1958 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

[23(23)1]1\left[2-3(2-3)^{-1}\right]^{-1} 的值为:

The value of [23(23)1]1\left[2-3(2-3)^{-1}\right]^{-1} is:

55

5-5

15\dfrac15

15-\dfrac15

53\dfrac53

知识点:指数运算顺序分数
难度评级:1120
小提示:

先计算最内层的差,再处理指数 1-1

Evaluate the innermost difference before using the exponent 1-1

大提示:

指数为 1-1 表示取倒数

An exponent of 1-1 means to take a reciprocal

解答:

由于 23=12-3=-1,其倒数仍为 1-1。因此 [23(1)]1=51=15 \left[2-3(-1)\right]^{-1} =5^{-1}=\frac15\text{。}

所以正确答案为 C

Since 23=1,2-3=-1, its reciprocal is also 1.-1. Therefore [23(1)]1=51=15. \left[2-3(-1)\right]^{-1} =5^{-1}=\frac15.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

1x1y=1z\dfrac1x-\dfrac1y=\dfrac1z,则 zz 等于:

If 1x1y=1z,\dfrac1x-\dfrac1y=\dfrac1z, then zz equals:

yxy-x

xyx-y

yxxy\dfrac{y-x}{xy}

xyyx\dfrac{xy}{y-x}

xyxy\dfrac{xy}{x-y}

难度评级:1110
小提示:

1x1y\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{y} 通分

Combine 1x1y\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{y} over a common denominator

大提示:

求出 1z\frac{1}{z} 后取倒数,即得 zz

After finding 1z,\frac{1}{z}, take the reciprocal to obtain zz

解答:

通分可得 1z=1x1y=yxxy \frac1z=\frac1x-\frac1y =\frac{y-x}{xy}\text{。}两边取倒数,得到 z=xyyx z=\frac{xy}{y-x}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 D

Combining the fractions, 1z=1x1y=yxxy. \frac1z=\frac1x-\frac1y =\frac{y-x}{xy}. Taking reciprocals gives z=xyyx. z=\frac{xy}{y-x}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

3.

下列表达式中,等于 a1b1a3b3\dfrac{a^{-1}b^{-1}}{a^{-3}-b^{-3}} 的是:

Of the following expressions, the one equal to a1b1a3b3\dfrac{a^{-1}b^{-1}}{a^{-3}-b^{-3}} is:

a2b2b2a2\dfrac{a^2b^2}{b^2-a^2}

a2b2b3a3\dfrac{a^2b^2}{b^3-a^3}

abb3a3\dfrac{ab}{b^3-a^3}

a3b3ab\dfrac{a^3-b^3}{ab}

a2b2ab\dfrac{a^2b^2}{a-b}

难度评级:1360
小提示:

将每个负指数幂改写成倒数

Rewrite every negative power as a reciprocal

大提示:

a3b3a^3b^3 为公分母表示 a3b3a^{-3}-b^{-3}

Express a3b3a^{-3}-b^{-3} over the common denominator a3b3a^3b^3

解答:

a3b3=b3a3a3b3 a^{-3}-b^{-3} =\frac{b^3-a^3}{a^3b^3}\text{。}因此 1abb3a3a3b3=a2b2b3a3 \frac{\frac{1}{ab}}{\frac{b^3-a^3}{a^3b^3}} =\frac{a^2b^2}{b^3-a^3}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 B

We have a3b3=b3a3a3b3. a^{-3}-b^{-3} =\frac{b^3-a^3}{a^3b^3}. Hence 1abb3a3a3b3=a2b2b3a3. \frac{\frac{1}{ab}}{\frac{b^3-a^3}{a^3b^3}} =\frac{a^2b^2}{b^3-a^3}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

在表达式 x+1x1\dfrac{x+1}{x-1} 中,将每个 xx 都替换为 x+1x1\dfrac{x+1}{x-1}。所得表达式在 x=12x=\dfrac12 时的值为:

In the expression x+1x1,\dfrac{x+1}{x-1}, each xx is replaced by x+1x1.\dfrac{x+1}{x-1}. The resulting expression, evaluated for x=12,x=\dfrac12, equals:

33

3-3

11

1-1

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1300
小提示:

f(x)=x+1x1f(x)=\frac{x+1}{x-1},化简 f(f(x))f(f(x))

Let f(x)=x+1x1f(x)=\frac{x+1}{x-1} and simplify f(f(x))f(f(x))

大提示:

分别合并复合分式的分子和分母

Combine the numerator and denominator of the composed fraction separately

解答:

f(x)=x+1x1f(x)=\frac{x+1}{x-1}。则 f(f(x))=x+1x1+1x+1x11=2xx12x1=x \begin{aligned} f(f(x)) &=\frac{\frac{x+1}{x-1}+1} {\frac{x+1}{x-1}-1}\\ &=\frac{\frac{2x}{x-1}}{\frac{2}{x-1}} =x \end{aligned}\text{。}x=12x=\frac{1}{2} 时,其值为 12\frac{1}{2},不在选项中。

所以正确答案为 E

Let f(x)=x+1x1.f(x)=\frac{x+1}{x-1}. Then f(f(x))=x+1x1+1x+1x11=2xx12x1=x. \begin{aligned} f(f(x)) &=\frac{\frac{x+1}{x-1}+1} {\frac{x+1}{x-1}-1}\\ &=\frac{\frac{2x}{x-1}}{\frac{2}{x-1}} =x. \end{aligned} At x=12,x=\frac{1}{2}, the value is 12,\frac{1}{2}, which is not listed.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

5.

表达式 2+2+12+2+1222+\sqrt2+\dfrac1{2+\sqrt2}+\dfrac1{\sqrt2-2} 等于:

The expression 2+2+12+2+1222+\sqrt2+\dfrac1{2+\sqrt2}+\dfrac1{\sqrt2-2} equals:

22

222-\sqrt2

2+22+\sqrt2

222\sqrt2

22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

难度评级:1450
小提示:

先将两个倒数项的分母有理化,再相加

Rationalize the two reciprocal terms before adding them

大提示:

两个倒数化简后,其和为 2-\sqrt2

The two reciprocals simplify to quantities whose sum is 2-\sqrt2

解答:

分母有理化后得到 12+2=222,122=2+22 \begin{aligned} \frac1{2+\sqrt2}&=\frac{2-\sqrt2}{2},\\ \frac1{\sqrt2-2}&=-\frac{2+\sqrt2}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}两者之和为 2-\sqrt2。因此整个表达式为 2+22=2 2+\sqrt2-\sqrt2=2\text{。}

所以正确答案为 A

Rationalizing gives 12+2=222,122=2+22. \begin{aligned} \frac1{2+\sqrt2}&=\frac{2-\sqrt2}{2},\\ \frac1{\sqrt2-2}&=-\frac{2+\sqrt2}{2}. \end{aligned} Their sum is 2.-\sqrt2. Therefore the whole expression is 2+22=2. 2+\sqrt2-\sqrt2=2.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

x0x\ne0 时,x+ax\dfrac{x+a}{x}xax\dfrac{x-a}{x} 的算术平均数为:

The arithmetic mean between x+ax\dfrac{x+a}{x} and xax,\dfrac{x-a}{x}, when x0,x\ne0, is:

a0a\ne0 时为 22

2,2, if a0a\ne0

11

仅当 a=0a=0 时为 11

1,1, only if a=0a=0

ax\dfrac ax

xx

难度评级:960
小提示:

将两个给定表达式相加,再除以 22

Add the two given expressions and divide by 22

大提示:

分子中的 aa 项相消

The aa-terms cancel in the numerator

解答:

算术平均数为 12(x+ax+xax)=12(2xx)=1 \begin{aligned} &\frac12\left(\frac{x+a}{x}+\frac{x-a}{x}\right)\\ &\qquad=\frac12\left(\frac{2x}{x}\right)=1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 B

The arithmetic mean is 12(x+ax+xax)=12(2xx)=1. \begin{aligned} &\frac12\left(\frac{x+a}{x}+\frac{x-a}{x}\right)\\ &\qquad=\frac12\left(\frac{2x}{x}\right)=1. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

7.

一条直线经过点 (1,1)(-1,1)(3,9)(3,9)。它的 xx 轴截距为:

A straight line joins the points (1,1)(-1,1) and (3,9).(3,9). Its xx-intercept is:

32-\dfrac32

23-\dfrac23

25\dfrac25

22

33

难度评级:1140
小提示:

先求经过两个给定点的直线斜率

First find the slope through the two given points

大提示:

用其中一个点写出直线方程,再令 y=0y=0

Use one point to write the line equation, then set y=0y=0

解答:

斜率为 913(1)=2 \frac{9-1}{3-(-1)}=2\text{。}利用点 (1,1)(-1,1),直线方程为 y=2x+3y=2x+3。令 y=0y=0,得到 x=32 x=-\frac32\text{。}

所以正确答案为 A

The slope is 913(1)=2. \frac{9-1}{3-(-1)}=2. Using (1,1),(-1,1), the line is y=2x+3.y=2x+3. Setting y=0y=0 gives x=32. x=-\frac32.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

8.

π2\sqrt{\pi^2}0.83\sqrt[3]{0.8}0.000164\sqrt[4]{0.00016}13(0.09)1\sqrt[3]{-1}\cdot\sqrt{(0.09)^{-1}} 这四个数中,哪些是有理数?

Which of these four numbers, π2,\sqrt{\pi^2}, 0.83,\sqrt[3]{0.8}, 0.000164,\sqrt[4]{0.00016}, 13(0.09)1,\sqrt[3]{-1}\cdot\sqrt{(0.09)^{-1}}, is (are) rational?

一个也不是

none

全部都是

all

第一个和第四个

the first and fourth

仅第四个

only the fourth

仅第一个

only the first

知识点:根式小数指数
难度评级:1590
小提示:

分别计算每个根式,并记住 π\pi 是无理数

Evaluate each radical separately and remember that π\pi is irrational

大提示:

最后一个表达式可用 13=1\sqrt[3]{-1}=-1(0.09)1=1009(0.09)^{-1}=\frac{100}{9}

The last expression uses 13=1\sqrt[3]{-1}=-1 and (0.09)1=1009(0.09)^{-1}=\frac{100}{9}

解答:

第一个数是 π\pi,为无理数。45\frac{4}{5} 的立方根也是无理数。此外 0.000164=161054 \sqrt[4]{0.00016} =\sqrt[4]{16\cdot10^{-5}} 是无理数。第四个数为 (1)1009=103 (-1)\sqrt{\frac{100}{9}}=-\frac{10}{3}\text{,}它是有理数。

因此只有第四个数是有理数,正确答案为 D

The first number is π,\pi, which is irrational. The cube root of 45\frac{4}{5} is irrational. Also 0.000164=161054 \sqrt[4]{0.00016} =\sqrt[4]{16\cdot10^{-5}} is irrational. The fourth number is (1)1009=103, (-1)\sqrt{\frac{100}{9}}=-\frac{10}{3}, which is rational.

Therefore, only the fourth is rational, and the correct answer is D.

9.

满足方程 x2+b2=(ax)2x^2+b^2=(a-x)^2 的一个 xx 值为:

A value of xx satisfying the equation x2+b2=(ax)2x^2+b^2=(a-x)^2 is:

b2+a22a\dfrac{b^2+a^2}{2a}

b2a22a\dfrac{b^2-a^2}{2a}

a2b22a\dfrac{a^2-b^2}{2a}

ab2\dfrac{a-b}{2}

a2b22\dfrac{a^2-b^2}{2}

难度评级:1360
小提示:

展开 (ax)2(a-x)^2

Expand (ax)2(a-x)^2

大提示:

x2x^2 项相消,留下关于 xx 的一次方程

The x2x^2-terms cancel, leaving a linear equation in xx

解答:

展开右边,得到 x2+b2=a22ax+x2 x^2+b^2=a^2-2ax+x^2\text{。}消去 x2x^2 并求解,得到 2ax=a2b2,x=a2b22a \begin{aligned} 2ax&=a^2-b^2,\\ x&=\frac{a^2-b^2}{2a} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 C

Expanding the right side, x2+b2=a22ax+x2. x^2+b^2=a^2-2ax+x^2. Cancelling x2x^2 and solving gives 2ax=a2b2,x=a2b22a. \begin{aligned} 2ax&=a^2-b^2,\\ x&=\frac{a^2-b^2}{2a}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

10.

k=0k=0 外,在哪些实数 kk 下,方程 x2+kx+k2=0x^2+kx+k^2=0 有实根?

For what real values of k,k, other than k=0,k=0, does the equation x2+kx+k2=0x^2+kx+k^2=0 have real roots?

k<0

k>0

k1k\ge1

kk 的所有值

all values of kk

不存在这样的 kk

no values of kk

难度评级:1280
小提示:

利用二次方程有实根的判别式条件

Use the discriminant condition for a quadratic to have real roots

大提示:

计算 k24k2k^2-4k^2,并使用限制条件 k0k\ne0

Compute k24k2k^2-4k^2 and use the restriction k0k\ne0

解答:

判别式为 k24k2=3k2 k^2-4k^2=-3k^2\text{。}对每个非零实数 kk,它都为负,因此该二次方程没有实根。

所以正确答案为 E

The discriminant is k24k2=3k2. k^2-4k^2=-3k^2. For every nonzero real k,k, this is negative, so the quadratic has no real roots.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

满足方程 5x=x5x\sqrt{5-x}=x\sqrt{5-x} 的根的个数为:

The number of roots satisfying the equation 5x=x5x\sqrt{5-x}=x\sqrt{5-x} is:

无限多个

unlimited

33

22

11

00

难度评级:1280
小提示:

将两边移到同一边,并提取公因式根式

Move both sides to one side and factor the common radical

大提示:

分别检查根式为零和另一个因式为零的情形

Check separately when the radical is zero and when its remaining factor is zero

解答:

因式分解得 (1x)5x=0 (1-x)\sqrt{5-x}=0\text{。}因此 x=1x=1,或由 5x=05-x=0x=5x=5。两个值都在定义域 x5x\le5 内,并且满足原方程。

所以共有两个根,正确答案为 C

Factoring gives (1x)5x=0. (1-x)\sqrt{5-x}=0. Thus either x=1x=1 or 5x=0,5-x=0, giving x=5.x=5. Both values lie in the domain x5x\le5 and satisfy the original equation.

Therefore, there are two roots, and the correct answer is C.

12.

P=s(1+k)nP=\dfrac{s}{(1+k)^n},则 nn 等于:

If P=s(1+k)n,P=\dfrac{s}{(1+k)^n}, then nn equals:

log(sP)log(1+k)\dfrac{\log(\frac{s}{P})}{\log(1+k)}

logsP(1+k)\log\dfrac{s}{P(1+k)}

logsP1+k\log\dfrac{s-P}{1+k}

logsP+log(1+k)\log\dfrac{s}{P}+\log(1+k)

logslog(P(1+k))\dfrac{\log s}{\log(P(1+k))}

难度评级:1300
小提示:

对方程两边取对数

Take logarithms of both sides of the equation

大提示:

利用 logP=logsnlog(1+k)\log P=\log s-n\log(1+k) 解出 nn

Use logP=logsnlog(1+k)\log P=\log s-n\log(1+k) and isolate nn

解答:

取对数得 logP=logsnlog(1+k) \log P=\log s-n\log(1+k)\text{。}因此 n=logslogPlog(1+k)=log(sP)log(1+k) n=\frac{\log s-\log P}{\log(1+k)} =\frac{\log(\frac{s}{P})}{\log(1+k)}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 A

Taking logarithms, logP=logsnlog(1+k). \log P=\log s-n\log(1+k). Therefore n=logslogPlog(1+k)=log(sP)log(1+k). n=\frac{\log s-\log P}{\log(1+k)} =\frac{\log(\frac{s}{P})}{\log(1+k)}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

13.

两数之和为 1010,乘积为 2020。它们的倒数之和为:

The sum of two numbers is 10;10; their product is 20.20. The sum of their reciprocals is:

110\dfrac1{10}

12\dfrac12

11

22

44

难度评级:1000
小提示:

设这两个数为 xxyy,但不必分别求出它们

Call the numbers xx and yy, but do not solve for them individually

大提示:

使用 1x+1y=x+yxy\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}=\frac{x+y}{xy}

Use 1x+1y=x+yxy\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}=\frac{x+y}{xy}

解答:

若两数为 xxyy,则 1x+1y=x+yxy=1020=12 \frac1x+\frac1y =\frac{x+y}{xy} =\frac{10}{20} =\frac12\text{。}

所以正确答案为 B

If the numbers are xx and y,y, then 1x+1y=x+yxy=1020=12. \frac1x+\frac1y =\frac{x+y}{xy} =\frac{10}{20} =\frac12.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

14.

在一次舞会上,一群男孩和女孩按如下方式轮流跳舞:第一个男孩与 55 个女孩跳舞,第二个男孩与 66 个女孩跳舞,依此类推,最后一个男孩与所有女孩跳舞。若 bb 表示男孩人数,gg 表示女孩人数,则:

At a dance party a group of boys and girls exchange dances as follows: one boy dances with 55 girls, a second boy dances with 66 girls, and so on, the last boy dancing with all the girls. If bb represents the number of boys and gg the number of girls, then:

b=gb=g

b=g5b=\dfrac g5

b=g4b=g-4

b=g5b=g-5

若不知道 b+gb+g,就无法确定 bbgg 的关系

It is impossible to determine a relation between bb and gg without knowing b+gb+g

难度评级:1320
小提示:

舞伴人数构成数列 5,6,7,,g5,6,7,\ldots,g

The numbers of partners form the sequence 5,6,7,,g5,6,7,\ldots,g

大提示:

共有 bb 项,用等差数列公式表示末项

There are bb terms, so express the last term using the arithmetic-sequence formula

解答:

数列 5,6,7,5,6,7,\ldotsbb 项中,末项为 5+(b1)=b+4 5+(b-1)=b+4\text{。}这个末项等于女孩总数 gg。因此 g=b+4g=b+4,即 b=g4b=g-4

所以正确答案为 C

The last of the bb terms in the sequence 5,6,7,5,6,7,\ldots is 5+(b1)=b+4. 5+(b-1)=b+4. This last number equals the total number gg of girls. Hence g=b+4,g=b+4, or b=g4.b=g-4.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

一个四边形内接于圆。在四边形外部的四个弓形中各作一个圆周角,则这四个角的度数之和为:

A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle. If an angle is inscribed into each of the four segments outside the quadrilateral, the sum of these four angles, expressed in degrees, is:

10801080

900900

720720

540540

360360

难度评级:1630
小提示:

四边形各边所截的四段弧的度数之和为 360360^\circ

Let the four arcs cut off by the quadrilateral’s sides have measures summing to 360360^\circ

大提示:

位于某边外侧弓形内的圆周角所对的是互补的优弧

An angle in the outside segment of a side subtends the complementary major arc

解答:

设各边所截的四段劣弧度数为 α1,,α4\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_4,其和为 360360^\circ。与弧 αi\alpha_i 对应的外侧弓形内的圆周角所对的是另一段弧,因此其度数为 360αi2 \frac{360^\circ-\alpha_i}{2}\text{。}所以四个角的度数之和为 4(360)3602=540 \frac{4(360^\circ)-360^\circ}{2}=540^\circ\text{。}

所以正确答案为 D

Let the four minor arcs cut off by the sides have measures α1,,α4,\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_4, whose sum is 360.360^\circ. The angle in the outside segment corresponding to arc αi\alpha_i subtends the other arc, so its measure is 360αi2. \frac{360^\circ-\alpha_i}{2}. The sum of the four angles is therefore 4(360)3602=540. \frac{4(360^\circ)-360^\circ}{2}=540^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

正六边形内切圆的面积为 100π100\pi。该正六边形的面积为:

The area of a circle inscribed in a regular hexagon is 100π.100\pi. The area of the hexagon is:

600600

300300

2002200\sqrt2

2003200\sqrt3

1205120\sqrt5

难度评级:1630
小提示:

圆的半径就是正六边形的边心距

The circle’s radius is the apothem of the regular hexagon

大提示:

当边心距为 rr 时,六边形边长为 2rtan302r\tan30^\circ

For apothem r,r, the hexagon side is 2rtan302r\tan30^\circ

解答:

圆的半径为 r=10r=10,也是六边形的边心距。因此边长为 2rtan30=203 2r\tan30^\circ=\frac{20}{\sqrt3}\text{。}利用面积等于周长与边心距乘积的一半,六边形的面积为 12(6203)(10)=2003 \frac12\left(6\cdot\frac{20}{\sqrt3}\right)(10) =200\sqrt3\text{。}

所以正确答案为 D

The circle has radius r=10,r=10, which is the hexagon’s apothem. Thus the side length is 2rtan30=203. 2r\tan30^\circ=\frac{20}{\sqrt3}. Using one-half the product of perimeter and apothem, the hexagon’s area is 12(6203)(10)=2003. \frac12\left(6\cdot\frac{20}{\sqrt3}\right)(10) =200\sqrt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

17.

xx 为正数且 logxlog2+12logx\log x\ge\log2+\dfrac12\log x,则:

If xx is positive and logxlog2+12logx,\log x\ge\log2+\dfrac12\log x, then:

xx 既无最小值也无最大值

xx has no minimum or maximum value

xx 的最大值为 11

the maximum value of xx is 11

xx 的最小值为 11

the minimum value of xx is 11

xx 的最大值为 44

the maximum value of xx is 44

xx 的最小值为 44

the minimum value of xx is 44

难度评级:1280
小提示:

两边同时减去 12logx\tfrac12\log x

Subtract 12logx\tfrac12\log x from both sides

大提示:

将所得不等式两边乘以二,并合并 2log22\log2

Double the resulting inequality and combine 2log22\log2

解答:

由不等式得 12logxlog2 \frac12\log x\ge\log2\text{,}所以 logx2log2=log4\log x\ge2\log2=\log4。因此 x4x\ge4,故 xx 的最小可能值为 44

所以正确答案为 E

The inequality gives 12logxlog2, \frac12\log x\ge\log2, so logx2log2=log4.\log x\ge2\log2=\log4. Hence x4,x\ge4, and the minimum possible value of xx is 4.4.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

18.

圆的半径 rr 增加 nn 后,面积变为原来的两倍。则 rr 等于:

The area of a circle is doubled when its radius rr is increased by n.n. Then rr equals:

n(2+1)n(\sqrt2+1)

n(21)n(\sqrt2-1)

nn

n(22)n(2-\sqrt2)

nπ2+1\dfrac{n\pi}{\sqrt2+1}

难度评级:1280
小提示:

将面积加倍的条件写成 π(r+n)2=2πr2\pi(r+n)^2=2\pi r^2

Translate the doubled-area condition into π(r+n)2=2πr2\pi(r+n)^2=2\pi r^2

大提示:

取正平方根后,解方程 r+n=2rr+n=\sqrt2\,r

After taking positive square roots, solve r+n=2rr+n=\sqrt2\,r

解答:

面积加倍的条件为 π(r+n)2=2πr2 \pi(r+n)^2=2\pi r^2\text{。}由于半径为正,r+n=2rr+n=\sqrt2\,r。因此 r=n21=n(2+1) r=\frac{n}{\sqrt2-1} =n(\sqrt2+1)\text{。}

所以正确答案为 A

The doubled-area condition is π(r+n)2=2πr2. \pi(r+n)^2=2\pi r^2. Since the radii are positive, r+n=2r.r+n=\sqrt2\,r. Thus r=n21=n(2+1). r=\frac{n}{\sqrt2-1} =n(\sqrt2+1).

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

直角三角形的两条直角边为 aabb,斜边为 cc。从直角顶点向斜边作垂线,将 cc 分成线段 rrss,它们分别与 aabb 相邻。若 a:b=1:3a:b=1:3,则 rrss 之比为:

The sides of a right triangle are aa and bb and the hypotenuse is c.c. A perpendicular from the vertex divides cc into segments rr and s,s, adjacent respectively to aa and b.b. If a:b=1:3,a:b=1:3, then the ratio of rr to ss is:

1:31:3

1:91:9

1:101:10

3:103:10

1:101:\sqrt{10}

难度评级:1360
小提示:

使用射影关系 a2=cra^2=crb2=csb^2=cs

Use the projection relations a2=cra^2=cr and b2=csb^2=cs

大提示:

将两个射影方程相除,用 ab\frac{a}{b} 表示 rs\frac{r}{s}

Divide the two projection equations to express rs\frac{r}{s} in terms of ab\frac{a}{b}

解答:

由斜边高所形成的相似三角形可得 a2=cr,b2=cs a^2=cr,\qquad b^2=cs\text{。}因此 rs=a2b2=(13)2=19 \frac rs=\frac{a^2}{b^2} =\left(\frac13\right)^2=\frac19\text{。}

所以正确答案为 B

Similarity from the altitude-to-hypotenuse construction gives a2=cr,b2=cs. a^2=cr,\qquad b^2=cs. Therefore rs=a2b2=(13)2=19. \frac rs=\frac{a^2}{b^2} =\left(\frac13\right)^2=\frac19.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

4x4x1=244^x-4^{x-1}=24,则 (2x)x(2x)^x 等于:

If 4x4x1=24,4^x-4^{x-1}=24, then (2x)x(2x)^x equals:

555\sqrt5

5\sqrt5

25525\sqrt5

125125

2525

难度评级:1590
小提示:

从左边提取公因式 4x14^{x-1}

Factor 4x14^{x-1} from the left side

大提示:

得到 4x=324^x=32 后,将两边都改写成 22 的幂

Once 4x=32,4^x=32, rewrite both sides as powers of 22

解答:

4x4x1=344x=24 4^x-4^{x-1} =\frac34\,4^x=24\text{,}所以 4x=324^x=32。于是 22x=252^{2x}=2^5,得到 x=52x=\frac{5}{2}。因此 (2x)x=552=255 (2x)^x=5^{\frac{5}{2}}=25\sqrt5\text{。}

所以正确答案为 C

We have 4x4x1=344x=24, 4^x-4^{x-1} =\frac34\,4^x=24, so 4x=32.4^x=32. Thus 22x=25,2^{2x}=2^5, giving x=52.x=\frac{5}{2}. Therefore (2x)x=552=255. (2x)^x=5^{\frac{5}{2}}=25\sqrt5.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

21.

在附图中,CE\overline{CE}DE\overline{DE} 是圆心为 OO 的圆的两条等弦。弧 ABAB 是四分之一圆周。则三角形 CEDCED 与三角形 AOBAOB 的面积之比为:

In the accompanying figure CE\overline{CE} and DE\overline{DE} are equal chords of a circle with center O.O. Arc ABAB is a quarter-circle. Then the ratio of the area of triangle CEDCED to the area of triangle AOBAOB is:

2:1\sqrt2:1

3:1\sqrt3:1

4:14:1

3:13:1

2:12:1

难度评级:1590
小提示:

EE 出发的两条等弦使图中的三角形关于垂直直径对称

The equal chords from EE make the pictured triangle symmetric about the perpendicular diameter

大提示:

用圆的半径表示并比较两个三角形的底乘高面积

Compare each triangle’s base-height area in terms of the circle radius

解答:

设圆的半径为 rr。在图示位置中,CD\overline{CD} 是直径,EE 是与它垂直的半径的端点,因此 [CED]=12(2r)(r)=r2 [CED]=\frac12(2r)(r)=r^2\text{。}由于弧 ABAB 是四分之一圆周,AOB=90\angle AOB=90^\circ,且 [AOB]=12r2 [AOB]=\frac12r^2\text{。}所求比为 2:12:1

所以正确答案为 E

Let the circle have radius r.r. In the pictured configuration, CD\overline{CD} is a diameter and EE is the endpoint of the perpendicular radius, so [CED]=12(2r)(r)=r2. [CED]=\frac12(2r)(r)=r^2. Since arc ABAB is a quarter-circle, AOB=90,\angle AOB=90^\circ, and [AOB]=12r2. [AOB]=\frac12r^2. The requested ratio is therefore 2:1.2:1.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

22.

将一个质点放在抛物线 y=x2x6y=x^2-x-6 上纵坐标为 66 的点 PP 处。让它沿抛物线滚动,直到到达纵坐标为 6-6 的最近点 QQ。质点移动的水平距离,即 PPQQ 横坐标之差的绝对值,为:

A particle is placed on the parabola y=x2x6y=x^2-x-6 at a point PP whose ordinate is 6.6. It is allowed to roll along the parabola until it reaches the nearest point QQ whose ordinate is 6.-6. The horizontal distance traveled by the particle (the numerical value of the difference in the abscissas of PP and QQ) is:

55

44

33

22

11

难度评级:1360
小提示:

分别求抛物线上纵坐标为 666-6 时的两个 xx 坐标

Find the two xx-coordinates where the parabola has ordinate 66 and the two where it has ordinate 6-6

大提示:

将每个上方点与同一分支上较近的下方点配对

Pair each upper point with the nearer lower point on the same branch

解答:

y=6y=6 时,x2x12=0 x^2-x-12=0\text{,}所以 x=4x=43-3。当 y=6y=-6 时,x2x=0x^2-x=0,所以 x=0x=011。离 x=4x=4 最近的下方点为 x=1x=1,离 x=3x=-3 最近的下方点为 x=0x=0。两种情况下的水平距离均为 33

所以正确答案为 C

For y=6,y=6, x2x12=0, x^2-x-12=0, so x=4x=4 or 3.-3. For y=6,y=-6, x2x=0,x^2-x=0, so x=0x=0 or 1.1. The nearest lower point to x=4x=4 is x=1,x=1, and the nearest to x=3x=-3 is x=0.x=0. Either horizontal distance is 3.3.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

23.

在表达式 x23x^2-3 中,若 xx 增加或减少一个正数 aa,则表达式的变化量为:

If, in the expression x23,x^2-3, xx increases or decreases by a positive amount a,a, the expression changes by an amount:

±2ax+a2\pm2ax+a^2

2ax±a22ax\pm a^2

±a23\pm a^2-3

(x+a)23(x+a)^2-3

(xa)23(x-a)^2-3

难度评级:1150
小提示:

f(x)=x23f(x)=x^2-3,计算 f(x+a)f(x)f(x+a)-f(x)f(xa)f(x)f(x-a)-f(x)

Compute f(x+a)f(x)f(x+a)-f(x) and f(xa)f(x)f(x-a)-f(x) for f(x)=x23f(x)=x^2-3

大提示:

两个差式中的常数项都会相消

The constant term cancels in both differences

解答:

增加时,(x+a)23(x23)=2ax+a2 \begin{aligned} &(x+a)^2-3-(x^2-3)\\ &\qquad=2ax+a^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}减少时,(xa)23(x23)=2ax+a2 \begin{aligned} &(x-a)^2-3-(x^2-3)\\ &\qquad=-2ax+a^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}因而这两种变化量合写为 ±2ax+a2\pm2ax+a^2

所以正确答案为 A

For an increase, (x+a)23(x23)=2ax+a2. \begin{aligned} &(x+a)^2-3-(x^2-3)\\ &\qquad=2ax+a^2. \end{aligned} For a decrease, (xa)23(x23)=2ax+a2. \begin{aligned} &(x-a)^2-3-(x^2-3)\\ &\qquad=-2ax+a^2. \end{aligned} Together these changes are ±2ax+a2.\pm2ax+a^2.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

一个人以每英里 22 分钟的速度向正北行进 mm 英尺,再以每分钟 22 英里的速度向正南返回起点。全程的平均速度,以英里每小时计,为:

A man travels mm feet due north at 22 minutes per mile. He returns due south to his starting point at 22 miles per minute. The average rate in miles per hour for the entire trip is:

7575

4848

4545

2424

不知道 mm 的值就无法确定

impossible to determine without knowing the value of mm

难度评级:1360
小提示:

将两个给定速度都换算成英里每小时

Convert both stated rates to miles per hour

大提示:

对相等的往返距离,用单程距离的两倍除以两段行程时间之和

For equal distances, divide twice the one-way distance by the sum of the two travel times

解答:

北行速度为 3030 英里每小时,南行速度为 120120 英里每小时。由于往返距离相等,全程平均速度为 2(30)(120)30+120=48 英里/小时。 \frac{2(30)(120)}{30+120}=48\text{ 英里/小时}\text{。}距离 mm 会约去。

所以正确答案为 B

The northbound rate is 3030 mph, and the southbound rate is 120120 mph. For equal distances, the round-trip average is 2(30)(120)30+120=48 mph. \frac{2(30)(120)}{30+120}=48\text{ mph}. The distance mm cancels.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

25.

logkxlog5k=3\log_kx\cdot\log_5k=3,则 xx 等于:

If logkxlog5k=3,\log_kx\cdot\log_5k=3, then xx equals:

k6k^6

5k35k^3

k3k^3

243243

125125

难度评级:1280
小提示:

使用连锁恒等式 logkxlog5k=log5x\log_kx\cdot\log_5k=\log_5x

Use the chain identity logkxlog5k=log5x\log_kx\cdot\log_5k=\log_5x

大提示:

将所得对数方程改写成指数形式

Convert the resulting logarithmic equation to exponential form

解答:

由换底恒等式,logkxlog5k=log5x \log_kx\cdot\log_5k=\log_5x\text{。}因此 log5x=3\log_5x=3,所以 x=53=125x=5^3=125

所以正确答案为 E

By the change-of-base identity, logkxlog5k=log5x. \log_kx\cdot\log_5k=\log_5x. Hence log5x=3,\log_5x=3, so x=53=125.x=5^3=125.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

26.

一组 nn 个数的和为 ss。将每个数先加 2020,再乘 55,最后减 2020。所得新一组数的和为:

A set of nn numbers has the sum s.s. Each number of the set is increased by 20,20, then multiplied by 5,5, and then decreased by 20.20. The sum of the numbers in the new set thus obtained is:

s+20ns+20n

5s+80n5s+80n

ss

5s5s

5s+4n5s+4n

知识点:分配律求和
难度评级:1390
小提示:

对原数中的一个一般项 uu 依次执行三步运算

Apply all three operations to a typical original number uu

大提示:

化简变换后的数,再对全部 nn 项求和

After simplifying the transformed number, sum over all nn entries

解答:

原数 uu 变为 5(u+20)20=5u+80 5(u+20)-20=5u+80\text{。}因而对原来的 nn 个数求和可得 5s+80n 5s+80n\text{。}

所以正确答案为 B

An original number uu becomes 5(u+20)20=5u+80. 5(u+20)-20=5u+80. Summing over the nn original numbers therefore gives 5s+80n. 5s+80n.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

27.

(2,3)(2,-3)(4,3)(4,3)(5,k2)(5,\frac{k}{2}) 在同一直线上。kk 的值为:

The points (2,3),(2,-3), (4,3),(4,3), and (5,k2)(5,\frac{k}{2}) are on the same straight line. The value(s) of kk is (are):

1212

12-12

±12\pm12

121266

1212 or 66

666236\frac23

66 or 6236\frac23

难度评级:1320
小提示:

计算经过前两个点的直线斜率

Compute the slope through the first two points

大提示:

令该斜率等于从 (4,3)(4,3)(5,k2)(5,\frac{k}{2}) 的斜率

Equate that slope to the slope from (4,3)(4,3) to (5,k2)(5,\frac{k}{2})

解答:

经过前两个点的直线斜率为 3(3)42=3 \frac{3-(-3)}{4-2}=3\text{。}因此 k2354=3 \frac{\frac{k}{2}-3}{5-4}=3\text{,}得到 k2=6\frac{k}{2}=6k=12k=12

所以正确答案为 A

The slope through the first two points is 3(3)42=3. \frac{3-(-3)}{4-2}=3. Thus k2354=3, \frac{\frac{k}{2}-3}{5-4}=3, which gives k2=6\frac{k}{2}=6 and k=12.k=12.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

28.

一个容量为 1616 夸脱的散热器中装满了水。取出四夸脱并补入纯防冻液;再从混合液中取出四夸脱并补入纯防冻液。如此再进行第三次和第四次。最终混合液中水所占的比例为:

A 1616-quart radiator is filled with water. Four quarts are removed and replaced with pure antifreeze liquid. Then four quarts of the mixture are removed and replaced with pure antifreeze. This is done a third and a fourth time. The fractional part of the final mixture that is water is:

14\dfrac14

81256\dfrac{81}{256}

2764\dfrac{27}{64}

3764\dfrac{37}{64}

175256\dfrac{175}{256}

难度评级:1280
小提示:

每次取出混合液,都会带走当前剩余水的相同比例

Each removal takes away the same fraction of whatever water remains

大提示:

每次更换后,原有水量的 34\frac{3}{4} 留下

After one replacement, 34\frac{3}{4} of the previous water remains

解答:

每次取出充分混合的散热器内容物的四分之一,因此留下当时水量的四分之三。四次更换后,水所占的比例为 (34)4=81256 \left(\frac34\right)^4=\frac{81}{256}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 B

Each removal takes one-fourth of the well-mixed radiator contents, so it leaves three-fourths of the water then present. After four replacements, the water fraction is (34)4=81256. \left(\frac34\right)^4=\frac{81}{256}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

29.

在图示的一般三角形 ADEADE 中,作出线段 EBEBECEC。下列哪个角的关系成立?

In a general triangle ADEADE (as shown), lines EBEB and ECEC are drawn. Which of the following angle relations is true?

x+z=a+bx+z=a+b

y+z=a+by+z=a+b

m+x=w+nm+x=w+n

x+z+n=w+c+mx+z+n=w+c+m

x+y+n=a+b+mx+y+n=a+b+m

知识点:角度和导角
难度评级:1830
小提示:

写出三角形 AECAEC 的内角和

Write the angle sum in triangle AECAEC

大提示:

写出三角形 BEDBED 的内角和,再比较两个方程

Write the angle sum in triangle BEDBED, then compare the two equations

解答:

由三角形 AECAECx+y+w+n=180 x+y+w+n=180^\circ\text{。}由三角形 BEDBEDm+a+b+w=180 m+a+b+w=180^\circ\text{。}令两式左边相等并消去 ww,得到 x+y+n=a+b+m x+y+n=a+b+m\text{。}

所以正确答案为 E

Triangle AECAEC gives x+y+w+n=180. x+y+w+n=180^\circ. Triangle BEDBED gives m+a+b+w=180. m+a+b+w=180^\circ. Equating the left sides and cancelling ww yields x+y+n=a+b+m. x+y+n=a+b+m.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

30.

xy=bxy=b1x2+1y2=a\dfrac1{x^2}+\dfrac1{y^2}=a,则 (x+y)2(x+y)^2 等于:

If xy=bxy=b and 1x2+1y2=a,\dfrac1{x^2}+\dfrac1{y^2}=a, then (x+y)2(x+y)^2 equals:

(a+2b)2(a+2b)^2

a2+b2a^2+b^2

b(ab+2)b(ab+2)

ab(b+2)ab(b+2)

1a+2b\dfrac1a+2b

难度评级:1590
小提示:

x2y2x^2y^2 为公分母合并 1x2+1y2\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}

Combine 1x2+1y2\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2} using the common denominator x2y2x^2y^2

大提示:

利用 xy=bxy=b 求出 x2+y2x^2+y^2,再加上 2xy2xy

Use xy=bxy=b to find x2+y2x^2+y^2, then add 2xy2xy

解答:

由于 xy=bxy=ba=x2+y2x2y2=x2+y2b2 a=\frac{x^2+y^2}{x^2y^2} =\frac{x^2+y^2}{b^2}\text{,}所以 x2+y2=ab2x^2+y^2=ab^2。因此 (x+y)2=x2+y2+2xy=ab2+2b=b(ab+2) \begin{aligned} (x+y)^2 &=x^2+y^2+2xy\\ &=ab^2+2b\\ &=b(ab+2) \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 C

Since xy=b,xy=b, a=x2+y2x2y2=x2+y2b2, a=\frac{x^2+y^2}{x^2y^2} =\frac{x^2+y^2}{b^2}, so x2+y2=ab2.x^2+y^2=ab^2. Therefore (x+y)2=x2+y2+2xy=ab2+2b=b(ab+2). \begin{aligned} (x+y)^2 &=x^2+y^2+2xy\\ &=ab^2+2b\\ &=b(ab+2). \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

31.

等腰三角形底边上的高为 88,周长为 3232。该三角形的面积为:

The altitude drawn to the base of an isosceles triangle is 8,8, and the perimeter is 32.32. The area of the triangle is:

5656

4848

4040

3232

2424

难度评级:1550
小提示:

设每条腰长为 aa,底边的一半为 bb

Let each equal side be aa and half the base be bb

大提示:

使用 a+b=16a+b=16a2b2=82a^2-b^2=8^2

Use a+b=16a+b=16 and a2b2=82a^2-b^2=8^2

解答:

设每条腰长为 aa,底边的一半为 bb。由周长得 a+b=16a+b=16。高平分底边,所以 a2b2=82 a^2-b^2=8^2\text{。}因而 (ab)(a+b)=64(a-b)(a+b)=64,得到 ab=4a-b=4。于是 b=6b=6,底边长为 1212。面积为 12(12)(8)=48 \frac12(12)(8)=48\text{。}

所以正确答案为 B

Let each equal side be aa and half the base be b.b. The perimeter gives a+b=16.a+b=16. The altitude bisects the base, so a2b2=82. a^2-b^2=8^2. Thus (ab)(a+b)=64,(a-b)(a+b)=64, giving ab=4.a-b=4. Hence b=6,b=6, so the base is 12.12. The area is 12(12)(8)=48. \frac12(12)(8)=48.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

32.

一位牧场主用 $1000\$1000 购买每头 $25\$25 的阉牛和每头 $26\$26 的母牛。若阉牛数 ss 和母牛数 cc 都是正整数,则:

With $1000\$1000 a rancher is to buy steers at $25\$25 each and cows at $26\$26 each. If the number of steers ss and the number of cows cc are both positive integers, then:

此题无解

this problem has no solution

有两个满足 ss 大于 cc 的解

there are two solutions with ss exceeding cc

有两个满足 cc 大于 ss 的解

there are two solutions with cc exceeding ss

有一个满足 ss 大于 cc 的解

there is one solution with ss exceeding cc

有一个满足 cc 大于 ss 的解

there is one solution with cc exceeding ss

难度评级:1630
小提示:

写出 25s+26c=100025s+26c=1000,并对 2525 取模

Write 25s+26c=100025s+26c=1000 and reduce it modulo 2525

大提示:

同余条件和正数条件使 cc 只有一个可能的正值

The congruence and positivity leave only one possible positive value of cc

解答:

购买方程为 25s+26c=1000 25s+26c=1000\text{。}2525 取模得 c0(mod25)c\equiv0\pmod{25}。由于 cc 为正且 26c<100026c<1000,唯一可能是 c=25c=25。于是 s=100026(25)25=14 s=\frac{1000-26(25)}{25}=14\text{。}只有一个解,并且 c>sc>s

所以正确答案为 E

The purchase equation is 25s+26c=1000. 25s+26c=1000. Reducing modulo 2525 gives c0(mod25).c\equiv0\pmod{25}. Since cc is positive and 26c<1000,26c<1000, the only possibility is c=25.c=25. Then s=100026(25)25=14. s=\frac{1000-26(25)}{25}=14. There is one solution, and c>s.c>s.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

33.

若方程 ax2+bx+c=0ax^2+bx+c=0 的一个根是另一个根的两倍,则系数 aabbcc 必须满足:

For one root of ax2+bx+c=0ax^2+bx+c=0 to be double the other, the coefficients a,a, b,b, cc must be related as follows:

4b2=9c4b^2=9c

2b2=9ac2b^2=9ac

2b2=9a2b^2=9a

b28ac=0b^2-8ac=0

9b2=2ac9b^2=2ac

难度评级:1630
小提示:

将两根表示为 qq2q2q

Represent the two roots as qq and 2q2q

大提示:

对两根之和与积应用韦达定理,再消去 qq

Apply Vieta’s formulas to their sum and product, then eliminate qq

解答:

设两根为 qq2q2q。韦达定理给出 3q=ba,2q2=ca 3q=-\frac ba,\qquad 2q^2=\frac ca\text{。}第一个关系式平方后得 9q2=b2a29q^2=\frac{b^2}{a^2}。将其除以第二个关系式,得到 92=b2ac \frac92=\frac{b^2}{ac}\text{,}2b2=9ac2b^2=9ac

所以正确答案为 B

Let the roots be qq and 2q.2q. Vieta’s formulas give 3q=ba,2q2=ca. 3q=-\frac ba,\qquad 2q^2=\frac ca. Squaring the first relation yields 9q2=b2a2.9q^2=\frac{b^2}{a^2}. Dividing this by the second relation gives 92=b2ac, \frac92=\frac{b^2}{ac}, or 2b2=9ac.2b^2=9ac.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

34.

一个分数的分子为 6x+16x+1,分母为 74x7-4x,且 xx 可取从 2-222 的任意值,包括两端。使分子大于分母的 xx 值为:

The numerator of a fraction is 6x+1,6x+1, the denominator is 74x,7-4x, and xx can have any value between 2-2 and 2,2, both included. The values of xx for which the numerator is greater than the denominator are:

35<x2\dfrac35\lt x\le2

35x2\dfrac35\le x\le2

0<x20\lt x\le2

0x20\le x\le2

2x2-2\le x\le2

难度评级:1110
小提示:

直接解不等式 6x+1>74x6x+1\gt7-4x 来比较分子与分母

Compare the numerator and denominator directly by solving 6x+1>74x6x+1\gt7-4x

大提示:

将所得不等式的解集与给定区间 [2,2][-2,2] 取交集

Intersect the resulting inequality with the given interval [2,2][-2,2]

解答:

所需比较给出 6x+1>74x 6x+1\gt7-4x\text{,}所以 10x>610x\gt6,且 x>35x\gt\frac{3}{5}。与 2x2-2\le x\le2 取交集得到 35<x2 \frac35\lt x\le2\text{。}

所以正确答案为 A

The required comparison gives 6x+1>74x, 6x+1\gt7-4x, so 10x>610x\gt6 and x>35.x\gt\frac{3}{5}. Intersecting this with 2x2-2\le x\le2 gives 35<x2. \frac35\lt x\le2.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

35.

连接三个横、纵坐标均为整数的点形成一个三角形。若 xx 轴与 yy 轴上的一个单位都代表 11 英寸,则该三角形的面积,以平方英寸计:

A triangle is formed by joining three points whose coordinates are integers. If the xx-unit and the yy-unit are each 11 inch, then the area of the triangle, in square inches:

必为整数

must be an integer

可能为无理数

may be irrational

必为无理数

must be irrational

必为有理数

must be rational

仅当三角形为等边三角形时才是整数

will be an integer only if the triangle is equilateral

难度评级:1360
小提示:

将一个顶点平移到原点,并用坐标行列式表示面积的两倍

Translate one vertex to the origin and use the coordinate determinant for twice the area

大提示:

整数坐标组成的行列式为整数

The determinant of integer coordinates is an integer

解答:

将一个顶点平移到原点后,把另两个顶点写成 (a,c)(a,c)(b,d)(b,d),其中所有坐标均为整数。面积为 12adbc \frac12|ad-bc|\text{。}由于 adbcad-bc 是整数,面积是整数或半整数,两种情况下都是有理数。

所以正确答案为 D

After translating one vertex to the origin, write the other two as (a,c)(a,c) and (b,d),(b,d), with all coordinates integers. The area is 12adbc. \frac12|ad-bc|. Since adbcad-bc is an integer, the area is an integer or a half-integer, and in either case it is rational.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

36.

一个三角形的三边长分别为 303070708080 个单位。向长度为 8080 的边作高,则该边被分成的两段中较长的一段为:

The sides of a triangle are 30,30, 70,70, and 8080 units. If an altitude is dropped upon the side of length 80,80, the larger segment cut off on this side is:

6262

6363

6464

6565

6666

难度评级:1550
小提示:

设高把长度为 8080 的边分成 xx80x80-x

Let the altitude divide the side of length 8080 into xx and 80x80-x

大提示:

令高的平方的两个表达式相等

Equate the two expressions for the square of the altitude

解答:

设与长度为 3030 的边相邻的线段为 xx。若高为 hh,则 302x2=h2,h2=702(80x)2 \begin{aligned} 30^2-x^2&=h^2,\\ h^2&=70^2-(80-x)^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}消去 x2x^2 并求解得 x=15x=15。另一段为 8015=6580-15=65,它是较长的一段。

所以正确答案为 D

Let xx be the segment adjacent to the side of length 30.30. If the altitude has length h,h, then 302x2=h2,h2=702(80x)2. \begin{aligned} 30^2-x^2&=h^2,\\ h^2&=70^2-(80-x)^2. \end{aligned} Cancelling x2x^2 and solving gives x=15.x=15. The other segment is 8015=65,80-15=65, which is the larger one.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

37.

一个由连续整数组成的等差数列首项为 k2+1k^2+1。该数列前 2k+12k+1 项的和可表示为:

The first term of an arithmetic series of consecutive integers is k2+1.k^2+1. The sum of 2k+12k+1 terms of this series may be expressed as:

k3+(k+1)3k^3+(k+1)^3

(k1)3+k3(k-1)^3+k^3

(k+1)3(k+1)^3

(k+1)2(k+1)^2

(2k+1)(k+1)2(2k+1)(k+1)^2

难度评级:1630
小提示:

从首项起增加 2k2k 次,求出末项

Find the last term after 2k2k increases from the first term

大提示:

利用等差数列首末项的平均数

Use the arithmetic-series average of the first and last terms

解答:

末项为 k2+1+2k=(k+1)2 k^2+1+2k=(k+1)^2\text{。}首项与末项的平均数为 k2+k+1k^2+k+1。因此总和为 S=(2k+1)(k2+k+1)=k3+(k+1)3 \begin{aligned} S&=(2k+1)(k^2+k+1)\\ &=k^3+(k+1)^3 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 A

The last term is k2+1+2k=(k+1)2. k^2+1+2k=(k+1)^2. The average of the first and last terms is k2+k+1.k^2+k+1. Therefore the sum is S=(2k+1)(k2+k+1)=k3+(k+1)3. \begin{aligned} S&=(2k+1)(k^2+k+1)\\ &=k^3+(k+1)^3. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

38.

rr 为原点到坐标为 xxyy 的点 PP 的距离。用 ss 表示比值 yr\frac{y}{r},用 cc 表示比值 xr\frac{x}{r}。则 s2c2s^2-c^2 的取值范围为:

Let rr be the distance from the origin to a point PP with coordinates xx and y.y. Designate the ratio yr\frac{y}{r} by ss and the ratio xr\frac{x}{r} by c.c. Then the values of s2c2s^2-c^2 are limited to the numbers:

小于 1-1 或大于 +1+1,两端均不包括

less than 1-1 and greater than +1,+1, both excluded

小于等于 1-1 或大于等于 +1+1

less than 1-1 and greater than +1,+1, both included

1-1+1+1 之间,两端均不包括

between 1-1 and +1,+1, both excluded

1-1+1+1 之间,两端均包括

between 1-1 and +1,+1, both included

1-1+1+1

1-1 and +1+1 only

难度评级:1280
小提示:

利用 r2=x2+y2r^2=x^2+y^2 建立 s2+c2s^2+c^2 的关系

Use r2=x2+y2r^2=x^2+y^2 to relate s2+c2s^2+c^2

大提示:

s2c2s^2-c^2 改写为 2s212s^2-1

Rewrite s2c2s^2-c^2 as 2s212s^2-1

解答:

由于 r2=x2+y2r^2=x^2+y^2s2+c2=y2+x2r2=1 s^2+c^2=\frac{y^2+x^2}{r^2}=1\text{。}因此 s2c2=2s21s^2-c^2=2s^2-1。因为 0s210\le s^2\le1,该表达式的取值从 1-111,包括两个端点。

所以正确答案为 D

Since r2=x2+y2,r^2=x^2+y^2, s2+c2=y2+x2r2=1. s^2+c^2=\frac{y^2+x^2}{r^2}=1. Thus s2c2=2s21.s^2-c^2=2s^2-1. Because 0s21,0\le s^2\le1, this expression ranges from 1-1 through 1,1, with both endpoints included.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

39.

关于方程 x2+x6=0|x|^2+|x|-6=0 的解,可以说:

We may say concerning the solution of x2+x6=0|x|^2+|x|-6=0 that:

只有一个根

there is only one root

根之和为 11

the sum of the roots is 11

根之和为 00

the sum of the roots is 00

根之积为 44

the product of the roots is 44

根之积为 6-6

the product of the roots is 6-6

难度评级:1280
小提示:

u=xu=|x|,则 u0u\ge0

Set u=xu=|x|, so u0u\ge0

大提示:

将所得关于 uu 的二次式因式分解,再将可行值换回 xx

Factor the resulting quadratic in uu, then translate the admissible value back to xx

解答:

u=x0u=|x|\ge0。则 u2+u6=0,(u+3)(u2)=0 \begin{aligned} u^2+u-6&=0,\\ (u+3)(u-2)&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}非负解为 u=2u=2,所以 x=2|x|=2,且 x=±2x=\pm2。两根之和为 00

所以正确答案为 C

Let u=x0.u=|x|\ge0. Then u2+u6=0,(u+3)(u2)=0. \begin{aligned} u^2+u-6&=0,\\ (u+3)(u-2)&=0. \end{aligned} The nonnegative solution is u=2,u=2, so x=2|x|=2 and x=±2.x=\pm2. Their sum is 0.0.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

40.

已知 a0=1a_0=1a1=3a_1=3,且当 n1n\ge1 时满足一般关系 an2an1an+1=(1)na_n^2-a_{n-1}a_{n+1}=(-1)^n。则 a3a_3 等于:

Given a0=1,a_0=1, a1=3,a_1=3, and the general relation an2an1an+1=(1)na_n^2-a_{n-1}a_{n+1}=(-1)^n for n1.n\ge1. Then a3a_3 equals:

1327\dfrac{13}{27}

3333

2121

1010

17-17

知识点:递推换元法
难度评级:1210
小提示:

先在递推关系中令 n=1n=1,求出 a2a_2

Use the recurrence first with n=1n=1 to find a2a_2

大提示:

再令 n=2n=2,求出 a3a_3

Then use it with n=2n=2 to solve for a3a_3

解答:

n=1n=1 时,32(1)a2=1 3^2-(1)a_2=-1\text{,}所以 a2=10a_2=10。当 n=2n=2 时,1023a3=1 10^2-3a_3=1\text{,}得到 a3=33a_3=33

所以正确答案为 B

For n=1,n=1, 32(1)a2=1, 3^2-(1)a_2=-1, so a2=10.a_2=10. For n=2,n=2, 1023a3=1, 10^2-3a_3=1, which gives a3=33.a_3=33.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

41.

方程 Ax2+Bx+C=0Ax^2+Bx+C=0 的两根为 rrss。若方程

x2+px+q=0 x^2+px+q=0

的两根为 r2r^2s2s^2,则 pp 必须等于:

The roots of Ax2+Bx+C=0Ax^2+Bx+C=0 are rr and s.s. For the roots of

x2+px+q=0 x^2+px+q=0

to be r2r^2 and s2,s^2, pp must equal:

B24ACA2\dfrac{B^2-4AC}{A^2}

B22ACA2\dfrac{B^2-2AC}{A^2}

2ACB2A2\dfrac{2AC-B^2}{A^2}

B22CB^2-2C

2CB22C-B^2

难度评级:1590
小提示:

对新的首一二次方程,pp 是两根之和 r2+s2r^2+s^2 的相反数

For the new monic quadratic, pp is the negative of the sum r2+s2r^2+s^2

大提示:

写出 r2+s2=(r+s)22rsr^2+s^2=(r+s)^2-2rs,并对原二次方程使用韦达定理

Write r2+s2=(r+s)22rsr^2+s^2=(r+s)^2-2rs and use Vieta’s formulas for the original quadratic

解答:

对原二次方程,r+s=BA,rs=CA r+s=-\frac BA,\qquad rs=\frac CA\text{。}因此 r2+s2=(r+s)22rs=B22ACA2 \begin{aligned} r^2+s^2 &=(r+s)^2-2rs\\ &=\frac{B^2-2AC}{A^2} \end{aligned}\text{。}系数 pp 是这个和的相反数,所以 p=2ACB2A2 p=\frac{2AC-B^2}{A^2}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 C

For the original quadratic, r+s=BA,rs=CA. r+s=-\frac BA,\qquad rs=\frac CA. Hence r2+s2=(r+s)22rs=B22ACA2. \begin{aligned} r^2+s^2 &=(r+s)^2-2rs\\ &=\frac{B^2-2AC}{A^2}. \end{aligned} The coefficient pp is the negative of this sum, so p=2ACB2A2. p=\frac{2AC-B^2}{A^2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

42.

在圆心为 OO 的圆中,弦 AB\overline{AB} 等于弦 AC\overline{AC}。弦 AD\overline{AD}BC\overline{BC} 交于 EE。若 AC=12AC=12AE=8AE=8,则 ADAD 等于:

In a circle with center O,O, chord AB\overline{AB} equals chord AC.\overline{AC}. Chord AD\overline{AD} cuts BC\overline{BC} in E.E. If AC=12AC=12 and AE=8,AE=8, then ADAD equals:

2727

2424

2121

2020

1818

知识点:圆周角相似
难度评级:1790
小提示:

比较三角形 AECAECACDACD

Compare triangles AECAEC and ACDACD

大提示:

ACEACEADCADC 分别所对的弦 ABABACAC 相等

Angles ACEACE and ADCADC subtend the equal chords ABAB and ACAC

解答:

由于 EEBCBCADAD 上,三角形 AECAECACDACD 共有角 AA。又因 ACE=ACB\angle ACE=\angle ACB 所对弦为 ABAB,而 ADC\angle ADC 所对弦为 ACAC。由于 AB=ACAB=AC,两角相等。因此 AECACD \triangle AEC\sim\triangle ACD\text{。}对应边给出 AEAC=ACAD \frac{AE}{AC}=\frac{AC}{AD}\text{。}所以 812=12AD\frac{8}{12}=\frac{12}{AD},从而 AD=18AD=18

所以正确答案为 E

Because EE lies on BCBC and AD,AD, triangles AECAEC and ACDACD share angle A.A. Also ACE=ACB\angle ACE=\angle ACB subtends chord AB,AB, while ADC\angle ADC subtends chord AC.AC. Since AB=AC,AB=AC, these angles are equal. Thus AECACD. \triangle AEC\sim\triangle ACD. Corresponding sides give AEAC=ACAD. \frac{AE}{AC}=\frac{AC}{AD}. Therefore 812=12AD,\frac{8}{12}=\frac{12}{AD}, so AD=18.AD=18.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

43.

AB\overline{AB} 是直角三角形 ABCABC 的斜边。中线 AD=7AD=7,中线 BE=4BE=4ABAB 的长度为:

AB\overline{AB} is the hypotenuse of a right triangle ABC.ABC. Median AD=7AD=7 and median BE=4.BE=4. The length of ABAB is:

1010

535\sqrt3

525\sqrt2

2132\sqrt{13}

2152\sqrt{15}

难度评级:1990
小提示:

设角 AABB 所对直角边的平方分别为 uuvv

Let the legs opposite AA and BB have squared lengths uu and vv

大提示:

同时使用两条中线公式和斜边的勾股关系

Use the two median formulas together with the Pythagorean relation for the hypotenuse

解答:

a=BCa=BCb=CAb=CAc=ABc=AB。由于直角在 CCc2=a2+b2c^2=a^2+b^2。中线公式给出 4(72)=a2+4b2,4(42)=4a2+b2 \begin{aligned} 4(7^2) &=a^2+4b^2,\\ 4(4^2) &=4a^2+b^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}解得 a2=4a^2=4b2=48b^2=48。因此 AB=c=a2+b2=52=213 \begin{aligned} AB=c &=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\\ &=\sqrt{52}=2\sqrt{13} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 D

Let a=BC,a=BC, b=CA,b=CA, and c=AB.c=AB. Since the right angle is at C,C, c2=a2+b2.c^2=a^2+b^2. The median formulas give 4(72)=a2+4b2,4(42)=4a2+b2. \begin{aligned} 4(7^2) &=a^2+4b^2,\\ 4(4^2) &=4a^2+b^2. \end{aligned} Solving yields a2=4a^2=4 and b2=48.b^2=48. Therefore AB=c=a2+b2=52=213. \begin{aligned} AB=c &=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\\ &=\sqrt{52}=2\sqrt{13}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

44.

已知下列命题为真:

11。若 aa 大于 bb,则 cc 大于 dd

22。若 cc 小于 dd,则 ee 大于 ff

可以得出的正确结论是:

Given the true statements:

1.1. If aa is greater than b,b, then cc is greater than d.d.

2.2. If cc is less than d,d, then ee is greater than f.f.

A valid conclusion is:

aa 小于 bb,则 ee 大于 ff

If aa is less than b,b, then ee is greater than ff

ee 大于 ff,则 aa 小于 bb

If ee is greater than f,f, then aa is less than bb

ee 小于 ff,则 aa 大于 bb

If ee is less than f,f, then aa is greater than bb

aa 大于 bb,则 ee 小于 ff

If aa is greater than b,b, then ee is less than ff

以上都不是

none of these

知识点:逻辑推理反例
难度评级:1360
小提示:

将各比较关系表示为命题,并区分蕴含与逆命题

Represent the comparisons as propositions and distinguish each implication from its converse

大提示:

第二个前提的假设与第一个前提的结论互不相容,但仅凭这一点不能串联两个蕴含

The second premise’s hypothesis is incompatible with the first premise’s conclusion, but that alone does not chain the implications

解答:

PP 表示 a>ba>bQQ 表示 c>dc>dSS 表示 c<dc<dRR 表示 e>fe>f。前提为 PQ,SR P\Rightarrow Q,\qquad S\Rightarrow R\text{。}命题 QQSS 不能同时成立。两个前提的逆否命题分别为 ¬Q¬P\neg Q\Rightarrow\neg P¬R¬S\neg R\Rightarrow\neg S。四个给出的蕴含都不能由此推出。例如,已知 PP 可得 QQ,进而得到 ¬S\neg S,但无法判断 RR;已知 ¬R\neg R 只能得到 ¬S\neg S,不能得到 PP

所以正确答案为 E

Let PP mean a>b,a>b, QQ mean c>d,c>d, SS mean c<d,c<d, and RR mean e>f.e>f. The premises are PQ,SR. P\Rightarrow Q,\qquad S\Rightarrow R. The statements QQ and SS cannot both hold. The contrapositives are ¬Q¬P\neg Q\Rightarrow\neg P and ¬R¬S.\neg R\Rightarrow\neg S. None of the four proposed implications follows. For example, knowing PP gives QQ and hence ¬S,\neg S, but says nothing about R;R; knowing ¬R\neg R gives ¬S,\neg S, not P.P.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

45.

一张支票的金额为 xx 美元 yy 美分,其中 xxyy 都是两位数。误兑为 yy 美元 xx 美分,错误金额比正确金额多 $17.82\$17.82。则:

A check is written for xx dollars and yy cents, xx and yy both two-digit numbers. In error it is cashed for yy dollars and xx cents, the incorrect amount exceeding the correct amount by $17.82.\$17.82. Then:

xx 不可能大于 7070

xx cannot exceed 7070

yy 可以等于 2x2x

yy can equal 2x2x

支票金额不可能是 55 的倍数

the amount of the check cannot be a multiple of 55

错误金额可以等于正确金额的两倍

the incorrect amount can equal twice the correct amount

正确金额各位数字之和能被 99 整除

the sum of the digits of the correct amount is divisible by 99

难度评级:1790
小提示:

将正确金额和错误金额都写成美分

Write the correct and incorrect amounts in cents

大提示:

两者之差化简为 99(yx)99(y-x)

Their difference simplifies to 99(yx)99(y-x)

解答:

以美分计,错误金额减正确金额为 (100y+x)(100x+y)=99(yx) \begin{aligned} &(100y+x)-(100x+y)\\ &\qquad=99(y-x) \end{aligned}\text{。}由于 $17.82\$17.82 等于 17821782 美分,99(yx)=1782 99(y-x)=1782\text{,}所以 yx=18y-x=18。两位数 x=18, y=36x=18,\ y=36 满足此关系,并且 y=2xy=2x。因此这种相等关系可以发生。

所以正确答案为 B

In cents, the incorrect amount minus the correct amount is (100y+x)(100x+y)=99(yx). \begin{aligned} &(100y+x)-(100x+y)\\ &\qquad=99(y-x). \end{aligned} Since $17.82\$17.82 is 17821782 cents, 99(yx)=1782, 99(y-x)=1782, so yx=18.y-x=18. The two-digit values x=18, y=36x=18,\ y=36 satisfy this relation and have y=2x.y=2x. Thus that equality can occur.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

46.

xx 小于 11 但大于 4-4 时,表达式

x22x+22x2 \frac{x^2-2x+2}{2x-2}

具有:

For values of xx less than 11 but greater than 4,-4, the expression

x22x+22x2 \frac{x^2-2x+2}{2x-2}

has:

既无最大值也无最小值

no maximum or minimum value

最小值 11

a minimum value of 11

最大值 11

a maximum value of 11

最小值 1-1

a minimum value of 1-1

最大值 1-1

a maximum value of 1-1

难度评级:1830
小提示:

t=x1t=x-1,它在给定区间内为负

Set t=x1,t=x-1, which is negative on the given interval

大提示:

将表达式改写为 12(t+1t)\tfrac12(t+\frac{1}{t}),并使用 tt 为负时的均值不等式

Rewrite the expression as 12(t+1t)\tfrac12(t+\frac{1}{t}) and use the negative-tt form of AM-GM

解答:

t=x1t=x-1。则 5<t<0-5\lt t\lt0,且表达式变为 t2+12t=12(t+1t) \frac{t^2+1}{2t} =\frac12\left(t+\frac1t\right)\text{。}t<0t\lt0 时,t+1t2t+\frac{1}{t}\le-2,等号在 t=1t=-1 时成立。此值允许且对应 x=0x=0。因此表达式至多为 1-1,其最大值为 1-1

所以正确答案为 E

Set t=x1.t=x-1. Then 5<t<0,-5\lt t\lt0, and the expression becomes t2+12t=12(t+1t). \frac{t^2+1}{2t} =\frac12\left(t+\frac1t\right). For t<0,t\lt0, t+1t2,t+\frac{1}{t}\le-2, with equality when t=1.t=-1. That value is allowed and corresponds to x=0.x=0. Hence the expression is at most 1,-1, and its maximum is 1.-1.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

47.

ABCDABCD 是一个矩形,如附图所示,PPAB\overline{AB} 上任意一点。PSBDPS\perp BDPRACPR\perp ACAFBDAF\perp BDPQAFPQ\perp AF。则 PR+PSPR+PS 等于:

ABCDABCD is a rectangle (see the accompanying diagram) with PP any point on AB.\overline{AB}. PSBDPS\perp BD and PRAC.PR\perp AC. AFBDAF\perp BD and PQAF.PQ\perp AF. Then PR+PSPR+PS is equal to:

PQPQ

AEAE

PT+ATPT+AT

AFAF

EFEF

难度评级:2070
小提示:

PQBDPQ\parallel BDPSAFPS\parallel AF,找出 FFSS 附近的小平行四边形

Because PQBDPQ\parallel BD and PSAF,PS\parallel AF, identify the small parallelogram near FF and SS

大提示:

利用交点 T=PQACT=PQ\cap AC 比较直角三角形 PTRPTRATQATQ

Use the intersection T=PQACT=PQ\cap AC to compare the right triangles PTRPTR and ATQATQ

解答:

由于 AFBDAF\perp BDPQAFPQ\perp AF,有 PQBDPQ\parallel BD。又因 PSBDPS\perp BD,所以 PSAFPS\parallel AF。因此四边形 QPSFQPSF 是矩形,且 PS=QF PS=QF\text{。}T=PQACT=PQ\cap AC。矩形的两条对角线与边 ABAB 所成角相等,所以 PAT=APT\angle PAT=\angle APT,从而 AT=PTAT=PT。直角三角形 ATQATQPTRPTRTT 处有相同的角,故相似。由于它们的斜边 ATATPTPT 相等,AQ=PRAQ=PR。因此 PR+PS=AQ+QF=AF PR+PS=AQ+QF=AF\text{。}

所以正确答案为 D

Since AFBDAF\perp BD and PQAF,PQ\perp AF, we have PQBD.PQ\parallel BD. Also PSBD,PS\perp BD, so PSAF.PS\parallel AF. Thus quadrilateral QPSFQPSF is a rectangle, and PS=QF. PS=QF. Let T=PQAC.T=PQ\cap AC. The diagonals of a rectangle make equal angles with side AB,AB, so PAT=APT,\angle PAT=\angle APT, giving AT=PT.AT=PT. The right triangles ATQATQ and PTRPTR are similar because they share the angle at T.T. Since their hypotenuses ATAT and PTPT are equal, AQ=PR.AQ=PR. Therefore PR+PS=AQ+QF=AF. PR+PS=AQ+QF=AF.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

48.

圆心为 OO 的圆的直径 AB\overline{AB}1010 个单位。点 CCAB\overline{AB} 上,距 AA44 个单位;点 DDAB\overline{AB} 上,距 BB44 个单位。PP 是圆上任意一点。则从 CCPPDD 的折线路径:

Diameter AB\overline{AB} of a circle with center OO is 1010 units. CC is a point 44 units from A,A, and on AB.\overline{AB}. DD is a point 44 units from B,B, and on AB.\overline{AB}. PP is any point on the circle. Then the broken-line path from CC to PP to D:D:

PP 的所有位置长度都相同

has the same length for all positions of PP

PP 的所有位置都超过 1010 个单位

exceeds 1010 units for all positions of PP

不可能超过 1010 个单位

cannot exceed 1010 units

CPDCPD 为直角三角形时最短

is shortest when CPDCPD is a right triangle

PPCCDD 等距时最长

is longest when PP is equidistant from CC and DD

难度评级:1990
小提示:

将圆心置于原点、直径置于 xx 轴,使 C=(1,0)C=(-1,0)D=(1,0)D=(1,0)

Place the center at the origin and the diameter on the xx-axis, so C=(1,0)C=(-1,0) and D=(1,0)D=(1,0)

大提示:

对圆上的 P=(u,v)P=(u,v),比较 CP2=26+2uCP^2=26+2uDP2=262uDP^2=26-2u

For P=(u,v)P=(u,v) on the circle, compare CP2=26+2uCP^2=26+2u and DP2=262uDP^2=26-2u

解答:

O=(0,0)O=(0,0)C=(1,0)C=(-1,0)D=(1,0)D=(1,0),以及满足 u2+v2=25u^2+v^2=25P=(u,v)P=(u,v)。则 CP2=26+2u,DP2=262u \begin{aligned} CP^2&=26+2u,\\ DP^2&=26-2u \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 (CP+DP)2=52+26764u2 \begin{aligned} (CP+DP)^2 &=52\\ &\quad+2\sqrt{676-4u^2} \end{aligned}\text{。}u=0u=0 时该式最大,此时恰有 CP=DPCP=DP

所以正确答案为 E

Place O=(0,0),O=(0,0), C=(1,0),C=(-1,0), D=(1,0),D=(1,0), and P=(u,v)P=(u,v) with u2+v2=25.u^2+v^2=25. Then CP2=26+2u,DP2=262u. \begin{aligned} CP^2&=26+2u,\\ DP^2&=26-2u. \end{aligned} Therefore (CP+DP)2=52+26764u2. \begin{aligned} (CP+DP)^2 &=52\\ &\quad+2\sqrt{676-4u^2}. \end{aligned} This is largest when u=0,u=0, exactly when CP=DP.CP=DP.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

49.

(a+b)n(a+b)^n 的展开式中有 n+1n+1 个不同项。(a+b+c)10(a+b+c)^{10} 的展开式中不同项的个数为:

In the expansion of (a+b)n(a+b)^n there are n+1n+1 dissimilar terms. The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of (a+b+c)10(a+b+c)^{10} is:

1111

3333

5555

6666

132132

难度评级:1340
小提示:

每一项由和为 1010 的非负指数 i,j,ki,j,k 确定

A term is determined by nonnegative exponents i,j,ki,j,k whose sum is 1010

大提示:

用隔板法计算 i+j+k=10i+j+k=10 的解数

Count the solutions of i+j+k=10i+j+k=10 by stars and bars

解答:

每个不同项都是 aibjcka^ib^jc^k,其中非负整数满足 i+j+k=10 i+j+k=10\text{。}由隔板法,这样的三元组个数为 (10+3131)=(122)=66 \binom{10+3-1}{3-1}=\binom{12}{2}=66\text{。}

所以正确答案为 D

Each distinct term is aibjcka^ib^jc^k for nonnegative integers satisfying i+j+k=10. i+j+k=10. By stars and bars, the number of such triples is (10+3131)=(122)=66. \binom{10+3-1}{3-1}=\binom{12}{2}=66.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

50.

图中给出了一种将线段 ABAB 上所有点与线段 ABA'B' 上各点互相对应的方法。为解析描述这种对应,设 xxABAB 上一点 PPDD 的距离,yyABA'B' 上对应点 PP'DD' 的距离。对任意一对对应点,若 x=ax=a,则 x+yx+y 等于:

In this diagram a scheme is indicated for associating all the points of segment ABAB with those of segment AB,A'B', and reciprocally. To describe this association scheme analytically, let xx be the distance from a point PP on ABAB to DD and let yy be the distance from the associated point PP' of ABA'B' to D.D'. Then for any pair of associated points, if x=a,x=a, x+yx+y equals:

13a13a

17a5117a-51

173a17-3a

173a4\dfrac{17-3a}{4}

12a3412a-34

难度评级:1830
小提示:

图中的透视线使 x=3x=3 对应 y=5y=5,并使 x=4x=4 对应 y=1y=1

The perspective lines in the diagram associate x=3x=3 with y=5y=5 and x=4x=4 with y=1y=1

大提示:

由于两条标有数字的线段平行,xxyy 之间的对应关系是线性的

Because the two numbered segments are parallel, the induced relation between xx and yy is linear

解答:

两条标有数字的线段平行,因此经过固定交点的投影给出 xxyy 的线性关系。图示端点对应为 (x,y)=(3,5)(x,y)=(3,5)(x,y)=(4,1)(x,y)=(4,1)。斜率为 1543=4\frac{1-5}{4-3}=-4,所以 y=4x+17y=-4x+17。若 x=ax=a,则 x+y=a+(4a+17)=173a \begin{aligned} x+y &=a+(-4a+17)\\ &=17-3a \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案为 C

The two numbered segments are parallel, so projection through the fixed intersection point gives a linear relation between xx and y.y. The endpoint associations shown are (x,y)=(3,5)(x,y)=(3,5) and (x,y)=(4,1).(x,y)=(4,1). The slope is 1543=4,\frac{1-5}{4-3}=-4, so y=4x+17.y=-4x+17. If x=a,x=a, then x+y=a+(4a+17)=173a. \begin{aligned} x+y &=a+(-4a+17)\\ &=17-3a. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is C.