2015 AMC 10A 详解

向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

求下列表达式的值。

(201+52+0)1×5(2^0-1+5^2+0)^{-1} \times 5

What is the value of the following expression?

(201+52+0)1×5(2^0-1+5^2+0)^{-1} \times 5

125-125

120-120

15\dfrac{1}{5}

524\dfrac{5}{24}

2525

知识点:运算顺序指数
难度评级:560
小提示:

先计算括号内的值。

Evaluate inside the parentheses first

大提示:

化简括号后,取倒数再乘以 55

After simplifying the parentheses, multiply its reciprocal by 55

解答:

可以这样计算。(201+52+0)1×5=111+25×5=525=15\begin{aligned} &(2^0-1+5^2+0)^{-1} \times 5 \\&=\dfrac{1}{1 - 1 + 25} \times 5 \\ &= \dfrac{5}{25}\\ &= \dfrac{1}{5} \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 C

We can evaluate it as follows. (201+52+0)1×5=111+25×5=525=15\begin{aligned} &(2^0-1+5^2+0)^{-1} \times 5 \\&=\dfrac{1}{1 - 1 + 25} \times 5 \\ &= \dfrac{5}{25}\\ &= \dfrac{1}{5} \end{aligned}

Thus, C is the correct answer.

2.

一个盒子里装有三角形瓷砖和正方形瓷砖,共 2525 块。这些瓷砖一共有 8484 条边。盒子里有多少块正方形瓷砖?

A box contains a collection of triangular and square tiles. There are 2525 tiles in the box, containing 8484 edges total. How many square tiles are there in the box?

33

55

77

99

1111

知识点:方程组
难度评级:870
小提示:

与全部都是三角形瓷砖的情况比较。

Compare the total to the case where all tiles are triangular

大提示:

每块正方形瓷砖比三角形瓷砖多贡献一条边。

Each square contributes one more edge than a triangle

解答:

设三角形瓷砖有 xx 块,正方形瓷砖有 yy 块,则 x+y=25 x + y = 25 3x+4y=84 3x + 4y = 84\text{。}把第一个方程乘以 33,得到 3x+3y=75 3x + 3y = 75\text{,}两式相减得 y=9y = 9

所以正确答案是 D

Let xx be the number of triangular tiles and yy be the number of square tiles. We then have that x+y=25 x + y = 25 and 3x+4y=84. 3x + 4y = 84. Multiplying the first equation by 33 gives us 3x+3y=75 3x + 3y = 75 and subtracting this from the other equation gives us y=9.y = 9.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

3.

Ann 如图用 1818 根牙签搭了一个 33 级楼梯。她还需要再加多少根牙签才能完成一个 55 级楼梯?

Ann made a 33-step staircase using 1818 toothpicks as shown in the figure. How many toothpicks does she need to add to complete a 55-step staircase?

99

1818

2020

2222

2424

难度评级:960
小提示:

观察下一阶楼梯会新增多少根牙签。

Look at how many new toothpicks the next stair step adds

大提示:

每增加一级,新添的牙签数比前一次多 22 根。

The number of new toothpicks increases by 22 with each added step

解答:

我们试着找出楼梯级数与所需牙签数之间的规律。

对于 11 级楼梯,只需要 44 根牙签,也就是一个正方形。

对于 22 级楼梯,根据图形需要 1010 根牙签。

同理,33 级楼梯需要 1818 根牙签。

22 级楼梯比 11 级楼梯多用 104=610 - 4 = 6 根牙签。33 级楼梯比 22 级楼梯多用 1810=818 - 10 = 8 根牙签。

按照这个规律,44 级楼梯需要 18+10=2818 + 10 = 28 根牙签,55 级楼梯需要 28+12=4028 + 12 = 40 根牙签。

这说明 Ann 还需要添加 4018=2240 - 18 = 22 根牙签。

所以正确答案是 D

Let us try to find a pattern between the number of toothpicks needed for the staircases.

For a 11-step staircase, we would only need 44 toothpicks (just a square).

For a 22-step staircase, we would need 1010 toothpicks according to the diagram.

Similarly, we would need 1818 toothpicks for a 33-step staircase.

A 22-step staircase needs 104=610 - 4 = 6 more toothpicks than a 11-step staircase. A 33-step staircase needs 1810=818 - 10 = 8 more toothpicks than a 22-step staircase.

Following this pattern, we can see that a 44-step staircase will need 18+10=2818 + 10 = 28 toothpicks, and a 55-step staircase will need 28+12=4028 + 12 = 40 toothpicks.

This means that Ann would need to add 4018=2240 - 18 = 22 more toothpicks.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

4.

Pablo、Sofia 和 Mia 在聚会上得到一些糖果蛋。Pablo 的糖果蛋数量是 Sofia 的三倍,Sofia 的数量是 Mia 的两倍。Pablo 决定把一些糖果蛋给 Sofia 和 Mia,使三人最后数量相同。Pablo 应该把自己糖果蛋的几分之几给 Sofia?

Pablo, Sofia, and Mia got some candy eggs at a party. Pablo had three times as many eggs as Sofia, and Sofia had twice as many eggs as Mia. Pablo decides to give some of his eggs to Sofia and Mia so that all three will have the same number of eggs. What fraction of his eggs should Pablo give to Sofia?

112\dfrac{1}{12}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

知识点:比与比例分数
难度评级:1020
小提示:

把 Mia、Sofia、Pablo 的数量写成 m,2m,6mm,2m,6m

Write Mia, Sofia, Pablo as m,2m,6mm,2m,6m

大提示:

平均分配意味着每人最后有 3m3m 个糖果蛋。

Equal sharing means each person ends with 3m3m eggs

解答:

设 Mia 有 mm 个糖果蛋,则 Sofia 有 2m2m 个,Pablo 有 6m6m 个。

糖果蛋总数为 m+2m+6m=9m m + 2m + 6m = 9m\text{。}三人数量相同时,每人应有 9m÷3=3m9m \div 3 = 3m 个。

Sofia 还需要 3m2m=m3m - 2m = m 个糖果蛋,因此 Pablo 应给她自己原有糖果蛋的 m6m=16\dfrac{m}{6m} = \dfrac{1}{6}

所以正确答案是 B

Let mm be the number of candy eggs that Mia had. Then Sofia had 2m2m eggs and Pablo had 6m6m eggs.

The total number of eggs is then m+2m+6m=9m. m + 2m + 6m = 9m. For all of them to have the same number of eggs, they each must have 9m÷3=3m9m \div 3 = 3m eggs.

Sofia needs 3m2m=m3m - 2m = m more eggs. This means Pablo must give m6m=16\dfrac{m}{6m} = \dfrac{1}{6} of his eggs to Sofia.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

5.

Patrick 先生教 1515 名学生数学。他批改测验时发现,在批完除 Payton 以外所有人的试卷后,全班平均分为 8080。批完 Payton 的试卷后,测验平均分变为 8181。Payton 的测验分数是多少?

Mr. Patrick teaches math to 1515 students. He was grading tests and found that when he graded everyone’s test except Payton’s, the average grade for the class was 80.80. After he graded Payton’s test, the class average became 81.81. What was Payton’s score on the test?

8181

8585

9191

9494

9595

知识点:平均数
难度评级:870
小提示:

总分等于平均分乘以已批改的试卷数。

Total score equals the average times the number of graded tests

大提示:

用全班总分减去前 1414 名学生的总分。

Subtract the first 1414 students’ total from the full class total

解答:

1414 份已批改试卷的总分为 1480=112014\cdot 80=1120

加入 Payton 的试卷后,总分为 1581=121515\cdot 81=1215,所以 Payton 的分数为 12151120=951215-1120=95

所以正确答案是 E

The total for the first 1414 graded tests was 1480=112014\cdot 80=1120.

After Payton’s test was included, the total became 1581=121515\cdot 81=1215. Therefore Payton’s score was 12151120=951215-1120=95.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

6.

两个正数的和是它们差的 55 倍。较大数与较小数的比是多少?

The sum of two positive numbers is 55 times their difference. What is the ratio of the larger number to the smaller number?

54\dfrac{5}{4}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

95\dfrac{9}{5}

22

52\dfrac{5}{2}

难度评级:900
小提示:

设较大数为 LL,较小数为 SS

Let the larger number be LL and the smaller be SS

大提示:

化简 L+S=5(LS)L+S=5(L-S)

Simplify L+S=5(LS)L+S=5(L-S)

解答:

设两个数为 xxyy,并假设 x>yx \gt y。则 x+y=5(xy) x + y = 5(x - y)\text{。}化简得到 x+y=5x5y x + y = 5x - 5y 6y=4x 6y = 4x\text{。}

两边相除,得到 xy=64=32\dfrac{x}{y} = \dfrac{6}{4} = \dfrac{3}{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Let xx and yy be the two numbers. Then we have that x+y=5(xy). x + y = 5(x - y). Note that we are assuming x>y.x \gt y. This gives us x+y=5x5y x + y = 5x - 5y 6y=4x. 6y = 4x.

Dividing through yields xy=64=32.\dfrac{x}{y} = \dfrac{6}{4} = \dfrac{3}{2}.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

7.

等差数列 131316161919\dotsc70707373 中有多少项?

How many terms are in the arithmetic sequence 13,13, 16,16, 19,19, ,\dotsc, 70,70, 73?73?

2020

2121

2424

6060

6161

知识点:等差数列
难度评级:870
小提示:

使用首项、末项和公差。

Use the first term, last term, and common difference

大提示:

先数间隔数,再加上一个端点。

Count intervals, then add one endpoint

解答:

回忆等差数列的第 nn 项为 a+d(n1)a + d(n - 1),其中 aa 是首项,dd 是公差。

这里 a=13a = 13d=3d = 3。代入可得 73=13+3(n1)20=n1n=21\begin{aligned} 73 &= 13 + 3(n - 1) \\ 20&= n - 1 \\ n &= 21 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以正确答案是 B

Recall that the nnth term of an arithmetic sequence is a+d(n1),a + d(n - 1), where aa is the first term and dd is the common difference.

For us, a=13a = 13 and d=3.d = 3. Plugging these in, we get that 73=13+3(n1)20=n1n=21.\begin{aligned} 73 &= 13 + 3(n - 1) \\ 20&= n - 1 \\ n &= 21. \end{aligned} Thus, B is the correct answer.

8.

两年前 Pete 的年龄是他的表妹 Claire 的三倍。再往前两年,Pete 的年龄是 Claire 的四倍。多少年后,他们年龄之比将为 2:12:1

Two years ago Pete was three times as old as his cousin Claire. Two years before that, Pete was four times as old as Claire. In how many years will the ratio of their ages be 2:1?2:1?

22

44

55

66

88

难度评级:1280
小提示:

用当前年龄翻译两个年龄关系。

Translate the two age statements using current ages

大提示:

先求出当前年龄,再列出未来的年龄比。

Solve for current ages before setting the future ratio

解答:

设 Pete 和 Claire 当前年龄分别为 ppcc

题意给出 p2=3(c2) p - 2 = 3(c - 2) p4=4(c4) p - 4 = 4(c - 4)\text{。}化简为 p=3c4 p = 3c - 4 p=4c12 p = 4c - 12\text{。}令两式相等,得到 3c4=4c12 3c - 4 = 4c - 12 c=8 c = 8\text{。}

因此 p=384=20 p = 3 \cdot 8 - 4 = 20\text{。}

设还需 yy 年,则 20+y=2(8+y) 20 + y = 2(8 + y)\text{,}化简得 20+y=16+2y 20 + y = 16 + 2y y=4 y = 4\text{。}所以正确答案是 B

Let pp and cc be Pete’s and Claire’s current ages respectively.

Then we have that p2=3(c2) p - 2 = 3(c - 2) and p4=4(c4). p - 4 = 4(c - 4). Simplifying both equations gives us p=3c4 p = 3c - 4 and p=4c12. p = 4c - 12. Setting them equal, we have 3c4=4c12 3c - 4 = 4c - 12 c=8. c = 8.

This means that p=384=20. p = 3 \cdot 8 - 4 = 20.

Now, we need to find the number of years (yy) until 20+y=2(8+y), 20 + y = 2(8 + y), which gives us 20+y=16+2y 20 + y = 16 + 2y y=4. y = 4. Thus, B is the correct answer.

9.

两个直圆柱体体积相同。第二个圆柱体的半径比第一个多 10%10\%。两个圆柱体的高之间有什么关系?

Two right circular cylinders have the same volume. The radius of the second cylinder is 10%10\% more than the radius of the first. What is the relationship between the heights of the two cylinders?

第二个高比第一个少 10%10\%

The second height is 10%10\% less than the first.

第一个高比第二个多 10%10\%

The first height is 10%10\% more than the second.

第二个高比第一个少 21%21\%

The second height is 21%21\% less than the first.

第一个高比第二个多 21%21\%

The first height is 21%21\% more than the second.

第二个高是第一个的 80%80\%

The second height is 80%80\% of the first.

难度评级:1220
小提示:

体积相等意味着高按半径变化平方的倒数变化。

Equal volumes mean height changes by the reciprocal square of the radius change

大提示:

使用 h2=h1(1.1)2h_2=\frac{h_1}{(1.1)^2}

Use h2=h1(1.1)2h_2=\frac{h_1}{(1.1)^2}

解答:

设两个圆柱的半径和高分别为 r1r_1h1h_1r2r_2h2h_2

已知 r2=1110r1 r_2 = \dfrac{11}{10}r_1 πr12h1=πr22h2 \pi r_1^2h_1 = \pi r_2^2h_2\text{。}

代入并化简,得到 r12h1=121100r12h2 r_1^2h_1 = \dfrac{121}{100}r_1^2h_2\text{,}这告诉我们 h1=121100h2 h_1 = \dfrac{121}{100}h_2\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let r1r_1 and h1h_1 be the radius and height of the first cylinder and similarly define r2r_2 and h2h_2 for the second cylinder.

We know that r2=1110r1 r_2 = \dfrac{11}{10}r_1 and πr12h1=πr22h2. \pi r_1^2h_1 = \pi r_2^2h_2.

Substituting and simplifying gives us r12h1=121100r12h2, r_1^2h_1 = \dfrac{121}{100}r_1^2h_2, which tells us that h1=121100h2. h_1 = \dfrac{121}{100}h_2.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

10.

abcdabcd 的重排中,有多少种排列使得任意两个相邻字母都不是字母表中相邻的字母?例如,这样的排列不能包含 ababbaba

How many rearrangements of abcdabcd are there in which no two adjacent letters are also adjacent letters in the alphabet? For example, no such rearrangements could include either abab or ba.ba.

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:1370
小提示:

禁止相邻字母对以任意顺序出现。

Forbid the adjacent alphabet pairs in either order

大提示:

只有以 bbcc 开头才有可能完成排列。

Starting with bb or cc is the only way to finish

解答:

禁用的相邻字母对为 ab,ba,bc,cb,cd,dcab,ba,bc,cb,cd,dc

若排列以 aa 开头,第二个字母只能是 ccdd

acac 之后,无论怎样排列剩余字母,都会出现 cbcbcdcd。在 adad 之后,剩余的 bbcc 必须相邻。因此不存在以 aa 开头的合格排列。

由对称性,也不存在以 dd 开头的合格排列。

若以 bb 开头,后面必须依次为 ddaacc,得到 bdacbdac

同理,以 cc 开头时只能得到 cadbcadb。因此共有 22 种合格排列。

所以正确答案是 C

The forbidden adjacent pairs are ab,ba,bc,cb,cd,dc.ab,ba,bc,cb,cd,dc.

If an arrangement starts with a,a, its second letter must be cc or d.d.

After ac,ac, either remaining order contains cbcb or cd.cd. After ad,ad, the remaining bb and cc must be adjacent. Thus no valid arrangement starts with a.a.

By symmetry, no valid arrangement starts with d.d.

If an arrangement starts with b,b, it must continue with d,d, then a,a, then c,c, giving bdac.bdac.

Similarly, starting with cc gives only cadb.cadb. Therefore there are 22 valid rearrangements.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

11.

一个长方形的长与宽之比为 4:34:3。如果长方形的对角线长为 dd,那么面积可以表示为 kd2kd^2,其中 kk 是常数。求 kk 的值。

The ratio of the length to the width of a rectangle is 4:3.4:3. If the rectangle has diagonal of length d,d, then the area may be expressed as kd2kd^2 for some constant k.k. What is k?k?

27\dfrac{2}{7}

37\dfrac{3}{7}

1225\dfrac{12}{25}

1625\dfrac{16}{25}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

难度评级:1070
小提示:

一个 33-44-55 长方形的对角线比例为 5x5x

A 33-44-55 rectangle has diagonal scale 5x5x

大提示:

d=5xd=5x 表示面积。

Express the area in terms of d=5xd=5x

解答:

设长方形边长为 4x4x3x3x。则对角线长为 (4x)2+(3x)2=25x2=5x \sqrt{(4x)^2 + (3x)^2} = \sqrt{25x^2} = 5x\text{。}

长方形面积为 4x3x=12x2 4x \cdot 3x = 12x^2\text{。} 因此 kd2=12x2 kd^2 = 12x^2 k=12x225x2=1225 k = \dfrac{12x^2}{25x^2} = \dfrac{12}{25}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Let the side lengths be 4x4x and 3x.3x. Then the diagonal has length (4x)2+(3x)2=25x2=5x. \sqrt{(4x)^2 + (3x)^2} = \sqrt{25x^2} = 5x.

The area of the rectangle is 4x3x=12x2. 4x \cdot 3x = 12x^2. Then we get that kd2=12x2 kd^2 = 12x^2 k=12x225x2=1225. k = \dfrac{12x^2}{25x^2} = \dfrac{12}{25}.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

12.

(π,a)(\sqrt{\pi}, a)(π,b)(\sqrt{\pi}, b) 是方程 y2+x4=2x2y+1y^2 + x^4 = 2x^2 y + 1 图像上的两个不同点。求 ab|a-b| 的值。

Points (π,a)(\sqrt{\pi}, a) and (π,b)(\sqrt{\pi}, b) are distinct points on the graph of y2+x4=2x2y+1.y^2 + x^4 = 2x^2 y + 1. What is ab?|a-b|?

11

π2\dfrac{\pi}{2}

22

1+π\sqrt{1+\pi}

1+π1 + \sqrt{\pi}

难度评级:1140
小提示:

代入 x=πx=\sqrt{\pi},并对 yy 配方。

Substitute x=πx=\sqrt{\pi} and complete a square in yy

大提示:

两个 yy 值关于 π\pi 对称。

The two yy-values are symmetric around π\pi

解答:

代入 x=πx=\sqrt{\pi}。于是 x2=πx^2=\pix4=π2x^4=\pi^2,所以方程变为 y22πy+π2=1y^2-2\pi y+\pi^2=1\text{。}

因此 (yπ)2=1(y-\pi)^2=1,从而得到两个可能取值 y=π+1y=\pi+1y=π1y=\pi-1。它们的距离为 22

所以正确答案是 C

Substitute x=πx=\sqrt{\pi}. Then x2=πx^2=\pi and x4=π2x^4=\pi^2, so the equation becomes y22πy+π2=1.y^2-2\pi y+\pi^2=1.

Hence (yπ)2=1(y-\pi)^2=1, giving the two possible values y=π+1y=\pi+1 and y=π1y=\pi-1. Their distance is 22.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

13.

Claudia 有 1212 枚硬币,每枚是 55 美分或 1010 美分。用其中一枚或多枚硬币组合,恰好可以得到 1717 种不同金额。Claudia 有多少枚 1010 美分硬币?

Claudia has 1212 coins, each of which is a 55-cent coin or a 1010-cent coin. There are exactly 1717 different values that can be obtained as combinations of one or more of her coins. How many 1010-cent coins does Claudia have?

33

44

55

66

77

难度评级:1480
小提示:

以五美分为单位数可能金额。

Count possible values in units of five cents

大提示:

若有 xx 枚五美分硬币,最大金额为 1205x120-5x 美分。

If there are xx nickels, the largest value is 1205x120-5x cents

解答:

55 美分硬币有 xx 枚,则 1010 美分硬币有 12x12 - x 枚。

x=0x=0,则只能组成 10,20,,12010,20,\ldots,120 美分,共 1212 种金额。因此 x>0x>0。只要至少有一枚 55 美分硬币,就可以组成从 55 美分到总金额 5x+10(12x)=1205x5x+10(12-x)=120-5x 之间的每个 55 的倍数。

这样的 55 的正倍数共有 24x24 - x 种。题目给出这个数量为 1717,所以 x=7x = 7

因此 1010 美分硬币有 127=512 - 7 = 5 枚。

所以正确答案是 C

Let the number of 55-cent coins be xx and the number of 1010-cent coins be 12x.12 - x.

If x=0,x=0, the only possible values are 10,20,,12010,20,\ldots,120 cents, giving just 1212 values. Hence x>0.x>0. Having at least one 55-cent coin then makes every multiple of 55 from 55 through the total value 5x+10(12x)=1205x5x+10(12-x)=120-5x obtainable.

There are 24x24 - x such multiples of 5,5, which means that x=7x = 7 to get 1717 possible different values.

The number of 1010-cent coins is therefore 127=5.12 - 7 = 5.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

14.

下图显示一个半径为 2020 厘米的圆形钟面,以及一个半径为 1010 厘米的圆盘,它在 1212 点处与钟面外切。圆盘上画有一个箭头,初始时竖直向上。令圆盘沿钟面顺时针滚动。当箭头下一次竖直向上时,圆盘与钟面在哪个位置相切?

The diagram below shows the circular face of a clock with radius 2020 cm and a circular disk with radius 1010 cm externally tangent to the clock face at 1212 o’clock. The disk has an arrow painted on it, initially pointing in the upward vertical direction. Let the disk roll clockwise around the clock face. At what point on the clock face will the disk be tangent when the arrow is next pointing in the upward vertical direction?

22 点钟

22 o’clock

33 点钟

33 o’clock

44 点钟

44 o’clock

66 点钟

66 o’clock

88 点钟

88 o’clock

难度评级:1790
小提示:

外滚动圆盘的转角是接触点圆心角的 R+rr\frac{R+r}{r} 倍。

A disk rolling externally rotates R+rr\frac{R+r}{r} times the central angle

大提示:

令圆盘的总转角等于一整圈。

Set the disk’s total rotation equal to one full turn

解答:

半径 1010 的圆盘在半径 2020 的钟面外侧滚动。若接触点绕钟面转过圆心角 θ\theta,圆盘相对于原方向转过 20+1010θ=3θ\frac{20+10}{10}\theta=3\theta

箭头再次竖直向上时,3θ3\theta 等于 2π2\pi 的正整数倍。第一次发生在 θ=2π3\theta=\frac{2\pi}{3},即从 1212 点钟方向绕一圈的三分之一,对应 44 点钟方向。

所以正确答案是 C

The disk of radius 1010 rolls externally around the clock face of radius 2020. If the point of tangency moves through central angle θ\theta around the clock, the disk rotates through 20+1010θ=3θ\frac{20+10}{10}\theta=3\theta relative to its original direction.

The arrow next points upward when 3θ3\theta is a positive multiple of 2π2\pi. The first time this happens is θ=2π3\theta=\frac{2\pi}{3}, which is one-third of the way around the clock from 1212 o’clock, namely 44 o’clock.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

15.

考虑所有分数 xy\dfrac{x}{y},其中 xxyy 是互质的正整数。有多少个这样的分数满足:若分子和分母都增加 11,分数值增加 10%10\%

Consider the set of all fractions xy,\dfrac{x}{y}, where xx and yy are relatively prime positive integers. How many of these fractions have the property that if both numerator and denominator are increased by 1,1, the value of the fraction is increased by 10%?10\%?

00

11

22

33

无穷多个\text{无穷多个}

infinitely many\text{infinitely many}

难度评级:1860
小提示:

把分数条件转化为一个因式分解。

Turn the fraction condition into a factorization

大提示:

只有满足 y+11>11y+11>11 的负因数对可能有效。

Only negative factor pairs with y+11>11y+11>11 can work

解答:

条件为 x+1y+1=1110xy\frac{x+1}{y+1}=\frac{11}{10}\cdot\frac{x}{y}\text{。} 交叉相乘得 10y(x+1)=11x(y+1)10y(x+1)=11x(y+1),即 xy+11x10y=0xy+11x-10y=0

从两边减去 110110 并因式分解,得 (x10)(y+11)=110(x-10)(y+11)=-110\text{。} 因为 x,yx,y 是正整数,可用的负因数对为 (1,110)(-1,110)(2,55)(-2,55)(5,22)(-5,22),分别给出 (x,y)=(9,99),(8,44),(5,11)(x,y)=(9,99),(8,44),(5,11)

其中只有 511\frac{5}{11} 的分子分母互质,所以恰好有一个分数满足条件。

所以正确答案是 B

The condition is x+1y+1=1110xy.\frac{x+1}{y+1}=\frac{11}{10}\cdot\frac{x}{y}. Cross-multiplying gives 10y(x+1)=11x(y+1)10y(x+1)=11x(y+1), or xy+11x10y=0xy+11x-10y=0.

Factoring by grouping after subtracting 110110 gives (x10)(y+11)=110.(x-10)(y+11)=-110. Since x,yx,y are positive, the useful negative factor pairs are (1,110)(-1,110), (2,55)(-2,55), and (5,22)(-5,22), producing (x,y)=(9,99),(8,44),(5,11)(x,y)=(9,99),(8,44),(5,11).

Only 511\frac{5}{11} has relatively prime numerator and denominator, so exactly one fraction works.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

16.

y+4=(x2)2y+4 = (x-2)^2\text{,} x+4=(y2)2 x+4 = (y-2)^2\text{,}xyx \neq y,求下式的值: x2+y2x^2+y^2

If y+4=(x2)2,y+4 = (x-2)^2, x+4=(y2)2, x+4 = (y-2)^2, and xy,x \neq y, what is the value of x2+y2x^2+y^2

1010

1515

2020

2525

3030

难度评级:1420
小提示:

分别把两个方程相加和相减。

Add and subtract the two equations separately

大提示:

因为 xyx\ne y,可以把差方程除以 xyx-y

Since xyx\ne y, divide the difference equation by xyx-y

解答:

展开并相加两个方程,得到 x2+y24x4y+8 x^2 + y^2 - 4x - 4y + 8 =x+y+8 = x + y + 8\text{。} 整理得 x2+y2=5(x+y) x^2 + y^2 = 5(x + y)\text{。} 两式相减,得到 x2y24x+4y=yx x^2 - y^2 - 4x + 4y = y - x\text{。} 再整理得 x2y2=3(xy) x^2 - y^2 = 3(x - y)\text{。} 因为 xyx \neq y,两边可除以 xyx - y,得到 x+y=3 x + y = 3 x2+y2=15 x^2 + y^2 = 15\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Adding the two equations gives us x2+y24x4y+8 x^2 + y^2 - 4x - 4y + 8 =x+y+8. = x + y + 8. We can rearrange this equation to get x2+y2=5(x+y). x^2 + y^2 = 5(x + y). We can then subtract them to get x2y24x+4y=yx. x^2 - y^2 - 4x + 4y = y - x. Once again rearranging, we can find x2y2=3(xy). x^2 - y^2 = 3(x - y). We have that xy,x \neq y, which means that we can divide both sides by xy.x - y. This gives us x+y=3 x + y = 3 x2+y2=15. x^2 + y^2 = 15.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

17.

一条经过原点的直线同时与直线 x=1x = 1 和直线 y=1+33xy=1+ \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3} x 相交。这三条直线围成一个等边三角形。这个三角形的周长是多少?

A line that passes through the origin intersects both the line x=1x = 1 and the line y=1+33x.y=1+ \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3} x. The three lines create an equilateral triangle. What is the perimeter of the triangle?

262\sqrt{6}

2+232 + 2\sqrt{3}

66

3+233 + 2\sqrt{3}

6+336 + \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

难度评级:1540
小提示:

第三条直线必须与竖直边形成 6060^\circ 角。

The third line must make a 6060^\circ angle with the vertical side

大提示:

x=1x=1 处求两个交点的高度。

Evaluate the two intersection heights at x=1x=1

解答:

因为等边三角形的一边是竖直线,所以其对称轴为水平线。

这说明第三条边的斜率必须是第二条边斜率的相反数,也就是 33-\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

要求周长,只需求出这个三角形一条边的长度。

x=1x = 1 代入另外两个方程,就得到竖直边上的两个顶点。

两个 yy 值分别为 1+331 + \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}33-\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}。它们的差为 1+2331 + \dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3},所以周长为 3(1+233)=3+23 3 \cdot \left(1 + \dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}\right) = 3 + 2\sqrt{3}\text{。} 因此正确答案是 D

Since one of the sides of the equilateral triangle is a vertical line, the line of symmetry perpendicular to this side must be horizontal.

This means that the slope of the third side must be opposite the slope of the second side, which would be 33.-\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.

To find the perimeter, we only need to find the length of one of the sides of the triangle.

We can plug in x=1x = 1 into the two other equations to get the two vertices on the vertical line.

The two yy-values are 1+331 + \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3} and 33.-\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}. Their difference is 1+233,1 + \dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}, which makes the perimeter 3(1+233)=3+23. 3 \cdot \left(1 + \dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}\right) = 3 + 2\sqrt{3}. Thus, D is the correct answer.

18.

十六进制(以 1616 为底)数使用数字 0099,以及字母 AAFF 表示 10101515。前 10001000 个正整数中,有 nn 个数的这种表示只含数字字符。求 nn 的各位数字之和。

Hexadecimal (base-1616) numbers are written using numeric digits 00 through 99 as well as the letters AA through FF to represent 1010 through 15.15. Among the first 10001000 positive integers, there are nn whose hexadecimal representation contains only numeric digits. What is the sum of the digits of n?n?

1717

1818

1919

2020

2121

难度评级:1660
小提示:

统计到 3E8163E8_{16} 为止的有效十六进制字符串。

Count valid hexadecimal strings up to 3E8163E8_{16}

大提示:

计数前,先在较短的十六进制表示前补零。

Pad shorter hexadecimal representations with leading zeros before counting digit choices

解答:

在十六进制中,1000=3E8161000=3E8_{16}。把较短的表示在前面补零,补成三位数。从 00016000_{16}39916399_{16} 的每个纯数字字符串都不超过 3E8163E8_{16},而且这些就是全部可能。

第一位有 44 种选择,另外两位各有 1010 种选择。因此共有 41010=4004\cdot10\cdot10=400 个字符串,其中包括 00016000_{16}。去掉零后得到 n=399n=399

399399 的数位和为 2121

所以正确答案是 E

In hexadecimal, 1000=3E816.1000=3E8_{16}. Pad each shorter representation to three digits with leading zeros. Every numeric-only string from 00016000_{16} through 39916399_{16} is at most 3E816,3E8_{16}, and these are all the possibilities.

The first digit has 44 choices, and each of the other two digits has 1010 choices. This gives 41010=4004\cdot10\cdot10=400 strings, including 00016.000_{16}. Excluding zero leaves n=399.n=399.

The sum of the digits in 399399 is 21.21.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

19.

等腰直角三角形 ABCABCCC 处为直角,面积为 12.512.5。三等分 ACB\angle ACB 的两条射线与 ABAB 相交于 DDEE。求 CDE\triangle CDE 的面积。

The isosceles right triangle ABCABC has right angle at CC and area 12.5.12.5. The rays trisecting ACB\angle ACB intersect ABAB at DD and E.E. What is the area of CDE?\triangle CDE?

523\dfrac{5\sqrt{2}}{3}

503754\dfrac{50\sqrt{3}-75}{4}

1538\dfrac{15\sqrt{3}}{8}

502532\dfrac{50-25\sqrt{3}}{2}

256\dfrac{25}{6}

难度评级:1880
小提示:

使用 3030^\circ 的三等分线,并减去两个全等的角上三角形。

Use the 3030^\circ trisector and subtract two congruent corner triangles

大提示:

AC=BC=5AC=BC=5,求 ACD\triangle ACD 的高。

If AC=BC=5AC=BC=5, find the height of ACD\triangle ACD

解答:

因为 ABC\triangle ABC 是面积为 12.512.5 的等腰直角三角形,所以两条直角边长为 55;三等分线给出 ACD=30\angle ACD=30^\circBCE=30\angle BCE=30^\circ,并且 ACD\triangle ACDBCE\triangle BCE 的面积相等。

DDACAC 作垂线,垂足为 FF。因为 DDABAB 上且 A=45\angle A=45^\circ,所以 AFD\triangle AFD 是等腰直角三角形。设 AF=DF=hAF=DF=h,则 CF=5hCF=5-h。由 3030^\circ 直角三角形关系, CFDF=3\frac{CF}{DF}=\sqrt{3}\text{。} 因此 5h=h35-h=h\sqrt{3},所以 h=51+3=5352h=\frac{5}{1+\sqrt{3}}=\frac{5\sqrt{3}-5}{2}

因此 [ACD]=125h=253254 \begin{aligned} &[ACD]=\frac12\cdot 5\cdot h \\ &=\frac{25\sqrt{3}-25}{4} \end{aligned}\text{。}ABC\triangle ABC 的面积中减去两个全等的角上三角形,得到 [CDE]=2522253254=502532 \begin{aligned} &[CDE]=\frac{25}{2} \\ &\quad {}-2\cdot\frac{25\sqrt{3}-25}{4} \\ &=\frac{50-25\sqrt{3}}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Since ABC\triangle ABC is isosceles right with area 12.512.5, its legs have length 55. The trisectors make ACD=30\angle ACD=30^\circ and BCE=30\angle BCE=30^\circ, so ACD\triangle ACD and BCE\triangle BCE have equal area.

Drop a perpendicular from DD to AC,AC, with foot F.F. Since DD lies on ABAB and A=45,\angle A=45^\circ, AFD\triangle AFD is isosceles right. Let AF=DF=h.AF=DF=h. Then CF=5h,CF=5-h, and the 3030^\circ angle gives CFDF=3.\frac{CF}{DF}=\sqrt{3}. Thus 5h=h35-h=h\sqrt{3}, so h=51+3=5352h=\frac{5}{1+\sqrt{3}}=\frac{5\sqrt{3}-5}{2}.

Therefore [ACD]=125h=253254. \begin{aligned} &[ACD]=\frac12\cdot 5\cdot h \\ &=\frac{25\sqrt{3}-25}{4}. \end{aligned} Subtracting the two congruent corner triangles from ABC\triangle ABC, [CDE]=2522253254=502532. \begin{aligned} &[CDE]=\frac{25}{2} \\ &\quad {}-2\cdot\frac{25\sqrt{3}-25}{4} \\ &=\frac{50-25\sqrt{3}}{2}. \end{aligned}

Thus, D is the correct answer.

20.

一个边长以 cm\mathrm{cm} 计且为正整数的长方形,面积为 AA cm2\mathrm{cm}^2,周长为 PP cm\mathrm{cm}。下列哪个数不可能等于 A+PA+P

A rectangle with positive integer side lengths in cm\mathrm{cm} has area AA cm2\mathrm{cm}^2 and perimeter PP cm.\mathrm{cm}. Which of the following numbers cannot equal A+P?A+P?

100100

102102

104104

106106

108108

难度评级:1540
小提示:

A+P+4A+P+4 因式分解为 (x+2)(y+2)(x+2)(y+2)

Factor A+P+4A+P+4 as (x+2)(y+2)(x+2)(y+2)

大提示:

44 之后逐一检验各个选项。

Test the choices after adding 44

解答:

设长方形的正整数边长为 xxyy,则 A+P=xy+2x+2y=(x+2)(y+2)4 \begin{aligned} &A+P=xy+2x+2y \\ &=(x+2)(y+2)-4 \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此 A+P+4A+P+4 必须分解成两个都至少为 33 的整数之积。

各选项加 44 后得到 104,106,108,110,112104,106,108,110,112。除 106106 外,其余数都有两个不小于 33 的因数: 104=426104=4\cdot26\text{,} 108=912108=9\cdot12\text{,} 110=1011110=10\cdot11\text{,} 112=716112=7\cdot16\text{。}106=253106=2\cdot53,不能等于 (x+2)(y+2)(x+2)(y+2)

所以正确答案是 B

Let the side lengths be positive integers xx and yy. Then A+P=xy+2x+2y=(x+2)(y+2)4. \begin{aligned} &A+P=xy+2x+2y \\ &=(x+2)(y+2)-4. \end{aligned} Hence A+P+4A+P+4 must factor into two integers both at least 33.

The answer choices plus 44 are 104,106,108,110,112104,106,108,110,112. All except 106106 have a factorization with both factors at least 33: 104=426,104=4\cdot26, 108=912,108=9\cdot12, 110=1011,110=10\cdot11, 112=716.112=7\cdot16. But 106=253106=2\cdot53, so it cannot equal (x+2)(y+2)(x+2)(y+2).

Thus, B is the correct answer.

21.

四面体 ABCDABCD 满足 AB=5AB=5AC=3AC=3BC=4BC=4BD=4BD=4AD=3AD=3,且 CD=1252CD=\tfrac{12}5\sqrt2。求该四面体的体积。

Tetrahedron ABCDABCD has AB=5,AB=5, AC=3,AC=3, BC=4,BC=4, BD=4,BD=4, AD=3,AD=3, and CD=1252.CD=\tfrac{12}5\sqrt2. What is the volume of the tetrahedron?

323\sqrt2

252\sqrt5

245\dfrac{24}5

333\sqrt{3}

2452\dfrac{24}5\sqrt2

难度评级:2010
小提示:

把两个 33-44-55 三角形放在共同底边 ABAB 上。

Put the two 33-44-55 triangles on a common base ABAB

大提示:

CD=(125)2CD=(\frac{12}{5})\sqrt2 使两条高互相垂直。

CD=(125)2CD=(\frac{12}{5})\sqrt2 makes the two altitudes perpendicular

解答:

我们断言三角形 ABCABCABDABD 所在平面互相垂直。

分别从 CCDDABAB 作垂线,即可证明这一点。

因为 AC=ADAC = ADBC=BDBC = BD,这两条高的垂足重合于点 PP

于是 CP=DP=345=125 CP = DP = \dfrac{3 \cdot 4}{5} = \dfrac{12}{5}\text{。} 又有 CD=CP2CD = CP\sqrt{2},所以 CPD\triangle CPD 是等腰直角三角形,且 CPDPCP\perp DP

因为 CPABCP\perp ABCPDPCP\perp DP,所以线段 CPCP 垂直于平面 ABDABD。因此四面体的体积为 13[ABD]CP=63125=245 \dfrac{1}{3}[ABD] \cdot CP = \dfrac{6}{3} \cdot \dfrac{12}{5} = \dfrac{24}{5}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

We claim that the planes ABCABC and ABDABD are perpendicular to each other.

We can show this by dropping the perpendiculars from CC and DD to ABAB.

Since AC=ADAC = AD and BC=BD,BC = BD, we have that the feet of these altitudes will coincide at point P.P.

Then we have that CP=DP=345=125. CP = DP = \dfrac{3 \cdot 4}{5} = \dfrac{12}{5}. We also have CD=CP2,CD = CP\sqrt{2}, so CPD\triangle CPD is an isosceles right triangle and CPDP.CP\perp DP.

Since CPABCP\perp AB and CPDPCP\perp DP, the segment CPCP is perpendicular to the plane ABDABD. Finally, the volume of the tetrahedron is 13[ABD]CP=63125=245. \dfrac{1}{3}[ABD] \cdot CP = \dfrac{6}{3} \cdot \dfrac{12}{5} = \dfrac{24}{5}.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

22.

八个人围坐在一张圆桌旁,每人手中有一枚公平硬币。所有人同时抛硬币,正面朝上的人站起来,反面朝上的人仍坐着。没有两个相邻的人都站起来的概率是多少?

Eight people are sitting around a circular table, each holding a fair coin. All eight people flip their coins and those who flip heads stand while those who flip tails remain seated. What is the probability that no two adjacent people will stand?

47256\dfrac{47}{256}

316\dfrac{3}{16}

49256\dfrac{49}{256}

25128\dfrac{25}{128}

51256\dfrac{51}{256}

难度评级:1970
小提示:

按站起来的人数统计圆环上的子集。

Count subsets of a cycle by the number of standing people

大提示:

分别讨论正面数为 0,1,2,30,1,2,344 的情形。

Separate the count into cases with 0,1,2,3,0,1,2,3, or 44 heads

解答:

统计站起来的人构成的集合。站起 00 人和 11 人时,分别有 11 种和 88 种。

站起 22 人时,从任意两人的组合中减去 88 对相邻者,共有 (82)8=20\binom82-8=20 种。

站起 33 人时,先选一人;其余五个非相邻座位有 1010 对,其中 44 对相邻,剩下 66 对。每个最终集合被计数三次,所以共有 863=16\frac{8\cdot6}{3}=16 种。

站起 44 人时,只有两种交替站立的情况。因此有利结果共有 1+8+20+16+2=471+8+20+16+2=47 种。全部 28=2562^8=256 种结果等可能,所以概率为 47256\frac{47}{256}

所以正确答案是 A

Count the possible sets of people who stand. For 00 and 11 people standing, there are 11 and 88 possibilities.

For 22 people standing, choose any pair and subtract the 88 adjacent pairs: (82)8=20\binom82-8=20.

For 33 people standing, first choose one standing person. Among the remaining five non-neighbor seats, 1010 pairs are possible, but 44 of those pairs are adjacent, leaving 66. This counts each final set three times, so there are 863=16\frac{8\cdot6}{3}=16 possibilities.

For 44 people standing, the only possibilities are the two alternating sets. Thus the number of favorable coin-flip outcomes is 1+8+20+16+2=471+8+20+16+2=47. Since all 28=2562^8=256 outcomes are equally likely, the probability is 47256\frac{47}{256}.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

23.

函数 f(x)=x2ax+2af(x)=x^2-ax+2a 的零点都是整数。所有可能的 aa 值之和是多少?

The zeros of the function f(x)=x2ax+2af(x)=x^2-ax+2a are integers. What is the sum of the possible values of a?a?

77

88

1616

1717

1818

难度评级:1660
小提示:

设整数根为 r,sr,s,并因式分解 (r2)(s2)(r-2)(s-2)

Let integer roots be r,sr,s and factor (r2)(s2)(r-2)(s-2)

大提示:

44 的因数对给出可能的 aa 值。

The factor pairs of 44 give the possible values of aa

解答:

设整数零点为 rrss。由韦达定理,a=r+sa = r + s,且 2a=rs2a = rs

因此 rs=2(r+s) rs = 2(r + s)\text{,} 整理并配方得到 rs2r2s=0 rs - 2r - 2s = 0 rs2r2s+4=4 rs - 2r - 2s + 4 = 4 (r2)(s2)=4 (r - 2)(s - 2) = 4\text{。}

可行的 (r2,s2)(r - 2, s - 2) 只有 (1,4),(1,4),(4,1),(4,1) (1, 4), (-1, -4), (4, 1), (-4, -1)\text{,} (2,2),(2,2) (2, 2), (-2, -2)\text{。} 对每一对,都有 a=r2+s2+4 a = r - 2 + s - 2 + 4\text{。} 所有不同的 aa 值为 1,0,8,9 -1, 0, 8, 9\text{。} 它们的和为 1+8+9=16-1 + 8 + 9 = 16

所以正确答案是 C

Let the zeros be rr and s.s. Using Vieta’s formulas, we have that a=r+sa = r + s and 2a=rs.2a = rs.

Then we get that rs=2(r+s), rs = 2(r + s), which rearranges to rs2r2s=0 rs - 2r - 2s = 0 rs2r2s+4=4 rs - 2r - 2s + 4 = 4 (r2)(s2)=4. (r - 2)(s - 2) = 4.

The only possible pairs (r2,s2)(r - 2, s - 2) that work are (1,4),(1,4),(4,1),(4,1), (1, 4), (-1, -4), (4, 1), (-4, -1), (2,2),(2,2). (2, 2), (-2, -2). For any of these pairs, we have that a=r2+s2+4. a = r - 2 + s - 2 + 4. We want all the such unique values of a.a. We get that they are 1,0,8,9. -1, 0, 8, 9. The sum of these values is 1+8+9=16.-1 + 8 + 9 = 16.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

24.

对某些正整数 pp,存在一个四边形 ABCDABCD,其边长均为正整数,周长为 pp,在 BBCC 处为直角,且 AB=2AB=2CD=ADCD=AD。满足 p<2015p < 2015 的周长可以有多少个不同的值?

For some positive integers p,p, there is a quadrilateral ABCDABCD with positive integer side lengths, perimeter p,p, right angles at BB and C,C, AB=2,AB=2, and CD=AD.CD=AD. How many different values of p<2015p < 2015 are possible?

3030

3131

6161

6262

6363

难度评级:2300
小提示:

根据图中的直角三角形令 x=2kx=2k

Set x=2kx=2k from the right triangle in the diagram

大提示:

使用 p=2k2+2k+4p=2k^2+2k+4

Use p=2k2+2k+4p=2k^2+2k+4

解答:

BC=xBC=x,且 CD=AD=yCD=AD=y。从 AACDCD 作高,得到一个直角三角形,其直角边为 xxy2y-2,斜边为 yy。因此 (y2)2+x2=y2(y-2)^2+x^2=y^2\text{,} 所以 x2=4(y1)x^2=4(y-1)

因为 xx 是整数,写作 x=2kx=2k。于是 y=k2+1y=k^2+1,周长为 p=2+x+y+y=2k2+2k+4 \begin{aligned} &p=2+x+y+y \\ &=2k^2+2k+4 \end{aligned}\text{。}

需要 2k2+2k+4<20152k^2+2k+4<2015,也就是 k2+k<1005.5k^2+k<1005.5。这对 k=1,2,,31k=1,2,\ldots,31 成立,而 k=32k=32 过大,所以共有 3131 个可能的周长。

所以正确答案是 B

Let BC=xBC=x and CD=AD=yCD=AD=y. Dropping the altitude from AA to CDCD gives a right triangle with legs xx and y2y-2, and hypotenuse yy. Therefore (y2)2+x2=y2,(y-2)^2+x^2=y^2, so x2=4(y1)x^2=4(y-1).

Since xx is an integer, write x=2kx=2k. Then y=k2+1y=k^2+1, and the perimeter is p=2+x+y+y=2k2+2k+4. \begin{aligned} &p=2+x+y+y \\ &=2k^2+2k+4. \end{aligned}

We need 2k2+2k+4<20152k^2+2k+4<2015, or k2+k<1005.5k^2+k<1005.5. This holds for k=1,2,,31k=1,2,\ldots,31, while k=32k=32 is too large. Thus there are 3131 possible perimeters.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

25.

SS 是边长为 11 的正方形。独立随机地在 SS 的边上选取两个点。两点间直线距离至少为 12\dfrac{1}{2} 的概率为 abπc\dfrac{a-b\pi}{c},其中 aabbcc 是正整数且 gcd(a,b,c)=1\gcd(a,b,c)=1。求 a+b+ca+b+c 的值。

Let SS be a square of side length 1.1. Two points are chosen independently at random on the sides of S.S. The probability that the straight-line distance between the points is at least 12\dfrac{1}{2} is abπc,\dfrac{a-b\pi}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers with gcd(a,b,c)=1.\gcd(a,b,c)=1. What is a+b+c?a+b+c?

5959

6060

6161

6262

6363

难度评级:2390
小提示:

按第二个点位于同一边、相邻边或对边来分类。

Condition on whether the second point is on the same, adjacent, or opposite side

大提示:

相邻边情形中,失败区域是半径 12\frac{1}{2} 的四分之一圆。

The adjacent-side case removes a quarter circle of radius 12\frac{1}{2}

解答:

先固定第一个点所在的边。第二个点在同一边、相邻边、对边上的概率分别为 14\frac1412\frac1214\frac14

同一边上时,两个坐标 a,b[0,1]a,b\in[0,1] 的距离至少为 12\frac12,等价于 ab12|a-b|\ge\frac12。这个区域由两个直角三角形组成,总面积为 14\frac14

相邻边上时,距离形如 a2+b2\sqrt{a^2+b^2}。失败区域是半径为 12\frac12 的四分之一圆,所以成功概率为 1π161-\frac{\pi}{16}

对边上时,距离总是至少为 11,所以成功概率为 11。因此所求概率为 1414+12(1π16)+14=26π32 \begin{aligned} &\frac14\cdot\frac14 \\ &\quad {}+\frac12\left(1-\frac{\pi}{16}\right) \\ &\quad {}+\frac14=\frac{26-\pi}{32} \end{aligned}\text{。} 所以 a+b+c=26+1+32=59a+b+c=26+1+32=59

所以正确答案是 A

Fix one of the two points. The second point is on the same side with probability 14\frac14, on an adjacent side with probability 12\frac12, and on the opposite side with probability 14\frac14.

On the same side, two coordinates a,b[0,1]a,b\in[0,1] are at distance at least 12\frac12 when ab12|a-b|\ge\frac12. This region consists of two right triangles with total area 14\frac14.

On adjacent sides, the distance has the form a2+b2\sqrt{a^2+b^2}. The failing region is a quarter circle of radius 12\frac12, so the success probability is 1π161-\frac{\pi}{16}.

On opposite sides, the distance is always at least 11, so the success probability is 11. Therefore the desired probability is 1414+12(1π16)+14=26π32. \begin{aligned} &\frac14\cdot\frac14 \\ &\quad {}+\frac12\left(1-\frac{\pi}{16}\right) \\ &\quad {}+\frac14=\frac{26-\pi}{32}. \end{aligned} Hence a+b+c=26+1+32=59a+b+c=26+1+32=59.

Thus, A is the correct answer.