1990 AMC 8 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
把两个 位数加法算式中的六个方框分别填入数字 、、、、、,每个数字用一次。能够得到的最小的两个 位数之和是多少?
What is the smallest sum of two -digit numbers that can be obtained by placing each of the six digits into one of the six boxes of a sum of two -digit numbers?
小提示:
百位上的数字会被算作 倍,所以应把最小的数字放在百位
A digit in the hundreds place counts times, so put the smallest digits there
大提示:
百位应放 和 ,十位应放 和 ,个位应放 和 。
Hundreds digits should be and , tens digits and , units digits and
解答:
要让和最小,两个最小的数字应放在百位,接下来的两个数字放在十位,最大的两个数字放在个位。
例如 ,这种分配方式都会得到同样的和。
所以正确答案是 C。
To make the sum small, the two smallest digits go in the hundreds places, the next two in the tens places, and the two largest in the units places.
One such arrangement is , and every arrangement of this type gives the same sum.
Thus, the correct answer is C .
2.
把 中的哪一个数字改成 ,会得到最大的数?
Which digit of when changed to gives the largest number?
小提示:
改变位值更高的数字,会让这个数增加得更多
Changing a digit in a higher place value raises the number by more
大提示:
最左边的数字 在十分位,是这些数字中位值最高的位置
The leftmost digit sits in the tenths place, the largest place value shown
解答:
改变十分位上的数字,比改变右边任何一位的影响都大。十分位上的数字是 。
把它改成九后得到 ,这是可能得到的最大数。
所以正确答案是 A。
Changing a digit in the tenths place changes the number more than changing any digit farther to the right. The digit in the tenths place is .
Changing it gives , which is the largest possible result.
Thus, the correct answer is A .
3.
正方形中有多少比例的面积被涂色?
What fraction of the square is shaded?
小提示:
沿着从一个顶点到对角顶点的主对角线反射图形
Reflect the figure across the main diagonal that runs corner to corner
大提示:
对角线一侧的每个涂色部分,都与另一侧一个等面积的未涂色部分对应
Each shaded piece on one side of the diagonal matches an unshaded piece of equal area on the other side
解答:
从一个顶点到对角顶点的对角线把正方形分成两个面积相等的部分。对角线一侧的每个涂色部分,都是另一侧某个等面积未涂色部分的镜像。
因此涂色面积和未涂色面积相等,正好有 的正方形被涂色。
所以正确答案是 E。
The diagonal from one corner to the opposite corner splits the square into two equal halves. Every shaded piece on one side of the diagonal is the mirror image of an equal unshaded piece on the other side.
So the shaded and unshaded areas are equal, and exactly of the square is shaded.
Thus, the correct answer is E .
4.
下列哪一个数不可能是某个整数平方的个位数字?
Which of the following could not be the units digit [one’s digit] of the square of a whole number?
小提示:
一个平方数的个位数字只取决于被平方的数的个位数字
The units digit of a square depends only on the units digit of the number being squared
大提示:
把 到 分别平方,只记录结果的个位数字
Square each of the digits through and record only the units digit of each result
解答:
平方数的个位数字由原数的个位数字决定。 到 平方后的个位数字依次是 、、、、、、、、、。
所以平方数只能以 、、、、 或 结尾;不可能以 、、 或 结尾。选项中只有 不可能。
所以正确答案是 E。
The units digit of a square is determined by the units digit of the number squared. Squaring through gives units digits .
So a square can only end in or ; it can never end in or . Among the choices, only is impossible.
Thus, the correct answer is E .
5.
6.
这五个数中哪一个最大?
Which of these five numbers is the largest?
小提示:
除以 等于乘以 。
Dividing by is the same as multiplying by
大提示:
其他选项都仍在 附近,但有一个会变成原来的几千倍
All the other choices stay near , but one of them becomes thousands of times larger
解答:
选项 A、B 和 E 都非常接近 。选项 C 把 乘以一个很小的数,会变得更小。
选项 D 是除以 ,也就是乘以 。它比 大几千倍,所以最大。
所以正确答案是 D。
Choices A, B, and E are all very close to , and choice C multiplies by a tiny number, making it much smaller.
Choice D divides by , which is the same as multiplying by . This makes it thousands of times larger than , so it is the largest.
Thus, the correct answer is D .
7.
从集合 中选出三个不同的数相乘,可能得到的最大乘积是
When three different numbers from the set are multiplied, the largest possible product is
小提示:
三个数的乘积为正,可能是没有负数,也可能是恰好有两个负数
A product of three numbers is positive only when none or two of them are negative
大提示:
这里只有两个正数,所以应使用两个负数和最大的正数
There are only two positive numbers, so use two negatives and the largest positive
解答:
三个数的乘积要为正,要么三个全是正数,要么恰好两个是负数。这里只有两个正数,所以必须用两个负数和一个正数。
为了使乘积最大,取两个最小的负数和最大的正数:。
所以正确答案是 C。
For the product of three numbers to be positive, either all three are positive or exactly two are negative. There are only two positive numbers, so we must use two negatives and one positive.
To maximize, take the two most negative numbers and the largest positive: .
Thus, the correct answer is C .
8.
一条裙子的原价是 ,打 折扣出售。如果在打折价上再加 的税,那么这条裙子的总售价是
A dress originally priced at was put on sale at off. If tax was added to the sale price, then the total selling price of the dress was
小提示:
打 折扣后,价格剩下原价的 。
A discount leaves of the price
大提示:
加 的税,相当于把打折价乘以 。
Adding tax multiplies the sale price by
解答:
打折后的价格是 。
税率是 ,所以对 征收的税是 ,总价为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The sale price is
The tax is of which is so the total is
Thus, the correct answer is D .
9.
Jones 初中使用如下评分标准。Freeman 老师班上的十五个分数是:、、、、、、、、、、、、、、。
A B C D F
Freeman 老师班上有百分之几的学生得了 C?
The grading scale shown is used at Jones Junior High. The fifteen scores in Mr. Freeman’s class were:
A B C D F
In Mr. Freeman’s class, what percent of the students received a grade of C?
小提示:
数一数有多少个分数落在 的范围内
Count how many scores fall in the range
大提示:
用这个人数除以总人数 ,再化成百分数
Divide that count by the students to get the fraction, then convert to a percent
解答:
C 对应的分数范围是 到 。符合的分数是 、、、、,共有 名学生。
所以百分比是 。
所以正确答案是 D。
A grade of C corresponds to scores from to . The qualifying scores are , which is students.
So the percent is
Thus, the correct answer is D .
10.
在这张月历中,把某个字母盖住的日期与 盖住的日期相加。如果这个和等于 与 盖住的日期之和,那么这个字母是
On this monthly calendar, the date behind one of the letters is added to the date behind . If this sum equals the sum of the dates behind and , then the letter is
小提示:
在月历上,向右移动一列日期增加 ,向下移动一行日期增加 。
On a calendar, moving one column right adds to the date and moving one row down adds
大提示:
盖住的日期比 盖住的日期小一,所以所求日期必须比 盖住的日期大一
The date behind is one less than the date behind , so the missing date must be one more than the date behind
解答:
向右移动一列日期增加 ,向下移动一行日期增加 。设 盖住的日期为 ,则右边一列的 盖住 。 在 正下方两行,所以 ; 在底行且位于 左边一列,所以它盖住 。
设所求日期为 ,则 ,所以 。这个日期被 盖住。
所以正确答案是 A。
Moving one column right adds to the date, and moving one row down adds . Let have date . Then , one column to the right, is . The letter sits two rows directly below , so , and , one column left of in the bottom row, is .
We need a letter whose date satisfies , so . That date is behind .
Thus, the correct answer is A .
11.
这个立方体各面上的数字是连续的整数。三对相对面上的两个数字之和都相等。这个立方体六个面上数字的总和是
The numbers on the faces of this cube are consecutive whole numbers. The sums of the two numbers on each of the three pairs of opposite faces are equal. The sum of the six numbers on this cube is
小提示:
其中五个面必须是 、、、、;第六个数只能是 或 。
Five of the faces must be ; the sixth is either or
大提示:
图中标有 、、 的三个面在同一个顶点相遇,所以它们任意两个都不是相对面;这能排除一种可能
The three faces meet at one corner, so no two of them are opposite; this rules out one of the two possibilities
解答:
六个连续整数包含 、、,所以其中五个数是 、、、、,第六个数是 或 。
如果第六个数是 ,为了让相对面和相等,配对应为 、、,这会使 和 相对。但图中标有 、、 的三个面在同一个顶点相遇,所以它们任意两个都不相对。因此第六个数是 ,相对面可配成 、、,每对和为 。
六个面的总和是 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The six consecutive numbers include , so five of the faces are and the sixth is or .
If the sixth were , equal opposite sums would force the pairs , making and opposite. But the figure shows meeting at one corner, so no two of them are opposite. Hence the sixth number is , with pairs , each summing to .
The total is .
Thus, the correct answer is E .
12.
二十四个 位整数可以由数字 、、 和 各使用一次组成。把它们从小到大排列,第 个数是
There are twenty-four -digit whole numbers that use each of the four digits and exactly once. Listed in numerical order from smallest to largest, the number in the th position in the list is
小提示:
这 个数按首位数字分成四组,每组 个
The numbers split into four blocks of by their leading digit
大提示:
第 到 个以 开头,第 到 个以 开头,第 到 个以 开头;找以 开头的第 个
Positions – start with , – start with , – start with ; find the th number starting with
解答:
每个首位数字对应 个四位数。全部 个数中,第 到 个以 开头,第 到 个以 开头,第 到 个以 开头。
所以第 个数是以 开头的第 个,依次为 、、、、。第五个是 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Each leading digit accounts for of the numbers. Positions – begin with , positions – begin with , and positions – begin with .
So the th number is the th one beginning with : . The fifth is .
Thus, the correct answer is B .
13.
有人建议新的信件邮资为:第一盎司 美分,每增加一盎司或不足一盎司的部分加收 美分。一封重 盎司的信件邮资是
One proposal for new postage rates for a letter was ¢ for the first ounce and ¢ for each additional ounce (or fraction of an ounce). The postage for a letter weighing ounces was
美分
¢
小提示:
第一盎司花 美分;剩下的 盎司按完整的额外盎司收费
The first ounce costs ¢; the remaining ounces are billed as full additional ounces
大提示:
不足一盎司的部分也算作一整盎司,所以第一盎司之外的 盎司按 盎司收费
A fraction of an ounce counts as a whole additional ounce, so ounces beyond the first counts as
解答:
第一盎司花 美分。剩下的 盎司要按 个额外盎司收费,因为不足一盎司也按一整盎司算。
额外邮资是 美分 美分,总邮资是 美分 美分 美分 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The first ounce costs ¢. The remaining ounces are charged as additional ounces, since any fraction rounds up to a full ounce.
That is ¢ ¢, so the total is ¢ ¢ ¢
Thus, the correct answer is C .
14.
一个袋子里只有蓝球和绿球。袋中有 个蓝球。如果从袋中随机取出一个球,取到蓝球的概率是 ,那么袋中有多少个绿球?
A bag contains only blue balls and green balls. There are blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball at random from this bag is then the number of green balls in the bag is
小提示:
如果取到蓝球的概率是 ,那么蓝球占总数的四分之一
If the probability of blue is then blue balls are a quarter of the total
大提示:
用 个蓝球求出球的总数,再减去蓝球数得到绿球数
Use blue balls to find the total, then subtract to get the green balls
解答:
蓝球占袋中球总数的 ,而蓝球有 个,所以总数是 个。
绿球数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since blue balls make up of the bag and there are of them, the total is balls.
So the number of green balls is .
Thus, the correct answer is B .
15.
这个图形的面积是 。它的周长是
(该图形由四个全等正方形组成。)
The area of this figure is Its perimeter is
(The figure consists of four identical squares.)
小提示:
四个正方形中每一个的面积都是
Each of the four squares has area
大提示:
先求一个正方形的边长,再数外边界由多少条这样的边组成
Find the side length of one square, then count how many side lengths make up the outline
解答:
每个小正方形的面积是 ,所以边长是 。
这个阶梯形的外边界由 条这样的边组成,所以周长是 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Each of the four squares has area , so each side is
The outline of this staircase shape is made up of such sides, so the perimeter is
Thus, the correct answer is E .
16.
下列表达式的值是多少?
What is the value of the following expression?
小提示:
把各项两两分组:
Group the terms in pairs:
大提示:
每一组都等于 ;数一共有多少组,并记得最后还剩一个 。
Each pair equals ; count the pairs and remember the leftover at the end
解答:
把式子分组为 。每个括号里的差都是 。
各组的第一项为 ,共 项,所以共有 组,贡献 ;再加最后的 ,总数为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Group the terms as Each parenthesized pair equals .
The first elements number , so there are pairs, giving , plus the leftover at the end for a total of .
Thus, the correct answer is D .
17.
一条笔直的混凝土人行道宽 英尺,长 英尺,厚 英寸。如果混凝土必须按整立方码订购,承包商至少需要订购多少立方码混凝土?
A straight concrete sidewalk is to be feet wide, feet long, and inches thick. How many cubic yards of concrete must a contractor order for the sidewalk if concrete must be ordered in a whole number of cubic yards?
多于
more than
小提示:
先把 英寸化成英尺:。
First convert inches to feet:
大提示:
先求立方英尺体积,再除以 ,因为 立方码 立方英尺
Find the volume in cubic feet, then divide by since cubic yard cubic feet
解答:
厚度 英寸 英尺,所以体积是 立方英尺。
因为 立方码 立方英尺,所以体积是 立方码。按整立方码订购时必须向上取整,需订购 立方码。
所以正确答案是 A。
The thickness is inches foot, so the volume is cubic feet.
Since cubic yard cubic feet, this is cubic yards. Rounding up to a whole number, the contractor must order cubic yards.
Thus, the correct answer is A .
18.
一个长方体的每个顶点都被一刀切掉,切面穿过该顶点相邻的三条棱,在八个顶点各切去一个小三角形部分。新立体有多少条棱?
Every corner of a rectangular prism is cut off by a straight slice through the three edges meeting at that corner, removing a small triangular piece at each of the eight corners. How many edges does the new figure have?
小提示:
原来的长方体有 条棱,而且这些棱不会完全消失
The original rectangular prism has edges, and none of them disappear
大提示:
每切掉一个顶点都会产生一个新的三角形面,增加 条新棱
Each corner cut creates a new triangular face, adding new edges
解答:
长方体原来有 条棱。切掉顶点只会把这些棱截短,不会把它们完全去掉。
共有 个顶点,每个顶点切口会产生一个小三角形面,带来 条新棱。所以新增 条棱,总数是 。
所以正确答案是 C。
A rectangular prism starts with edges, and cutting corners only shortens them without removing any.
Each of the corner cuts creates a small triangular face with new edges, adding edges. The total is .
Thus, the correct answer is C .
19.
一排有 个座位。至少要占用多少个座位,才能保证下一个入座的人必须坐在某个人旁边?
There are seats in a row. What is the fewest number of seats that must be occupied so the next person to be seated must sit next to someone?
小提示:
要迫使下一个人坐在别人旁边,就不能有一个空座位的相邻座位也都为空
To force the next person to sit adjacent to someone, no empty seat may have both neighbors empty
大提示:
让已坐座位之间尽量隔开:每三个座位中坐一个人
Seat people so there is exactly one empty seat between occupied ones: occupy every third seat
解答:
要迫使下一个人坐在别人旁边,每个空座位都必须与至少一个已坐座位相邻。每个已坐座位最多覆盖它自己及左右两个相邻座位,所以至少要坐满 个座位。
这个下界可以达到:重复采用“空、已坐、空”的排列,每三个座位只坐中间一个。这样恰好有 个已坐座位。
所以正确答案是 B。
To force the next person next to someone, every empty seat must be adjacent to an occupied one. Each occupied seat can account for at most itself and its two neighboring seats, so at least seats must be occupied.
This bound is attainable: use a repeating pattern of empty-occupied-empty, filling the middle seat of every group of three. This uses exactly occupied seats.
Thus, the correct answer is B .
20.
个家庭的年收入从 到 不等。由于错误,最高收入在电脑中被输入为 。错误数据的平均数与实际数据的平均数相差多少?
The annual incomes of families range from to In error, the largest income was entered on the computer as The difference between the mean of the incorrect data and the mean of the actual data is
小提示:
只有一个数据变了,所以只有总和改变;数据个数仍是 。
Only one value changed, so only the total sum changes; the count stays at
大提示:
先求这个错误输入让总和多了多少,再除以 。
Find how much the one wrong entry inflated the total, then divide that by
解答:
只有一个数据被改错。错误总和比实际总和多 。
这多出的金额分摊到 个家庭上,平均数相差 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Only one entry changed. The incorrect total exceeds the actual total by
Since this extra amount is spread over families, the means differ by
Thus, the correct answer is A .
21.
一个含 个数的数列以前两个给定的数开始。之后每一个新数都是前两个数的乘积。如果最后三个数是 、、,求第一个数。
A list of numbers is formed by beginning with two given numbers. Each new number in the list is the product of the two previous numbers. Find the first number if the last three are :
小提示:
如果某一项是前两项的乘积,那么用这一项除以前一项,就能得到前前一项
If a term is the product of the two before it, then dividing a term by the one just before it recovers the term two positions back
大提示:
从末尾往前倒推,每次用除法填出更早的一项
Work backwards from the end, filling one earlier term at a time by dividing
解答:
因为每一项都是前两项的乘积,所以用某一项除以紧前一项,可以得到它前面第二项。从最后三个数 、、 倒推:
因此完整数列为 、、、、、、、,第一个数是 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since each term is the product of the two before it, dividing any term by the term just before it recovers the term two positions earlier. Working backwards from the last three terms :
These fill in the earlier terms, giving the full list . The first number is .
Thus, the correct answer is B .
22.
几名学生围坐在一张大圆桌旁。他们传递一个装有 颗糖的袋子。每个人拿到袋子后取一颗糖,然后把袋子传给下一个人。如果 Chris 拿了第一颗和最后一颗糖,那么桌旁学生人数可能是
Several students are seated at a large circular table. They pass around a bag containing pieces of candy. Each person receives the bag, takes one piece of candy, and then passes the bag to the next person. If Chris takes the first and the last piece of candy, then the number of students at the table could be
小提示:
Chris 拿了第 颗和第 颗,所以在 Chris 第一次拿糖后,剩下的 次传递取糖必须刚好回到 Chris
Chris takes piece and piece , so after Chris’s first piece, the remaining pieces bring the bag exactly back to Chris
大提示:
学生人数必须整除 。
The number of students must divide evenly
解答:
Chris 拿第一颗糖,然后袋子一圈圈传递,直到 Chris 拿到最后一颗,也就是第 颗。第一次和最后一次之间相隔 次取糖。
因此 Chris 第一次之后的取糖过程必须正好经过若干整圈后回到 Chris。这说明学生人数必须整除 ;选项中只有 能整除 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Chris takes the first piece, and then the bag goes around until Chris takes the last (th) piece. So the pieces after Chris’s first must be exactly a whole number of trips around the table back to Chris.
This means the number of students divides . Among the choices, only divides .
Thus, the correct answer is B .
23.
图中表示一架实验飞机在一次飞行中,已飞行距离(英里)与经过时间(小时)的关系。在哪一个小时内,这架飞机的平均速度最大?
The graph relates the distance traveled (in miles) to the time elapsed (in hours) on a trip taken by an experimental airplane. During which hour was the average speed of this airplane the largest?
第一个小时
first
第二个小时
second
第三个小时
third
第九个小时
ninth
最后一个小时
last
小提示:
某一小时内的平均速度等于这一小时内飞过的距离,也就是曲线在这一小时内上升的高度
The average speed during an hour equals the distance covered in that hour, which is how far the curve climbs from the start of the hour to its end
大提示:
找图中哪一个一小时区间上升最陡
Find the one-hour interval over which the graph rises the most steeply
解答:
任意一个小时内的平均速度等于这一个小时内飞行的距离,也就是图上对应一小时区间的竖直上升量。因此最大平均速度出现在曲线最陡的一小时。
从 到 ,曲线从约 英里升到约 英里,上升约 英里,平均速度约 英里每小时。其他小时的上升量都小于约 英里。所以最大平均速度出现在第二个小时。
正确答案是 B。
The average speed during any single hour equals the distance the airplane covers in that hour, which on the graph is the vertical rise of the curve over that one-hour interval. So the largest average speed happens during the hour where the curve is steepest.
From to the curve climbs from about miles to about miles, a rise of roughly miles, giving an average speed near mph. During every other hour the curve rises by less than miles, so those average speeds are all smaller. The steepest climb, and hence the largest average speed, is during the second hour.
Thus, the correct answer is B .
24.
三个三角形和一个菱形与九个圆点平衡。另外,一个三角形与一个菱形和一个圆点平衡。两个菱形需要多少个圆点来平衡?
Three triangles and a diamond balance nine dots. Also, one triangle balances a diamond and a dot. How many dots will balance two diamonds?
小提示:
设一个三角形重 ,一个菱形重 ,一个圆点重 ,把两个平衡条件写成方程
Let a triangle weigh , a diamond , and a dot ; write the two balance conditions as equations
大提示:
由 和 代入求出 ,再把它加倍
From and , substitute to solve for , then double it
解答:
设三角形、菱形和圆点的重量分别为 、 和 。题意给出 和 。
代入得 ,所以 ,。两个菱形重 个圆点。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let a triangle, diamond, and dot weigh , , and . The conditions give and .
Substituting, , so and . Then two diamonds weigh dots.
Thus, the correct answer is C .
25.
在一个 方格中,恰好给九个单位正方形中的两个涂色,可以形成多少种不同图案?通过翻转或旋转可以重合的图案不算不同。
How many different patterns can be made by shading exactly two of the nine unit squares in a grid? Patterns that can be matched by flips and/or turns are not considered different.
小提示:
九个小方格可分成三类: 个角格、 个边中格和 个中心格;用两格的类型和距离描述图案
The nine squares come in three types: corners, edge-middles, and center; describe each pattern by which types its two shaded squares use and how far apart they are
大提示:
按是否有角格被涂色分类,注意翻转和旋转会把许多位置视为同一种图案
Split into cases by whether a corner is shaded, being careful that flips and turns merge many placements into one pattern
解答:
先分类含有角格的图案:两个相邻角格、两个对角角格、角格与中心格、角格与相邻边中格、角格与较远边中格,共 种。
不含角格的图案有:两个相邻边中格、两个相对边中格、一个边中格与中心格,共 种。
总共有 种不同图案。
所以正确答案是 C。
Classify the two shaded squares up to rotations and reflections. Patterns that include a corner: two adjacent corners (same edge), two diagonally opposite corners, corner with the center, corner with an adjacent edge-middle, and corner with a far edge-middle. That is patterns.
Patterns with no corner: two adjacent edge-middles, two opposite edge-middles, and an edge-middle with the center. That is more.
In total there are distinct patterns.
Thus, the correct answer is C .