1964 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

[log10(5log10100)]2\left[\log_{10}\left(5\log_{10}100\right)\right]^2 的值是多少?

What is the value of [log10(5log10100)]2?\left[\log_{10}\left(5\log_{10}100\right)\right]^2?

log1050\log_{10}50

2525

1010

22

11

知识点:对数运算顺序指数
难度评级:1030
小提示:

先计算内层的对数

Evaluate the inner logarithm first

大提示:

乘以 55 后,取以 1010 为底的对数,再平方

After multiplying by 5,5, take the base-1010 logarithm and then square

解答:

由于 log10100=2\log_{10}100=2,方括号内的表达式为 log10(52)=log1010=1\log_{10}(5\cdot2)=\log_{10}10=1。它的平方是 11

因此,正确答案是 E

Since log10100=2,\log_{10}100=2, the expression inside the square brackets is log10(52)=log1010=1.\log_{10}(5\cdot2)=\log_{10}10=1. Its square is 1.1.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

2.

方程 x24y2=0x^2-4y^2=0 的图像是:

The graph of x24y2=0x^2-4y^2=0 is:

一条抛物线

a parabola

一个椭圆

an ellipse

两条直线

a pair of straight lines

一个点

a point

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:940
小提示:

将左边按平方差分解因式

Factor the left side as a difference of squares

大提示:

分别令两个一次因式等于零

Set each linear factor equal to zero

解答:

分解因式得 x24y2=(x2y)(x+2y)x^2-4y^2=(x-2y)(x+2y)\text{。}因此每个点都位于 x=2yx=2yx=2yx=-2y 上,图像是两条直线。

因此,正确答案是 C

Factoring gives x24y2=(x2y)(x+2y).x^2-4y^2=(x-2y)(x+2y). Thus every point lies on x=2yx=2y or x=2y,x=-2y, a pair of straight lines.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

3.

正整数 xx 除以正整数 yy 时,商为 uu,余数为 vv,其中 uuvv 都是整数。那么 x+2uyx+2uy 除以 yy 的余数是多少?

When a positive integer xx is divided by a positive integer y,y, the quotient is uu and the remainder is v,v, where uu and vv are integers. What is the remainder when x+2uyx+2uy is divided by y?y?

00

2u2u

3u3u

vv

2v2v

难度评级:960
小提示:

写成 x=uy+vx=uy+v

Write x=uy+vx=uy+v

大提示:

加上 yy 的倍数不会改变除以 yy 的余数

Adding a multiple of yy does not change the remainder upon division by yy

解答:

根据带余除法,x=uy+vx=uy+v。因此 x+2uy=3uy+vx+2uy=3uy+v\text{。}第一项能被 yy 整除,所以余数是 vv

因此,正确答案是 D

The division algorithm gives x=uy+v.x=uy+v. Hence x+2uy=3uy+v.x+2uy=3uy+v. The first term is divisible by y,y, so the remainder is v.v.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

4.

表达式

P+QPQPQP+Q \frac{P+Q}{P-Q}-\frac{P-Q}{P+Q}

其中 P=x+yP=x+yQ=xyQ=x-y,它等价于:

The expression

P+QPQPQP+Q, \frac{P+Q}{P-Q}-\frac{P-Q}{P+Q},

where P=x+yP=x+y and Q=xy,Q=x-y, is equivalent to:

x2y2xy\dfrac{x^2-y^2}{xy}

x2y22xy\dfrac{x^2-y^2}{2xy}

11

x2+y2xy\dfrac{x^2+y^2}{xy}

x2+y22xy\dfrac{x^2+y^2}{2xy}

难度评级:1210
小提示:

先代入 P+Q=2xP+Q=2xPQ=2yP-Q=2y

First substitute P+Q=2xP+Q=2x and PQ=2yP-Q=2y

大提示:

通分化简 xyyx\frac{x}{y}-\frac{y}{x}

Simplify xyyx\frac{x}{y}-\frac{y}{x} using a common denominator

解答:

由于 P+Q=2xP+Q=2xPQ=2yP-Q=2y,原式化为 xyyx=x2y2xy\frac{x}{y}-\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^2-y^2}{xy}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

Since P+Q=2xP+Q=2x and PQ=2y,P-Q=2y, the expression becomes xyyx=x2y2xy.\frac{x}{y}-\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^2-y^2}{xy}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

5.

yyxx 成正比,且 x=4x=4y=8y=8,那么 x=8x=-8yy 的值是:

If yy varies directly as x,x, and if y=8y=8 when x=4,x=4, the value of yy when x=8x=-8 is:

16-16

4-4

2-2

4k4k,其中 k=±1k=\pm1±2\pm2\ldots

4k,4k, k=±1,k=\pm1, ±2,\pm2, \ldots

16k16k,其中 k=±1k=\pm1±2\pm2\ldots

16k,16k, k=±1,k=\pm1, ±2,\pm2, \ldots

难度评级:890
小提示:

将正比例关系写成 y=kxy=kx

Write direct variation as y=kxy=kx

大提示:

用第一组数值求出 kk

Use the first pair to find kk

解答:

正比例关系给出 y=kxy=kx。由 8=4k8=4kk=2k=2。因此当 x=8x=-8 时,y=2(8)=16y=2(-8)=-16

因此,正确答案是 A

Direct variation gives y=kx.y=kx. From 8=4k,8=4k, k=2.k=2. Therefore, when x=8,x=-8, y=2(8)=16.y=2(-8)=-16.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

xx2x+22x+23x+33x+3\ldots 构成等比数列,则第四项是:

If x,x, 2x+2,2x+2, 3x+3,3x+3, \ldots are in geometric progression, the fourth term is:

27-27

1312-13\dfrac12

1212

131213\dfrac12

2727

难度评级:1430
小提示:

三个连续非零项中,中间一项的平方等于相邻两项的乘积

For three consecutive nonzero terms, the middle term squared equals the product of its neighbors

大提示:

求出 xx 后,将第三项乘以公比

After finding x,x, multiply the third term by the common ratio

解答:

等比中项关系给出 (2x+2)2=x(3x+3)(2x+2)^2=x(3x+3)\text{。}按本试题对等比数列的公比约定,相邻项之比必须有定义,所以 x1x\ne-1。两边除以 x+1x+1,得 4(x+1)=3x4(x+1)=3x,从而 x=4x=-4。前三项为 4,6,9-4,-6,-9,公比为 32\frac{3}{2}。第四项是 9(32)=272-9(\frac{3}{2})=-\frac{27}{2}

因此,正确答案是 B

The geometric-mean relation gives (2x+2)2=x(3x+3).(2x+2)^2=x(3x+3). Under the examination’s ratio convention for a geometric progression, the consecutive ratios must be defined, so x1.x\ne-1. Dividing by x+1x+1 yields 4(x+1)=3x4(x+1)=3x and x=4.x=-4. The first three terms are 4,6,9,-4,-6,-9, with ratio 32.\frac{3}{2}. The fourth is 9(32)=272.-9(\frac{3}{2})=-\frac{27}{2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

7.

nn 为使下列方程有相等两根的实数 pp 的个数:

x2px+p=0 x^2-px+p=0

nn 的值为:

Let nn be the number of real values of pp for which the roots of

x2px+p=0 x^2-px+p=0

are equal. Then nn equals:

00

11

22

大于 22 的有限数

a finite number greater than 22

无穷大

an infinitely large number

难度评级:1140
小提示:

两根相等时判别式为零

Equal roots make the discriminant zero

大提示:

解方程 p24p=0p^2-4p=0

Solve p24p=0p^2-4p=0

解答:

两根相等要求 (p)24p=p(p4)=0(-p)^2-4p=p(p-4)=0\text{。}因此 p=0p=0p=4p=4,共有两个实数值。

因此,正确答案是 C

Equal roots require (p)24p=p(p4)=0.(-p)^2-4p=p(p-4)=0. Thus p=0p=0 or p=4,p=4, giving two real values.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

8.

方程

(x34)(x34)+(x34)(x12)=0 \begin{aligned} &\left(x-\frac34\right)\left(x-\frac34\right)\\ &\quad+\left(x-\frac34\right) \left(x-\frac12\right)=0 \end{aligned}

的较小根是:

The smaller root of the equation

(x34)(x34)+(x34)(x12)=0 \begin{aligned} &\left(x-\frac34\right)\left(x-\frac34\right)\\ &\quad+\left(x-\frac34\right) \left(x-\frac12\right)=0 \end{aligned}

is:

34-\dfrac34

12\dfrac12

58\dfrac58

34\dfrac34

11

难度评级:1110
小提示:

提取公因式 x34x-\frac34

Factor out the common expression x34x-\frac34

大提示:

剩下的一次因式是 2x542x-\frac54

The remaining linear factor is 2x542x-\frac54

解答:

合并两项并分解因式得 (x34)(2x54)=0\left(x-\frac34\right)\left(2x-\frac54\right)=0\text{。}因此两根为 34\frac{3}{4}58\frac{5}{8},其中 58\frac{5}{8} 较小。

因此,正确答案是 C

Combining the two terms and factoring gives (x34)(2x54)=0.\left(x-\frac34\right)\left(2x-\frac54\right)=0. Hence the roots are 34\frac{3}{4} and 58,\frac{5}{8}, of which 58\frac{5}{8} is smaller.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

9.

一名批发商按 $24\$24 再减去 1212%12\dfrac12\% 的价格买入一件商品。他想在标价打 20%20\% 折扣后,仍获得相当于成本 3313%33\dfrac13\% 的利润。这件商品应标价多少美元?

A jobber buys an article at $24\$24 less 1212%.12\dfrac12\%. He then wishes to sell the article at a gain of 3313%33\dfrac13\% of his cost after allowing a 20%20\% discount on his marked price. At what price, in dollars, should the article be marked?

25.2025.20

30.0030.00

33.6033.60

40.0040.00

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1450
小提示:

先算折扣后的成本,再增加三分之一

Compute the discounted cost first, then increase it by one third

大提示:

售价是标价的 80%80\%

The selling price is 80%80\% of the marked price

解答:

成本为 24(118)=2124(1-\frac{1}{8})=21 美元。增加三分之一的利润后,目标售价为 21(43)=2821(\frac{4}{3})=28 美元。设标价为 MM,则 0.8M=280.8M=28,所以 M=35M=35。选项中没有这个数值。

因此,正确答案是 E

The cost is 24(118)=2124(1-\frac{1}{8})=21 dollars. A gain of one third makes the desired selling price 21(43)=2821(\frac{4}{3})=28 dollars. If MM is the marked price, then 0.8M=28,0.8M=28, so M=35.M=35. This is not listed.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

一个正方形的边长为 ss。以它的一条对角线为底,作一个三边互不相等且面积与正方形相等的三角形。这个三角形对该底边的高为:

Given a square with side of length s.s. On a diagonal as base a triangle with three unequal sides is constructed so that its area equals that of the square. The length of the altitude drawn to the base is:

s2s\sqrt2

s2\dfrac{s}{\sqrt2}

2s2s

2s2\sqrt{s}

2s\dfrac2{\sqrt{s}}

难度评级:1110
小提示:

正方形的对角线长为 s2s\sqrt2

The square’s diagonal has length s2s\sqrt2

大提示:

列方程 12(s2)h=s2\frac12(s\sqrt2)h=s^2

Set 12(s2)h=s2\frac12(s\sqrt2)h=s^2

解答:

三角形的底是正方形的对角线,长为 s2s\sqrt2。设高为 hh,由面积相等得 12(s2)h=s2\frac12(s\sqrt2)h=s^2\text{,}所以 h=s2h=s\sqrt2

因此,正确答案是 A

The triangle’s base is the square’s diagonal, s2.s\sqrt2. If its altitude is h,h, equality of areas gives 12(s2)h=s2,\frac12(s\sqrt2)h=s^2, so h=s2.h=s\sqrt2.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

11.

已知 2x=8y+12^x=8^{y+1}9y=3x99^y=3^{x-9},求 x+yx+y 的值。

Given 2x=8y+12^x=8^{y+1} and 9y=3x9,9^y=3^{x-9}, find the value of x+y.x+y.

1818

2121

2424

2727

3030

难度评级:1430
小提示:

88 写成 232^3,并将 99 写成 323^2

Rewrite 88 as 232^3 and 99 as 323^2

大提示:

比较指数,得到关于 xxyy 的两个一次方程

Equate exponents to obtain two linear equations in xx and yy

解答:

将两个方程写成底数相同的形式,得 x=3y+3,2y=x9 \begin{aligned} x&=3y+3,\\ 2y&=x-9\text{。} \end{aligned} 代入可得 y=6y=6x=21x=21,所以 x+y=27x+y=27

因此,正确答案是 D

Writing both equations with common bases gives x=3y+3,2y=x9. \begin{aligned} x&=3y+3,\\ 2y&=x-9. \end{aligned} Substitution yields y=6y=6 and x=21,x=21, so x+y=27.x+y=27.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

12.

下列哪一项是此命题的否定:对于某个集合中的所有 xx,都有 x2>0x^2\gt0

Which of the following is the negation of the statement: For all xx of a certain set, x2>0?x^2\gt0?

对所有 xxx2<0x^2\lt0

For all x,x, x2<0x^2\lt0

对所有 xxx20x^2\leq0

For all x,x, x20x^2\leq0

不存在 xx 使 x2>0x^2\gt0

For no x,x, x2>0x^2\gt0

存在某个 xx 使 x2>0x^2\gt0

For some x,x, x2>0x^2\gt0

存在某个 xx 使 x20x^2\leq0

For some x,x, x20x^2\leq0

难度评级:1140
小提示:

“对所有”的否定以“存在某个”开头

The negation of “for all” begins with “for some”

大提示:

x2>0x^2\gt0 的否定是 x20x^2\leq0

Negating x2>0x^2\gt0 gives x20x^2\leq0

解答:

全称命题的否定是存在命题,而 x2>0x^2\gt0 的否定是 x20x^2\leq0。因此否定命题是:存在某个 xx,使 x20x^2\leq0

因此,正确答案是 E

The negation of a universal statement is an existential statement, and the negation of x2>0x^2\gt0 is x20.x^2\leq0. Thus the negation is: for some x,x, x20.x^2\leq0.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

13.

一个三角形的三边长为 8813131717,其内切圆与长度为 88 的边相切,并将该边分成长度为 rrss 的两段,其中 r<sr\lt s。求 r:sr:s

A circle is inscribed in a triangle with side lengths 8,8, 13,13, and 17.17. Let the segments of the side of length 8,8, made by a point of tangency, be rr and s,s, with r<s.r\lt s. What is the ratio r:s?r:s?

1:31:3

2:52:5

1:21:2

2:32:3

3:43:4

难度评级:1210
小提示:

计算三角形的半周长

Compute the semiperimeter of the triangle

大提示:

与某顶点相邻的切线段长等于半周长减去该顶点的对边长

A tangency segment adjacent to a vertex equals the semiperimeter minus the opposite side

解答:

半周长为 8+13+172=19\frac{8+13+17}{2}=19。长度为 88 的边两端对应的切线段长分别为 1913=619-13=61917=219-17=2。因此 r:s=2:6=1:3r:s=2:6=1:3

因此,正确答案是 A

The semiperimeter is 8+13+172=19.\frac{8+13+17}{2}=19. At the endpoints of the side of length 8,8, the tangent lengths are 1913=619-13=6 and 1917=2.19-17=2. Thus r:s=2:6=1:3.r:s=2:6=1:3.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

14.

一位农民买了 749749 只羊。他卖出其中 700700 只,所得正好等于购买 749749 只羊的总成本。剩余 4949 只羊的每只售价与前 700700 只相同。相对于成本,整笔交易的利润百分比是:

A farmer bought 749749 sheep. He sold 700700 of them for the price paid for the 749749 sheep. The remaining 4949 sheep were sold at the same price per head as the other 700.700. Based on the cost, the percent gain on the entire transaction is:

6.56.5

6.756.75

77

7.57.5

88

难度评级:1180
小提示:

设总购买成本为 CC

Let the total purchase cost be CC

大提示:

每只羊的售价为 C700\frac{C}{700}

The selling price per sheep is C700\frac{C}{700}

解答:

设总成本为 CC。由于前 700700 只羊共卖得 CC,每只售价为 C700\frac{C}{700}。因此总收入为 749C700=1.07C\frac{749C}{700}=1.07C,利润为 7%7\%

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the total cost be C.C. Since the first 700700 sheep sell for C,C, each sheep sells for C700.\frac{C}{700}. Total revenue is therefore 749C700=1.07C,\frac{749C}{700}=1.07C, a 7%7\% gain.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

一条经过点 (a,0)(-a,0) 的直线在第二象限截出一个面积为 TT 的三角形区域。该直线的方程是:

A line through the point (a,0)(-a,0) cuts from the second quadrant a triangular region with area T.T. The equation of the line is:

2Tx+a2y+2aT=02Tx+a^2y+2aT=0

2Txa2y+2aT=02Tx-a^2y+2aT=0

2Tx+a2y2aT=02Tx+a^2y-2aT=0

2Txa2y2aT=02Tx-a^2y-2aT=0

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1500
小提示:

若正的 yy 轴截距为 bb,则 12ab=T\frac12ab=T

If the positive yy-intercept is b,b, then 12ab=T\frac12ab=T

大提示:

使用截距式 xa+yb=1-\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}=1

Use the intercept form xa+yb=1-\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}=1

解答:

yy 轴截距为 bb。第二象限内三角形的面积为 ab2=T\frac{ab}{2}=T,所以 b=2Tab=\frac{2T}{a}。直线的截距式为 xa+y2Ta=1\frac{x}{-a}+\frac{y}{\frac{2T}{a}}=1\text{。}消去分母得 2Txa2y+2aT=02Tx-a^2y+2aT=0

因此,正确答案是 B

Let the yy-intercept be b.b. The second-quadrant triangle has area ab2=T,\frac{ab}{2}=T, so b=2Ta.b=\frac{2T}{a}. The intercept form is xa+y2Ta=1.\frac{x}{-a}+\frac{y}{\frac{2T}{a}}=1. Clearing denominators gives 2Txa2y+2aT=0.2Tx-a^2y+2aT=0.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

16.

f(x)=x2+3x+2f(x)=x^2+3x+2,并设 SS 为整数集合 {0,1,2,,25}\{0,1,2,\ldots,25\}。使 f(s)f(s) 除以 66 的余数为零的 SS 中元素 ss 的个数是:

Let f(x)=x2+3x+2f(x)=x^2+3x+2 and let SS be the set of integers {0,1,2,,25}.\{0,1,2,\ldots,25\}. The number of members ss of SS such that f(s)f(s) has remainder zero when divided by 66 is:

2525

2222

2121

1818

1717

难度评级:1450
小提示:

f(s)f(s) 分解为 (s+1)(s+2)(s+1)(s+2)

Factor f(s)f(s) as (s+1)(s+2)(s+1)(s+2)

大提示:

该乘积总是偶数;判断 ss33 的哪一类余数不符合

The product is always even; determine which residue of ss modulo 33 fails

解答:

f(s)=(s+1)(s+2)f(s)=(s+1)(s+2),这是两个连续整数的乘积,所以总是偶数。除非 s0(mod3)s\equiv0\pmod3,否则它能被 33 整除。在 0,1,,250,1,\ldots,25 中,有九个数是 33 的倍数。因此有 269=1726-9=17 个数符合条件。

因此,正确答案是 E

We have f(s)=(s+1)(s+2),f(s)=(s+1)(s+2), a product of consecutive integers, so it is always even. It is divisible by 33 unless s0(mod3).s\equiv0\pmod3. Among 0,1,,25,0,1,\ldots,25, nine values are multiples of 3.3. Thus 269=1726-9=17 values work.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

17.

给定互不相同的点 P(x1,y1)P(x_1,y_1)Q(x2,y2)Q(x_2,y_2)R(x1+x2,y1+y2)R(x_1+x_2,y_1+y_2)。将这些点彼此连接,并分别与原点 OO 连接。在三种可能中:(1)(1) 平行四边形、(2)(2) 直线、(3)(3) 梯形,根据点 PPQQRR 的位置,图形 OPRQOPRQ 可以是:

Given the distinct points P(x1,y1),P(x_1,y_1), Q(x2,y2)Q(x_2,y_2) and R(x1+x2,y1+y2).R(x_1+x_2,y_1+y_2). Line segments are drawn connecting these points to each other and to the origin O.O. Of the three possibilities: (1)(1) parallelogram, (2)(2) straight line, (3)(3) trapezoid, figure OPRQ,OPRQ, depending upon the location of the points P,P, Q,Q, and R,R, can be:

(1)(1)

(1)(1) only

(2)(2)

(2)(2) only

(3)(3)

(3)(3) only

(1)(1)(2)(2)

(1)(1) or (2)(2) only

三种都可以

all three

难度评级:1450
小提示:

将位置向量关系理解为 R=P+QR=P+Q

Interpret the position vectors as R=P+QR=P+Q

大提示:

分别讨论向量 PPQQ 线性无关与线性相关的情形

Separate the cases in which the vectors PP and QQ are independent or dependent

解答:

PPQQ 不共线时,关系 OR=OP+OQ\overrightarrow{OR}=\overrightarrow{OP}+\overrightarrow{OQ} 使 OPRQOPRQ 的两组对边分别平行且相等,所以图形是平行四边形。若两个向量线性相关,则四点都在一条直线上。它不可能是严格意义上的梯形。

因此,正确答案是 D

The relation OR=OP+OQ\overrightarrow{OR}=\overrightarrow{OP}+\overrightarrow{OQ} makes opposite sides of OPRQOPRQ parallel and equal whenever PP and QQ are not collinear, so the figure is a parallelogram. If the two vectors are dependent, all four points lie on a straight line. It cannot be a genuine trapezoid.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

设使 3x+by+c=03x+by+c=0cx2y+12=0cx-2y+12=0 图像相同的 bbcc 数值对的个数为 nn。则 nn 是:

Let nn be the number of pairs of values of bb and cc such that 3x+by+c=03x+by+c=0 and cx2y+12=0cx-2y+12=0 have the same graph. Then nn is:

00

11

22

有限但大于 22

finite but more than 22

大于任何有限数

greater than any finite number

难度评级:1500
小提示:

表示同一直线的两个方程,其三项系数成比例

Coincident line equations have proportional coefficient triples

大提示:

(c,2,12)=k(3,b,c)(c,-2,12)=k(3,b,c),并利用第一、第三个分量

Set (c,2,12)=k(3,b,c)(c,-2,12)=k(3,b,c) and use the first and third coordinates

解答:

要使图像相同,必须有 (c,2,12)=k(3,b,c)(c,-2,12)=k(3,b,c)。因此 c=3kc=3k12=kc=3k212=kc=3k^2,所以 k=±2k=\pm2。每个值都通过 b=2kb=-\frac{2}{k}c=3kc=3k 确定一组数值。因此共有两对。

因此,正确答案是 C

For the same graph, (c,2,12)=k(3,b,c).(c,-2,12)=k(3,b,c). Thus c=3kc=3k and 12=kc=3k2,12=kc=3k^2, so k=±2.k=\pm2. Each value determines one pair through b=2kb=-\frac{2}{k} and c=3k.c=3k. Hence there are two pairs.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

19.

2x3yz=02x-3y-z=0x+3y14z=0x+3y-14z=0,并且 z0z\ne0,则 x2+3xyy2+z2\dfrac{x^2+3xy}{y^2+z^2} 的数值为:

If 2x3yz=02x-3y-z=0 and x+3y14z=0,x+3y-14z=0, z0,z\ne0, the numerical value of x2+3xyy2+z2\dfrac{x^2+3xy}{y^2+z^2} is:

77

22

00

2017-\dfrac{20}{17}

2-2

难度评级:1210
小提示:

解两个一次方程,用 zz 表示 xxyy

Solve both linear equations for xx and yy in terms of zz

大提示:

由方程可得 y=3zy=3zx=5zx=5z

The equations give y=3zy=3z and x=5zx=5z

解答:

解方程得 y=3zy=3zx=5zx=5z。因此 x2+3xyy2+z2=25z2+45z29z2+z2=7\frac{x^2+3xy}{y^2+z^2}=\frac{25z^2+45z^2}{9z^2+z^2}=7\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

Solving the equations gives y=3zy=3z and x=5z.x=5z. Therefore x2+3xyy2+z2=25z2+45z29z2+z2=7.\frac{x^2+3xy}{y^2+z^2}=\frac{25z^2+45z^2}{9z^2+z^2}=7.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

20.

(x2y)18(x-2y)^{18} 展开式中所有项的数值系数之和是:

The sum of the numerical coefficients of all the terms in the expansion of (x2y)18(x-2y)^{18} is:

00

11

1919

1-1

19-19

难度评级:1030
小提示:

令每个变量都等于 11,即可求出多项式的系数和

A polynomial’s coefficient sum is found by setting every variable equal to 11

大提示:

计算 (12)18(1-2)^{18}

Evaluate (12)18(1-2)^{18}

解答:

x=y=1x=y=1。所有数值系数之和就是 (12)18=(1)18=1(1-2)^{18}=(-1)^{18}=1\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Set x=y=1.x=y=1. The sum of all numerical coefficients is then (12)18=(1)18=1.(1-2)^{18}=(-1)^{18}=1.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

21.

logb2x+logx2b=1\log_{b^2}x+\log_{x^2}b=1,其中 b>0b\gt0b1b\ne1x1x\ne1,则 xx 等于:

If logb2x+logx2b=1,\log_{b^2}x+\log_{x^2}b=1, where b>0,b\gt0, b1,b\ne1, and x1,x\ne1, then xx equals:

1b2\dfrac1{b^2}

1b\dfrac1b

b2b^2

bb

b\sqrt b

难度评级:1450
小提示:

t=logbxt=\log_bx

Let t=logbxt=\log_bx

大提示:

方程化为 t2+12t=1\frac t2+\frac1{2t}=1

The equation becomes t2+12t=1\frac t2+\frac1{2t}=1

解答:

t=logbxt=\log_bx。则 logb2x=t2\log_{b^2}x=\frac{t}{2}logx2b=12t\log_{x^2}b=\frac{1}{2t}。因此 t+1t=2t+\frac1t=2\text{,}所以 (t1)2=0(t-1)^2=0t=1t=1。故 x=bx=b

因此,正确答案是 D

Let t=logbx.t=\log_bx. Then logb2x=t2\log_{b^2}x=\frac{t}{2} and logx2b=12t.\log_{x^2}b=\frac{1}{2t}. Thus t+1t=2,t+\frac1t=2, so (t1)2=0(t-1)^2=0 and t=1.t=1. Hence x=b.x=b.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

22.

在平行四边形 ABCDABCD 中,EE 是对角线 BDBD 的中点。将点 EE 与边 DADA 上一点 FF 相连,使 DF=13DADF=\frac13DA。三角形 DFEDFE 的面积与四边形 ABEFABEF 的面积之比是多少?

Given parallelogram ABCDABCD with EE the midpoint of diagonal BD.BD. Point EE is connected to a point FF in DADA so that DF=13DA.DF=\frac13DA. What is the ratio of the area of triangle DFEDFE to the area of quadrilateral ABEF?ABEF?

1:21:2

1:31:3

1:51:5

1:61:6

1:71:7

难度评级:1670
小提示:

使用向量 A=0A=0B=uB=uD=vD=v

Use vectors A=0,A=0, B=u,B=u, and D=vD=v

大提示:

此时 E=u+v2E=\frac{u+v}{2}F=2v3F=\frac{2v}{3};分别求两部分面积占平行四边形面积的比例

Then E=u+v2E=\frac{u+v}{2} and F=2v3F=\frac{2v}{3}; compute both areas as fractions of the parallelogram

解答:

设平行四边形面积为 S=u×vS=|u\times v|,并取 A=0A=0B=uB=uD=vD=v。则 E=u+v2E=\frac{u+v}{2}F=2v3F=\frac{2v}{3}。由行列式得 [DFE]=S12[DFE]=\frac{S}{12}。对于四边形 ABEFABEF,两部分面积给出 [ABEF]=S4+S6=5S12 [ABEF]=\frac S4+\frac S6=\frac{5S}{12}\text{。}所求比为 1:51:5

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the parallelogram’s area be S=u×v,S=|u\times v|, with A=0,A=0, B=u,B=u, and D=v.D=v. Then E=u+v2E=\frac{u+v}{2} and F=2v3.F=\frac{2v}{3}. Determinants give [DFE]=S12.[DFE]=\frac{S}{12}. For quadrilateral ABEF,ABEF, the two determinant contributions give [ABEF]=S4+S6=5S12. [ABEF]=\frac S4+\frac S6=\frac{5S}{12}. The desired ratio is 1:5.1:5.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

23.

两个数的差、和与积之比为 1:7:241:7:24。这两个数的乘积是:

Two numbers are such that their difference, their sum, and their product are to one another as 1:7:24.1:7:24. The product of the two numbers is:

66

1212

2424

4848

9696

难度评级:1210
小提示:

将差、和、积分别表示为 kk7k7k24k24k

Represent the difference, sum, and product by k,k, 7k,7k, and 24k24k

大提示:

两个数分别为 7k+k2\frac{7k+k}{2}7kk2\frac{7k-k}{2}

The two numbers are 7k+k2\frac{7k+k}{2} and 7kk2\frac{7k-k}{2}

解答:

设差为 kk,和为 7k7k。两个数为 4k4k3k3k,所以乘积为 12k212k^2。而比值还说明乘积为 24k24k。由于两数不同,k0k\ne0,故 k=2k=2,乘积为 4848

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the difference be kk and the sum be 7k.7k. The numbers are 4k4k and 3k,3k, so their product is 12k2.12k^2. But the ratio also says the product is 24k.24k. For distinct numbers k0,k\ne0, so k=2k=2 and the product is 48.48.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

24.

y=(xa)2+(xb)2y=(x-a)^2+(x-b)^2,其中 aabb 为常数。当 xx 取何值时,yy 最小?

Let y=(xa)2+(xb)2,y=(x-a)^2+(x-b)^2, a,a, bb constants. For what value of xx is yy a minimum?

a+b2\dfrac{a+b}{2}

a+ba+b

ab\sqrt{ab}

a2+b22\sqrt{\dfrac{a^2+b^2}{2}}

a+b2ab\dfrac{a+b}{2ab}

难度评级:1140
小提示:

展开并合并含 xx 的项

Expand and collect the terms in xx

大提示:

配方或使用顶点公式

Complete the square or use the vertex formula

解答:

展开并配方得 y=2(xa+b2)2+(ab)22y=2\left(x-\frac{a+b}{2}\right)^2+\frac{(a-b)^2}{2}\text{。}x=a+b2x=\frac{a+b}{2} 时,平方项最小。

因此,正确答案是 A

Expanding and completing the square gives y=2(xa+b2)2+(ab)22.y=2\left(x-\frac{a+b}{2}\right)^2+\frac{(a-b)^2}{2}. The squared term is minimized at x=a+b2.x=\frac{a+b}{2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

25.

使 x2+3xy+x+mymx^2+3xy+x+my-m 能分解为两个关于 xxyy 的整系数一次因式的 mm 值恰好是:

The set of values of mm for which x2+3xy+x+mymx^2+3xy+x+my-m has two factors, with integer coefficients, which are linear in xx and y,y, is precisely:

00121212-12

0,0, 12,12, 12-12

001212

0,0, 1212

121212-12

12,12, 12-12

1212

00

难度评级:1870
小提示:

将因式写成 (x+ay+b)(x+cy+d)(x+ay+b)(x+cy+d)

Write the factors as (x+ay+b)(x+cy+d)(x+ay+b)(x+cy+d)

大提示:

缺少 y2y^2 项且交叉项为 3xy3xy,这迫使 {a,c}={0,3}\{a,c\}=\{0,3\}

The missing y2y^2-term and the 3xy3xy-term force {a,c}={0,3}\{a,c\}=\{0,3\}

解答:

将分解式写成 (x+ay+b)(x+cy+d)(x+ay+b)(x+cy+d)。比较 y2y^2xyxy 的系数,得 ac=0ac=0a+c=3a+c=3,可取 a=0a=0c=3c=3。其余系数给出 b+d=1,bd=m,3b=m \begin{aligned} b+d&=1,\\ bd&=-m,\\ 3b&=m\text{。} \end{aligned} 因而 b(d+3)=0b(d+3)=0。若 b=0b=0,则 m=0m=0;否则 d=3d=-3b=4b=4,且 m=12m=12。这两个值都能得到有效的整系数因式分解。

因此,正确答案是 B

Write the factorization as (x+ay+b)(x+cy+d).(x+ay+b)(x+cy+d). Comparing the y2y^2 and xyxy coefficients gives ac=0ac=0 and a+c=3,a+c=3, so take a=0,a=0, c=3.c=3. The other coefficients give b+d=1,bd=m,3b=m. \begin{aligned} b+d&=1,\\ bd&=-m,\\ 3b&=m. \end{aligned} Hence b(d+3)=0.b(d+3)=0. If b=0,b=0, then m=0;m=0; otherwise d=3,d=-3, b=4,b=4, and m=12.m=12. Both values produce valid integer factorizations.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

26.

在一场十英里赛跑中,第一名领先第二名 22 英里,领先第三名 44 英里。若三人全程保持恒速,第二名将领先第三名多少英里?

In a ten-mile race First beats Second by 22 miles and First beats Third by 44 miles. If the runners maintain constant speeds throughout the race, by how many miles does Second beat Third?

22

2142\dfrac14

2122\dfrac12

2342\dfrac34

33

难度评级:1210
小提示:

第一名到达终点时,第二名和第三名分别跑了 8866 英里

When First finishes, Second and Third have run 88 and 66 miles

大提示:

比较第二名跑完 1010 英里时第三名跑过的距离

Compare Third’s distance when Second completes 1010 miles

解答:

相对于第一名的速度,第二名的速度为 810=45\frac{8}{10}=\frac{4}{5},第三名的速度为 610=35\frac{6}{10}=\frac{3}{5}。因此第三名的速度是第二名的 34\frac{3}{4}。当第二名跑完 1010 英里时,第三名跑了 10(34)=71210(\frac{3}{4})=7\dfrac12 英里,所以第二名领先 2122\dfrac12 英里。

因此,正确答案是 C

Relative to First’s speed, Second’s speed is 810=45\frac{8}{10}=\frac{4}{5} and Third’s is 610=35.\frac{6}{10}=\frac{3}{5}. Thus Third runs 34\frac{3}{4} as fast as Second. When Second finishes 1010 miles, Third has run 10(34)=71210(\frac{3}{4})=7\dfrac12 miles, so Second wins by 2122\dfrac12 miles.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

27.

xx 为实数,且 x4+x3<a|x-4|+|x-3|\lt a,其中 a>0a\gt0,则:

If xx is a real number and x4+x3<a,|x-4|+|x-3|\lt a, where a>0,a\gt0, then:

0<a<0.010\lt a\lt0.01

0.01<a<10.01\lt a\lt1

0<a<10\lt a\lt1

0<a10\lt a\leq1

a>1a\gt1

难度评级:1260
小提示:

将这个和理解为 xx3344 的距离之和

Interpret the sum as the distances from xx to 33 and 44

大提示:

求它在 3x43\leq x\leq4 时的最小值,并注意不等式是严格的

Find its minimum for 3x43\leq x\leq4, remembering the inequality is strict

解答:

由三角不等式,x4+x343=1|x-4|+|x-3|\geq|4-3|=1\text{。}3344 之间的每个 xx,等号都成立。因此严格不等式恰在 a>1a\gt1 时有实数解。

因此,正确答案是 E

By the triangle inequality, x4+x343=1.|x-4|+|x-3|\geq|4-3|=1. Equality holds for every xx between 33 and 4.4. Therefore the strict inequality has a real solution exactly when a>1.a\gt1.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

28.

一个等差数列前 nn 项的和为 153153,公差为 22。若首项为整数且 n>1n\gt1,则 nn 可能取值的个数是:

The sum of nn terms of an arithmetic progression is 153,153, and the common difference is 2.2. If the first term is an integer, and n>1,n\gt1, then the number of possible values for nn is:

22

33

44

55

66

难度评级:1650
小提示:

若首项为 aa,则其和为 n(a+n1)n(a+n-1)

If the first term is a,a, the sum is n(a+n1)n(a+n-1)

大提示:

列出 153=3217153=3^2\cdot17 的所有大于 11 的约数

List the divisors of 153=3217153=3^2\cdot17 that exceed 11

解答:

等差数列求和公式化为 153=n(a+n1)153=n(a+n-1)\text{。}因此 nn 必须整除 153153,而每个这样的 nn 都给出整数 aa。大于 11 的约数为 339917175151153153,所以共有五种可能。

因此,正确答案是 D

The arithmetic-series formula simplifies to 153=n(a+n1).153=n(a+n-1). Thus nn must divide 153,153, and every such nn gives an integer a.a. The divisors greater than 11 are 3,3, 9,9, 17,17, 51,51, and 153,153, so there are five possibilities.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

29.

在图中,RFS=FDR\angle RFS=\angle FDRFD=4FD=4 英寸,DR=6DR=6 英寸,FR=5FR=5 英寸,且 FS=712FS=7\dfrac12 英寸。RSRS 的长度(英寸)为:

In this figure RFS=FDR,\angle RFS=\angle FDR, FD=4FD=4 inches, DR=6DR=6 inches, FR=5FR=5 inches, and FS=712FS=7\dfrac12 inches. The length of RS,RS, in inches, is:

无法确定

undetermined

44

5125\dfrac12

66

6146\dfrac14

难度评级:1710
小提示:

比较以所标相等角为夹角的三角形 RFSRFSFDRFDR

Compare triangles RFSRFS and FDRFDR around the marked equal angles

大提示:

相邻边之比为 54=1512\frac{5}{4}=\frac{15}{12}

The adjacent side ratios are 54=1512\frac{5}{4}=\frac{15}{12}

解答:

在相等的夹角两侧,FRFD=54,FSDR=1512=54 \begin{gathered} \frac{FR}{FD}=\frac54,\\ \frac{FS}{DR}=\frac{15}{12}=\frac54 \end{gathered}\text{。}因此由边角边,RFSFDR\triangle RFS\sim\triangle FDR。边 RSRS 对应 FR=5FR=5,所以 RS=(54)5=254=614RS=(\frac{5}{4})\cdot5=\frac{25}{4}=6\frac14

因此,正确答案是 E

At the equal included angles, FRFD=54,FSDR=1512=54. \begin{gathered} \frac{FR}{FD}=\frac54,\\ \frac{FS}{DR}=\frac{15}{12}=\frac54. \end{gathered} Thus RFSFDR\triangle RFS\sim\triangle FDR by SAS. Side RSRS corresponds to FR=5,FR=5, so RS=(54)5=254=614.RS=(\frac{5}{4})\cdot5=\frac{25}{4}=6\frac14.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

30.

(7+43)x2+(2+3)x2=0 \begin{aligned} (7+4\sqrt3)x^2 &+(2+\sqrt3)x\\ &-2=0 \end{aligned}\text{,}

则较大根减去较小根为:

If

(7+43)x2+(2+3)x2=0, \begin{aligned} (7+4\sqrt3)x^2 &+(2+\sqrt3)x\\ &-2=0, \end{aligned}

the larger root minus the smaller root is:

2+33-2+3\sqrt3

232-\sqrt3

6+336+3\sqrt3

6336-3\sqrt3

33+23\sqrt3+2

难度评级:1670
小提示:

注意 7+43=(2+3)27+4\sqrt3=(2+\sqrt3)^2

Notice that 7+43=(2+3)27+4\sqrt3=(2+\sqrt3)^2

大提示:

Ax2+Bx+C=0Ax^2+Bx+C=0,两根之差为 B24ACA\frac{\sqrt{B^2-4AC}}{A}

For Ax2+Bx+C=0,Ax^2+Bx+C=0, the root difference is B24ACA\frac{\sqrt{B^2-4AC}}{A}

解答:

A=7+43=(2+3)2A=7+4\sqrt3=(2+\sqrt3)^2,且 B=2+3B=2+\sqrt3。判别式为 B24A(2)=A+8A=9AB^2-4A(-2)=A+8A=9A\text{。}因而两根之差为 9AA=32+3=633\frac{\sqrt{9A}}A=\frac3{2+\sqrt3}=6-3\sqrt3\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let A=7+43=(2+3)2A=7+4\sqrt3=(2+\sqrt3)^2 and B=2+3.B=2+\sqrt3. The discriminant is B24A(2)=A+8A=9A.B^2-4A(-2)=A+8A=9A. Hence the root difference is 9AA=32+3=633.\frac{\sqrt{9A}}A=\frac3{2+\sqrt3}=6-3\sqrt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

31.

f(n)=5+3510(1+52)n+53510(152)n \begin{aligned} f(n) &=\frac{5+3\sqrt5}{10} \left(\frac{1+\sqrt5}{2}\right)^n\\ &\quad+\frac{5-3\sqrt5}{10} \left(\frac{1-\sqrt5}{2}\right)^n \end{aligned}\text{。}

则用 f(n)f(n) 表示的 f(n+1)f(n1)f(n+1)-f(n-1) 等于:

Let

f(n)=5+3510(1+52)n+53510(152)n. \begin{aligned} f(n) &=\frac{5+3\sqrt5}{10} \left(\frac{1+\sqrt5}{2}\right)^n\\ &\quad+\frac{5-3\sqrt5}{10} \left(\frac{1-\sqrt5}{2}\right)^n. \end{aligned}

Then f(n+1)f(n1),f(n+1)-f(n-1), expressed in terms of f(n),f(n), equals:

12f(n)\dfrac12f(n)

f(n)f(n)

2f(n)+12f(n)+1

f2(n)f^2(n)

12(f2(n)1)\dfrac12\left(f^2(n)-1\right)

难度评级:1900
小提示:

将两个指数式的底数记为 α\alphaβ\beta

Call the two exponential bases α\alpha and β\beta

大提示:

r2r1=0r^2-r-1=0 的两个根都满足 rn+1rn1=rnr^{n+1}-r^{n-1}=r^n

Both roots of r2r1=0r^2-r-1=0 satisfy rn+1rn1=rnr^{n+1}-r^{n-1}=r^n

解答:

每个底数 r=1±52r=\frac{1\pm\sqrt5}{2} 都满足 r2=r+1r^2=r+1,所以 r21=rr^2-1=r。因此 rn+1rn1=rn1(r21)=rnr^{n+1}-r^{n-1}=r^{n-1}(r^2-1)=r^n\text{。}将此恒等式逐项用于定义中的线性组合,得 f(n+1)f(n1)=f(n)f(n+1)-f(n-1)=f(n)

因此,正确答案是 B

Each base r=1±52r=\frac{1\pm\sqrt5}{2} satisfies r2=r+1,r^2=r+1, so r21=r.r^2-1=r. Therefore rn+1rn1=rn1(r21)=rn.r^{n+1}-r^{n-1}=r^{n-1}(r^2-1)=r^n. Applying this identity term by term to the defining linear combination gives f(n+1)f(n1)=f(n).f(n+1)-f(n-1)=f(n).

Thus, the correct answer is B.

32.

a+bb+c=c+dd+a\dfrac{a+b}{b+c}=\dfrac{c+d}{d+a},则:

If a+bb+c=c+dd+a,\dfrac{a+b}{b+c}=\dfrac{c+d}{d+a}, then:

aa 必须等于 cc

aa must equal cc

a+b+c+da+b+c+d 必须等于零

a+b+c+da+b+c+d must equal zero

a=ca=ca+b+c+d=0a+b+c+d=0,也可能两者都成立

either a=ca=c or a+b+c+d=0,a+b+c+d=0, or both

a=ca=c,则 a+b+c+d0a+b+c+d\ne0

a+b+c+d0a+b+c+d\ne0 if a=ca=c

a(b+c+d)=c(a+b+d)a(b+c+d)=c(a+b+d)

难度评级:1450
小提示:

将两个分式交叉相乘

Cross-multiply the two fractions

大提示:

将所有项移到一边并提取 aca-c

Move all terms to one side and factor out aca-c

解答:

交叉相乘得 (a+b)(a+d)=(b+c)(c+d)(a+b)(a+d)=(b+c)(c+d)。移去右边并分解因式,得 (ac)(a+b+c+d)=0(a-c)(a+b+c+d)=0\text{。}因此要么 a=ca=c,要么总和为零,也可能两者都成立。

因此,正确答案是 C

Cross-multiplication gives (a+b)(a+d)=(b+c)(c+d).(a+b)(a+d)=(b+c)(c+d). Subtracting the right side and factoring yields (ac)(a+b+c+d)=0.(a-c)(a+b+c+d)=0. Hence either a=ca=c or the sum is zero, and both may occur.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

33.

PP 是矩形 ABCDABCD 内一点,且 PA=3PA=3 英寸,PD=4PD=4 英寸,PC=5PC=5 英寸。则 PBPB 的长度(英寸)为:

PP is a point interior to rectangle ABCDABCD and such that PA=3PA=3 inches, PD=4PD=4 inches, and PC=5PC=5 inches. Then PB,PB, in inches, equals:

232\sqrt3

323\sqrt2

333\sqrt3

424\sqrt2

22

难度评级:1180
小提示:

使用矩形恒等式 PA2+PC2=PB2+PD2PA^2+PC^2=PB^2+PD^2

Use the rectangle identity PA2+PC2=PB2+PD2PA^2+PC^2=PB^2+PD^2

大提示:

代入三个已知距离并求 PB2PB^2

Substitute the three known distances and solve for PB2PB^2

解答:

对矩形内任一点,英国国旗定理给出 PA2+PC2=PB2+PD2PA^2+PC^2=PB^2+PD^2\text{。}因此 9+25=PB2+169+25=PB^2+16,所以 PB2=18PB^2=18PB=32PB=3\sqrt2

因此,正确答案是 B

For any point in a rectangle, the British flag theorem gives PA2+PC2=PB2+PD2.PA^2+PC^2=PB^2+PD^2. Thus 9+25=PB2+16,9+25=PB^2+16, so PB2=18PB^2=18 and PB=32.PB=3\sqrt2.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

34.

nn44 的倍数,则和式

s=1+2i+3i2++(n+1)in \begin{aligned} s&=1+2i+3i^2+\cdots\\ &\quad+(n+1)i^n \end{aligned}\text{,}

其中 i=1i=\sqrt{-1},其值为:

If nn is a multiple of 4,4, the sum

s=1+2i+3i2++(n+1)in, \begin{aligned} s&=1+2i+3i^2+\cdots\\ &\quad+(n+1)i^n, \end{aligned}

where i=1,i=\sqrt{-1}, equals:

1+i1+i

12(n+2)\dfrac12(n+2)

12(n+2ni)\dfrac12(n+2-ni)

12[(n+1)(1i)+2]\dfrac12\left[(n+1)(1-i)+2\right]

18(n2+84ni)\dfrac18(n^2+8-4ni)

难度评级:1870
小提示:

ii 的每四个连续幂将各项分组

Group the terms in blocks of four powers of ii

大提示:

每个以系数 4j+14j+1 开始的完整组之和为 22i-2-2i

Each complete block beginning with coefficient 4j+14j+1 sums to 22i-2-2i

解答:

写成 n=4mn=4m。对 j=0,,m1j=0,\ldots,m-1,指数从 4j4j4j+34j+3 的四项之和为 (4j+1)+(4j+2)i(4j+3)(4j+4)i=22i \begin{aligned} &(4j+1)+(4j+2)i\\ &\quad-(4j+3)-(4j+4)i\\ &=-2-2i \end{aligned}\text{。}最后一项为 4m+14m+1。因此 s=m(22i)+(4m+1)=n+2ni2 \begin{aligned} s&=m(-2-2i)+(4m+1)\\ &=\frac{n+2-ni}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Write n=4m.n=4m. For j=0,,m1,j=0,\ldots,m-1, the four terms with exponents 4j4j through 4j+34j+3 sum to (4j+1)+(4j+2)i(4j+3)(4j+4)i=22i. \begin{aligned} &(4j+1)+(4j+2)i\\ &\quad-(4j+3)-(4j+4)i\\ &=-2-2i. \end{aligned} The final term is 4m+1.4m+1. Therefore s=m(22i)+(4m+1)=n+2ni2. \begin{aligned} s&=m(-2-2i)+(4m+1)\\ &=\frac{n+2-ni}{2}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

35.

三角形的三边长为 131314141515。三条高交于点 HH。若 ADAD 是边长为 1414 的边上的高,则 HD:HAHD:HA 为多少?

The sides of a triangle are of lengths 13,13, 14,14, and 15.15. The altitudes of the triangle meet at point H.H. If ADAD is the altitude to the side of length 14,14, what is the ratio HD:HA?HD:HA?

3:113:11

5:115:11

1:21:2

2:32:3

25:3325:33

难度评级:1850
小提示:

边长为 131314141515 的三角形面积为 8484,所以边长为 1414 的边上的高为 1212

The 1313-1414-1515 triangle has area 8484, so the altitude to side 1414 is 1212

大提示:

高的垂足把边长为 1414 的边分成长度为 5599 的两段;用坐标求出 HH 的位置

The altitude foot divides the side of length 1414 into segments 55 and 99; use coordinates to locate HH

解答:

由海伦公式可得面积为 8484,所以 AD=2(84)14=12AD=\frac{2(84)}{14}=12。邻接的边长为 1313 的边在底边上的投影长为 132122=5\sqrt{13^2-12^2}=5,底边剩余部分长为 99。设 D=(0,0), A=(0,12)D=(0,0),\ A=(0,12)B=(5,0), C=(9,0)B=(-5,0),\ C=(9,0)。直线 ACAC 的斜率为 43-\frac{4}{3},所以经过 BB 的高的斜率为 34\frac{3}{4},并在高度 154\frac{15}{4} 处与 ADAD 相交。因此 HD=154,HA=12154=334 \begin{gathered} HD=\frac{15}{4},\\ HA=12-\frac{15}{4}=\frac{33}{4} \end{gathered}\text{,}从而 HD:HA=5:11HD:HA=5:11

因此,正确答案是 B

Heron’s formula gives area 84,84, so AD=2(84)14=12.AD=\frac{2(84)}{14}=12. The adjacent 1313-side has projection 132122=5,\sqrt{13^2-12^2}=5, leaving 99 on the base. Put D=(0,0), A=(0,12),D=(0,0),\ A=(0,12), B=(5,0), C=(9,0).B=(-5,0),\ C=(9,0). Line ACAC has slope 43,-\frac{4}{3}, so the altitude through BB has slope 34\frac{3}{4} and meets ADAD at height 154.\frac{15}{4}. Thus HD=154,HA=12154=334, \begin{gathered} HD=\frac{15}{4},\\ HA=12-\frac{15}{4}=\frac{33}{4}, \end{gathered} giving HD:HA=5:11.HD:HA=5:11.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

36.

在图中,圆的半径等于等边三角形 ABCABC 的高。让圆沿边 ABAB 滚动,并始终在动点 TT 处与该边相切,同时分别在动点 MMNN 处与直线 ACACBCBC 相交。设弧 MTNMTN 的度数为 nn。那么对于圆的所有允许位置,nn

In this figure the radius of the circle is equal to the altitude of the equilateral triangle ABC.ABC. The circle is made to roll along the side AB,AB, remaining tangent to it at a variable point TT and intersecting lines ACAC and BCBC in variable points MM and N,N, respectively. Let nn be the number of degrees in arc MTN.MTN. Then n,n, for all permissible positions of the circle:

3030^\circ9090^\circ 之间变化

varies from 3030^\circ to 9090^\circ

3030^\circ6060^\circ 之间变化

varies from 3030^\circ to 6060^\circ

6060^\circ9090^\circ 之间变化

varies from 6060^\circ to 9090^\circ

恒为 3030^\circ

remains constant at 3030^\circ

恒为 6060^\circ

remains constant at 6060^\circ

难度评级:2130
小提示:

圆心 OO 和顶点 CCABAB 的距离都等于三角形的高,所以 COABCO\parallel AB

The circle’s center OO and vertex CC are the same distance above ABAB, so COABCO\parallel AB

大提示:

延长 NCNCCC,使其再次与圆交于 DD,再利用关于直线 COCO 的反射

Extend NCNC through CC to meet the circle again at DD, then use reflection across line COCO

解答:

OO 为圆心。OOCCABAB 的距离都等于三角形的高,所以 COABCO\parallel AB。延长 NCNCCC,使其再次与圆交于 DD。由于 CDCDCNCN 方向相反,MCD=180MCN=120 \begin{aligned} \angle MCD &=180^\circ-\angle MCN\\ &=120^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}平行于 ABAB 的直线 COCO 平分这个角。关于 COCO 的反射使圆保持不变,并交换射线 CMCMCDCD,所以也交换点 MMDD。因此 CM=CDCM=CD,等腰三角形 MCDMCD 的两个底角均为 3030^\circ

由于 D,C,ND,C,N 共线,MDN=30\angle MDN=30^\circ。这个圆周角所对的是弧 MTNMTN,因此在圆的每个允许位置,弧的度数都为 6060^\circ

所以,正确答案是 E

Let OO be the circle’s center. Both OO and CC are one triangle altitude above AB,AB, so COAB.CO\parallel AB. Extend NCNC through CC to meet the circle again at D.D. Since CDCD is opposite to CN,CN, MCD=180MCN=120. \begin{aligned} \angle MCD &=180^\circ-\angle MCN\\ &=120^\circ. \end{aligned} The line CO,CO, parallel to AB,AB, bisects this angle. Reflection across COCO fixes the circle and interchanges rays CMCM and CD,CD, so it interchanges MM and D.D. Hence CM=CD,CM=CD, and isosceles triangle MCDMCD has base angles 30.30^\circ.

Because D,C,ND,C,N are collinear, MDN=30.\angle MDN=30^\circ. This inscribed angle subtends arc MTN,MTN, whose measure is therefore 6060^\circ for every permissible circle position.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

37.

给定两个正数 aabb,且 a<ba\lt b。设它们的算术平均数为 A.M.,正的几何平均数为 G.M.。那么 A.M. 与 G.M. 之差总小于:

Given two positive numbers a,a, bb such that a<b.a\lt b. Let A.M. be their arithmetic mean and let G.M. be their positive geometric mean. Then A.M. minus G.M. is always less than:

(b+a)2ab\dfrac{(b+a)^2}{ab}

(b+a)28b\dfrac{(b+a)^2}{8b}

(ba)2ab\dfrac{(b-a)^2}{ab}

(ba)28a\dfrac{(b-a)^2}{8a}

(ba)28b\dfrac{(b-a)^2}{8b}

难度评级:1670
小提示:

ba\sqrt b-\sqrt a 改写 a+b2ab\frac{a+b}{2}-\sqrt{ab}

Rewrite a+b2ab\frac{a+b}{2}-\sqrt{ab} using ba\sqrt b-\sqrt a

大提示:

ba=(ba)(b+a)b-a=(\sqrt b-\sqrt a)(\sqrt b+\sqrt a) 因式分解,再与选项 D 比较

Factor ba=(ba)(b+a)b-a=(\sqrt b-\sqrt a)(\sqrt b+\sqrt a) to compare with choice D

解答:

我们有 a+b2ab=(ba)22 \frac{a+b}{2}-\sqrt{ab} =\frac{(\sqrt b-\sqrt a)^2}{2}\text{。}约去正因子 (ba)2(\sqrt b-\sqrt a)^2 后,与选项 D 的比较化为 12<(b+a)28a \frac12 <\frac{(\sqrt b+\sqrt a)^2}{8a}\text{。}由于 b+a>2a\sqrt b+\sqrt a\gt2\sqrt a,这个不等式成立。因此,A.M. 与 G.M. 之差总小于选项 D 中的式子。

所以,正确答案是 D

We have a+b2ab=(ba)22. \frac{a+b}{2}-\sqrt{ab} =\frac{(\sqrt b-\sqrt a)^2}{2}. After canceling the positive factor (ba)2,(\sqrt b-\sqrt a)^2, comparison with choice D reduces to 12<(b+a)28a. \frac12 <\frac{(\sqrt b+\sqrt a)^2}{8a}. This is true because b+a>2a.\sqrt b+\sqrt a\gt2\sqrt a. Thus A.M. minus G.M. is always less than the expression in choice D.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

38.

三角形 PQRPQR 的边 PQPQPRPR 的长度分别为 44 英寸和 77 英寸。中线 PMPM3123\dfrac12 英寸。那么 QRQR 的长度(英寸)为:

The sides PQPQ and PRPR of triangle PQRPQR are respectively of lengths 44 inches and 77 inches. The median PMPM is 3123\dfrac12 inches. Then QR,QR, in inches, is:

66

77

88

99

1010

难度评级:1210
小提示:

QRQR 边上的中线应用阿波罗尼斯定理

Use Apollonius’s theorem for the median to QRQR

大提示:

代入 PQ=4, PR=7, PM=72PQ=4,\ PR=7,\ PM=\frac{7}{2}

Substitute PQ=4, PR=7, PM=72PQ=4,\ PR=7,\ PM=\frac{7}{2}

解答:

由阿波罗尼斯定理,QR2=2(42+72)4(72)2=81 \begin{aligned} QR^2 &=2(4^2+7^2)-4\left(\frac72\right)^2\\ &=81 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 QR=9QR=9

所以,正确答案是 D

Apollonius’s theorem gives QR2=2(42+72)4(72)2=81. \begin{aligned} QR^2 &=2(4^2+7^2)-4\left(\frac72\right)^2\\ &=81. \end{aligned} Therefore QR=9.QR=9.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

39.

如图,三角形 ABCABC 的三边长分别为 aabbcc,且 cbac\leq b\leq a。分别作过内点 PP 和顶点 AABBCC 的直线,与对边交于 AA'BB'CC'。设 s=AA+BB+CCs=AA'+BB'+CC'。那么对于点 PP 的所有位置,ss 小于:

The magnitudes of the sides of triangle ABCABC are a,a, b,b, c,c, as shown, with cba.c\leq b\leq a. Through interior point PP and the vertices A,A, B,B, C,C, lines are drawn meeting the opposite sides in A,A', B,B', C,C', respectively. Let s=AA+BB+CC.s=AA'+BB'+CC'. Then, for all positions of point P,P, ss is less than:

2a+b2a+b

2a+c2a+c

2b+c2b+c

a+2ba+2b

a+b+ca+b+c

难度评级:1850
小提示:

线段上一点到某个固定顶点的距离小于该线段较远端点到此顶点的距离

A point on a segment is closer to a fixed vertex than the farther endpoint of that segment

大提示:

分别用相邻边长估计 AAAA'BBBB'CCCC' 的上界

Bound AAAA', BBBB', and CCCC' separately using their adjacent side lengths

解答:

对于一个固定顶点,到该顶点的距离平方沿对边是凸函数,所以最大值在端点处取得。由于每条顶点连线与对边的交点都在该边内部,AA<max(AB,AC)=b,BB<max(BA,BC)=a,CC<max(CA,CB)=a \begin{gathered} AA'\lt\max(AB,AC)=b,\\ BB'\lt\max(BA,BC)=a,\\ CC'\lt\max(CA,CB)=a \end{gathered}\text{。}三式相加得 s<2a+bs\lt2a+b

因此,正确答案是 A

For a fixed vertex, squared distance is a convex function along the opposite side, so its maximum occurs at an endpoint. Since each cevian endpoint is interior to its side, AA<max(AB,AC)=b,BB<max(BA,BC)=a,CC<max(CA,CB)=a. \begin{gathered} AA'\lt\max(AB,AC)=b,\\ BB'\lt\max(BA,BC)=a,\\ CC'\lt\max(CA,CB)=a. \end{gathered} Adding gives s<2a+b.s\lt2a+b.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

40.

一块手表每天慢 2122\dfrac12 分钟。三月 1515 日下午 11 时将它校准。设某时刻应加在手表显示时间上的正校正量为 nn 分钟。当手表显示三月 2121 日上午 99 时,nn 等于:

A watch loses 2122\dfrac12 minutes per day. It is set right at 11 P.M. on March 15.15. Let nn be the positive correction, in minutes, to be added to the time shown by the watch at a given time. When the watch shows 99 A.M. on March 21,21, nn equals:

14142314\dfrac{14}{23}

1411414\dfrac1{14}

1310111513\dfrac{101}{115}

138311513\dfrac{83}{115}

13132313\dfrac{13}{23}

难度评级:1670
小提示:

手表的走时速率是实际时间的 575576\frac{575}{576}

The watch advances 575576\frac{575}{576} as fast as real time

大提示:

从手表显示的三月 1515 日下午 11 时到三月 2121 日上午 99 时,共经过 84008400 个显示分钟

From the displayed 11 P.M. on March 1515 to 99 A.M. on March 2121 is 84008400 displayed minutes

解答:

手表走时速率是正确速率的 575576\frac{575}{576}。手表显示的经过时间为 552020 小时,即 84008400 分钟。因此,实际经过时间为 8400(576575)8400(\frac{576}{575}),校正量为 n=8400(5765751)=8400575=33623=141423 \begin{aligned} n&=8400\left(\frac{576}{575}-1\right)\\ &=\frac{8400}{575} =\frac{336}{23}\\ &=14\frac{14}{23} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

The watch runs at 575576\frac{575}{576} of the correct rate. The displayed elapsed time is 55 days 2020 hours, or 84008400 minutes. Thus the real elapsed time is 8400(576575),8400(\frac{576}{575}), and the correction is n=8400(5765751)=8400575=33623=141423. \begin{aligned} n&=8400\left(\frac{576}{575}-1\right)\\ &=\frac{8400}{575} =\frac{336}{23}\\ &=14\frac{14}{23}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is A.