1982 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
将 的八倍增加二,再取所得结果的四分之一,等于
If a number eight times as large as is increased by two, then one fourth of the result equals
3.
4.
一个半圆形区域的周长(以厘米计)与其面积(以平方厘米计)数值相等。这个半圆的半径(以厘米计)是
The perimeter of a semicircular region, measured in centimeters, is numerically equal to its area, measured in square centimeters. The radius of the semicircle, measured in centimeters, is
5.
两个正数 和 的比为 ,其中 。若 ,则 和 中较小的数是
Two positive numbers and are in the ratio where If then the smaller of and is
小提示:
将这两个数写成 和
Write the numbers as and
大提示:
利用它们的和求出共同的比例因子
Use their sum to determine the common scale factor
解答:
写成 和 。因为 ,所以 较小。由 得 ,因此 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Write and Since is smaller. From so
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
6.
一个凸多边形除一个内角以外的所有内角之和为 。剩下的内角是
The sum of all but one of the interior angles of a convex polygon equals The remaining angle is
小提示:
多边形的内角和是 的倍数
A polygon’s total interior angle sum is a multiple of
大提示:
缺少的凸角使总和严格介于 与 之间
The missing convex angle must place the total strictly between and
解答:
内角和必须为 ,而缺少的角介于 与 之间。介于 与 之间唯一的 的倍数是 ,所以缺少的角为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The total must be and the missing angle lies between and The only multiple of between and is leaving
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
7.
若运算 定义为 ,则下列哪一项是错误的?
If the operation is defined by then which one of the following is false?
对所有实数 和 ,都有 。
for all real and
对所有实数 、 和 , 等于 。
equals for all real and
对所有实数 , 等于 。
equals for all real
对所有实数 ,都有 。
for all real
对所有实数 、 和 ,都有 。
for all real and
小提示:
先将该运算化简为
First simplify the operation to
大提示:
用 和 检验所给的分配律
Test the proposed distributive law with and
解答:
因为 ,该运算满足交换律,单位元为 ,并且各数加 后会转化为普通乘法。因此它满足结合律,直接展开也能验证 C。当 且 时,命题 B 不成立:左边为 ,而右边为 。所以 B 错误。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since the operation is commutative, has identity and becomes ordinary multiplication after adding Thus it is associative, and direct expansion also verifies C. Statement B fails when and its left side is but its right side is Hence B is false.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
8.
按定义,,且 ,其中 、、 为正整数且 。若 、、 构成等差数列,且 ,则 等于
By definition and where are positive integers and If form an arithmetic progression with then equals
小提示:
等差数列的中项是相邻两项的平均数
The middle term of an arithmetic progression is the average of its neighbors
大提示:
将阶乘公式代入
Substitute the factorial formulas into
解答:
等差条件为 。代入并约分得到 ,即 。因为 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The progression condition is Substitution and cancellation give or Since
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
9.
在 平面中,一条竖直直线将顶点为 、 和 的三角形分成面积相等的两个区域。这条直线的方程为
A vertical line divides the triangle with vertices and in the -plane into two regions of equal area. The equation of the line is
小提示:
当 时,三角形位于 与 之间
For the triangle lies between and
大提示:
令累计面积等于三角形总面积的一半
Set the accumulated area to one half of the triangle’s total area
解答:
三角形的面积为 。当 时,该部分面积为 对于截线 ,其左侧面积为 。令其等于 ,得到 ,相关的解为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The triangle has area The portion with has area For a cut the area to its left is therefore Setting this equal to gives whose relevant solution is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
10.
在右图中, 平分 , 平分 ,且 平行于 。若 、、,则 的周长为
In the adjoining diagram, bisects bisects and is parallel to If and then the perimeter of is
小提示:
因为 是内心,所以它到 的距离就是内切圆半径
Because is the incenter, its distance from is the inradius
大提示:
比较 与 的高
Compare the altitude of with the altitude of
解答:
边长为 、、 的三角形半周长为 ,面积为 所以内切圆半径为 。以 为底,高为 。因此,从 到 的相似比为 。它的周长为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The sides have semiperimeter and area so the inradius is Taking as base, the altitude is Thus the similarity scale from to is Its perimeter is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
11.
在 与 之间,有多少个各位数字互不相同的四位整数,使得首位数字与末位数字之差的绝对值为 ?
How many integers with four different digits are there between and such that the absolute value of the difference between the first digit and the last digit is
小提示:
先计算所有符合条件的(首位数字,末位数字)有序对
First count the allowed ordered pairs of first and last digits
大提示:
固定首末两位后,再从其余八个数字中依次选出两个不同的中间数字
Once those digits are fixed, choose two distinct middle digits from the remaining eight
解答:
首位数字依次取 时,相差 的末位数字个数为 加上 ,共 个。此外,首位为 时末位还可为 ,因而共有 个首末数字有序对。中间两位有 种有序选法。因此总数为 。
因此,正确答案为 C。
For leading digits the number of possible last digits differing by is plus or In addition, leading digit may end in giving endpoint pairs. The middle digits can then be chosen in ordered ways. Thus the count is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
12.
设 ,其中 、 和 为常数。若 ,则 等于
Let where and are constants. If then equals
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
13.
14.
在右图中,点 和 位于线段 上,且 、 和 分别为圆 、 和 的直径。圆 、 和 的半径均为 ,直线 在点 处与圆 相切。若 与圆 相交于点 和 ,则弦 的长度为
In the adjoining figure, points and lie on line segment and and are diameters of circles and respectively. Circles and all have radius and the line is tangent to circle at If intersects circle at points and then chord has length
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
利用直角三角形 求点 到直线 的距离
Use right triangle to find the distance from to line
大提示:
在一个圆中,到圆心距离为 的弦长为
A chord at distance from a circle’s center has length
解答:
这里 、,且 。点 到 的距离按 成比例,因此该距离为 。所以半径为 的圆中,这条弦的长度为 。
因此,正确答案为 C。
Here and The distance from to scales with so it is Therefore the chord in the radius- circle has length
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
15.
以 表示不超过 的最大整数。设 与 满足联立方程 若 不是整数,则
Let denote the greatest integer not exceeding Let and satisfy the simultaneous equations If is not an integer, then is
是整数
an integer
在 与 之间
between and
在 与 之间
between and
在 与 之间
between and
16.
在右图中,一个木制正方体的棱长为 米。以每个面中心为中心,开出边长为一米并贯穿到相对面的正方形孔洞。孔洞的各边均与正方体的棱平行。包括孔洞内部在内的总表面积(单位:平方米)为
In the adjoining figure, a wooden cube has edges of length meters. Square holes of side one meter, centered in each face, are cut through to the opposite face. The edges of the holes are parallel to the edges of the cube. The entire surface area including the inside, in square meters, is
小提示:
先计算各外表面挖去中央正方形后的面积
Start with the outer faces after removing their central squares
大提示:
对三个通道分别计算其四个内壁未被相交通道挖去的部分
For each of the three tunnels, count the four interior walls not removed by the crossing tunnels
解答:
六个外表面的面积为 。三条长为 的正方形通道各有四个内壁,但每个内壁中央长为一个单位的部分被垂直通道挖去,因此每个内壁留下的面积为 。所以内部表面积为 。总面积为 。
因此,正确答案为 B。
The six outer faces contribute Each of the three length- square tunnels has four inner walls, but the central unit segment of every wall is removed by a perpendicular tunnel, leaving area per wall. Thus the inside contributes The total is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
17.
有多少个实数 满足方程 ?
How many real numbers satisfy the equation
小提示:
代入 ,并注意
Substitute noting that
大提示:
该方程会化为关于 的二次方程
The equation becomes a quadratic in
解答:
令 。则 ,其两根为 和 。两根均为正数,且各自对应唯一的实数 ,因此共有 个解。
因此,正确答案为 C。
Let Then whose roots are and Both are positive and each corresponds to one real so there are solutions.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
18.
在右图的长方体中,,且 。求 的余弦值。
In the adjoining figure of a rectangular solid, and Find the cosine of
小提示:
以 为原点,沿三条两两垂直的棱建立坐标系
Assign coordinates at along the three mutually perpendicular edges
大提示:
将两个已知角转化为三条棱长之间的关系,再使用点积
Translate the two given angles into relationships among the three edge lengths, then use a dot product
解答:
令 、、,且 。则 ,且 。由 的条件得 ,而由 的条件得 。因此
因此,正确答案为 D。
Let and Then and The condition gives while the condition gives Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
19.
设 ,其中 。则 的最大值与最小值之和为
Let for The sum of the largest and smallest values of is
以上都不是
none of these
20.
满足方程 的正整数对 的数量为
The number of pairs of positive integers which satisfy the equation is
无限多
not finite
以上都不是
none of these
21.
在右图中,三角形 是满足 的直角三角形。中线 垂直于中线 ,且边 。则 的长度为
In the adjoining figure, the triangle is a right triangle with Median is perpendicular to median and side The length of is
22.
在一条宽为 的狭窄小巷中,有一架长为 的梯子,其底端位于两墙之间的点 。梯子靠在一面墙的点 时,该点离地高度为 ,梯子与地面成 角。梯子靠在另一面墙的点 时,该点离地高度为 ,梯子与地面成 角。巷宽 等于
In a narrow alley of width a ladder of length is placed with its foot at a point between the walls. Resting against one wall at a distance above the ground, the ladder makes a angle with the ground. Resting against the other wall at a distance above the ground, the ladder makes a angle with the ground. The width is equal to
小提示:
用余弦表示小巷的两段水平距离
Express the two horizontal portions of the alley using cosines
大提示:
比较 与
Compare with
解答:
点 到两面墙的水平距离分别为 和 ,所以 。由和差化积公式,。又因为 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案为 E。
The horizontal distances from to the walls are and so The sum-to-product identity gives Since
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
23.
一个三角形的三边长为连续整数,且最大角是最小角的两倍。最小角的余弦值为
The lengths of the sides of a triangle are consecutive integers, and the largest angle is twice the smallest angle. The cosine of the smallest angle is
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
设最小角与最大角分别为 和
Let the smallest and largest angles be and
大提示:
用正弦定理比较最短边与最长边
Use the law of sines to compare the shortest and longest consecutive sides
解答:
设连续的三边长为 、、,其对角分别为 、、。由正弦定理,对最小角使用余弦定理还可得 令两式相等,得到 ,所以 。因此三边长为 、、,且 。
因此,正确答案为 A。
Let the consecutive sides be opposite angles By the law of sines, The law of cosines at the smallest angle also gives Equating these expressions yields so Hence the sides are and
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
24.
在右图中,一个圆与等边三角形的各边相交于六个点。若 、、,且 ,则 等于
In the adjoining figure, the circle meets the sides of an equilateral triangle at six points. If and then equals
小提示:
该三角形的三边长均为
All three sides of the triangle have length
大提示:
分别从 、 和 使用点幂定理,将底边的两段与 联系起来
Apply power of a point from and to relate the two base segments and
解答:
首先,由点 的幂可得 。后一个乘积为 ,所以 、,且 。令 、、。对从 和 引出的割线使用点幂定理,得 另外,。将两个点幂方程相减,并利用该和式,得到 。因而 ,且 。代入 得 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案为 A。
First, power of gives The latter product is so and Let From the secants at and Also Subtracting the power equations and using the sum gives Hence and Substitution into gives so
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
25.
右图是城市一部分的地图:小长方形是街区,其间的空隙是街道。每天早晨,一名学生从十字路口 沿图示街道步行到十字路口 ,且始终向东或向南走。为了使路线有所变化,每到一个可以选择方向的路口,他都以 的概率选择向东或向南,各次选择相互独立。求他在任意一天早晨经过十字路口 的概率。
The adjoining figure is a map of part of a city: the small rectangles are blocks and the spaces in between are streets. Each morning a student walks from intersection to intersection always walking along streets shown, always going east or south. For variety, at each intersection where he has a choice, he chooses with probability (independent of all other choices) whether to go east or south. Find the probability that, on any given morning, he walks through intersection
小提示:
到达 等价于在第四次向南走之前完成第三次向东走
Reaching means making the third eastward move before the fourth southward move
大提示:
按第三次向东走之前向南走的次数 分类
Condition on the number of south moves made before the third east move
解答:
若在第三次向东走之前已经向南走了 次,则到达 的最后一步是向东走,而此前的 步中有两步向东。因此
因此,正确答案为 D。
If south moves occur before the third east move, the final step to is east and the preceding steps contain two east moves. Thus
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
26.
若一个完全平方数的 进制表示为 ,其中 ,则 为
If the base representation of a perfect square is where then is
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
小提示:
模 时,只需考虑最后两位 进制数字
Only the last two base- digits matter modulo
大提示:
列出介于 与 之间的模 二次剩余
List the quadratic residues modulo that lie between and
解答:
最后两位八进制数字 表示 。在 范围内,模 的平方数只有 。因此 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案为 B。
The last two octal digits represent Squares modulo in the range include only Thus so
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
27.
设 是多项式方程 的一个解,其中 、、、、、 和 为实常数,且 。下列哪一项也必定是该方程的解?
Suppose is a solution of the polynomial equation where and are real constants and Which one of the following must also be a solution?
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
对整个方程取共轭
Conjugate the entire equation
大提示:
比较以 表示的共轭方程与原多项式在 处的值
Compare the conjugated equation at with the original polynomial evaluated at
解答:
对方程取共轭后,每个 都变为 ,且 变为 。由于自变量取相反数时,奇次幂项也会改变符号,所以这个共轭方程恰好就是原多项式在 处取值为零。因此 必定是一个根。
因此,正确答案为 C。
Conjugating the equation changes each to and to Because the odd-powered terms also change sign when the input is negated, this conjugated equation is precisely the original polynomial evaluated at Thus must be a root.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
28.
黑板上写有一组从 开始的连续正整数。擦去其中一个数后,其余各数的平均数(算术平均值)为 。擦去的是哪个数?
A set of consecutive positive integers beginning with is written on a blackboard. One number is erased. The average (arithmetic mean) of the remaining numbers is What number was erased?
无法确定
can not be determined
小提示:
若写出的最大数为 ,则剩余数的个数为
If the last written number is the remaining count is
大提示:
利用被擦去的数满足 ,缩小 的可能取值范围
Use the bounds on the erased value to narrow the possible values of
解答:
新的平均数 小于原平均数 ,但两者之差小于 ,因而 或 。又因为剩余各数之和 必须为整数,所以 是 的倍数,从而 。擦去的数为
因此,正确答案为 B。
The new average is below the original average but differs from it by less than forcing or Since the remaining sum must be integral, is divisible by so The erased number is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
29.
设 、 和 是三个和为 的正实数。若其中任何一个数都不超过另一个数的两倍,则乘积 的最小可能值为
Let and be three positive real numbers whose sum is If no one of these numbers is more than twice any other, then the minimum possible value of the product is
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
将变量排序为 ;此时起作用的约束为
Order the variables ; then the active constraint is
大提示:
最小值在边界 上取得,此时
A minimum occurs on the boundary where
解答:
将三者排序为 。取得最小值时三者的差异最大,所以 ,且 。该顺序要求 。因而 。它唯一的区间内部临界点是最大值点,所以比较两个端点:相应的值分别为 和 。最小值为 。
因此,正确答案为 A。
Order At a minimum the spread is maximal, so and The ordering requires Thus Its only interior critical point is a maximum, so compare endpoints: the values are and respectively. The minimum is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
30.
求下式的十进制展开式的个位数字:
Find the units digit in the decimal expansion of
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
将 与其共轭式 配对
Pair with its conjugate
大提示:
整数 满足一个简短的递推关系,而
The integers satisfy a short recurrence, while
解答:
令 ,且 ,则 。整数 满足 ,因此对每个 ,都有 。于是 等于 的某个倍数减去一个小于 的正数。因此它的整数部分以 为个位数字。
因此,正确答案为 D。
Let and so The integers satisfy hence for every Therefore is a multiple of minus a positive number less than Its integer part therefore ends in
Therefore, the correct answer is D.