2002 AMC 12A 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
老师要求 Cindy 从某个数中减去 ,再将结果除以 。可她却先减去 ,再将结果除以 得到答案 。如果她按正确步骤计算,答案应是多少?
Cindy was asked by her teacher to subtract from a certain number and then divide the result by Instead, she subtracted and then divided the result by giving an answer of What would her answer have been had she worked the problem correctly?
3.
按照指数运算的标准约定, 如果改变指数运算的执行顺序,还可能得到多少个其他值?
According to the standard convention for exponentiation, If the order in which the exponentiations are performed is changed, how many other values are possible?
小提示:
四个 组成的指数塔共有五种加括号方式。
There are five ways to parenthesize a tower of four ’s
大提示:
每种加括号方式的值都是 或 。
Every parenthesization evaluates to either or
解答:
的五种加括号方式给出
因此只可能得到 和 。除标准值外,恰好还有 个其他值。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The five parenthesizations of give
So the only values are and Besides the standard value there is exactly other.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
4.
5.
图中每个小圆的半径都是一。最里面的圆与围绕它的六个圆相切,这六个圆中的每个又与大圆以及相邻的小圆相切。求阴影区域的面积。
Each of the small circles in the figure has radius one. The innermost circle is tangent to the six circles that surround it, and each of those circles is tangent to the large circle and to its small-circle neighbors. Find the area of the shaded region.
小提示:
每个外圈圆的圆心到中心的距离为 ,所以大圆半径为 。
Each surrounding circle has its center units from the center, so the large circle has radius
大提示:
用大圆面积减去七个单位圆的面积。
Subtract the areas of the seven unit circles from the area of the large circle
解答:
六个外圈单位圆都与中心单位圆相切,所以它们的圆心到中心距离为 。再加上一个半径,大圆半径为 ,面积为 。
七个单位圆的总面积为 ,所以阴影区域面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Each of the six outer unit circles is tangent to the central unit circle, so its center is units from the center. Adding one more radius, the large circle has radius and area
The seven unit circles have total area so the shaded region has area
Thus, the correct answer is C.
6.
有多少个正整数 满足:存在至少一个正整数 ,使得 ?
For how many positive integers does there exist at least one positive integer such that
无穷多个
infinitely many
小提示:
考虑 时会发生什么。
Consider what happens when
大提示:
当 时,不等式化为 。
For the inequality reduces to
解答:
取 ,不等式变为 ,这对每个正整数 都成立。
所以每个正整数 都满足条件,共有无穷多个。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Taking the inequality becomes which holds for every positive integer
So every positive integer works, and there are infinitely many.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
7.
若圆 上 的弧长等于圆 上 的弧长,则圆 的面积与圆 的面积之比为
If an arc of on circle has the same length as an arc of on circle then the ratio of the area of circle to the area of circle is
8.
Betsy 用蓝色三角形、小白色正方形和红色中心正方形设计了一面旗帜,如图所示。设 为蓝色三角形总面积, 为白色正方形总面积, 为红色正方形面积。下列哪一项正确?
Betsy designed a flag using blue triangles, small white squares, and a red center square, as shown. Let be the total area of the blue triangles, the total area of the white squares, and the area of the red square. Which of the following is correct?
小提示:
用全等三角形覆盖整面旗帜。
Cover the whole flag with congruent triangles
大提示:
数一数蓝色区域和白色区域中各有多少个这样的三角形。
Count how many of those triangles lie in the blue region and in the white region
解答:
画出所示的对角线后,整面旗帜被分成全等三角形。数一数可得,蓝色区域有 个三角形,白色区域有 个,红色正方形有 个。
由于蓝色和白色区域含有相同数量的三角形,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Drawing the diagonals shown, the entire flag is tiled by congruent triangles. Counting, there are triangles in the blue region, in the white region, and in the red square.
Since the blue and white regions contain the same number of triangles,
Thus, the correct answer is A.
9.
Jamal 想把 个电脑文件存到软盘上,每张软盘容量为 兆字节(MB)。其中三个文件各需要 MB,另有 个各需要 MB,剩下 个各需要 MB。一个文件不能拆分到多张软盘上。装下所有文件最少需要多少张软盘?
Jamal wants to store computer files on floppy disks, each of which has a capacity of megabytes (mb). Three of his files require mb of memory each, more require mb each, and the remaining require mb each. No file can be split between floppy disks. What is the minimal number of floppy disks that will hold all the files?
小提示:
所需总容量为 mb。
The total memory needed is mb
大提示:
放有一个 文件的软盘最多只能再放一个 文件,会浪费 mb;把这些浪费加起来。
A disk holding a file has room for only one file, wasting mb; add up this waste
解答:
文件总大小为 mb,所以仅按容量至少需要 张软盘。
含有 -mb 文件的软盘只能再放一个 -mb 文件,至少留下 mb 空间。三个 -mb 文件总共至少浪费 mb,超过半张软盘容量,因此至少需要 张。
十三张也足够:六张各放两个 -mb 文件,三张各放一个 -mb 文件和一个 -mb 文件,四张各放三个 -mb 文件。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The files need mb, so at least disks by volume alone.
A disk containing a -mb file has room for only one more -mb file, leaving at least mb unused. Across the three -mb files this wastes at least mb, over half a disk, forcing at least disks.
Thirteen suffice: six disks each hold two -mb files, three disks each hold one -mb file plus one -mb file, and four disks each hold three -mb files.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
10.
Sarah 将四盎司咖啡倒入一个八盎司杯中,又将四盎司奶油倒入另一个同样大小的杯子。她把第一杯中一半的咖啡倒入第二杯,充分搅拌后,再把第二杯中一半的液体倒回第一杯。现在第一杯中的液体有几分之几是奶油?
Sarah pours four ounces of coffee into an eight-ounce cup and four ounces of cream into a second cup of the same size. She then transfers half the coffee from the first cup to the second and, after stirring thoroughly, transfers half the liquid in the second cup back to the first. What fraction of the liquid in the first cup is now cream?
小提示:
第一次转移后,杯 有 oz 咖啡和 oz 奶油。
After the first transfer, cup holds oz coffee and oz cream
大提示:
杯 倒回一半时,会按相同比例转移咖啡和奶油;求杯 中的奶油量。
Transferring back half of cup moves its coffee and cream in equal proportion; find the cream in cup
解答:
倒出一半咖啡后,杯 有 oz 咖啡;杯 有 oz 咖啡和 oz 奶油,共 oz。
杯 倒回一半,会转移 oz 咖啡和 oz 奶油。于是杯 有 oz 咖啡和 oz 奶油。
奶油所占比例为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
After transferring half the coffee, cup has oz coffee and cup has oz coffee and oz cream, a total of oz.
Transferring half of cup back moves oz coffee and oz cream. Cup then holds oz coffee and oz cream.
The fraction that is cream is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
11.
Earl E. Bird 先生每天上午 整离家上班。当他的平均速度为每小时 英里时,会晚到三分钟;当平均速度为每小时 英里时,会早到三分钟。Bird 先生应以多少英里每小时的平均速度行驶,才能准时到达工作地点?
Mr. Earl E. Bird leaves his house for work at exactly A.M. every morning. When he averages miles per hour, he arrives at his workplace three minutes late. When he averages miles per hour, he arrives three minutes early. At what average speed, in miles per hour, should Mr. Bird drive to arrive at his workplace precisely on time?
小提示:
设准时所需行驶时间为 小时;三分钟是 小时。
Let be the on-time travel time in hours; three minutes is hours
大提示:
列方程 ,求出 ,再求路程。
Set solve for then find the distance
解答:
设准时所需时间为 小时。三分钟是 小时,所以 。
得 ,所以 。路程为 英里,所需速度为 英里每小时。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let be the time in hours to arrive on time. Since three minutes is hours,
This gives so The distance is miles, and the required speed is miles per hour.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
12.
二次方程 的两个根都是质数。 可能取值的个数是多少?
Both roots of the quadratic equation are prime numbers. The number of possible values of is
多于四个
more than four
小提示:
如果两个根是质数 和 ,则 。
If the roots are primes and then
大提示:
和为奇数迫使其中一个质数为 。
An odd sum forces one of the primes to be
解答:
如果两个根是质数 和 ,则由韦达定理 ,且 。
因为 是奇数,所以一个质数必须是偶数,即 ,另一个是 。两者都是质数,所以 是唯一可能值。
因此,正确答案是 B。
If the roots are primes and then by Vieta’s formulas and
Since is odd, one prime must be even, namely and the other is Both are prime, so is the only possible value.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
13.
两个不同的正数 和 各自与其倒数相差 。 是多少?
Two different positive numbers and each differ from their reciprocals by What is
小提示:
满足 的数 满足 或 。
A number with satisfies or
大提示:
两个正解互为倒数;用求根公式把它们相加。
The two positive solutions are reciprocals of each other; add them using the quadratic formula
解答:
正数 与其倒数相差 时, 或 ,即 或 。
正根为 和 ,它们互为倒数。它们的和是 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
A positive number differs from its reciprocal by when or i.e. or
The positive roots are and which are reciprocals of each other. Their sum is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
14.
对所有正整数 ,定义 。令 下列哪个关系成立?
For all positive integers let Let Which of the following relations is true?
小提示:
。
大提示:
合并为 ,再计算里面的乘积。
Combine into and evaluate the product inside
解答:
利用 并合并对数,
因为 ,所以这是 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Using and adding logs,
Since this is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
15.
一组八个整数的平均数、中位数、唯一众数和极差都等于 。这组数中可能出现的最大整数是多少?
The mean, median, unique mode, and range of a collection of eight integers are all equal to The largest integer that can be an element of this collection is
小提示:
八个整数的和为 ,且众数 必须重复出现。
The eight integers sum to and the mode must repeat
大提示:
测试最大值 ;此时最小值应为 ,再检查剩余和。
Test the largest value the smallest would then be and check the remaining sum
解答:
集合 的平均数、中位数、唯一众数和极差都等于 ,所以 可以达到。
假设最大值为 。极差 迫使最小值为 。因为 是众数,它在排好序的八个数中重复出现;再结合中位数 ,中间两个数只能是 。于是 ,剩下四个数的和为 ,平均为 。这样至少有一个数会小于 ,与最小值矛盾。因此 不可能。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The collection has mean, median, unique mode, and range all equal to so is attainable.
Suppose the largest were The range forces the smallest to be Because is the mode, it occurs in the sorted list; together with median this forces the two middle values to be Then so the remaining four values sum to averaging At least one would be below contradicting the minimum. So is impossible.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
Tina 从集合 中随机选择两个不同的数,Sergio 从集合 中随机选择一个数。Sergio 选的数大于 Tina 所选两个数之和的概率是多少?
Tina randomly selects two distinct numbers from the set and Sergio randomly selects a number from the set The probability that Sergio’s number is larger than the sum of the two numbers chosen by Tina is
小提示:
Tina 有 个等可能的数对。
Tina has equally likely pairs
大提示:
若某数对的和为 ,Sergio 的数大于它的概率为 。
For a pair with sum Sergio exceeds it with probability
解答:
Tina 的十个数对的和为 。对于和 ,Sergio 的数大于它的概率为 。
相应的 值为 ,总和为 。总概率为 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Tina’s ten pairs have sums For a sum Sergio’s number exceeds it with probability
The corresponding values of are totaling The overall probability is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
17.
有若干组质数,例如 ,恰好各使用九个非零数字一次。这样的质数组的和最小可能是多少?
Several sets of prime numbers, such as use each of the nine nonzero digits exactly once. What is the smallest possible sum such a set of primes could have?
小提示:
数字 不能作为多位质数的个位,所以每个都必须是十位数字。
The digits cannot end a prime past one digit, so each must be a tens digit
大提示:
这三个数字至少贡献 ,剩下六个数字至少按个位贡献它们本身的和;再检查是否存在可行例子。
Those three contribute at least and the remaining six digits at least their own sum as units digits; then check a valid set exists
解答:
偶数字 不能作为多位质数的个位,所以每个都必须出现在十位或更高位,至少贡献 。另外六个数字至少贡献 ,因此总和至少为 。
这个下界可以达到,例如 ,它们的和为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The even digits cannot be the units digit of a multi-digit prime, so each must appear in a tens place or higher, contributing at least The other six digits contribute at least so the sum is at least
This bound is achieved, for example by whose sum is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
18.
设圆 和 的方程分别为 和 线段 在 点与 相切,并在 点与 相切。这样的最短线段长多少?
Let and be circles defined by and respectively. What is the length of the shortest line segment that is tangent to at and to at
小提示:
最短的这种线段是内公切线;它会在两个圆心之间与 相交。
The shortest such segment is the internal tangent; it crosses between the centers
大提示:
交点按半径之比 分割 ;再利用相似直角三角形。
The crossing point divides in the ratio of the radii use similar right triangles
解答:
圆心为 和 ,半径分别为 和 ,所以 。最短切线是内公切线,它在点 与 相交,并按 分割该线段,因此 。
直角三角形 和 相似,比例为 。因而 ,,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The centers are and with radii and so The shortest tangent is the internal one, meeting at a point that splits it in the ratio giving
The right triangles and are similar with ratio Then and so
Thus, the correct answer is C.
19.
函数 的图像如下。方程 有多少个解?
The graph of the function is shown below. How many solutions does the equation have?
小提示:
意味着 必须是一个使 等于 的输入值。
means must be an input where equals
大提示:
从图像看, 在 和 ;计算 与 的解数。
From the graph at and count solutions of and
解答:
图像在 和 处达到 ,所以 要求 或 。
水平线 与图像相交两次, 与图像相交四次,共有 个解。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The graph reaches at and so requires or
The horizontal line meets the graph twice, and meets it four times, giving solutions.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
20.
设 和 是数字,不同时为九也不同时为零,循环小数 被化为最简分数。可能出现多少个不同的分母?
Suppose that and are digits, not both nine and not both zero, and the repeating decimal is expressed as a fraction in lowest terms. How many different denominators are possible?
小提示:
,其中 表示这个两位数。
where is the two-digit value
大提示:
最简形式的分母是 的因数;排除 ,因为 不同时为 。
In lowest terms the denominator is a divisor of exclude since are not both
解答:
因为 ,最简分母必须整除 。它的因数为 。
分母为 会要求 ,即 ,但这种情况被排除。其余各个分母都能达到:分子 和 分别约分后得到分母 和 ,所以共有 种可能的分母。
所以正确答案是 C。
Since the reduced denominator divides The divisors are
The denominator would require i.e. which is excluded. Each is achievable: numerators and reduce to denominators and respectively. Thus there are possible denominators.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
21.
考虑数列 ,,,,,,,。对 ,第 项是前两项之和的个位数字。令 表示该数列前 项的和。使 的最小 是
Consider the sequence of numbers For the th term of the sequence is the units digit of the sum of the two previous terms. Let denote the sum of the first terms of this sequence. The smallest value of for which is
小提示:
继续写出各项,直到模式重复。
Write out terms until the pattern repeats
大提示:
前 项和为 ,之后循环重复;求多少个完整循环仍不超过 。
The first terms sum to and then repeat; find how many full blocks stay under
解答:
继续写数列得到 ,,它以 为周期重复。每个 项循环的和为 。
满足 的最大 是 ,因此 。再加上下一轮的 ,增加 ,总和超过 。所以 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Continuing the sequence gives which repeats with period Each block of terms sums to
The largest with is giving Adding the next terms contributes pushing the total past So
Thus, the correct answer is B.
22.
三角形 是直角三角形, 为直角,,且 。在 内随机选一点 ,再将 延长交 于 。求 的概率。
Triangle is a right triangle with as its right angle, and Let be randomly chosen inside and extend to meet at What is the probability that
小提示:
是 -- 三角形,其中 ,。
is -- with and
大提示:
在 上取点 ,使 ,则 ;此时 当且仅当 落在 内。
Choose on with so then iff lies inside
解答:
因为 且 ,这个 -- 三角形满足 ,。
在 上取点 ,使 ,则 。当 沿 移动时,。它超过 正好等价于 ,也就是 位于 的外侧;这又当且仅当 在 内。
所求概率为
因此,正确答案是 C。
Since and the -- triangle has and
Place on with then As moves along exceeds exactly when i.e. when lies beyond which happens iff is inside
The probability is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
23.
在三角形 中,边 与 的垂直平分线交于点 ,且 平分 。若 ,,求三角形 的面积。
In triangle side and the perpendicular bisector of meet in point and bisects If and what is the area of triangle
小提示:
在 的垂直平分线上,所以 。
is on the perpendicular bisector of so
大提示:
角平分线给出 ;再用 读出 ,并应用余弦定理。
The angle bisector gives apply the Law of Cosines with read from
解答:
因为 在 的垂直平分线上,所以 。角平分线 给出 ,设 ,。
令 。在等腰三角形 中,垂足是 的中点 ,所以 。
在 中应用余弦定理:化简得 ,所以 ,。
现在 的三边为 。由海伦公式,半周长 ,面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Since lies on the perpendicular bisector of The angle bisector gives so write and
Let In isosceles the foot of the perpendicular is the midpoint of so
Applying the Law of Cosines in which simplifies to so and
Now has sides By Heron’s formula with the area is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
24.
求有多少个有序实数对 满足 。
Find the number of ordered pairs of real numbers such that
小提示:
设 ,则方程为 ;取模长。
Write so the equation is take magnitudes
大提示:
迫使 或 ;当 有 。
forces or when
解答:
设 。方程为 。取模长,得 ,所以 ,因此 或 。
若 ,则 ,得到一个解。若 ,则 ,所以 ,即 ,它有 个不同的根。
总共有 个有序对。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let The equation is Taking magnitudes, so giving or
If then one solution. If then so i.e. which has distinct roots.
Altogether there are ordered pairs.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
25.
将实系数多项式 的所有非零系数都替换成这些系数的平均数,得到多项式 。下列哪一幅可能是在区间 上 和 的图像?
The nonzero coefficients of a polynomial with real coefficients are all replaced by their mean to form a polynomial Which of the following could be a graph of and over the interval
小提示:
的系数和等于 的系数和。
The sum of the coefficients of equals the sum of the coefficients of
大提示:
代入 得 ,所以两条图像必须在 处相交。
Evaluating at gives so the two graphs must intersect at
解答:
将非零系数替换为它们的平均数,会保持系数总和不变,所以 和 的系数和相同。由于 和 都等于各自的系数和,。
因此 和 的图像必须在 处相交。唯一显示在 处相交的是图 B。(其中 ,。)
因此,正确答案是 B。
Replacing the nonzero coefficients by their mean keeps the total of the coefficients unchanged, so and have the same coefficient sum. Since and each equal that sum,
Therefore the graphs of and must cross at The only choice showing an intersection at is graph B. (There, and )
Thus, the correct answer is B.