1997 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
若数字 和 满足 则
If and are digits for which then
小提示:
利用第一个部分积确定上面的两位数
Use the first partial product to determine the two-digit top factor
大提示:
第二个部分积等于上面的两位数乘以
The second partial product is the top factor multiplied by
解答:
由第一个部分积可得 ,所以 。由第二个部分积可得 ,所以 。因此 ,正确答案是 C。
The first partial product says so The second says so Thus and the correct answer is C.
2.
图示十边形的相邻边均成直角。它的周长是多少?
The adjacent sides of the decagon shown meet at right angles. What is its perimeter?
小提示:
所有未标长度的向右水平边的长度之和等于底边的长度
The unlabeled rightward horizontal lengths together equal the bottom width
大提示:
将标出的高度与上方台阶的高度相加,求出图形的总高度
Find the total vertical extent by combining the labeled height and the upper step
解答:
向右水平边的长度之和为 ,所以所有水平边的长度之和为 。图形的总高度为 ,所以所有竖直边的长度之和为 。因此周长为 ,正确答案是 D。
The total of the rightward horizontal sides is so all horizontal sides total The full height is so the vertical sides total Therefore the perimeter is and the correct answer is D.
3.
若实数 、 和 满足 则
If and are real numbers such that then
小提示:
每个实数的平方都非负
Each squared real quantity is nonnegative
大提示:
若若干个非负数之和为零,则每一项都必须为零
A sum of nonnegative terms is zero only when every term is zero
解答:
三个平方项都非负,因此每一项都必须为 。于是 、、,且 。正确答案是 D。
All three squares are nonnegative, so each must be Hence and The correct answer is D.
4.
若 比 大 ,而 比 大 ,则 比 大百分之多少?
If is larger than and is larger than then is what percent larger than
小提示:
将 和 都表示为 的倍数
Write both and as multiples of
大提示:
所求百分比应以 为基准,而不是以 为基准
The requested percentage uses , not , as its base
解答:
有 且 。因此 ,所以 比 大 。正确答案是 A。
We have and Thus so is larger than The correct answer is A.
5.
如图,一个周长为 的长方形被分成五个全等的小长方形。每个小长方形的周长是多少?
A rectangle with perimeter is divided into five congruent rectangles as shown in the diagram. What is the perimeter of one of the five congruent rectangles?
小提示:
设小长方形的短边和长边分别为 和
Let the short and long sides of a small rectangle be and
大提示:
大长方形的宽度既等于上方的 ,也等于下方的
The total width is both across the top and across the bottom
解答:
设小长方形的两条边长为 和 。由共同的宽度可得 ,而大长方形的长和宽分别为 与 。因此其周长满足 。由于 ,可得 ,所以 且 。一个小长方形的周长为 ,故正确答案是 C。
Let a small rectangle have sides and The common width gives while the large rectangle has dimensions by Its perimeter is Since this is so and One small perimeter is making C correct.
6.
考虑数列 它的第 项为 。这个数列前 项的平均数是多少?
Consider the sequence whose th term is What is the average of the first terms of the sequence?
小提示:
将相邻两项按奇数项和偶数项配对
Group consecutive terms into odd-even pairs
大提示:
每一对的和都相同,并且共有 对
Each pair has the same sum, and there are pairs
解答:
每一对 的和都是 。因此 对的总和为 ,这 项的平均数为 。正确答案是 B。
Each pair has sum The pairs therefore total and their -term average is The correct answer is B.
7.
七个整数的和为 。其中最多可以有多少个整数大于 ?
The sum of seven integers is What is the maximum number of the seven integers that can be larger than
小提示:
七个数不可能都大于 ,否则它们的和会是正数
All seven cannot exceed because their sum would be positive
大提示:
剩下的那个整数没有下界
There is no lower bound on the remaining integer
解答:
如果七个整数都大于 ,它们的和至少为 。但可以有六个整数大于 :取六个 ,再取一个 。因此最多有 个,正确答案是 D。
If all seven integers exceeded their sum would be at least Six can exceed : take six copies of and a seventh integer of Thus the maximum is and the correct answer is D.
8.
Mientka 出版公司为其畅销书 《沃尔特在哪里?》 制定了如下价格:其中 是订购的书本数, 是订购 本书所需的美元数。注意,买 本书比买 本书便宜。对于多少个 的取值,购买多于 本书会比恰好购买 本书便宜?
Mientka Publishing Company prices its best seller Where’s Walter? as follows: where is the number of books ordered, and is the cost in dollars of books. Notice that books cost less than books. For how many values of is it cheaper to buy more than books than to buy exactly books?
小提示:
只有两个价格分界点可能使订购更多书反而更便宜
Only the two price-break points can make a larger order cheaper
大提示:
在第一个分界点附近比较 与 ,再在第二个分界点附近与 比较
Compare with near the first break and with near the second
解答:
在第一个分界点, 小于 和 ,所以 和 符合条件。在第二个分界点,当 、、、 时, 小于 。每一段的价格都随 增加,因此没有其他取值符合条件。共有 个,故正确答案是 D。
At the first break, is below and giving and At the second, is below for No other works because each piece increases. There are so D is correct.
9.
如图, 是一个 乘 的正方形, 是 的中点,且 在 上。若 垂直于 ,则四边形 的面积为
In the figure, is a by square, is the midpoint of and is on If is perpendicular to then the area of quadrilateral is
小提示:
建立坐标系,使 、、、
Place and
大提示:
求直线 与过 且垂直于 的直线的交点
Find as the intersection of with the line through perpendicular to
解答:
按第一个提示建立坐标系后,直线 的方程为 ,过 的垂线方程为 。两直线交于 。正方形的面积为 ,而三角形 和 的面积分别为 和 。因此 ,故正确答案是 C。
With the coordinates in the first hint, has equation and the perpendicular through is Their intersection is The square has area while triangles and have areas and respectively. Hence so C is correct.
10.
两枚六面骰子的每个面出现的概率都相同。不过,其中一枚骰子把 改成了 ,另一枚骰子把 改成了 。掷这两枚骰子时,点数之和为奇数的概率是多少?
Two six-sided dice are fair in the sense that each face is equally likely to turn up. However, one of the dice has the replaced by and the other die has the replaced by When these dice are rolled, what is the probability that the sum is odd?
小提示:
要使和为奇数,必须一枚骰子掷出奇数,另一枚掷出偶数
An odd sum requires one odd result and one even result
大提示:
分别数出每枚改过的骰子上标有奇数的面,重复的数字也要计入
Count odd-labeled faces on each modified die, including repeated labels
解答:
第一枚改过的骰子有 个奇数面和 个偶数面;第二枚有 个奇数面和 个偶数面。因此所求概率为 。正确答案是 D。
The first modified die has odd faces and even faces; the second has odd and even. Thus the probability is The correct answer is D.
11.
在本赛季的第六、七、八、九场篮球比赛中,一名球员分别得到 、、 和 分。打完九场后的场均得分高于前五场的场均得分。若打完十场后的场均得分大于 ,那么她在第十场最少可能得到多少分?
In the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth basketball games of the season, a player scored and points, respectively. Her points-per-game average was higher after nine games than it was after the first five games. If her average after ten games was greater than what is the least number of points she could have scored in the tenth game?
小提示:
设她前五场比赛的总得分为
Let be her point total in the first five games
大提示:
利用九场比赛后的平均分条件求出 的最大值,再应用十场比赛后的严格平均分下界
Use the nine-game comparison to maximize , then apply the strict ten-game average bound
解答:
第 至第 场的总得分为 。由条件 可得 ,所以整数 的最大值为 。十场后的场均得分大于 ,意味着总得分至少为 ,因此第十场至少得到 分。这个分数可以达到,所以正确答案是 D。
Games – total The condition gives so the greatest integral is A ten-game average above requires a total at least hence the tenth score is at least This is attainable, so D is correct.
12.
若 和 是实数,且 ,则方程为 的直线不可能经过点
If and are real numbers and then the line whose equation is cannot contain the point
小提示:
条件 表示斜率与纵截距同号
The condition means the slope and vertical intercept have the same sign
大提示:
逐一代入各点;正的 轴截距会迫使斜率与截距异号
Substitute each point; a positive -intercept forces the slope and intercept to have opposite signs
解答:
若 在直线上,则 ,所以 ,从而 ,产生矛盾。对于其余每个点,都可以选取适当的同号 使直线经过该点。因此正确答案是 E。
If were on the line, then so and a contradiction. Each other point can occur for suitable same-sign Thus the correct answer is E.
13.
有多少个两位正整数 ,满足 与将 的各位数字倒序后所得的数之和是完全平方数?
How many two-digit positive integers have the property that the sum of and the number obtained by reversing the order of the digits of is a perfect square?
小提示:
令 ,并把它与倒序后的数相加
Write and add its reversal
大提示:
在 且 的条件下,判断 何时能成为完全平方数
Determine when , with and , can be square
解答:
这个和为 。由于 ,它只有在 时才是完全平方数,此时等于 。十位数字 可以是 中的任意一个,而 。共有 个这样的整数,所以正确答案是 E。
The sum is Since this is square only when giving The tens digit can be any of with There are integers, so E is correct.
14.
一群鹅的数量逐年增加,并且第 年与第 年的数量之差正比于第 年的数量。若 年、 年和 年的鹅群数量分别为 、 和 ,则 年的数量为
The number of geese in a flock increases so that the difference between the populations in year and year is directly proportional to the population in year If the populations in the years and were and respectively, then the population in was
小提示:
设 年的数量为 ,比例常数为
Let be the population and the constant of proportionality
大提示:
对 年至 年以及 年至 年的数据,用同一个 列出两个方程
Translate the years – and – into two equations using the same
解答:
根据规律可得 和 。消去 ,得到 ,即 。数量为正,因此 ,正确答案是 B。
The rule gives and Eliminating yields or The population is positive, so and B is correct.
15.
三角形 的中线 与 互相垂直,且 、。三角形 的面积为
Medians and of triangle are perpendicular, and The area of triangle is
小提示:
将 和 看作四边形 的两条对角线
View and as the diagonals of quadrilateral
大提示:
三角形 与 相似,相似比为
Triangle is similar to with scale factor
解答:
四边形 的两条对角线 和 互相垂直,所以其面积为 。因为 都是中点,三角形 的面积是三角形 面积的四分之一,因此四边形 的面积是它的四分之三。于是 ,所以正确答案是 D。
Quadrilateral has perpendicular diagonals and so its area is Since are midpoints, triangle has one fourth the area of making three fourths of it. Thus so D is correct.
16.
数组 的三个行和与三个列和都相同。至少要改变多少个元素,才能使这六个和互不相同?
The three row sums and the three column sums of the array are the same. What is the least number of entries that must be altered to make all six sums different from one another?
小提示:
假设只改变三个元素,考察其中没有元素被改变的行和列
With only three altered entries, examine the rows and columns containing no alteration
大提示:
为了给出上界,尝试改变四个元素,使它们对各行和各列造成的变化都不同
For an upper bound, try changing four entries so that their row and column effects are all distinct
解答:
如果至多改变三个元素,那么要么六条行列中至少有两条没有改变,要么某个被改变的元素是它所在行与所在列中唯一被改变的元素。前一种情况下,两条未改变的行或列的和仍然相等;后一种情况下,该元素使其所在行与列的和发生同样的变化,所以这两个和仍然相等。改变四个元素即可:分别将 、、、 改为 、、、。新的三个行和为 、、,三个列和为 、、。因此最小值为 ,正确答案是 D。
With at most three alterations, either two of the six lines are unchanged, or some altered entry is the only alteration in both its row and its column. In the first case those two sums remain equal; in the second, that entry changes its row sum and column sum by the same amount, so those two sums remain equal. Four suffice: replace by respectively. The resulting row sums are and column sums are Hence the minimum is and D is correct.
17.
直线 分别与函数 和 的图像相交。两个交点之间的距离为 。已知 ,其中 和 都是整数,求 。
A line intersects the graph of and the graph of The distance between the points of intersection is Given that where and are integers, what is
小提示:
两个交点的 坐标都是 ,所以它们之间的距离就是两个对数值之差
Because both points have -coordinate , their distance is the difference of their logarithms
大提示:
合并两个对数,再以 为底取指数
Combine the logarithms and exponentiate base
解答:
两个交点的竖直距离满足 因此 ,所以 。于是 ,正确答案是 A。
The vertical distance is Thus so Therefore and A is correct.
18.
一列整数的众数为 ,平均数为 ,其中最小的数为 。中位数 是这列数中的一员。若将 替换为 ,新数列的平均数和中位数分别为 和 。若改为将 替换为 ,新数列的中位数为 。求 。
A list of integers has mode and mean The smallest number in the list is The median of the list is a member of the list. If the list member were replaced by the mean and median of the new list would be and respectively. If were instead replaced by the median of the new list would be What is
小提示:
总和增加 会使平均数增加 ,由此确定数列的项数
A total increase of raises the mean by , determining the list length
大提示:
将五个数按大小排列,再利用题目给出的两次中位数变化确定 两旁的数
Order the five entries and use the two stated median changes to identify the entries beside
解答:
这列数共有 项。将它们写成 。把 替换为 后,这个新值成为中位数,所以 且 ;又因为众数是 ,必有 。原数列的总和为 ,所以 。把 替换为 后,中位数为 ,所以 ,解得 。因此正确答案是 E。
The list has entries. Write them Replacing by makes that value the median, so and because the mode is we must have The original total is giving Replacing by makes the median so and Thus E is correct.
19.
如图,圆心为 的圆与两条坐标轴以及 -- 三角形 的斜边都相切,其中 。将结果精确到百分位,圆的半径是多少?
A circle with center is tangent to the coordinate axes and to the hypotenuse of the -- triangle as shown, where To the nearest hundredth, what is the radius of the circle?
小提示:
若圆的半径为 ,则在图示坐标系中
If the circle radius is , then in the displayed coordinates
大提示:
写出这个 -- 三角形斜边所在直线的方程,并令圆心 到该直线的距离等于
Write the hypotenuse line of the -- triangle and set its distance from equal to
解答:
取 、、。斜边所在直线的方程为 ,圆心为 。由相切可得 对于图中三角形外部的圆,有 ,所以 。因此正确答案是 D。
Take and The hypotenuse is and the circle center is Tangency gives The pictured external circle has so Thus D is correct.
20.
下列哪个整数可以表示为 个连续正整数之和?
Which one of the following integers can be expressed as the sum of consecutive positive integers?
小提示:
将这些数写成
Write the terms as
大提示:
它们的和模 必须与 同余
Their sum must be congruent to modulo
解答:
它们的和为 ,所以末两位是 。只有 具有这一性质,并且对应的 是正整数。因此正确答案是 A。
The sum is so it ends in Only has that property, and it gives the positive integer Thus A is correct.
21.
对任意正整数 ,定义 求 。
For any positive integer let What is
小提示:
判断哪些整数可以写成 的有理数次幂
Determine which integers can be rational powers of
大提示:
列出不超过 的所有 的幂,并将它们以 为底的对数相加
List the powers of not exceeding and sum their base- logarithms
解答:
对整数 ,当且仅当 是 的幂时, 才是有理数。符合条件的数为 ,其中 ,并且 。因此总和为 ,所以正确答案是 C。
For integer is rational exactly when is a power of The relevant values are for and Therefore the sum is so C is correct.
22.
阿什莉、贝蒂、卡洛斯、迪克和埃尔金一起去购物。每个人可花的钱数都是整数美元,他们共有 。阿什莉和贝蒂可花金额之差的绝对值为 。贝蒂与卡洛斯的金额之差的绝对值为 ,卡洛斯与迪克为 ,迪克与埃尔金为 ,埃尔金与阿什莉为 。埃尔金有多少钱?
Ashley, Betty, Carlos, Dick, and Elgin went shopping. Each had a whole number of dollars to spend, and together they had The absolute difference between the amounts Ashley and Betty had to spend was The absolute difference between the amounts Betty and Carlos had was between Carlos and Dick was between Dick and Elgin was and between Elgin and Ashley was How much did Elgin have?
小提示:
沿五人组成的环,为每个相邻金额之差选定正负号
Assign a sign to each successive difference around the five-person cycle
大提示:
在计算五人的金额总和之前,先利用这些带符号的差之和必须为零
The signed differences must total zero before the five amounts can be summed
解答:
环上各差的绝对值为 、、、、,而带符号的差之和为 。因此正负两组中的一组之和必须是 的一半,即 。唯一的分组是 。按一种方向取符号时,各人的金额满足 、、、。总金额为 ,所以 ,从而 。若把所有符号反向,则有 ,得不到整数 。因此埃尔金有 ,正确答案是 E。
The signed differences around the cycle have magnitudes and sum Thus one side of the sign split must total half of namely The only split is In one orientation, the amounts are and Their total is so and Reversing every sign would give not an integral Thus Elgin had and E is correct.
23.
图中,多边形 、、 是等腰直角三角形;、、 是边长为 的正方形; 是等边三角形。沿各边折叠此图,可以形成一个以这些多边形为面的多面体。这个多面体的体积为
In the figure, polygons and are isosceles right triangles; and are squares with sides of length and is an equilateral triangle. The figure can be folded along its edges to form a polyhedron having the polygons as faces. The volume of this polyhedron is
小提示:
注意三个单位正方形可以看成立方体在同一顶点相交的三个面
Recognize the three unit-square faces as faces meeting at a corner of a unit cube
大提示:
各三角形面封住了从这个立方体切去一个角后所得的立体
The triangular faces cap the solid obtained by slicing one corner from that cube
解答:
这个展开图形成一个切去一角的单位立方体。被切去的部分是一个三条单位棱两两垂直的三棱锥,因此其体积为 。剩余多面体的体积为 ,正确答案是 D。
The net forms a unit cube with one corner cut off. The removed corner is a triangular pyramid with three mutually perpendicular unit edges, so its volume is The remaining polyhedron has volume and the correct answer is D.
24.
递增数是指每一位数字都大于其左边所有数字的正整数,例如 。共有 个五位递增数。将这些数从小到大排列后,列表中的第 个数不含数字
A rising number, such as is a positive integer each digit of which is larger than each of the digits to its left. There are five-digit rising numbers. When these numbers are arranged from smallest to largest, the th number in the list does not contain the digit
小提示:
先数出以 开头的递增数有多少个,再数以 开头的
Count how many rising numbers begin with , then with
大提示:
排除这两组后,列出最前面的几个以 开头的数
After those blocks, list the first few numbers beginning with
解答:
以 开头的共有 个。在以 开头的数中,最前面的 个以 开头,占据第 至第 位。因此总列表中的第 个数,是以 开头的第七个数:数 不含 ,所以正确答案是 B。
There are beginning with Among those beginning with the first begin with occupying positions – Thus the th overall is the seventh beginning with The number omits so B is correct.
25.
设 为平行四边形,空间中的射线 、、、 互相平行,并且位于 所在平面的同一侧。若 、、、,且 、 分别是 、 的中点,则
Let be a parallelogram and let and be parallel rays in space on the same side of the plane determined by If and and are the midpoints of and respectively, then
小提示:
使用向量以及平行四边形恒等式
Use vectors and the parallelogram identity
大提示:
两个中点在平面方向上的分量相同,只需比较沿射线方向的分量
The planar components of the two midpoints coincide; compare only their ray-direction components
解答:
取各射线的共同方向为单位向量 。于是 对于平行四边形有 ,所以 ,从而 。正确答案是 B。
Choose the common ray direction as a unit vector Then Since for a parallelogram, so The correct answer is B.
26.
给定同一平面内的三角形 和点 。点 到 与 的距离相等,角 是角 的两倍,并且 与 交于点 。若 且 ,则
Triangle and point in the same plane are given. Point is equidistant from and angle is twice angle and intersects at point If and then
小提示:
作以 为圆心并经过 、 的圆
Draw the circle centered at through and
大提示:
圆心角条件说明 也在这个圆上,因此可在 点应用相交弦定理
The central-angle condition puts on that circle, so apply intersecting chords at
解答:
因为 ,作以 为圆心并经过这两点的圆。条件 正是圆心角与圆周角的关系,所以 也在同一个圆上。直线 与圆的另一个交点记为 ,则 。由点 的幂可得 因此正确答案是 A。
Because draw their circle with center The condition is the central-inscribed angle relation, so lies on the same circle. Along line the other circle intersection is with Power of gives Thus A is correct.
27.
考虑所有对任意实数 都满足 的函数 。每个这样的函数都是周期函数,并且存在一个它们共有的最小正周期 。求 。
Consider those functions that satisfy for all real Any such function is periodic, and there is a least common positive period for all of them. Find
小提示:
固定 ,研究数列
For fixed , study the sequence
大提示:
反复使用 ,找出任意初始二元组何时恢复原状
Use repeatedly to find when every initial pair returns
解答:
对 ,原方程化为 。从 出发,数列依次为 因此每个这样的函数都有周期 。又因为 满足原方程且最小正周期为 ,所以这个公周期不能再小。故正确答案是 D。
For the equation is Starting from the sequence is so every such function has period This is least because satisfies the equation and has fundamental period Hence D is correct.
28.
有多少个整数有序三元组 满足
How many ordered triples of integers satisfy
小提示:
令 ,则 ,再根据 的正负分类
Set , so , and split according to the sign of
大提示:
当 时,将所得方程改写为乘积等于 的形式
When , rewrite the resulting equations as products equal to
解答:
若 ,代入并因式分解后,没有任何数对符合 所需的符号。因此 ,所以 且 。若 ,则 ,得到无序数对 、、。若 ,则 ,得到 、、。每个无序数对都有两种次序,因此共有 个三元组。正确答案是 E。
If substitution and factoring lead to no pair consistent with the required sign of Thus so and If then producing the unordered pairs If then producing Each unordered pair has two orders, giving triples. The correct answer is E.
29.
若一个正实数存在只由数字 和 组成的十进制表示,就称它为特殊数。例如, 和 都是特殊数。求最小的 ,使 可以表示为 个特殊数之和。
Call a positive real number special if it has a decimal representation that consists entirely of digits and For example, and are special numbers. What is the smallest such that can be written as a sum of special numbers?
不能表示为有限个特殊数之和
cannot be represented as a sum of finitely many special numbers
小提示:
若有 个加数在第 个小数位上是 ,将等式两边除以
If summands have in decimal place , divide the sum by
大提示:
将所得的各位计数与 的循环小数比较,再寻找一个以六位为周期的构造
Compare the resulting digit counts with the repeating decimal for , then seek a six-digit repeating construction
解答:
假设 是 个特殊数之和,并令 表示在第 个小数位上取数字 的加数个数。将等式两边除以 ,可得 当 时,每个 都是一位数字,所以 ;因此 。八个就足够,因为以下六位循环块所表示的特殊循环小数满足 它们的和为 。因此最小值为 ,正确答案是 B。
Suppose is a sum of special numbers, and let count summands having a in the th decimal place. Dividing by gives For each is a digit, so hence Eight suffice because the repeating special decimals represented by Their sum is Therefore the minimum is and B is correct.
30.
对正整数 ,用 表示 的二进制表示中相邻且不同的数字对的个数。例如,、、。有多少个不超过 的正整数 满足 ?
For positive integers denote by the number of pairs of different adjacent digits in the binary (base two) representation of For example, and For how many positive integers less than or equal to does
小提示:
符合条件的二进制数由一段 、一段 、再一段 组成
A valid binary numeral consists of a block of s, then s, then s
大提示:
按位数统计三至六位的情况,再单独处理七位数的上界
Count by bit length through six bits, then handle the seven-bit cutoff separately
解答:
一个恰好发生两次数字变化的 位二进制数必为 的形式,其中 、、 均为正整数,因此共有 种。对 、、、,总数为 。在不超过 的七位数中,以单个 开头的五种形式都符合条件;以至少两个 开头的形式中,只有 本身符合上界。因此共有 个,正确答案是 C。
A -bit numeral with exactly two changes has form with positive giving choices. For the total is Among seven-bit numbers at most the five forms beginning with one all work, and the only form beginning with at least two s is itself. Thus there are and C is correct.