Solution:

Michelle has to pay $20 for the monthly fee. She also has to pay 100 \cdot 5¢ = 500¢ = $5 for the text messages. Finally she talked for $.5$ hours, $30$ minutes, over $30$ hours.

This means she has to pay an extra 30 \cdot 10¢ = 300¢ = $3.

Her total cost is $20 + $5 + $3 = $28.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

Solution:

The desired amount is $$\dfrac{500}{35} = \dfrac{100}{7} = 14 \dfrac{2}{7}.$$

This means that smallest number of small bottles she must be is $15.$

Thus, E is the correct answer.

Solution:

We have that $$\{1 \ 1 \ 0\} = \dfrac{1 + 1 + 0}{3} = \dfrac{2}{3}.$$

We also get that $$[0 \ 1] = \dfrac{1 + 0}{2} = \dfrac{1}{2}.$$

Finally, $$\left\{\dfrac{2}{3} \ \dfrac{1}{2} \ 0\right\} = \dfrac{\dfrac{2}{3} + \dfrac{1}{2} + 0}{3} = \dfrac{7}{18}.$$

Thus, D is the correct answer.

Solution:

Note that the terms $10$ through $100$ are common to both sums. When we subtract, all these terms cancel out.

This means that $$Y - X = 102 - 10 = 92.$$

Thus, A is the correct answer.

Solution:

WLOG, let there be one fifth grader. This then tells us that there are two fourth graders and four third graders.

We can do this, since we are only interested in the average, which is not impacted by the exact number of students.

The total number of minutes the students spend running is $$12 \cdot 4 + 15 \cdot 2 + 10 = 88$$ minutes. The total number of students is $1 + 2 + 4 = 7.$ The average is then $\dfrac{88}{7}.$

Thus, C is the correct answer.

Solution:

To minimize the number of elements in the union, we want to maximize the overlap between the two sets.

We can then assume that $B$ is contained completely within $A,$ which means that the union is the same as $A,$ which has $20$ elements.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

Solution:

A simplifies to $$x + 7 = 0$$$$x = -7,$$ so it has a solution.

B simplifies to $$|-3x| = -5,$$ which has no solution since absolute value makes everything positive.

Let us make sure that all the other choices have solutions.

C simplifies to $$\sqrt{-x} = 2$$$$-x = 4$$$$x = -4,$$ which is fine.

D simplifies to $$\sqrt{x} = 8$$$$x = 64,$$ which works.

Finally, E simplifies to $$|-3x| = 4$$$$-3x = \pm 4$$$$$$$$x = \pm \dfrac{4}{3},$$ which has a solution as well.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

Solution:

WLOG, let there be a $100$ birds. Then $75$ birds are not swans. The desired percentage is then $$\dfrac{30}{75} \cdot 100 = 40 \%.$$

Thus, C is the correct answer.

Solution:

Note that the region is a rectangle with side lengths $$a - (-b) = a + b$$ and $$d - (-c) = c + d.$$ The area is then $$(a + b)(c + d) =$$$$ac + ad + bc + bd.$$

Thus, A is the correct answer.

Solution:

Let $p$ be the number of pencils that each student bought, $s$ be the number of students that bought pencils, and $c$ be the cost of a pencil.

We have that $$psc = 1771 = 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 23.$$

We also have the following restrictions: $$30 \geq s \gt 15, p \gt 1, c \gt p.$$

From the above prime factorization, we have that $s = 23$ is the only value that satisfies the conditions.

Finally, we get that $p = 7$ and $c = 11$ are the only remaining values that satisfy the other conditions.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

Solution:

Let $x = EB.$ Then $AB = 8x.$ Applying the Pythagorean Theorem to a side of $EFGH,$ we get $$\sqrt{(7x)^2 + x^2} = \sqrt{50x^2.}$$

The desired ratio is then $$\dfrac{\sqrt{50x^2}^2}{(8x)^2} = \dfrac{50}{64} = \dfrac{25}{32}.$$

Thus, B is the correct answer.

Solution:

Let $x$ be the number of successful two-point shots. Then we have that $$2x + 2x + (x + 1) = 61,$$ which simplifies to $$5x + 1 = 61$$$$x = 12.$$

The number of successful free throws is then $12 + 1 = 13.$

Thus, A is the correct answer.

Solution:

Since the hundreds digit can only be a $2$ or $5,$ we can case on this value.

Case 1: hundreds digit is $2$

The only option for the units digit is $8,$ since the number must be even. This leaves $4$ options for the tens digit.

This gives us $1 \cdot 4 = 4$ numbers for this case.

Case 2: hundreds digit is $5$

Similarly to above, $2$ and $8$ are the only options for the units digit, leaving $4$ options for the tens digit.

This gives us $2 \cdot 4 = 8$ numbers for this case.

The total number of integers is then $4 + 8 = 12.$

Thus, A is the correct answer.

Solution:

For the area to be less than the circumference, we must have $$\pi r^2 \lt 2\pi r$$$$r \lt 2.$$

This means the diameter must be less than $4.$ There are three possible rolls that satisfy this: $$(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1).$$

The probability is then $$\dfrac{3}{36} = \dfrac{1}{12}.$$

Thus, B is the correct answer.

Solution:

Let $d$ be the distance the car drove solely on gasoline. We have that $$\dfrac{40 + x}{0.02x} = 55.$$ Cross-multiplying and simplifying gives $$40 = .1x$$$$x = 400.$$ The total length of the trip is then $400 + 40 = 440.$

Thus, C is the correct answer.

Solution:

Since we have square roots, we can try to change the inside of each radical to be a perfect square.

Note that we can rewrite the expression as $$\sqrt{6 - 6\sqrt2 + 3} + \sqrt{6 + 6\sqrt2 + 3}.$$

Factoring and simplifying gives us $$\sqrt{(\sqrt6 - \sqrt3)^2} + \sqrt{(\sqrt6 + \sqrt3)^2}$$ $$= \sqrt6 - \sqrt3 + \sqrt6 + \sqrt3 = 2\sqrt6.$$

Thus, B is the correct answer.

Solution:

From the condition about the sequence, we get that $$A + B + C = 30$$$$B = 25 - A.$$ Similarly, we get $$B + C + D = 30$$$$D = A.$$

Propagating these values through the sequence and repeating the condition for every consecutive triple, we get that $$E = 25 - A, F = 5, G = A,$$ and finally, $H = 25 - A.$

The desired sum is then $$A + 25 - A = 25.$$

Thus, C is the correct answer.

Solution:

The area of this region is the area of circle $C$ minus the area of the overlapping region in $B$ and $C.$

From the diagram, we can find the area of half of one of the overlapping regions by finding the area of the sector and subtracting the area of the triangle.

This area is then $$\dfrac{1}{4} \pi \cdot 1^2 - \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = \dfrac{\pi}{4} - \dfrac{1}{2}.$$

There are four of these that we must subtract, which leaves us with a final answer of $$\pi \cdot 1^2 - 4(\dfrac{\pi}{4} - \dfrac{1}{2}) = 2.$$

Thus, C is the correct answer.

Solution:

Let the population in $1991$ be $p^2.$ Then let the population in $2001$ be $q^2 + 9.$

Using these values, we have $$p^2 + 150 = q^2 + 9$$$$$$$$q^2 - p^2 = 141.$$

Factoring, we get $$(q - p)(q + p) = 141.$$

As $p$ and $q$ are integers, we have that the only possible values for $q - p$ and $q + p$ are $(1, 141)$ and $(3, 47).$

Trying the first pair, we have $$q - p = 1 \text{ and } q + p = 141,$$ which adding together and dividing gives us $q = 71$ and $p = 70.$

We have that $p^2 + 300$ is not a square number, which means that this pair is the wrong one.

Trying the other pair and using the same strategy gives us $q = 25$ and $p = 22.$

Now, $p^2 + 300 = 784,$ which is a perfect square. The percent increase in population is then $$\dfrac{300}{24^2} \cdot 100 \% \approx 62 \%.$$

Thus, E is the correct answer.

Solution:

Fix one of the points on the circumference and its chord. Then consider the regular hexagon inscribed in the circle with this point at a vertex.

From this, we can see that the only way for the other point's chord to intersect the current one is if it is within an adjacent arc to the point.

Otherwise, the chord will not reach far enough to intersect the fixed chord, which is why the point must lie on an adjacent arc.

The desired probability is then $$\dfrac{2}{6} = \dfrac{1}{3}.$$

Thus, D is the correct answer.

Solution:

There are two cases: either all the coins are not counterfeit or each pair has a counterfeit.

For the first case, there are $\binom{8}{2} = 28$ ways to choose the coins for the first pair and $\binom{6}{2} = 15$ choices for the second pair.

We also have to divide by $2$ since we can swap the pairs. This gives us $$28 \cdot 15 \div 2 = 210$$ configurations for this case.

For the second case, there are $\binom{8}{2} = 28$ ways to choose the non-counterfeit coins. There is only one choice for the counterfeit coins.

There are two ways to create the two pairs, two choices for which counterfeit coin goes with a genuine coin.

This means that there are $28 \cdot 2 = 56$ configurations for this case.

The desired probability is then $$\dfrac{210}{210 + 56} = \dfrac{210}{266} = \dfrac{15}{19}.$$

Thus, D is the correct answer.

Solution:

Note that there are only $3$ cases: all the vertices are different, there is one pair of adjacent vertices with the same colors, or there are $2$ pairs (each pair has a different color).

Case $1:$ all vertices have different colors

This case just gives us $6! = 720$ different coloring's.

Case $2:$ one pair of adjacent vertices has the same color

There are $$\dfrac{6!}{2} = 360$$ ways to choose the colors for this case. There are then $5$ options for the pair of vertices.

This gives us a total of $$360 \cdot 5 = 1800$$ colorings for this case.

Case $3:$ two pairs of adjacent vertices have the same color

There are $5$ choices for the vertex that is not in a pair. There are then $$6 \cdot 5 \cdot 4 = 120$$ choices for the colors. There are then a total of $$120 \cdot 5 = 600$$ colorings for this case.

There are a total of $$720 + 1800 + 600 = 3120$$ colorings for all the cases.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

Solution:

We can walk through all the iterations to find what is left.

Alice does not say the numbers $$2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, \ldots, 998.$$

After Barbara says her numbers, the remaining ones are $$5, 14, 23, 32, 41, \ldots, 995.$$

Note that both of these are arithmetic sequences where the common difference is increased by a multiple of $3.$

This pattern continues as the numbers remaining after Candace says hers are $$14, 41, 68, 95, \ldots, 986.$$

Then after Debbie, they are $$41, 122, 203, \ldots, 959$$ and after Eliza, they are $$122, 365, 608, 878.$$

Finally, the only number left after Fatima goes is $365,$ which is the number that George will have to say.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

Solution:

Note that the sides of the tetrahedron intersect each other at the midpoints.

If we split up each tetrahedron into five congruent smaller tetrahedra, we can see that only the middle tetrahedron overlaps between the two larger ones.

This means we just need to find the volume of the larger tetrahedron, and divide it by $8$ to get the volume of a smaller one.

We divide by $8$ since the ratio of the side lengths of the larger tetrahedron to the smaller one is $2,$ which we then cube to find the ratio of volumes.

Since the side length of the large tetrahedron is the diagonal of a face, we know that it is equal to $\sqrt2.$

Recall that the formula for the volume of a tetrahedron is $$\dfrac{1}{3} Bh.$$

Using the formula for the area of an equilateral triangle, we have that $$B = \dfrac{1}{4} (\sqrt2)^2 \sqrt3 = \dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}.$$

We then have to apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the height. Drop the altitude from the top vertex of the tetrahedron to the center of the base.

Note that the center of an equilateral triangle is its centroid, which means that the distance from a vertex to a centroid is $\dfrac{2}{3}$ the altitude of the equilateral triangle.

The altitude is just $$\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2} \cdot \sqrt3 = \dfrac{\sqrt6}{2}.$$ Then this side length of the right triangle is $$\dfrac{2}{3} \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt6}{2} = \dfrac{\sqrt6}{3}.$$

The hypotenuse of the right triangle is just the side length of the tetrahedron, which is $\sqrt2.$

The height is then $$\sqrt{(\sqrt2)^2 - \left(\dfrac{\sqrt6}{3}\right)^2} = \sqrt{2 - \dfrac{2}{3}}$$ $$= \sqrt{\dfrac{4}{3}} = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}.$$

Finally, the volume of the large tetrahedron is $$\dfrac{1}{3} \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt3}{2} \cdot \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} = \dfrac{4}{3}.$$

The area of the smaller tetrahedron is then $$\dfrac{4}{3} \div 8 = \dfrac{1}{6}.$$

Thus, D is the correct answer.

Solution:

Let us first find all the points that are $100$-ray and $60$-ray partitional.

First, consider an extreme $100$-ray partitional point. Let this be the point in the top-left corner.

Note that we must draw rays through the vertices of the square, since otherwise we will end up with non-triangular regions.

Since this is the topmost and leftmost point, we have that the areas of the top triangular region and the left triangle region must be minimized.

This means that they do not have any rays going through them, which also means that their areas must be the same.

Then we have that the distance from the point to the top and left side must be the same. We know have $96$ rays to split among the other $2$ regions.

Since the other two regions also have the same area, we will have to have $48$ rays in each region. This means that those two regions are split into $49$ equal regions.

Let $x$ be the distance between the point and the top of the square. We then have that $$\dfrac{1 \cdot x}{2} = \dfrac{(1 - x) \cdot 1}{2} \cdot \dfrac{1}{49}.$$

Simplifying gives $$49x = 1 - x$$$$x = \dfrac{1}{50}.$$ Now, if we move the point right to the next $100$-partitional point, we have that a ray from the right region gets moved to the left region.

Doing the same analysis again would tell us that the point is $\dfrac{2}{50}$ away from the left side and $\dfrac{1}{50}$ from the top side.

Repeating this process, moving the point right and down, gets us that all the $100$-partitional points form a $49 \times 49$ grid, with each point $\dfrac{1}{50}$ away from adjacent points.

Similarly, we can find the $60$-partitional points form a $29 \times 29$ grid where the points are $\dfrac{1}{30}$ apart.

We now have to find the overlap between these two grids. Note that the gcd of $60$ and $100$ is $10.$ This means that all the points that are on both grids themselves form another grid that is $9 \times 9$ and $\dfrac{1}{10}$ apart.

This means that there are $9^2 = 81$ points that are on both grids. Then there are $$49^2 - 81 = 2401 - 81 = 2320$$ points that are $100$-partitional and not $60$-partional.

Thus, C is the correct answer.