1992 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
若 ,则
If then
小提示:
比较 与
Compare with
大提示:
分别考虑括号内表达式的倍数变化和括号外系数的倍数变化
Account separately for the change inside the parentheses and the change in the outside coefficient
解答:
由 ,可得
因此正确答案是 B。
We have so
Thus the correct answer is B.
2.
一个瓮中装有硬币和珠子,每件物品不是银制就是金制。瓮中物品的百分之二十是珠子,硬币的百分之四十是银制的。金制硬币占瓮中全部物品的百分之几?
An urn is filled with coins and beads, all of which are either silver or gold. Twenty percent of the objects in the urn are beads. Forty percent of the coins in the urn are silver. What percent of the objects in the urn are gold coins?
小提示:
先求硬币占全部物品的百分比
First find the percent of all objects that are coins
大提示:
再用银制硬币所占百分比的补数求金制硬币所占百分比
Of those coins, use the complement of the silver percentage
解答:
硬币占全部物品的 ,其中 的硬币是金制的。因此金制硬币所占的比例为 这里是相对全部物品而言的。
因此正确答案是 B。
Coins make up of the objects, and of the coins are gold. Thus gold coins make up of all the objects.
Thus the correct answer is B.
3.
若 ,且点 和 在一条斜率为 的直线上,则
If and the points and lie on a line with slope then
小提示:
写出两给定点之间的斜率
Write the slope between the two given points
大提示:
令 ,并利用正值条件
Set and use the positivity condition
解答:
由斜率条件得 因此 ,从而 。因为 ,所以 。
因此正确答案是 C。
The slope condition gives Therefore so Since we obtain
Thus the correct answer is C.
4.
若 、 和 都是正整数,且 与 都是奇数,则
If and are positive integers and and are odd, then is
对任意 都是奇数
odd for all choices of
对任意 都是偶数
even for all choices of
当 为偶数时是奇数;当 为奇数时是偶数
odd if is even; even if is odd
当 为奇数时是奇数;当 为偶数时是偶数
odd if is odd; even if is even
当 不是 的倍数时是奇数;当 是 的倍数时是偶数
odd if is not a multiple of ; even if is a multiple of
小提示:
分别判断两个加数的奇偶性
Determine the parity of each of the two terms
大提示:
因为 是奇数,所以 是偶数
Because is odd, is even
解答:
是奇数。由于 是偶数,所以对于任意正整数 , 都是偶数。奇数与偶数之和总是奇数。
因此正确答案是 A。
The power is odd. Since is even, is even for every positive integer The sum of an odd integer and an even integer is always odd.
Thus the correct answer is A.
5.
小提示:
提取重复出现的加数
Factor the repeated summand
大提示:
共有六个完全相同的加数
There are exactly six identical terms
解答:
提取公因式可得 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Factoring gives
Thus the correct answer is B.
6.
若 ,则
If then
小提示:
分别合并 的幂和 的幂
Collect the powers of and the powers of separately
大提示:
用一个比值改写
Rewrite using a single ratio
解答:
合并同底数幂可得
因此正确答案是 D。
Combining like bases,
Thus the correct answer is D.
7.
与 之比为 , 与 之比为 ,而 与 之比为 。求 与 之比。
The ratio of to is of to is and of to is What is the ratio of to
小提示:
把 和 都表示成 的倍数
Express both and as multiples of
大提示:
使用
Use
解答:
将已知比值相乘,得到 因此 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Multiplying the given ratios, Thus
Thus the correct answer is B.
8.
一个正方形地面由全等的正方形瓷砖铺成。两条对角线上的瓷砖是黑色的,其余瓷砖是白色的。若共有 块黑色瓷砖,则瓷砖总数为
A square floor is tiled with congruent square tiles. The tiles on the two diagonals of the floor are black. The rest of the tiles are white. If there are black tiles, then the total number of tiles is
小提示:
若地面每边有 块瓷砖,计算两条对角线上的瓷砖数
If the floor has tiles on a side, count the tiles on both diagonals
大提示:
由于黑色瓷砖总数为奇数,两条对角线共用中央的一块瓷砖
Because the total number of black tiles is odd, the two diagonals share one center tile
解答:
当 为奇数时,每条对角线含有 块瓷砖,两条对角线只共用中央的一块。因此 ,所以 。地面共有 块瓷砖。
因此正确答案是 E。
For an odd each diagonal contains tiles and the two diagonals share only the center tile. Hence so The floor therefore contains tiles.
Thus the correct answer is E.
9.
五个边长均为 的等边三角形排列在同一直线的一侧,且每个三角形都有一条边在该直线上。沿着这条直线,一个三角形底边的中点是下一个三角形的一个顶点。这五个三角形区域的并集所覆盖的平面区域面积为
Five equilateral triangles, each with side are arranged so they are all on the same side of a line containing one side of each. Along this line, the midpoint of the base of one triangle is a vertex of the next. The area of the region of the plane that is covered by the union of the five triangular regions is
小提示:
先把五个大三角形的面积相加,再减去重叠部分
Add the areas of the five large triangles, then subtract their overlaps
大提示:
每一对相邻三角形的重叠部分都是边长为原来一半的等边三角形
Each adjacent overlap is an equilateral triangle with half the original side length
解答:
每个大三角形的面积为 四个重叠部分都是边长为 的等边三角形,面积均为 。不存在三个三角形共同重叠的区域,所以并集的面积为
因此正确答案是 E。
Each large triangle has area Each of the four overlaps is an equilateral triangle of side hence area There are no triple overlaps, so the union has area
Thus the correct answer is E.
10.
使方程 对 有整数解的正整数 的个数为
The number of positive integers for which the equation has an integer solution for is
小提示:
用 表示
Solve the equation for in terms of
大提示:
当且仅当 是 的正因数时, 才是整数
The expression is integral exactly when is a positive divisor of
解答:
解得 。因此,当且仅当 是 的正因数时, 才是整数。可能的取值为 、、、、 和 ,共 个。
因此正确答案是 D。
Solving gives Thus is an integer precisely when is a positive divisor of The possibilities are and for a total of
Thus the correct answer is D.
11.
两个同心圆的半径之比为 。若 是大圆的直径, 是大圆的一条弦且与小圆相切,并且 ,则大圆的半径为
The ratio of the radii of two concentric circles is If is a diameter of the larger circle, is a chord of the larger circle that is tangent to the smaller circle, and then the radius of the larger circle is
小提示:
连接圆心与 和小圆的切点
Draw the radius to the point where touches the smaller circle
大提示:
利用切点半径与直径构成的相似直角三角形
Use the similar right triangles formed by the tangent radius and the diameter
解答:
设 为共同的圆心, 为 上的切点。由于 ,且 ,三角形 与 相似。若大圆半径为 ,则 、,且 。因此 所以 ,并且 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Let be the common center and the tangency point on Since and triangles and are similar. If the larger radius is then and Thus Hence and
Thus the correct answer is B.
12.
直线 关于 轴的对称图像为 。则 的值为
Let be the image when the line is reflected across the -axis. The value of is
小提示:
关于 轴对称会把每个点的 坐标变为其相反数
Reflection across the -axis replaces each -coordinate by its negative
大提示:
在原方程中将 替换为 ,再解出
Replace by in the original equation, then solve for
解答:
点 在对称后的直线上,当且仅当 在原直线上。因此 ,即 所以 。
因此正确答案是 C。
A point is on the reflected line exactly when is on the original line. Hence or Therefore
Thus the correct answer is C.
13.
有多少个正整数对 既满足 ,又满足方程
How many pairs of positive integers with satisfy the equation
小提示:
将分子和分母同时乘以
Multiply the numerator and denominator by
大提示:
化简后把 表示成 的倍数,再使用 的上界
After simplifying, write as a multiple of and apply the bound on
解答:
将分子和分母同时乘以 ,得到 因此 。条件 变为 ,所以 可以取从 到 的任一整数,共有 对。
因此正确答案是 C。
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by gives Thus The condition becomes so may be any integer from through There are pairs.
Thus the correct answer is C.
14.
下列哪些方程的图像相同?
Which of the following equations have the same graph?
仅 和
and only
仅 和
and only
仅 和
and only
、 和
and
都不是,所有方程的图像都不同
None. All the equations have different graphs
小提示:
特别注意 时会发生什么
Pay special attention to what happens when
大提示:
方程 II 少了一个点,而方程 III 多出了一整条竖直直线
Equation II omits one point, while equation III includes an entire extra vertical line
解答:
方程 I 表示整条直线 。方程 II 只有在 时才能化简为该直线,因此少了点 。在方程 III 中,每个满足 的点都使等式 成立;对其他 ,方程给出 。所以 III 表示该直线与整条竖直直线 的并集。三个图像各不相同。
因此正确答案是 E。
Equation I is the whole line Equation II simplifies to that line only when so it omits In equation III, every point with satisfies for other it gives Thus III is the line together with the entire vertical line The three graphs are different.
Thus the correct answer is E.
15.
令 。对 ,按下式定义一个复数数列:在复平面中, 到原点的距离是多少?
Let For define a sequence of complex numbers by In the complex plane, how far from the origin is
小提示:
先计算数列的前几项,不要试图直接展开
Compute the first few terms rather than trying to expand
大提示:
从 开始寻找循环
Look for a cycle beginning with
解答:
前几项为 因此从 起,奇数下标项为 ,偶数下标项为 ,两者交替出现。所以 ,它到原点的距离为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
The first terms are Hence the sequence alternates between at odd indices and at even indices from onward. Therefore whose distance from the origin is
Thus the correct answer is B.
16.
若三个互不相同的正数 、 和 满足 则
If for three positive numbers and all different, then
小提示:
令 ,用中间的比值表示
Let and express using the middle ratio
大提示:
将 代入第一个比值
Substitute into the first ratio
解答:
令 。由 得 。于是 所以 ,即 。因此 或 ,由正值条件得 。
因此正确答案是 E。
Let From we get Then Thus or Hence or and positivity gives
Thus the correct answer is E.
17.
将从 到 的两位整数依次写在一起,形成大整数 若 是 的幂中能整除 的最高次者,则
The two-digit integers from to are written consecutively to form the large integer If is the highest power of that is a factor of then
大于
more than
小提示:
使用被 和 整除的数字和判别法
Use the digit-sum tests for divisibility by and
大提示:
模 时,这个拼接整数的数字和等同于
Modulo the digit sum of the concatenation equals
解答:
模 时,一个数与其各位数字之和同余,所以 因此 能被 整除但不能被 整除,所以整除它的最高次 的幂是 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Modulo a number is congruent to its digit sum, so Thus is divisible by but not by so the highest power of dividing it is
Thus the correct answer is B.
18.
递增正整数数列 、、、 对每个 都满足 若 ,则 为
The increasing sequence of positive integers has the property that, for every If then is
小提示:
写出 和 关于 与 的表达式
Write and in terms of and
大提示:
从 出发,使用同余关系和
From use congruences and
解答:
令 、。反复使用递推关系可得 对第一个方程模 ,可知 是 的倍数。正数取值只有 、 或 。条件 使得只有 和 可行。因此 。
因此正确答案是 D。
Let and Repeated use of the recurrence gives Modulo the first equation shows that is a multiple of The positive possibilities are or The conditions leave only and Hence
Thus the correct answer is D.
19.
对一个实心正方体的每个顶点,取由该顶点和与它相接的三条棱的中点所确定的四面体。切去这八个四面体后,正方体剩余的部分称为截半立方体。截半立方体与原正方体的体积之比最接近下列哪一项?
For each vertex of a solid cube, consider the tetrahedron determined by the vertex and the midpoints of the three edges that meet at that vertex. The portion of the cube that remains when these eight tetrahedra are cut away is called a cuboctahedron. The ratio of the volume of the cuboctahedron to the volume of the original cube is closest to which of these?
小提示:
为正方体选取一个便于计算的边长,再求一个被切去的角四面体的体积
Choose a convenient side length for the cube and compute one removed corner tetrahedron
大提示:
每个被切去的四面体都有三条两两垂直的棱,其长度等于正方体边长的一半
Each removed tetrahedron has three mutually perpendicular edges equal to half the cube’s side
解答:
取正方体边长为 ,则其体积为 。每个角四面体有三条长度为 且两两垂直的棱,所以体积为 。八个被切去的四面体总体积为 ,剩余体积为 。所求比值为 最接近 。
因此正确答案是 D。
Take the cube’s side length to be Its volume is Each corner tetrahedron has three perpendicular edges of length so its volume is The eight removed tetrahedra have total volume leaving The ratio is which is closest to
Thus the correct answer is D.
20.
图中显示了一个“ 角正星形”的一部分。它是一个简单闭合多边形,其中 条边全等,角 、、、 全等,角 、、、 也全等。若 处的锐角比 处的锐角小 ,则
Part of an “-pointed regular star” is shown. It is a simple closed polygon in which all edges are congruent, angles are congruent, and angles are congruent. If the acute angle at is less than the acute angle at then
小提示:
设 类顶点和 类顶点处的锐角分别为 和
Let the acute angles at the - and -vertices be and
大提示:
在每个向内凹的 类顶点处,多边形的内角为
At each inward -vertex, the polygon’s interior angle is
解答:
设尖角与凹口处的锐角分别为 和 ,则 。这个 边形有 个内角 和 个优角 。因此 代入 ,得到 ,所以 。
因此正确答案是 D。
Let the acute angles at the tips and notches be and respectively, so The -gon has interior angles and reflex interior angles Therefore Substituting gives so
Thus the correct answer is D.
21.
对有限数列 ,定义 的切萨罗和为 其中 若 项数列 的切萨罗和为 ,则 项数列 的切萨罗和是多少?
For a finite sequence of numbers, the Cesàro sum of is defined to be where If the Cesàro sum of the -term sequence is what is the Cesàro sum of the -term sequence
小提示:
根据第一个切萨罗和求出 的值
Convert the first Cesàro sum into the value of
大提示:
每个新的部分和都等于一个原部分和加 ,并且最初还有一个等于 的部分和
Each new partial sum is plus an old partial sum, with one initial partial sum equal to
解答:
已知条件表明 。新数列的部分和依次为 。它们的和为 除以 ,得到新的切萨罗和 。
因此正确答案是 A。
The given condition says For the new sequence, the partial sums are Their sum is Dividing by gives the new Cesàro sum
Thus the correct answer is A.
22.
在 轴正半轴 上选取十个点,在 轴正半轴 上选取五个点。连接 上每个选定点与 上每个选定点,共画出五十条线段。位于第一象限内部的这些线段交点数最多可能是多少?
Ten points are selected on the positive -axis, and five points are selected on the positive -axis, The fifty segments connecting the ten selected points on to the five selected points on are drawn. What is the maximum possible number of points of intersection of these fifty segments that could lie in the interior of the first quadrant?
小提示:
一个内部交点由每条坐标轴上各选两个点确定
An interior crossing is determined by choosing two points from each axis
大提示:
对每条坐标轴上选定的两个点,四条连接线段中恰有一对相交
For each selected pair on each axis, exactly one pair of the four connecting segments crosses
解答:
从这 个 轴上的点中选两个,再从这 个 轴上的点中选两个。在四条连接线段中,端点次序相反的两条恰好相交一次。可以选取这些点,使得没有三条线段在同一个内部点相交,因此最大值为
因此正确答案是 B。
Choose two of the points on the -axis and two of the points on the -axis. Among the four connecting segments, the two with reversed endpoint order cross exactly once. The points can be chosen so no three segments meet at one interior point, so the maximum is
Thus the correct answer is B.
23.
若 是 的子集,且 中任意两个不同元素之和都不能被 整除,则这样的子集最多能有多少个元素?
What is the size of the largest subset of such that no pair of distinct elements of has a sum divisible by
小提示:
按模 的余数将这些整数分组
Group the integers by their residues modulo
大提示:
将余数类 与 、 与 、 与 分别配对,并单独处理余数类
Pair residue classes with with and with ; treat residue separately
解答:
余数类 分别含有 个数。在每对互补余数类 中,我们至多能从一个余数类取数,并且至多取一个 的倍数。因此 取所有模 余 、 或 的数,再加上一个 的倍数,便能达到 个。
因此正确答案是 E。
The residue classes contain numbers, respectively. We may take numbers from at most one class in each complementary pair and at most one multiple of Thus Taking every number whose residue modulo is or together with one multiple of attains
Thus the correct answer is E.
24.
设 是面积为 的平行四边形,其中 、。点 、 和 分别位于线段 、 和 上,并且 。过 作平行于 的直线,与 交于 。四边形 的面积为
Let be a parallelogram of area with and Locate and on segments and respectively, with Let the line through parallel to intersect at The area of the quadrilateral is
小提示:
以 和 为仿射坐标基
Use and as an affine coordinate basis
大提示:
在该坐标基下,、,且 ;利用平行条件确定
In that basis, and ; use the parallel condition to locate
解答:
以 和 为基向量,则 过 且平行于 的直线与 交于 。用鞋带公式可得 在该坐标系中的面积为 。仿射坐标中的面积应乘以 的面积 ,所以 。
因此正确答案是 C。
Use and as basis vectors. Then A line from parallel to meets at The shoelace formula gives the coordinate area of as Affine coordinates scale all areas by the area of so
Thus the correct answer is C.
25.
在三角形 中,、,且 。过 作 的垂线,过 作 的垂线,两条垂线交于 ,则
In triangle and If perpendiculars constructed to at and to at meet at then
小提示:
取 、
Place and
大提示:
利用 角确定 的位置,再参数化过 且垂直于 的直线
Use the angle to locate then parametrize the line through perpendicular to
解答:
取 、,则 过 且垂直于 的直线为 。与 垂直的一个向量是 ,所以另一条垂线为 。当 时,其 坐标为 。由于 ,可得
因此正确答案是 E。
Set and Then The perpendicular to at is A vector perpendicular to is so the other perpendicular is Its -coordinate is when Since
Thus the correct answer is E.
26.
半圆弧 的圆心为 ,半径为 。点 在 上,且 。分别延长 和 至 和 ,使圆弧 和 的圆心分别为 和 。圆弧 的圆心为 。阴影“笑脸”区域 的面积为
Semicircle has center and radius Point is on and Extend and to and respectively, so that circular arcs and have and as their respective centers. Circular arc has center The area of the shaded “smile,” is
小提示:
利用 找出两个等腰直角三角形,并确定相关半径
Use to identify two isosceles right triangles and determine the relevant radii
大提示:
将笑脸区域表示为一个 扇形加两个 扇形,再减去三角形 和半圆
Express the smile as one sector plus two sectors, then subtract triangle and semicircle
解答:
三角形 和 都是等腰直角三角形,所以 、,且 。笑脸区域等于 扇形 加上全等的两个 扇形 和 ,再减去三角形 与原半圆。其面积为
因此正确答案是 B。
Triangles and are isosceles right triangles, so and The smile is the sector plus the congruent sectors and minus triangle and the original semicircle. Its area is
Thus the correct answer is B.
27.
一个半径为 的圆有长为 的弦 和长为 的弦 。分别沿经过 和 的方向延长 与 ,它们在圆外的点 相交。若 且 ,则
A circle of radius has chords of length and of length When and are extended through and respectively, they intersect at which is outside the circle. If and then
小提示:
使用割线定理求 和
Apply the secant-secant theorem to find and
大提示:
得到 、 和 后,找出一个 -- 三角形
Once and identify a -- triangle
解答:
由点 的幂可得 这里 、,且 ,所以 。因此 、。由于 且 ,三角形 在 处为直角,并且 。所以 是直径,且 因此 。
因此正确答案是 D。
Power of gives Here and so Thus and Since and triangle is right at with Therefore is a diameter, and Hence
Thus the correct answer is D.
28.
令 。方程 的两个根的实部之积为
Let The product of the real parts of the roots of is
小提示:
使用求根公式,并令
Apply the quadratic formula and write
大提示:
解 与 ,从而确定两个根的实部
Solve and to determine the real parts of the two roots
解答:
由求根公式得 因为 ,所以两个根为 它们的实部之积为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
The quadratic formula gives Since the roots are Their real parts have product
Thus the correct answer is B.
29.
一枚“不均匀”硬币出现正面的概率为 。若将这枚硬币抛掷 次,正面出现总次数为偶数的概率是多少?
An “unfair” coin has a probability of turning up heads. If this coin is tossed times, what is the probability that the total number of heads is even?
小提示:
追踪正面次数为偶数与为奇数的概率之差
Track the difference between the probabilities of an even and an odd number of heads
大提示:
每抛掷一次,这个差会乘以
One toss multiplies that difference by
解答:
设 和 分别为抛掷 次后正面次数为偶数和奇数的概率。则 ,并且 因为 ,所以 。联立和与差的方程,得到
因此正确答案是 D。
Let and be the probabilities of an even and odd number of heads after tosses. Then while Since we have Solving the sum and difference equations gives
Thus the correct answer is D.
30.
设 是一个等腰梯形,两底为 和 。假设 ,且一个圆的圆心在 上,并与线段 和 都相切。若 是 的最小可能值,则
Let be an isosceles trapezoid with bases and Suppose and a circle with center on is tangent to segments and If is the smallest possible value of then
小提示:
利用对称性,使梯形两底的中点位于同一条竖直轴上,并将圆心放在 的中点
By symmetry, place the trapezoid with its bases centered on the same vertical axis and put the circle’s center at the midpoint of
大提示:
写出圆心到一条腰的距离,并要求切点在线段上;最小值出现在切点恰为端点的情形
Write the distance from the center to a leg and require the tangency point to lie on the leg segment; the minimum occurs at an endpoint case
解答:
取 、、,且 。由对称性,圆心必为 。每条腰的水平位移为 ,所以 从 向腰作垂线,当垂足到达上端点时,它才首次落在线段上;这个临界条件为 。因此 所以
因此正确答案是 B。
Place and Symmetry forces the circle’s center to be The horizontal offset along each leg is so The perpendicular from to a leg first has its foot on the segment when the foot reaches the upper endpoint; this boundary condition is Thus Therefore
Thus the correct answer is B.