1965 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

满足方程 22x27x+5=12^{2x^2-7x+5}=1 的实数 xx 的个数为:

The number of real values of xx satisfying the equation 22x27x+5=12^{2x^2-7x+5}=1 is:

00

11

22

44

大于 44

more than 44

知识点:指数二次方程因式分解
难度评级:1080
小提示:

不等于 11 的正底数只有在指数为 00 时幂值才为 11

A positive base other than 11 has value 11 only at exponent 00

大提示:

解方程 2x27x+5=02x^2-7x+5=0

Solve 2x27x+5=02x^2-7x+5=0

解答:

由于底数为 22, 指数必须为零。因式分解得 2x27x+5=0,(2x5)(x1)=0 \begin{gathered} 2x^2-7x+5=0,\\ (2x-5)(x-1)=0 \end{gathered}\text{。} 因此 x=52x=\frac{5}{2}x=1x=1, 共有两个实数解。

因此,正确答案是 C

Since the base is 2,2, the exponent must be zero. Factoring gives 2x27x+5=0,(2x5)(x1)=0. \begin{gathered} 2x^2-7x+5=0,\\ (2x-5)(x-1)=0. \end{gathered} Thus x=52x=\frac{5}{2} or x=1,x=1, giving two real values.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

2.

一个正六边形内接于圆。六边形一边的长度与该边所截较短圆弧的长度之比为:

A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle. The ratio of the length of a side of the hexagon to the length of the shorter of the arcs intercepted by the side is:

1:11:1

1:61:6

1:π1:\pi

3:π3:\pi

6:π6:\pi

难度评级:1520
小提示:

内接正六边形的边长等于圆的半径

Each side of an inscribed regular hexagon equals the circle’s radius

大提示:

较短圆弧的长度是圆周长的六分之一

The shorter arc is one sixth of the circumference

解答:

若半径为 rr, 则六边形的边长为 rr。 该边所截劣弧的长度为 2πr6=πr3\frac{2\pi r}{6}=\frac{\pi r}{3}。 所求比为 r:(πr3)=3:πr:(\frac{\pi r}{3})=3:\pi

因此,正确答案是 D

If the radius is r,r, the hexagon side is r.r. Its intercepted minor arc has length 2πr6=πr3.\frac{2\pi r}{6}=\frac{\pi r}{3}. The ratio is r:(πr3)=3:π.r:(\frac{\pi r}{3})=3:\pi.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

3.

表达式 81(22)81^{-(2^{-2})} 的值与下列哪一项相同:

The expression 81(22)81^{-(2^{-2})} has the same value as:

181\dfrac1{81}

13\dfrac13

33

8181

81481^4

难度评级:1350
小提示:

先求指数 222^{-2} 的值

Evaluate the exponent 222^{-2} first

大提示:

8181 写成 343^4

Write 8181 as 343^4

解答:

由于 22=142^{-2}=\frac{1}{4}81(22)=8114=(34)14=13 \begin{aligned} 81^{-(2^{-2})} &=81^{-\frac{1}{4}}\\ &=(3^4)^{-\frac{1}{4}}=\frac13 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Since 22=14,2^{-2}=\frac{1}{4}, 81(22)=8114=(34)14=13. \begin{aligned} 81^{-(2^{-2})} &=81^{-\frac{1}{4}}\\ &=(3^4)^{-\frac{1}{4}}=\frac13. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

4.

直线 l2l_2 与直线 l1l_1 相交,直线 l3l_3l1l_1 平行。这三条直线互不相同且位于同一平面内。到三条直线距离均相等的点共有:

Line l2l_2 intersects line l1l_1 and line l3l_3 is parallel to l1.l_1. The three lines are distinct and lie in a plane. The number of points equidistant from all three lines is:

00

11

22

44

88

难度评级:1530
小提示:

到两条平行线距离相等的点位于两线之间的平行中线上

Points equidistant from the two parallel lines lie on their midway parallel

大提示:

将这条平行中线分别与 l1l_1l2l_2 的两条角平分线相交

Intersect that midway line with the two angle bisectors of l1l_1 and l2l_2

解答:

到平行线 l1l_1l3l_3 距离相等的点位于两线之间唯一的平行中线上。到相交直线 l1l_1l2l_2 距离相等的点位于它们的两条角平分线之一上。每条角平分线都与平行中线相交一次,因此共有两个点。

因此,正确答案是 C

Points equidistant from parallel lines l1l_1 and l3l_3 lie on the unique line midway between them. Points equidistant from intersecting lines l1l_1 and l2l_2 lie on either of their two angle bisectors. Each angle bisector meets the midway parallel once, giving two points.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

5.

将循环小数 0.3636360.363636\ldots 写成最简分数后,分子与分母之和为:

When the repeating decimal 0.3636360.363636\ldots is written in simplest fractional form, the sum of the numerator and denominator is:

1515

4545

114114

135135

150150

知识点:循环小数分数
难度评级:1260
小提示:

将这个小数乘以 100100,再减去原数

Multiply the decimal by 100100 and subtract the original number

大提示:

约分 3699\frac{36}{99}

Simplify 3699\frac{36}{99}

解答:

z=0.363636z=0.363636\ldots。 则 100zz=36100z-z=36, 所以 z=3699=411z=\frac{36}{99}=\frac{4}{11}。 所求的和为 4+11=154+11=15

因此,正确答案是 A

Let z=0.363636.z=0.363636\ldots. Then 100zz=36,100z-z=36, so z=3699=411.z=\frac{36}{99}=\frac{4}{11}. The requested sum is 4+11=15.4+11=15.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

6.

10log109=8x+510^{\log_{10}9}=8x+5, 则 xx 等于:

If 10log109=8x+5,10^{\log_{10}9}=8x+5, then xx equals:

00

12\dfrac12

58\dfrac58

98\dfrac98

2log10358\dfrac{2\log_{10}3-5}{8}

知识点:对数一次方程
难度评级:1280
小提示:

利用 10log109=910^{\log_{10}9}=9

Use 10log109=910^{\log_{10}9}=9

大提示:

解所得的一次方程 9=8x+59=8x+5

Solve the resulting linear equation 9=8x+59=8x+5

解答:

指数函数与对数函数互相抵消,所以 10log109=910^{\log_{10}9}=9。 因此 8x+5=98x+5=9, 从而 x=12x=\frac{1}{2}

因此,正确答案是 B

The exponential and logarithm cancel, so 10log109=9.10^{\log_{10}9}=9. Thus 8x+5=9,8x+5=9, giving x=12.x=\frac{1}{2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

7.

方程 ax2+bx+c=0ax^2+bx+c=0 各根的倒数之和为:

The sum of the reciprocals of the roots of the equation ax2+bx+c=0ax^2+bx+c=0 is:

1a+1b\dfrac1a+\dfrac1b

cb-\dfrac cb

bc\dfrac bc

ab-\dfrac ab

bc-\dfrac bc

难度评级:1510
小提示:

若两根为 r,sr,s, 则 1r+1s=r+srs\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{s}=\frac{r+s}{rs}

If the roots are r,s,r,s, then 1r+1s=r+srs\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{s}=\frac{r+s}{rs}

大提示:

利用 r+s=bar+s=-\frac{b}{a}rs=cars=\frac{c}{a}

Use r+s=bar+s=-\frac{b}{a} and rs=cars=\frac{c}{a}

解答:

根据韦达定理,r+s=bar+s=-\frac{b}{a},且 rs=cars=\frac{c}{a}。 因此 1r+1s=r+srs=baca=bc \begin{aligned} \frac1r+\frac1s &=\frac{r+s}{rs}\\ &=\frac{-\frac{b}{a}}{\frac{c}{a}}=-\frac bc \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

By Vieta’s formulas, r+s=bar+s=-\frac{b}{a} and rs=ca.rs=\frac{c}{a}. Therefore 1r+1s=r+srs=baca=bc. \begin{aligned} \frac1r+\frac1s &=\frac{r+s}{rs}\\ &=\frac{-\frac{b}{a}}{\frac{c}{a}}=-\frac bc. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

8.

一个三角形的一边长为 1818 英寸。在三角形内作一条与此边平行的线段,所形成梯形的面积是原三角形面积的三分之一。这条线段的长度(英寸)为:

One side of a given triangle is 1818 inches. Inside the triangle a line segment is drawn parallel to this side forming a trapezoid whose area is one-third of that of the triangle. The length of this segment, in inches, is:

666\sqrt6

929\sqrt2

1212

636\sqrt3

99

难度评级:1580
小提示:

线段上方小三角形的面积是原三角形面积的三分之二

The smaller triangle above the segment has two-thirds of the original area

大提示:

长度比等于面积比的平方根

Linear scale factors are square roots of area scale factors

解答:

梯形占总面积的三分之一,所以较小相似三角形占三分之二。它的长度比为 23\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}。 因此平行线段的长度为 1823=6618\sqrt{\frac23}=6\sqrt6\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

The trapezoid occupies one third of the area, so the smaller similar triangle occupies two thirds. Its linear scale factor is 23.\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}. Hence the parallel segment has length 1823=66.18\sqrt{\frac23}=6\sqrt6.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

9.

cc 的值为下列哪一项时,抛物线 y=x28x+cy=x^2-8x+c 的顶点位于 xx 轴上:

The vertex of the parabola y=x28x+cy=x^2-8x+c will be a point on the xx-axis if the value of cc is:

16-16

4-4

44

88

1616

知识点:抛物线配方法
难度评级:1360
小提示:

x28x+cx^2-8x+c 配方

Complete the square in x28x+cx^2-8x+c

大提示:

顶点的 yy 坐标必须等于 00

The vertex’s yy-coordinate must equal 00

解答:

配方得 y=(x4)2+c16y=(x-4)^2+c-16\text{。}顶点为 (4,c16)(4,c-16),所以当 c=16c=16 时,顶点位于 xx 轴上。

因此,正确答案是 E

Completing the square gives y=(x4)2+c16.y=(x-4)^2+c-16. The vertex is (4,c16),(4,c-16), so it lies on the xx-axis when c=16.c=16.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

10.

命题 x2x6<0x^2-x-6\lt0 等价于:

The statement x2x6<0x^2-x-6\lt0 is equivalent to the statement:

2<x<3-2\lt x\lt3

x>2x\gt-2

x<3x\lt3

x>3x\gt3x<2x\lt-2

x>3x\gt3 and x<2x\lt-2

x>3x\gt3x<2x\lt-2

x>3x\gt3 or x<2x\lt-2

难度评级:1470
小提示:

x2x6x^2-x-6 因式分解

Factor x2x6x^2-x-6

大提示:

首项系数为正的二次式在两根之间为负

A positive-leading quadratic is negative between its two roots

解答:

x2x6=(x3)(x+2)x^2-x-6=(x-3)(x+2)。 该乘积恰在两根之间为负,因此 2<x<3-2\lt x\lt3

因此,正确答案是 A

We have x2x6=(x3)(x+2).x^2-x-6=(x-3)(x+2). This product is negative exactly between its roots, so 2<x<3.-2\lt x\lt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

11.

考虑以下命题:

I:(4)(16)=(4)(16)\begin{aligned} \mathrm{I:}\quad &(\sqrt{-4})(\sqrt{-16})\\ &=\sqrt{(-4)(-16)} \end{aligned}\text{,}

II:(4)(16)=64\mathrm{II:}\quad \sqrt{(-4)(-16)}=\sqrt{64}\text{,}

以及

III:64=8\mathrm{III:}\quad \sqrt{64}=8\text{。}

其中不正确的是:

Consider the statements:

I:(4)(16)=(4)(16),\begin{aligned} \mathrm{I:}\quad &(\sqrt{-4})(\sqrt{-16})\\ &=\sqrt{(-4)(-16)}, \end{aligned}

II:(4)(16)=64,\mathrm{II:}\quad \sqrt{(-4)(-16)}=\sqrt{64},

and

III:64=8.\mathrm{III:}\quad \sqrt{64}=8.

Of these the following are incorrect:

没有

none

I\mathrm{I}

I\mathrm{I} only

II\mathrm{II}

II\mathrm{II} only

III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III} only

I\mathrm{I}III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I} and III\mathrm{III} only

知识点:根式复数
难度评级:1500
小提示:

平方根的乘法法则要求被开方数为非负实数

The product rule for square roots requires nonnegative real radicands

大提示:

直接判断命题 II 和 III

Evaluate statements II and III directly

解答:

命题 I 将 ab=ab\sqrt a\sqrt b=\sqrt{ab} 错误地用于负被开方数;在实数范围内其左边没有定义,而取复数主值时左边等于 8-8, 而不是 88。 命题 II 和 III 都能正确化简为 88。 因此只有 I 不正确。

因此,正确答案是 B

Statement I improperly applies ab=ab\sqrt a\sqrt b=\sqrt{ab} to negative radicands; over the reals its left side is undefined, and with principal complex roots it equals 8,-8, not 8.8. Statements II and III both correctly simplify to 8.8. Thus only I is incorrect.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

12.

在三角形 ABCABC 内作一个菱形,使其一个顶点为 AA,且两条边分别位于 ABABACAC 上。若 AC=6AC=6 英寸,AB=12AB=12 英寸,且 BC=8BC=8 英寸,则菱形的边长(英寸)为:

A rhombus is inscribed in triangle ABCABC in such a way that one of its vertices is AA and two of its sides lie along ABAB and AC.AC. If AC=6AC=6 inches, AB=12AB=12 inches, and BC=8BC=8 inches, the side of the rhombus, in inches, is:

22

33

3123\dfrac12

44

55

难度评级:1720
小提示:

设菱形边长为 ss;相邻顶点分别位于 ABABs12\frac{s}{12} 位置与 ACACs6\frac{s}{6} 位置

Let the rhombus side be ss, with adjacent vertices s12\frac{s}{12} of the way along ABAB and s6\frac{s}{6} along ACAC

大提示:

菱形的对角顶点位于 BCBC 上,因此它的两个仿射系数之和为 11

The opposite rhombus vertex lies on BCBC, so its two affine coefficients sum to 11

解答:

AA 为原点,并设从原点指向 B,CB,C 的向量分别为 u,vu,v。若菱形边长为 ss,则其对角顶点为 (s12)u+(s6)v(\frac{s}{12})u+(\frac{s}{6})v。当这两个系数之和为 11 时,该点位于 BCBC 上。因此 s12+s6=1 \frac{s}{12}+\frac{s}{6}=1\text{,}从而 s=4s=4

因此,正确答案是 D

Use AA as the origin and let the vectors to B,CB,C be u,v.u,v. If the rhombus side is s,s, its opposite vertex is (s12)u+(s6)v.(\frac{s}{12})u+(\frac{s}{6})v. A point lies on BCBC when these coefficients sum to 1.1. Thus s12+s6=1, \frac{s}{12}+\frac{s}{6}=1, giving s=4.s=4.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

13.

nn 为同时满足 5y3x=155y-3x=15x2+y216x^2+y^2\leq16 的数对 (x,y)(x,y) 的个数。则 nn 为:

Let nn be the number of number-pairs (x,y)(x,y) which satisfy 5y3x=155y-3x=15 and x2+y216.x^2+y^2\leq16. Then nn is:

00

11

22

大于二但有限

more than two, but finite

大于任何有限数

greater than any finite number

难度评级:1610
小提示:

该不等式表示以原点为圆心、半径为 44 的圆盘

The inequality describes the disk of radius 44 centered at the origin

大提示:

比较直线到原点的距离 1534\frac{15}{\sqrt{34}}44

Compare the line’s distance 1534\frac{15}{\sqrt{34}} from the origin with 44

解答:

该直线到原点的距离为 15(3)2+52=1534<4\frac{15}{\sqrt{(-3)^2+5^2}}=\frac{15}{\sqrt{34}}\lt4。 因此它穿过圆盘 x2+y216x^2+y^2\leq16 的内部,交集是一条含有无穷多个点的线段。

因此,正确答案是 E

The line’s distance from the origin is 15(3)2+52=1534<4.\frac{15}{\sqrt{(-3)^2+5^2}}=\frac{15}{\sqrt{34}}\lt4. It therefore crosses the interior of the disk x2+y216x^2+y^2\leq16 in a segment containing infinitely many points.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

14.

(x22xy+y2)7(x^2-2xy+y^2)^7 完全展开后所有数值系数之和为:

The sum of the numerical coefficients in the complete expansion of (x22xy+y2)7(x^2-2xy+y^2)^7 is:

00

77

1414

128128

1282128^2

知识点:多项式换元法
难度评级:1470
小提示:

令两个变量都等于 11,即可得到系数和

Set both variables equal to 11 to obtain the coefficient sum

大提示:

七次幂括号内的表达式变为 12+11-2+1

The expression inside the seventh power becomes 12+11-2+1

解答:

x=y=1x=y=1 后,每个单项式都等于 11, 因此所得值就是数值系数之和。这个值为 (12+1)7=0(1-2+1)^7=0\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

Setting x=y=1x=y=1 makes every monomial equal 1,1, so the value is the sum of the numerical coefficients. It is (12+1)7=0.(1-2+1)^7=0.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

15.

符号 25b25_b 表示 bb 进制中的一个两位数。若数 52b52_b 是数 25b25_b 的两倍,则 bb 为:

The symbol 25b25_b represents a two-digit number in the base b.b. If the number 52b52_b is double the number 25b,25_b, then bb is:

77

88

99

1111

1212

难度评级:1500
小提示:

25b25_b 写成 2b+52b+5,并将 52b52_b 写成 5b+25b+2

Translate 25b25_b as 2b+52b+5 and 52b52_b as 5b+25b+2

大提示:

解方程 5b+2=2(2b+5)5b+2=2(2b+5)

Solve 5b+2=2(2b+5)5b+2=2(2b+5)

解答:

用通常的记法,25b=2b+525_b=2b+5,且 52b=5b+252_b=5b+2。 因此 5b+2=2(2b+5)5b+2=2(2b+5)\text{,} 所以 b=8b=8

因此,正确答案是 B

In ordinary notation, 25b=2b+525_b=2b+5 and 52b=5b+2.52_b=5b+2. Thus 5b+2=2(2b+5),5b+2=2(2b+5), so b=8.b=8.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

16.

设直线 ACAC 垂直于直线 CECE。连接 AACECE 的中点 DD,并连接 EEACAC 的中点 BB。若 ADADEBEB 相交于点 FF,且 BC=CD=15BC=CD=15 英寸,则三角形 DFEDFE 的面积(平方英寸)为:

Let line ACAC be perpendicular to line CE.CE. Connect AA to the midpoint DD of CE,CE, and connect EE to the midpoint BB of AC.AC. If ADAD and EBEB intersect in point F,F, and BC=CD=15BC=CD=15 inches, then the area of triangle DFE,DFE, in square inches, is:

5050

50250\sqrt2

7575

152105\dfrac{15}{2}\sqrt{105}

100100

难度评级:1830
小提示:

因为 B,DB,D 是中点且 BC=CD=15BC=CD=15, 所以两条直角边的长度均为 3030

Since B,DB,D are midpoints and BC=CD=15,BC=CD=15, both perpendicular legs have length 3030

大提示:

取坐标 C=(0,0),A=(0,30)C=(0,0), A=(0,30)E=(30,0)E=(30,0);两条中线交于重心

Use coordinates C=(0,0),A=(0,30)C=(0,0), A=(0,30) and E=(30,0)E=(30,0); the two medians meet at the centroid

解答:

C=(0,0), A=(0,30)C=(0,0),\ A=(0,30)E=(30,0)E=(30,0)。则 B=(0,15)B=(0,15),且 D=(15,0)D=(15,0)。直线 ADADEBEB 是三角形 ACEACE 的中线,所以它们交于重心 F=(10,10)F=(10,10)。线段 DEDE 长为 1515,点 FF 到其所在直线的距离为 1010。因此 [DFE]=12(15)(10)=75[DFE]=\frac12(15)(10)=75\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Put C=(0,0), A=(0,30),C=(0,0),\ A=(0,30), and E=(30,0).E=(30,0). Then B=(0,15)B=(0,15) and D=(15,0).D=(15,0). Lines ADAD and EBEB are medians of triangle ACE,ACE, so they meet at the centroid F=(10,10).F=(10,10). Segment DEDE has length 1515 and FF is 1010 units above its line. Therefore [DFE]=12(15)(10)=75.[DFE]=\frac12(15)(10)=75.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

已知命题“只有当天气不好时,星期日的野餐才不会举行”为真。由此可推出:

Given the true statement: The picnic on Sunday will not be held only if the weather is not fair. We can then conclude that:

如果野餐举行,那么星期日的天气一定 晴朗。

If the picnic is held, Sunday’s weather is undoubtedly fair.

如果野餐不举行,那么星期日的天气可能 不好。

If the picnic is not held, Sunday’s weather is possibly unfair.

如果星期日天气不好,野餐就不会举行。

If it is not fair Sunday, the picnic will not be held.

如果星期日天气晴朗,野餐可能举行。

If it is fair Sunday, the picnic may be held.

如果星期日天气晴朗,野餐就会 举行。

If it is fair Sunday, the picnic will be held.

知识点:逻辑推理
难度评级:1650
小提示:

将“只有在 QQ 时才 PP”写成 PQP\to Q

Translate “PP only if QQ” as PQP\to Q

大提示:

对“未举行蕴含天气不好”取逆否命题

Take the contrapositive of “not held implies not fair”

解答:

该命题的含义是:如果野餐没有举行,那么天气不好。它的逆否命题是:如果天气晴朗,那么野餐会举行。

因此,正确答案是 E

The statement says: if the picnic is not held, then the weather is not fair. Its contrapositive is: if the weather is fair, then the picnic will be held.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

18.

当用 1y1-y 作为 11+y\dfrac1{1+y}(其中 y<1|y|\lt1)的近似值时,所产生的误差与正确值之比为:

If 1y1-y is used as an approximation to the value of 11+y,\dfrac1{1+y}, y<1,|y|\lt1, the ratio of the error made to the correct value is:

yy

y2y^2

11+y\dfrac1{1+y}

y1+y\dfrac y{1+y}

y21+y\dfrac{y^2}{1+y}

知识点:估算代数变形
难度评级:1580
小提示:

用正确值减去近似值 1y1-y

Subtract the approximation 1y1-y from the correct value

大提示:

将该误差除以 11+y\frac{1}{1+y}

Divide that error by 11+y\frac{1}{1+y}

解答:

误差为 11+y(1y)=y21+y\frac1{1+y}-(1-y)=\frac{y^2}{1+y}\text{。} 再除以正确值 11+y\frac{1}{1+y},所得比值为 y2y^2

因此,正确答案是 B

The error is 11+y(1y)=y21+y.\frac1{1+y}-(1-y)=\frac{y^2}{1+y}. Dividing by the correct value 11+y\frac{1}{1+y} gives the ratio y2.y^2.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

19.

x4+4x3+6px2+4qx+rx^4+4x^3+6px^2+4qx+r 能被 x3+3x2+9x+3x^3+3x^2+9x+3 整除,则 (p+q)r(p+q)r 的值为:

If x4+4x3+6px2+4qx+rx^4+4x^3+6px^2+4qx+r is exactly divisible by x3+3x2+9x+3,x^3+3x^2+9x+3, the value of (p+q)r(p+q)r is:

18-18

1212

1515

2727

4545

难度评级:1830
小提示:

商必须是首一一次式

The quotient must be monic and linear

大提示:

减去 (x+1)(x3+3x2+9x+3)(x+1)(x^3+3x^2+9x+3) 并比较系数

Subtract (x+1)(x3+3x2+9x+3)(x+1)(x^3+3x^2+9x+3) and compare coefficients

解答:

由首项可知商必为 x+1x+1。 展开得 (x+1)(x3+3x2+9x+3)=x4+4x3+12x2+12x+3 \begin{aligned} &(x+1)(x^3+3x^2+9x+3)\\ &\quad=x^4+4x^3+12x^2+12x+3 \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此 6p=12, 4q=12, r=36p=12,\ 4q=12,\ r=3, 所以 p=2, q=3p=2,\ q=3,且 (p+q)r=15(p+q)r=15

因此,正确答案是 C

The leading terms force quotient x+1.x+1. Expanding, (x+1)(x3+3x2+9x+3)=x4+4x3+12x2+12x+3. \begin{aligned} &(x+1)(x^3+3x^2+9x+3)\\ &\quad=x^4+4x^3+12x^2+12x+3. \end{aligned} Thus 6p=12, 4q=12, r=3,6p=12,\ 4q=12,\ r=3, so p=2, q=3p=2,\ q=3 and (p+q)r=15.(p+q)r=15.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

20.

对每个 nn,某等差数列前 nn 项的和 SnS_n2n+3n22n+3n^2。 则第 rr 项为:

For every nn the sum SnS_n of nn terms of an arithmetic progression is 2n+3n2.2n+3n^2. The rrth term is:

3r23r^2

3r2+2r3r^2+2r

6r16r-1

5r+55r+5

6r+26r+2

难度评级:1360
小提示:

rr 项等于 SrSr1S_r-S_{r-1}

The rrth term equals SrSr1S_r-S_{r-1}

大提示:

计算这两个二次式之差

Compute the difference of the two quadratic expressions

解答:

rr 项等于相邻两个部分和之差。代入并化简得 SrSr1=6r1S_r-S_{r-1}=6r-1\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The rrth term is the difference of consecutive partial sums. Substitution and simplification give SrSr1=6r1.S_r-S_{r-1}=6r-1.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

21.

可以选取 x>23x\gt\dfrac23,使得

log10(x2+3)2log10x \log_{10}(x^2+3)-2\log_{10}x

的值:

It is possible to choose x>23x\gt\dfrac23 in such a way that the value of

log10(x2+3)2log10x \log_{10}(x^2+3)-2\log_{10}x

is:

为负数

negative

为零

zero

为一

one

小于任意给定的正数

smaller than any positive number that might be specified

大于任意给定的正数

greater than any positive number that might be specified

难度评级:1860
小提示:

将对数合并为 log10(1+3x2)\log_{10}(1+\frac{3}{x^2})

Combine the logarithms into log10(1+3x2)\log_{10}(1+\frac{3}{x^2})

大提示:

xx 无限增大

Let xx grow without bound

解答:

该表达式等于 log10(x2+3x2)=log10(1+3x2) \begin{gathered} \log_{10}\left(\frac{x^2+3}{x^2}\right)\\ =\log_{10}\left(1+\frac3{x^2}\right) \end{gathered}\text{。} 它始终为正,但随着 xx 增大而趋近于 00。因此可以使它小于任意给定的正数。

因此,正确答案是 D

The expression is log10(x2+3x2)=log10(1+3x2). \begin{gathered} \log_{10}\left(\frac{x^2+3}{x^2}\right)\\ =\log_{10}\left(1+\frac3{x^2}\right). \end{gathered} It is always positive, but tends to 00 as xx grows. Therefore it can be made smaller than any specified positive number.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

a20a_2\ne0,且 rrssa0+a1x+a2x2=0a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2=0 的两根,则等式

a0+a1x+a2x2=a0(1xr)(1xs) \begin{aligned} a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2 &=a_0\left(1-\frac xr\right)\\ &\quad\cdot\left(1-\frac xs\right) \end{aligned}

成立的条件是:

If a20a_2\ne0 and r,r, ss are the roots of a0+a1x+a2x2=0,a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2=0, then the equality

a0+a1x+a2x2=a0(1xr)(1xs) \begin{aligned} a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2 &=a_0\left(1-\frac xr\right)\\ &\quad\cdot\left(1-\frac xs\right) \end{aligned}

holds:

a00a_0\ne0 时,对所有 xx, 均成立

for all values of x,x, a00a_0\ne0

对所有 xx 均成立

for all values of xx

仅当 x=0x=0 时成立

only when x=0x=0

仅当 x=rx=rx=sx=s 时成立

only when x=rx=r or x=sx=s

a00a_0\ne0 时,仅在 x=rx=rx=sx=s 时成立

only when x=rx=r or x=s,x=s, a00a_0\ne0

难度评级:2000
小提示:

右边要求两根都不为零

The right side requires both roots to be nonzero

大提示:

利用 rs=a0a2rs=\frac{a_0}{a_2} 比较首项系数

Use rs=a0a2rs=\frac{a_0}{a_2} to compare the leading coefficients

解答:

a00a_0\ne0,则 rs=a0a20rs=\frac{a_0}{a_2}\ne0,并且 a0(1xr)(1xs)=a0rs(xr)(xs)=a2(xr)(xs) \begin{gathered} a_0\left(1-\frac xr\right) \left(1-\frac xs\right)\\ =\frac{a_0}{rs}(x-r)(x-s)\\ =a_2(x-r)(x-s) \end{gathered} 对每个 xx 都等于原多项式。若 a0=0a_0=0,则右边至少有一个分母为零。

因此,正确答案是 A

If a00,a_0\ne0, then rs=a0a20rs=\frac{a_0}{a_2}\ne0 and a0(1xr)(1xs)=a0rs(xr)(xs)=a2(xr)(xs), \begin{gathered} a_0\left(1-\frac xr\right) \left(1-\frac xs\right)\\ =\frac{a_0}{rs}(x-r)(x-s)\\ =a_2(x-r)(x-s), \end{gathered} which is the original polynomial for every x.x. If a0=0,a_0=0, at least one denominator on the right is zero.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

23.

对所有满足 x2<0.01|x-2|\lt0.01xx,若要写成 x24<N|x^2-4|\lt N,则可取的最小 NN 值为:

If we write x24<N|x^2-4|\lt N for all xx such that x2<0.01,|x-2|\lt0.01, the smallest value we can use for NN is:

0.03010.0301

0.03490.0349

0.03990.0399

0.04010.0401

0.04990.0499

难度评级:1910
小提示:

因式分解 x24=x2x+2|x^2-4|=|x-2||x+2|

Factor x24=x2x+2|x^2-4|=|x-2||x+2|

大提示:

xx 趋近 2.012.01 时得到较大的单侧界

The larger one-sided bound occurs as xx approaches 2.012.01

解答:

1.99<x<2.011.99\lt x\lt2.01 时,x24=x2x+2<(0.01)(4.01)=0.0401 \begin{gathered} |x^2-4|=|x-2||x+2|\\ \lt(0.01)(4.01)=0.0401 \end{gathered}\text{。}xx 任意接近 2.012.01 时,该表达式也任意接近 0.04010.0401,因此任何更小的上界都不成立。

因此,正确答案是 D

For 1.99<x<2.01,1.99\lt x\lt2.01, x24=x2x+2<(0.01)(4.01)=0.0401. \begin{gathered} |x^2-4|=|x-2||x+2|\\ \lt(0.01)(4.01)=0.0401. \end{gathered} Values with xx arbitrarily close to 2.012.01 make the expression arbitrarily close to 0.0401,0.0401, so no smaller bound works.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

24.

给定数列 1011110^{\frac{1}{11}}1021110^{\frac{2}{11}}1031110^{\frac{3}{11}}\ldots10n1110^{\frac{n}{11}},使该数列前 nn 项之积大于 100,000100{,}000 的最小 nn 值为:

Given the sequence 10111,10^{\frac{1}{11}}, 10211,10^{\frac{2}{11}}, 10311,10^{\frac{3}{11}}, ,\ldots, 10n11,10^{\frac{n}{11}}, the smallest value of nn such that the product of the first nn members of this sequence exceeds 100,000100{,}000 is:

77

88

99

1010

1111

难度评级:1530
小提示:

将乘积中各项的指数相加

Add the exponents in the product

大提示:

要求 n(n+1)22>5\frac{n(n+1)}{22}\gt5

Require n(n+1)22>5\frac{n(n+1)}{22}\gt5

解答:

该乘积为 101+2++n11=10n(n+1)22 10^{\frac{1+2+\cdots+n}{11}} =10^{\frac{n(n+1)}{22}}\text{。} 要大于 100,000=105100{,}000=10^5, 需有 n(n+1)>110n(n+1)\gt110。 当 n=10n=10 时恰好相等,而 n=11n=11 时超过它。

因此,正确答案是 E

The product is 101+2++n11=10n(n+1)22. 10^{\frac{1+2+\cdots+n}{11}} =10^{\frac{n(n+1)}{22}}. To exceed 100,000=105,100{,}000=10^5, we need n(n+1)>110.n(n+1)\gt110. At n=10n=10 equality holds, while n=11n=11 exceeds it.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

25.

ABCDABCD 为四边形,将 ABAB 延长到 EE,使 AB=BEAB=BE。 连接 ACACCECE,形成角 ACEACE。 若此角为直角,则四边形 ABCDABCD 必须具有:

Let ABCDABCD be a quadrilateral with ABAB extended to EE so that AB=BE.AB=BE. Lines ACAC and CECE are drawn to form angle ACE.ACE. For this angle to be a right angle it is necessary that quadrilateral ABCDABCD have:

所有角都相等

all angles equal

所有边都相等

all sides equal

两对相等的边

two pairs of equal sides

一对相等的边

one pair of equal sides

一对相等的角

one pair of equal angles

难度评级:1830
小提示:

因为 AB=BEAB=BE, 所以点 BBAEAE 的中点

Because AB=BE,AB=BE, point BB is the midpoint of AEAE

大提示:

在直角三角形中,斜边中点到三个顶点的距离相等

In a right triangle, the midpoint of the hypotenuse is equidistant from all three vertices

解答:

ACE=90\angle ACE=90^\circ,则 AEAE 是直角三角形 ACEACE 的斜边。斜边中点 BBA,C,EA,C,E 的距离相等。因此 AB=BCAB=BC,所以四边形 ABCDABCD 必定至少有一对相等的边。无法推出任何关于 DD 的条件。

因此,正确答案是 D

If ACE=90,\angle ACE=90^\circ, then AEAE is the hypotenuse of right triangle ACE.ACE. Its midpoint BB is equidistant from A,C,E.A,C,E. Thus AB=BC,AB=BC, so quadrilateral ABCDABCD necessarily has at least one pair of equal sides. No condition involving DD follows.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

26.

对于数 aabbccddee,定义 mm 为这五个数的算术平均数;kkaabb 的算术平均数;llccddee 的算术平均数;ppkkll 的算术平均数。无论如何选取 aabbccddee,总有:

For the numbers a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, ee define mm to be the arithmetic mean of all five numbers; kk to be the arithmetic mean of aa and b;b; ll to be the arithmetic mean of c,c, d,d, and e;e; and pp to be the arithmetic mean of kk and l.l. Then, no matter how a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, ee are chosen, we shall always have:

m=pm=p

mpm\geq p

m>pm\gt p

m<pm\lt p

以上都不一定成立

none of these

难度评级:1610
小提示:

用分组平均数 kkll 表示 mm

Express mm in terms of the subgroup means kk and ll

大提示:

比较 m=2k+3l5m=\frac{2k+3l}{5}p=k+l2p=\frac{k+l}{2}

Compare m=2k+3l5m=\frac{2k+3l}{5} with p=k+l2p=\frac{k+l}{2}

解答:

m=2k+3l5m=\frac{2k+3l}{5}p=k+l2p=\frac{k+l}{2}\text{,}所以 mp=lk10m-p=\frac{l-k}{10}。该差值可能为正、为零或为负,取决于所选各数。因此前四种关系没有一种恒成立。

因此,正确答案是 E

We have m=2k+3l5m=\frac{2k+3l}{5} and p=k+l2,p=\frac{k+l}{2}, so mp=lk10.m-p=\frac{l-k}{10}. This difference may be positive, zero, or negative depending on the chosen numbers. None of the first four relations always holds.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

27.

y1y-1y2+my+2y^2+my+2,商为 f(y)f(y),余数为 R1R_1。 用 y+1y+1y2+my+2y^2+my+2,商为 g(y)g(y),余数为 R2R_2。 若 R1=R2R_1=R_2, 则 mm 为:

When y2+my+2y^2+my+2 is divided by y1y-1 the quotient is f(y)f(y) and the remainder is R1.R_1. When y2+my+2y^2+my+2 is divided by y+1y+1 the quotient is g(y)g(y) and the remainder is R2.R_2. If R1=R2,R_1=R_2, then mm is:

00

11

22

1-1

一个无法确定的常数

an undetermined constant

难度评级:1470
小提示:

y=1y=1y=1y=-1 处应用余式定理

Use the remainder theorem at y=1y=1 and y=1y=-1

大提示:

m+3=3mm+3=3-m

Set m+3=3mm+3=3-m

解答:

由余式定理得 R1=1+m+2=m+3R_1=1+m+2=m+3,且 R2=1m+2=3mR_2=1-m+2=3-m。 两者相等可得 m=0m=0

因此,正确答案是 A

The remainder theorem gives R1=1+m+2=m+3R_1=1+m+2=m+3 and R2=1m+2=3m.R_2=1-m+2=3-m. Equality implies m=0.m=0.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

28.

一部向下匀速运行的自动扶梯始终可见 nn 级等高台阶。两个男孩 AAZZ 随扶梯稳定向下走,AA 每分钟走过的扶梯台阶数是 ZZ 的两倍。AA 走了 2727 步到达底端,而 ZZ 走了 1818 步到达底端。则 nn 为:

An escalator (moving staircase) of nn uniform steps visible at all times descends at constant speed. Two boys, AA and Z,Z, walk down the escalator steadily as it moves, AA negotiating twice as many escalator steps per minute as Z.Z. AA reaches the bottom after taking 2727 steps while ZZ reaches the bottom after taking 1818 steps. Then nn is:

6363

5454

4545

3636

3030

难度评级:1880
小提示:

ZZ 的步速为 vv,扶梯速度为 ee

Let ZZ’s stepping rate be vv and the escalator rate be ee

大提示:

27+27e2v27+\frac{27e}{2v}18+18ev18+\frac{18e}{v} 相等

Equate 27+27e2v27+\frac{27e}{2v} and 18+18ev18+\frac{18e}{v}

解答:

ZZ 每分钟走 vv 步,则 AA 每分钟走 2v2v 步,并设扶梯每分钟贡献 ee 级台阶。他们的行进时间分别为 272v\frac{27}{2v}18v\frac{18}{v}。因此 n=27+27e2v=18+18ev n=27+\frac{27e}{2v} =18+\frac{18e}{v}\text{。}解得 ev=2\frac{e}{v}=2,从而 n=18+18(2)=54n=18+18(2)=54

因此,正确答案是 B

Let ZZ take vv steps per minute, so AA takes 2v,2v, and let the escalator contribute ee steps per minute. Their travel times are 272v\frac{27}{2v} and 18v.\frac{18}{v}. Thus n=27+27e2v=18+18ev. n=27+\frac{27e}{2v} =18+\frac{18e}{v}. This gives ev=2,\frac{e}{v}=2, and then n=18+18(2)=54.n=18+18(2)=54.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

29.

在至少选修一门课程的 2828 名学生中,只选数学和英语的人数等于只选数学的人数。没有学生只选英语或只选历史,有六名学生选数学和历史但不选英语。只选英语和历史的人数是三门都选人数的五倍。若三门都选的人数为非零偶数,则只选英语和数学的人数为:

Of 2828 students taking at least one subject the number taking Mathematics and English only equals the number taking Mathematics only. No student takes English only or History only, and six students take Mathematics and History, but no English. The number taking English and History only is five times the number taking all three subjects. If the number taking all three subjects is even and non-zero, the number taking English and Mathematics only is:

55

66

77

88

99

难度评级:1830
小提示:

设三门都选的人数为 tt,只选数学和只选数学英语的人数均为 xx

Let tt be the all-three count and xx both the Math-only and Math-English-only count

大提示:

总人数可写成 2x+6+6t=282x+6+6t=28

The total becomes 2x+6+6t=282x+6+6t=28

解答:

设三门都选的人数为 tt,只选数学和英语的人数为 xx,它也等于只选数学的人数。各不相交区域的人数之和为 x+x+6+5t+t=28x+x+6+5t+t=28\text{,} 所以 x=113tx=11-3t。 因为 tt 为正偶数,所以只有 t=2t=2 能使所列人数非负,此时 x=5x=5

因此,正确答案是 A

Let tt be the number taking all three and xx the number taking Mathematics and English only, which also equals the Mathematics-only count. The disjoint-region total is x+x+6+5t+t=28,x+x+6+5t+t=28, so x=113t.x=11-3t. Since tt is positive and even, t=2t=2 is the only value giving a nonnegative listed count, and x=5.x=5.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

30.

以直角三角形 ABCABC 的边 BCBC 为直径作圆,该圆与斜边 ABAB 交于 DD。 过 DD 作圆的切线,与直角边 CACA 交于 FF。 这些信息不足以证明:

Let BCBC of right triangle ABCABC be the diameter of a circle intersecting hypotenuse ABAB in D.D. At DD a tangent is drawn cutting leg CACA in F.F. This information is not sufficient to prove that:

DFDF 平分 CACA

DFDF bisects CACA

DFDF 平分 CDA\angle CDA

DFDF bisects CDA\angle CDA

DF=FADF=FA

A=BCD\angle A=\angle BCD

CFD=2A\angle CFD=2\angle A

难度评级:2290
小提示:

使用坐标 C=(0,0),A=(a,0),B=(0,b)C=(0,0), A=(a,0), B=(0,b)

Use coordinates C=(0,0),A=(a,0),B=(0,b)C=(0,0), A=(a,0), B=(0,b)

大提示:

切线与 CACA 交于其中点;用角平分线定理检验角平分线的结论

The tangent meets CACA at its midpoint; test the angle-bisector claim with the angle-bisector theorem

解答:

C=(0,0), A=(a,0)C=(0,0),\ A=(a,0), 和 B=(0,b)B=(0,b)ABAB 与以 BCBC 为直径的圆的另一个交点为 D=(ab2a2+b2,a2ba2+b2) D=\left(\frac{ab^2}{a^2+b^2}, \frac{a^2b}{a^2+b^2}\right)\text{。} 圆在 DD 点的切线与 CACA 交于 F=(a2,0)F=(\frac{a}{2},0)。 因此 DFDF 平分 CACA; 又由从 FF 引出的切线段相等,有 FC=FD=FAFC=FD=FA,从而得到选项 C 和 E;圆及直角三角形中的角关系又能得到选项 D。

DFDF 平分 CDA\angle CDA, 则在三角形 CDACDA 中,由角平分线定理必须有 CFFA=CDDA\frac{CF}{FA}=\frac{CD}{DA}。 左边为 11, 而 CDDA=aba2=ba \frac{CD}{DA}=\frac{ab}{a^2}=\frac ba\text{,} 它不一定等于 11。 因此选项 B 无法由已知条件证明。

因此,正确答案是 B

Put C=(0,0), A=(a,0),C=(0,0),\ A=(a,0), and B=(0,b).B=(0,b). The second intersection of ABAB with the circle of diameter BCBC is D=(ab2a2+b2,a2ba2+b2). D=\left(\frac{ab^2}{a^2+b^2}, \frac{a^2b}{a^2+b^2}\right). The tangent at DD meets CACA at F=(a2,0).F=(\frac{a}{2},0). Hence DFDF bisects CA;CA; also FC=FD=FAFC=FD=FA by equal tangents from F,F, which supplies choices C and E, and the circle/right-triangle angles supply choice D.

If DFDF bisected CDA,\angle CDA, the angle-bisector theorem in triangle CDACDA would require CFFA=CDDA.\frac{CF}{FA}=\frac{CD}{DA}. The left side is 1,1, while CDDA=aba2=ba, \frac{CD}{DA}=\frac{ab}{a^2}=\frac ba, which need not be 1.1. Thus choice B is not provable.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

31.

aabb 是不等于 11 的正常数,则满足等式 (logax)(logbx)=logab(\log_a x)(\log_b x)=\log_a b 的实数 xx 的个数为:

The number of real values of xx satisfying the equality (logax)(logbx)=logab,(\log_a x)(\log_b x)=\log_a b, where aa and bb are positive constants different from 1,1, is:

00

11

22

一个大于 22 的整数

an integer greater than 22

不是有限数

not finite

难度评级:2000
小提示:

用自然对数表示每个对数

Write every logarithm with natural logs

大提示:

方程可化为 (lnx)2=(lnb)2(\ln x)^2=(\ln b)^2

The equation reduces to (lnx)2=(lnb)2(\ln x)^2=(\ln b)^2

解答:

换底得 lnxlnalnxlnb=lnblna \frac{\ln x}{\ln a}\frac{\ln x}{\ln b} =\frac{\ln b}{\ln a}\text{。} 由于各分母均不为零,(lnx)2=(lnb)2(\ln x)^2=(\ln b)^2。 因此 x=bx=bx=1bx=\frac{1}{b}。 因为 b1b\ne1, 这两个值互不相同,所以共有两个值。

因此,正确答案是 C

Change of base gives lnxlnalnxlnb=lnblna. \frac{\ln x}{\ln a}\frac{\ln x}{\ln b} =\frac{\ln b}{\ln a}. Since the denominators are nonzero, (lnx)2=(lnb)2.(\ln x)^2=(\ln b)^2. Thus x=bx=b or x=1b.x=\frac{1}{b}. These are distinct because b1,b\ne1, so there are two values.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

32.

一件成本为 CC 美元的商品以 $100\$100 售出,亏损额为售价的 xx%。随后以相对于新售价 SS'xx% 利润转售。若 SS'CC 之差为 1191\dfrac19 美元,则 xx 为:

An article costing CC dollars is sold for $100\$100 at a loss of xx percent of the selling price. It is then resold at a profit of xx percent of the new selling price S.S'. If the difference between SS' and CC is 1191\dfrac19 dollars, then xx is:

无法确定

undetermined

809\dfrac{80}{9}

1010

959\dfrac{95}{9}

1009\dfrac{100}{9}

难度评级:1950
小提示:

第一次亏损给出 C=100+xC=100+x

The first loss makes C=100+xC=100+x

大提示:

转售条件给出 S=10000100xS'=\frac{10000}{100-x}

The resale condition gives S=10000100xS'=\frac{10000}{100-x}

解答:

$100\$100 售出时,亏损为售价的 x%x\%,所以 C=100+xC=100+x。转售时,S100=(x100)SS'-100=(\frac{x}{100})S',所以 S=10000100xS'=\frac{10000}{100-x}。因此 10000100x(100+x)=x2100x=109 \begin{gathered} \frac{10000}{100-x}-(100+x)\\ =\frac{x^2}{100-x} =\frac{10}{9} \end{gathered}\text{。}从而 9x2+10x1000=09x^2+10x-1000=0,其正根为 x=10x=10

因此,正确答案是 C

A loss of x%x\% of the $100\$100 selling price means C=100+x.C=100+x. On resale, S100=(x100)S,S'-100=(\frac{x}{100})S', so S=10000100x.S'=\frac{10000}{100-x}. Therefore 10000100x(100+x)=x2100x=109. \begin{gathered} \frac{10000}{100-x}-(100+x)\\ =\frac{x^2}{100-x} =\frac{10}{9}. \end{gathered} Thus 9x2+10x1000=0,9x^2+10x-1000=0, whose positive root is x=10.x=10.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

33.

15!15!,即 151413115\cdot14\cdot13\cdots1,用 1212 进制表示时末尾有 kk 个零,用 1010 进制表示时末尾有 hh 个零,则 k+hk+h 等于:

If the number 15!,15!, that is, 1514131,15\cdot14\cdot13\cdots1, ends with kk zeros when given to the base 1212 and ends with hh zeros when given to the base 10,10, then k+hk+h equals:

55

66

77

88

99

难度评级:2000
小提示:

计算 15!15! 中因数 223355 的次数

Count the powers of 2,2, 3,3, and 55 in 15!15!

大提示:

一个 1212 进制末尾零需要 2232^2\cdot3,而一个 1010 进制末尾零需要 252\cdot5

A base-1212 zero uses 2232^2\cdot3, while a base-1010 zero uses 252\cdot5

解答:

各素因数的次数为 v2(15!)=11,v3(15!)=6,v5(15!)=3 \begin{gathered} v_2(15!)=11,\\ v_3(15!)=6,\\ v_5(15!)=3 \end{gathered}\text{。}因此在 1212 进制中 k=min(112,6)=5k=\min(\lfloor\frac{11}{2}\rfloor,6)=5,在 1010 进制中 h=min(11,3)=3h=\min(11,3)=3。所以 k+h=8k+h=8

因此,正确答案是 D

The prime valuations are v2(15!)=11,v3(15!)=6,v5(15!)=3. \begin{gathered} v_2(15!)=11,\\ v_3(15!)=6,\\ v_5(15!)=3. \end{gathered} Hence k=min(112,6)=5k=\min(\lfloor\frac{11}{2}\rfloor,6)=5 in base 12,12, and h=min(11,3)=3h=\min(11,3)=3 in base 10.10. Thus k+h=8.k+h=8.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

34.

x0x\geq0 时,4x2+8x+136(1+x)\dfrac{4x^2+8x+13}{6(1+x)} 的最小值为:

For x0,x\geq0, the smallest value of 4x2+8x+136(1+x)\dfrac{4x^2+8x+13}{6(1+x)} is:

11

22

2512\dfrac{25}{12}

136\dfrac{13}{6}

345\dfrac{34}{5}

难度评级:1950
小提示:

t=x+11t=x+1\geq1

Set t=x+11t=x+1\geq1

大提示:

将表达式改写为 23t+32t\frac23t+\frac{3}{2t}

Rewrite the expression as 23t+32t\frac23t+\frac{3}{2t}

解答:

t=x+11t=x+1\geq1。因为 4x2+8x+13=4t2+94x^2+8x+13=4t^2+9,所以原式为 23t+32t\frac23t+\frac{3}{2t}\text{。}由算术平均数不小于几何平均数,该式至少为 2(23)(32)=22\sqrt{(\frac{2}{3})(\frac{3}{2})}=2,且在允许的 t=32t=\frac{3}{2} 处取等号。

因此,正确答案是 B

Let t=x+11.t=x+1\geq1. Since 4x2+8x+13=4t2+9,4x^2+8x+13=4t^2+9, the expression is 23t+32t.\frac23t+\frac{3}{2t}. By AM-GM this is at least 2(23)(32)=2,2\sqrt{(\frac{2}{3})(\frac{3}{2})}=2, with equality at t=32,t=\frac{3}{2}, which is allowed.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

35.

一个长方形长 55 英寸、宽小于 44 英寸。将其折叠,使一对对角顶点重合。若折痕长为 6\sqrt6, 则长方形的宽为:

The length of a rectangle is 55 inches and its width is less than 44 inches. The rectangle is folded so that two diagonally opposite vertices coincide. If the length of the crease is 6,\sqrt6, then the width is:

2\sqrt2

3\sqrt3

22

5\sqrt5

112\sqrt{\frac{11}{2}}

难度评级:2290
小提示:

折痕是长方形一条对角线的垂直平分线

The crease is the perpendicular bisector of a rectangle diagonal

大提示:

若宽为 w<4w\lt4, 则折痕与两条长边交点的水平距离为 w25\frac{w^2}{5}

If the width is w<4,w\lt4, its intersections with the long sides differ horizontally by w25\frac{w^2}{5}

解答:

将长方形的四个顶点置于 (0,0)(0,0)(5,0)(5,0)(5,w)(5,w)(0,w)(0,w)。使 (0,0)(0,0)(5,w)(5,w) 重合的折痕为 5x+wy=25+w225x+wy=\frac{25+w^2}{2}\text{。}因为 w<4w\lt4,折痕与两条水平边相交。两个交点间的竖直变化量为 ww,水平变化量为 w25\frac{w^2}{5}。因此 6=w2+w425 6=w^2+\frac{w^4}{25}\text{。}z=w2z=w^2,得 z2+25z150=0z^2+25z-150=0,所以 z=5z=5,且 w=5w=\sqrt5

因此,正确答案是 D

Place the rectangle at (0,0),(0,0), (5,0),(5,0), (5,w),(5,w), and (0,w).(0,w). The crease sending (0,0)(0,0) to (5,w)(5,w) is 5x+wy=25+w22.5x+wy=\frac{25+w^2}{2}. Because w<4,w\lt4, it meets the two horizontal sides. Between those intersections the vertical change is ww and the horizontal change is w25.\frac{w^2}{5}. Thus 6=w2+w425. 6=w^2+\frac{w^4}{25}. Setting z=w2z=w^2 gives z2+25z150=0,z^2+25z-150=0, so z=5z=5 and w=5.w=\sqrt5.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

36.

给定两条不同的直线 OAOAOBOB。从 OAOA 上一点向 OBOB 作垂线,再从该垂线的垂足向 OAOA 作垂线。从第二条垂线的垂足再向 OBOB 作垂线,如此无限继续。第一、第二条垂线段的长度分别为 aabb;当垂线条数无限增加时,各垂线段长度之和趋于一个极限。此极限为:

Given distinct straight lines OAOA and OB.OB. From a point in OAOA a perpendicular is drawn to OB;OB; from the foot of this perpendicular a line is drawn perpendicular to OA.OA. From the foot of this second perpendicular a line is drawn perpendicular to OB;OB; and so on indefinitely. The lengths of the first and second perpendiculars are aa and b,b, respectively. Then the sum of the lengths of the perpendiculars approaches a limit as the number of perpendiculars grows beyond all bounds. This limit is:

bab\dfrac b{a-b}

aab\dfrac a{a-b}

abab\dfrac{ab}{a-b}

b2ab\dfrac{b^2}{a-b}

a2ab\dfrac{a^2}{a-b}

难度评级:2190
小提示:

两条固定直线依次形成的直角三角形相似

Successive right triangles formed by the two fixed lines are similar

大提示:

垂线段长度构成首项为 aa、公比为 ba\frac{b}{a} 的等比数列

The perpendicular lengths form a geometric sequence with first term aa and ratio ba\frac{b}{a}

解答:

每个新的直角三角形都有相同的锐角,所以垂线段长度构成等比数列。由于前两项为 a,ba,b, 公比为 ba\frac{b}{a}。 收敛意味着 0<ba<10\lt \frac{b}{a}\lt1, 因而总和为 a1ba=a2ab\frac{a}{1-\frac{b}{a}}=\frac{a^2}{a-b}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Each new right triangle has the same acute angle, so the perpendicular lengths form a geometric sequence. Since the first two lengths are a,b,a,b, the common ratio is ba.\frac{b}{a}. Convergence implies 0<ba<1,0\lt \frac{b}{a}\lt1, and the sum is a1ba=a2ab.\frac{a}{1-\frac{b}{a}}=\frac{a^2}{a-b}.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

37.

在三角形 ABCABC 的边 ABAB 上取点 EE,使 AE:EB=1:3AE:EB=1:3;在边 BCBC 上取点 DD,使 CD:DB=1:2CD:DB=1:2。设 ADADCECE 的交点为 FF。则

EFFC+AFFD \frac{EF}{FC}+\frac{AF}{FD}

等于:

Point EE is selected on side ABAB of triangle ABCABC in such a way that AE:EB=1:3,AE:EB=1:3, and point DD is selected on side BCBC so that CD:DB=1:2.CD:DB=1:2. The point of intersection of ADAD and CECE is F.F. Then

EFFC+AFFD \frac{EF}{FC}+\frac{AF}{FD}

is:

45\dfrac45

54\dfrac54

32\dfrac32

22

52\dfrac52

难度评级:2170
小提示:

赋予质量 mA=3m_A=3mB=1m_B=1mC=2m_C=2

Assign masses mA=3,m_A=3, mB=1,m_B=1, and mC=2m_C=2

大提示:

利用 EEDD 处的合质量求出两条塞瓦线上的比

Use the combined masses at EE and DD to read the two cevian ratios

解答:

用质量 mA=3m_A=3mB=1m_B=1mC=2m_C=2 表示边上的比。则 mE=mA+mB=4m_E=m_A+m_B=4,且 mD=mB+mC=3m_D=m_B+m_C=3。沿 CECE,有 EFFC=mCmE=12 \frac{EF}{FC}=\frac{m_C}{m_E}=\frac12\text{,}而沿 ADAD,有 AFFD=mDmA=1 \frac{AF}{FD}=\frac{m_D}{m_A}=1\text{。}两者之和为 32\frac{3}{2}

因此,正确答案是 C

The side ratios are represented by masses mA=3,m_A=3, mB=1,m_B=1, and mC=2.m_C=2. Then mE=mA+mB=4m_E=m_A+m_B=4 and mD=mB+mC=3.m_D=m_B+m_C=3. Along CE,CE, EFFC=mCmE=12, \frac{EF}{FC}=\frac{m_C}{m_E}=\frac12, while along AD,AD, AFFD=mDmA=1. \frac{AF}{FD}=\frac{m_D}{m_A}=1. Their sum is 32.\frac{3}{2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

38.

AA 单独完成一项工作所需时间是 BBCC 合作所需时间的 mm 倍;BB 单独完成所需时间是 CCAA 合作所需时间的 nn 倍;CC 单独完成所需时间是 AABB 合作所需时间的 xx 倍。则用 mmnn 表示的 xx 为:

AA takes mm times as long to do a piece of work as BB and CC together; BB takes nn times as long as CC and AA together; and CC takes xx times as long as AA and BB together. Then x,x, in terms of mm and n,n, is:

2mnm+n\dfrac{2mn}{m+n}

12(m+n)\dfrac1{2(m+n)}

1m+nmn\dfrac1{m+n-mn}

1mnm+n+2mn\dfrac{1-mn}{m+n+2mn}

m+n+2mn1\dfrac{m+n+2}{mn-1}

难度评级:2170
小提示:

AABBCC 的工作效率分别为 aabbcc

Let the work rates of A,A, B,B, and CC be a,a, b,b, and cc

大提示:

将前两个条件写成 b+c=mab+c=mac+a=nbc+a=nb

Translate the first two conditions as b+c=mab+c=ma and c+a=nbc+a=nb

解答:

设工作效率为 aabbcc。由时间关系得 b+c=ma,c+a=nb,a+b=xc \begin{gathered} b+c=ma,\\ c+a=nb,\\ a+b=xc \end{gathered}\text{。}由前两个等式,ba=m+1n+1 \frac ba=\frac{m+1}{n+1}ca=mn1n+1\frac ca=\frac{mn-1}{n+1}\text{。}因此 x=a+bc=m+n+2mn1 x=\frac{a+b}{c} =\frac{m+n+2}{mn-1}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Let the work rates be a,a, b,b, and c.c. The time statements give b+c=ma,c+a=nb,a+b=xc. \begin{gathered} b+c=ma,\\ c+a=nb,\\ a+b=xc. \end{gathered} From the first two, ba=m+1n+1 \frac ba=\frac{m+1}{n+1} and ca=mn1n+1.\frac ca=\frac{mn-1}{n+1}. Hence x=a+bc=m+n+2mn1. x=\frac{a+b}{c} =\frac{m+n+2}{mn-1}.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

39.

一名工头看到检验员用一个 22 英寸塞规和一个 11 英寸塞规检查一个直径为 33 英寸的孔,便建议再插入两个量规,以确保它们恰好紧密贴合。若两个新量规相同,则各自的直径 dd 精确到百分之一英寸为:

A foreman noticed an inspector checking a 33-inch hole with a 22-inch plug and a 11-inch plug and suggested that two more gauges be inserted to be sure that the fit was snug. If the new gauges are alike, then the diameter dd of each, to the nearest hundredth of an inch, is:

0.870.87

0.860.86

0.830.83

0.750.75

0.710.71

难度评级:2410
小提示:

使用半径 32\frac{3}{2}1112\frac{1}{2},并设一个新量规的半径为 rr

Use radii 32,\frac{3}{2}, 1,1, and 12,\frac{1}{2}, and let a new gauge have radius rr

大提示:

若其圆心为 (u,v)(u,v),将三个相切距离方程两两相减

If its center is (u,v)(u,v), subtract its three tangency-distance equations

解答:

将孔的圆心置于原点。直径为 22 英寸和 11 英寸的塞规圆心分别为 (0,12)(0,-\frac{1}{2})(0,1)(0,1)。 设一个新量规的半径为 rr,圆心为 (u,v)(u,v)。 与两个塞规相切给出 u2+(v+12)2=(1+r)2,u2+(v1)2=(12+r)2 \begin{gathered} u^2+(v+\frac{1}{2})^2=(1+r)^2,\\ u^2+(v-1)^2=(\frac{1}{2}+r)^2 \end{gathered}\text{,} 而与孔内切给出 u2+v2=(32r)2u^2+v^2=(\frac{3}{2}-r)^2。 将方程两两相减得 v=12+r3v=\frac12+\frac r3,且 v=322rv=\frac32-2r。 因此 r=37r=\frac{3}{7}, 所以 d=2r=670.86d=2r=\frac{6}{7}\approx0.86

因此,正确答案是 B

Place the hole’s center at the origin. The 22-inch and 11-inch plug centers are (0,12)(0,-\frac{1}{2}) and (0,1).(0,1). Let a new gauge have radius rr and center (u,v).(u,v). Tangency to the two plugs gives u2+(v+12)2=(1+r)2,u2+(v1)2=(12+r)2, \begin{gathered} u^2+(v+\frac{1}{2})^2=(1+r)^2,\\ u^2+(v-1)^2=(\frac{1}{2}+r)^2, \end{gathered} while internal tangency to the hole gives u2+v2=(32r)2.u^2+v^2=(\frac{3}{2}-r)^2. Subtracting pairs of equations yields v=12+r3v=\frac12+\frac r3 and v=322r.v=\frac32-2r. Thus r=37,r=\frac{3}{7}, so d=2r=670.86.d=2r=\frac{6}{7}\approx0.86.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

40.

设使 P=x4+6x3+11x2+3x+31P=x^4+6x^3+11x^2+3x+31 为整数平方的整数 xx 值共有 nn 个。则 nn 为:

Let nn be the number of integer values of xx such that P=x4+6x3+11x2+3x+31P=x^4+6x^3+11x^2+3x+31 is the square of an integer. Then nn is:

44

33

22

11

00

难度评级:2710
小提示:

改写为 P=(x2+3x+1)23(x10)P=(x^2+3x+1)^2-3(x-10)

Rewrite P=(x2+3x+1)23(x10)P=(x^2+3x+1)^2-3(x-10)

大提示:

两个不同的整数平方 U2U^2V2V^2 之差至少为 2max(U,V)12\max(|U|,|V|)-1

Distinct integer squares U2U^2 and V2V^2 differ by at least 2max(U,V)12\max(|U|,|V|)-1

解答:

N=x2+3x+1N=x^2+3x+1。则 P=N23(x10)P=N^2-3(x-10)\text{。}x=10, P=N2=1312x=10,\ P=N^2=131^2 时,有一个值符合条件。

x>10x\gt10P=y2P=y^2,则 N2y2=3(x10)N^2-y^2=3(x-10)。与 N2N^2 不同的整数平方和它的差至少为 2N12|N|-1,而这已经大于 3(x10)3(x-10),矛盾。若 x<10x\lt10,则类似的界 3(10x)=y2N22y1>2N1 \begin{gathered} 3(10-x)=y^2-N^2\\ \geq2|y|-1\gt2|N|-1 \end{gathered} 只有在 6x2-6\leq x\leq2 时才可能成立。直接代入这九个整数,所得值均不是平方数。因此 x=10x=10 是唯一解,且 n=1n=1

因此,正确答案是 D

Let N=x2+3x+1.N=x^2+3x+1. Then P=N23(x10).P=N^2-3(x-10). At x=10, P=N2=1312,x=10,\ P=N^2=131^2, so one value works.

If x>10x\gt10 and P=y2,P=y^2, then N2y2=3(x10).N^2-y^2=3(x-10). Distinct integer squares differing from N2N^2 differ by at least 2N1,2|N|-1, which is already greater than 3(x10),3(x-10), a contradiction. If x<10,x\lt10, the analogous bound 3(10x)=y2N22y1>2N1 \begin{gathered} 3(10-x)=y^2-N^2\\ \geq2|y|-1\gt2|N|-1 \end{gathered} can hold only for 6x2.-6\leq x\leq2. Direct substitution for these nine integers gives no square. Hence x=10x=10 is the unique solution and n=1.n=1.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.