum_{k=1}^9kw^k。由于 w9=1w^9=1,且 w10=ww^{10}=w(1w)S=(w+w2++w9)9w10=9w \begin{aligned} (1-w)S &=(w+w^2+\cdots+w^9)\\ &\quad-9w^{10}\\ &=-9w \end{aligned}\text{。}所以 S=91w|S|=\frac{9}{|1-w|},这是因为 w=1|w|=1。因此 S1=1w9=29sin20 |S|^{-1}=\frac{|1-w|}{9} =\frac{2}{9}\sin20^\circ\text{。}所以正确答案是 B

Let S=k=19kwk.S=\sum_{k=1}^9kw^k. Since w9=1w^9=1 and w10=w,w^{10}=w, (1w)S=(w+w2++w9)9w10=9w. \begin{aligned} (1-w)S &=(w+w^2+\cdots+w^9)\\ &\quad-9w^{10}\\ &=-9w. \end{aligned} Therefore S=91w,|S|=\frac{9}{|1-w|}, because w=1.|w|=1. Thus S1=1w9=29sin20. |S|^{-1}=\frac{|1-w|}{9} =\frac{2}{9}\sin20^\circ. Therefore, the correct answer is B.