1950 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

若将 6464224466 的比例分成三部分,则最小的一部分是:

If 6464 is divided into three parts proportional to 2,2, 4,4, and 6,6, the smallest part is:

5135\dfrac{1}{3}

1111

102310\dfrac{2}{3}

55

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

知识点:比与比例分数
难度评级:840
小提示:

将比例中的三个数相加,求出总份数

Add the three numbers in the ratio to find the total number of equal shares

大提示:

最小的一部分是 646422+4+6\dfrac{2}{2+4+6}

The smallest part is 22+4+6\dfrac{2}{2+4+6} of 6464

解答:

这个比共有 2+4+6=122+4+6=12 个等份。因此,最小的一部分为 64(212)=323=1023 64\left(\frac{2}{12}\right)=\frac{32}{3}=10\frac{2}{3}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The ratio contains 2+4+6=122+4+6=12 equal shares. The smallest part is therefore 64(212)=323=1023. 64\left(\frac{2}{12}\right)=\frac{32}{3}=10\frac{2}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

R=gS4R=gS-4。当 S=8S=8 时,R=16R=16;当 S=10S=10 时,RR 等于:

Let R=gS4.R=gS-4. When S=8,S=8, R=16.R=16. When S=10,S=10, RR is equal to:

1111

1414

2020

2121

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

难度评级:870
小提示:

先代入已知的 RRSS,求出 gg

First substitute the given values of RR and SS to determine gg

大提示:

第一组数值给出 16=8g416=8g-4

The first pair gives 16=8g416=8g-4

解答:

代入 S=8S=8R=16R=16,得到 16=8g416=8g-4,所以 g=52g=\tfrac52。因此,当 S=10S=10 时, R=52(10)4=21 R=\frac52(10)-4=21\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Substituting S=8S=8 and R=16R=16 gives 16=8g4,16=8g-4, so g=52.g=\tfrac52. Hence, when S=10,S=10, R=52(10)4=21. R=\frac52(10)-4=21.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

3.

方程 4x2+58x=04x^2+5-8x=0 的两根之和等于:

The sum of the roots of the equation 4x2+58x=04x^2+5-8x=0 is equal to:

88

5-5

54-\dfrac54

2-2

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

难度评级:1500
小提示:

将方程按 xx 的降幂排列

Rewrite the equation in descending powers of xx

大提示:

对于 ax2+bx+c=0ax^2+bx+c=0,两根之和为 ba-\frac{b}{a}

For ax2+bx+c=0,ax^2+bx+c=0, the sum of the roots is ba-\frac{b}{a}

解答:

方程的标准形式为 4x28x+5=04x^2-8x+5=0。由韦达定理,两根之和为 84=2 -\frac{-8}{4}=2\text{。}这个值不在选项 A 至 D 中。

因此,正确答案是 E

In standard form the equation is 4x28x+5=0.4x^2-8x+5=0. By Vieta’s formulas, the sum of its roots is 84=2. -\frac{-8}{4}=2. This value is not among choices A through D.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

4.

化为最简式后, a2b2ababb2aba2 \frac{a^2-b^2}{ab}-\frac{ab-b^2}{ab-a^2} 等于:

Reduced to lowest terms, a2b2ababb2aba2 \frac{a^2-b^2}{ab}-\frac{ab-b^2}{ab-a^2} is equal to:

ab\dfrac{a}{b}

a22b2ab\dfrac{a^2-2b^2}{ab}

a2a^2

a2ba-2b

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

难度评级:1600
小提示:

分别因式分解 a2b2a^2-b^2abb2ab-b^2aba2ab-a^2

Factor a2b2,a^2-b^2, abb2,ab-b^2, and aba2ab-a^2

大提示:

第二个分式可化简为 ba-\frac{b}{a}

The second fraction simplifies to ba-\frac{b}{a}

解答:

将各个分子和分母因式分解,得到 a2b2ababb2aba2=(abba)b(ab)a(ba)=abba+ba=ab \begin{aligned} &\frac{a^2-b^2}{ab} -\frac{ab-b^2}{ab-a^2}\\ &=\left(\frac{a}{b}-\frac{b}{a}\right)\\ &\quad-\frac{b(a-b)}{a(b-a)}\\ &=\frac{a}{b}-\frac{b}{a} +\frac{b}{a}\\ &=\frac{a}{b} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

Factoring the numerators and denominator gives a2b2ababb2aba2=(abba)b(ab)a(ba)=abba+ba=ab. \begin{aligned} &\frac{a^2-b^2}{ab} -\frac{ab-b^2}{ab-a^2}\\ &=\left(\frac{a}{b}-\frac{b}{a}\right)\\ &\quad-\frac{b(a-b)}{a(b-a)}\\ &=\frac{a}{b}-\frac{b}{a} +\frac{b}{a}\\ &=\frac{a}{b}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

5.

8858325832 之间插入五个等比中项后,所得等比数列的第五项是:

If five geometric means are inserted between 88 and 5832,5832, the fifth term in the geometric series is:

648648

832832

11681168

19441944

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

知识点:等比数列指数
难度评级:1670
小提示:

插入五个等比中项后,两个已知数分别是第一项和第七项

Inserting five means makes the given numbers the first and seventh terms

大提示:

若公比为 qq,则 8q6=58328q^6=5832

If the common ratio is q,q, then 8q6=58328q^6=5832

解答:

从第一项 88 到第七项 58325832 需要连续乘六次公比。因此, q6=58328=729=36 q^6=\frac{5832}{8}=729=3^6\text{,}所以正公比为 q=3q=3。第五项是 8q4=834=648 8q^4=8\cdot3^4=648\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

There are six common-ratio steps from the first term 88 to the seventh term 5832.5832. Thus q6=58328=729=36, q^6=\frac{5832}{8}=729=3^6, so the positive common ratio is q=3.q=3. The fifth term is 8q4=834=648. 8q^4=8\cdot3^4=648.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

满足下列方程组的 yy

2x2+6x+5y+1=0,2x+y+3=0 \begin{aligned} 2x^2+6x+5y+1&=0,\\ 2x+y+3&=0 \end{aligned}

可以通过求解下列方程得到:

The values of yy which will satisfy the equations

2x2+6x+5y+1=0,2x+y+3=0 \begin{aligned} 2x^2+6x+5y+1&=0,\\ 2x+y+3&=0 \end{aligned}

may be found by solving:

y2+14y7=0y^2+14y-7=0

y2+8y+1=0y^2+8y+1=0

y2+10y7=0y^2+10y-7=0

y2+y12=0y^2+y-12=0

以上方程均不正确

None of the above equations

难度评级:1640
小提示:

将线性方程中的 xxyy 表示

Solve the linear equation for xx in terms of yy

大提示:

x=(y+3)2x=-\frac{(y+3)}{2} 代入第一个方程,再消去分母

Substitute x=(y+3)2x=-\frac{(y+3)}{2} into the first equation and clear the denominator

解答:

由第二个方程可得 x=y+32x=-\tfrac{y+3}{2}。将其代入第一个方程并乘以 22,得到 (y+3)26(y+3)+10y+2=0,y2+10y7=0 \begin{aligned} &(y+3)^2-6(y+3)\\ &\quad+10y+2=0,\\ &y^2+10y-7=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

From the second equation, x=y+32.x=-\tfrac{y+3}{2}. Substituting into the first equation and multiplying by 22 gives (y+3)26(y+3)+10y+2=0,y2+10y7=0. \begin{aligned} &(y+3)^2-6(y+3)\\ &\quad+10y+2=0,\\ &y^2+10y-7=0. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

若在一个两位数后添上数字 11,这个两位数的十位数字为 tt,个位数字为 uu,则新数为:

If the digit 11 is placed after a two digit number whose tens’ digit is t,t, and units’ digit is u,u, the new number is:

10t+u+110t+u+1

100t+10u+1100t+10u+1

1000t+10u+11000t+10u+1

t+u+1t+u+1

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

知识点:位值数字
难度评级:770
小提示:

原来的两位数是 10t+u10t+u

The original two digit number is 10t+u10t+u

大提示:

在末尾添上一位数字,要先将原数乘以 1010,再加上该数字

Appending a digit multiplies the original number by 1010 before adding that digit

解答:

这个两位数是 10t+u10t+u。在它后面添上 11,得到 10(10t+u)+1=100t+10u+1 \begin{aligned} &10(10t+u)+1\\ &=100t+10u+1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

The two digit number is 10t+u.10t+u. Placing 11 after it produces 10(10t+u)+1=100t+10u+1. \begin{aligned} &10(10t+u)+1\\ &=100t+10u+1. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

若圆的半径增加 100%100\%,则面积增加:

If the radius of a circle is increased 100%,100\%, the area is increased:

100%100\%

200%200\%

300%300\%

400%400\%

以上各项均不是

By none of these

难度评级:1220
小提示:

增加 100%100\% 意味着半径变为原来的两倍

An increase of 100%100\% doubles the radius

大提示:

圆的面积与半径的平方成正比

Circle area is proportional to the square of the radius

解答:

rr 增加 100%100\% 后,半径变为 2r2r。面积从 πr2\pi r^2 变为 π(2r)2=4πr2\pi(2r)^2=4\pi r^2,增加了 3πr23\pi r^2,即原面积的 300%300\%

因此,正确答案是 C

Increasing rr by 100%100\% changes it to 2r.2r. The area changes from πr2\pi r^2 to π(2r)2=4πr2,\pi(2r)^2=4\pi r^2, an increase of 3πr2.3\pi r^2. This is 300%300\% of the original area.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

半径为 rr 的半圆内所能内接的最大三角形的面积为:

The area of the largest triangle that can be inscribed in a semicircle whose radius is rr is:

r2r^2

r3r^3

2r22r^2

2r32r^3

12r2\dfrac12r^2

难度评级:1600
小提示:

最长的底边是半圆的直径

The longest possible base is the diameter of the semicircle

大提示:

以直径为底边时,最大高等于半径

With the diameter as base, the greatest possible altitude is the radius

解答:

半圆内三角形的底边至多为直径 2r2r,高至多为 rr。因此,其面积至多为 12(2r)(r)=r2 \frac12(2r)(r)=r^2\text{。}取直径为底边、半圆的最高点为第三个顶点时,可以达到这个上界。

因此,正确答案是 A

A triangle in the semicircle has base at most the diameter 2r2r and altitude at most r.r. Therefore its area is at most 12(2r)(r)=r2. \frac12(2r)(r)=r^2. This bound is attained by using the diameter as the base and the topmost point of the semicircle as the third vertex.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

10.

323\dfrac{\sqrt3-\sqrt2}{\sqrt3} 的分子有理化后,最简形式的分母为:

After rationalizing the numerator of 323,\dfrac{\sqrt3-\sqrt2}{\sqrt3}, the denominator in simplest form is:

3(3+2)\sqrt3(\sqrt3+\sqrt2)

3(32)\sqrt3(\sqrt3-\sqrt2)

3323-\sqrt3\sqrt2

3+63+\sqrt6

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

难度评级:1530
小提示:

分子、分母同乘原分子的共轭式

Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the numerator

大提示:

分子变为 (32)(3+2)=1(\sqrt3-\sqrt2)(\sqrt3+\sqrt2)=1

The numerator becomes (32)(3+2)=1(\sqrt3-\sqrt2)(\sqrt3+\sqrt2)=1

解答:

分子、分母同乘原分子的共轭式,得到 3233+23+2=13(3+2)=13+6 \begin{aligned} &\frac{\sqrt3-\sqrt2}{\sqrt3} \cdot\frac{\sqrt3+\sqrt2}{\sqrt3+\sqrt2}\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt3(\sqrt3+\sqrt2)}\\ &=\frac{1}{3+\sqrt6} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Multiplying by the conjugate of the numerator gives 3233+23+2=13(3+2)=13+6. \begin{aligned} &\frac{\sqrt3-\sqrt2}{\sqrt3} \cdot\frac{\sqrt3+\sqrt2}{\sqrt3+\sqrt2}\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt3(\sqrt3+\sqrt2)}\\ &=\frac{1}{3+\sqrt6}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

在公式 C=enR+nrC=\dfrac{en}{R+nr} 中,若增大 nn,而保持 eeRRrr 不变,则 CC

If in the formula C=enR+nr,C=\dfrac{en}{R+nr}, nn is increased while e,e, R,R, and rr are kept constant, then C:C:

减小

Decreases

增大

Increases

保持不变

Remains constant

先增大后减小

Increases and then decreases

先减小后增大

Decreases and then increases

知识点:函数代数变形
难度评级:1580
小提示:

分子、分母同除以 nn

Divide the numerator and denominator by nn

大提示:

当正数 nn 增大时,Rn\frac{R}{n} 减小

As positive nn grows, Rn\frac{R}{n} decreases

解答:

将公式改写为 C=eRn+r C=\frac{e}{\frac{R}{n}+r}\text{。}当正数 nn 增大时,Rn\frac{R}{n} 减小,所以正分母减小,而分子保持不变。因此,CC 增大。

因此,正确答案是 B

Rewrite the formula as C=eRn+r. C=\frac{e}{\frac{R}{n}+r}. As positive nn increases, Rn\frac{R}{n} decreases, so the positive denominator decreases while the numerator remains fixed. Therefore CC increases.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

当多边形的边数从 33 增加到 nn 时,依次延长各边所形成的外角之和:

As the number of sides of a polygon increases from 33 to n,n, the sum of the exterior angles formed by extending each side in succession:

增大

Increases

减小

Decreases

保持不变

Remains constant

无法确定

Cannot be predicted

变为 (n3)(n-3) 个平角

Becomes (n3)(n-3) straight angles

知识点:角度和
难度评级:1310
小提示:

想象沿多边形的边界走一周

Imagine walking once around the boundary of the polygon

大提示:

所有外角合起来表示完整转一周

The exterior angles record one complete turn

解答:

沿多边形走一周,并在每个顶点转过相应的外角,恰好完成一整圈。因此,无论边数多少,外角和始终为 360360^\circ

因此,正确答案是 C

Traversing the polygon and turning through each exterior angle makes one complete turn. Hence the sum is always 360,360^\circ, independent of the number of sides.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

13.

方程 (x23x+2)(x)(x4)=0(x^2-3x+2)(x)(x-4)=0 的根为:

The roots of (x23x+2)(x)(x4)=0(x^2-3x+2)(x)(x-4)=0 are:

44

0044

00 and 44

1122

11 and 22

00112244

0,0, 1,1, 2,2, and 44

112244

1,1, 2,2, and 44

难度评级:1410
小提示:

将二次因式分解

Factor the quadratic factor

大提示:

乘积为零时,至少有一个因式为零

A product is zero when at least one of its factors is zero

解答:

由于 x23x+2=(x1)(x2)x^2-3x+2=(x-1)(x-2),原方程化为 (x1)(x2)x(x4)=0 (x-1)(x-2)x(x-4)=0\text{。}它的根为 00112244

因此,正确答案是 D

Since x23x+2=(x1)(x2),x^2-3x+2=(x-1)(x-2), the equation becomes (x1)(x2)x(x4)=0. (x-1)(x-2)x(x-4)=0. Its roots are 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, and 4.4.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

对于方程组

2x3y=8,6y4x=9 \begin{aligned} 2x-3y&=8,\\ 6y-4x&=9\text{,} \end{aligned}

For the simultaneous equations

2x3y=8,6y4x=9, \begin{aligned} 2x-3y&=8,\\ 6y-4x&=9, \end{aligned}

x=4,x=4, y=0y=0

x=0,x=0, y=32y=\dfrac32

x=0,x=0, y=0y=0

无解

There is no solution

有无穷多个解

There are an infinite number of solutions

难度评级:1510
小提示:

比较第二个方程的左边与第一个方程的左边

Compare the left side of the second equation with the left side of the first

大提示:

若将第一个方程乘以 2-2,则第二个方程的右边应为 16-16

Multiplying the first equation by 2-2 would require the second right side to be 16-16

解答:

第二个方程的左边是 2(2x3y)-2(2x-3y)。若第一个方程成立,这个式子必须等于 28=16-2\cdot8=-16,但第二个方程却规定它等于 99。这个矛盾说明不存在同时满足两个方程的有序数对。

因此,正确答案是 D

The left side of the second equation is 2(2x3y).-2(2x-3y). If the first equation holds, that expression must equal 28=16,-2\cdot8=-16, but the second equation says it equals 9.9. This contradiction means that no ordered pair satisfies both equations.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

在实数范围内,x2+4x^2+4 的因式为:

The real factors of x2+4x^2+4 are:

(x2+2)(x2+2)(x^2+2)(x^2+2)

(x2+2)(x22)(x^2+2)(x^2-2)

x2(x2+4)x^2(x^2+4)

(x22x+2)(x2+2x+2)(x^2-2x+2)(x^2+2x+2)

不存在

Non-existent

难度评级:1400
小提示:

一个实数一次因式对应一个实根

A real linear factor would correspond to a real root

大提示:

x2+4=0x^2+4=0 需要满足 x2=4x^2=-4

Solving x2+4=0x^2+4=0 requires x2=4x^2=-4

解答:

若有实数一次因式,就会有实根。然而,x2+4=0x^2+4=0 可推出 x2=4x^2=-4,它没有实数解。因此,这个多项式没有实数一次因式。

因此,正确答案是 E

A real linear factor would give a real root. But x2+4=0x^2+4=0 implies x2=4,x^2=-4, which has no real solution. Therefore the polynomial has no real linear factors.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

16.

[(a+3b)2(a3b)2]2\big[(a+3b)^2(a-3b)^2\big]^2 展开并合并同类项后,项数为:

The number of terms in the expansion of [(a+3b)2(a3b)2]2\big[(a+3b)^2(a-3b)^2\big]^2 when simplified is:

44

55

66

77

88

难度评级:1580
小提示:

展开前,先将 a+3ba+3ba3ba-3b 相乘

Combine a+3ba+3b and a3ba-3b before expanding

大提示:

原式可化简为 (a29b2)4(a^2-9b^2)^4

The expression simplifies to (a29b2)4(a^2-9b^2)^4

解答:

利用平方差公式, [(a+3b)2(a3b)2]2=[(a29b2)2]2=(a29b2)4 \begin{aligned} &\big[(a+3b)^2(a-3b)^2\big]^2\\ &=\big[(a^2-9b^2)^2\big]^2\\ &=(a^2-9b^2)^4 \end{aligned}\text{。}其二项式展开中,指数的每个取值 0,1,2,3,40,1,2,3,4 都对应一个非零项,因此共有五项。

因此,正确答案是 B

Using the difference of squares, [(a+3b)2(a3b)2]2=[(a29b2)2]2=(a29b2)4. \begin{aligned} &\big[(a+3b)^2(a-3b)^2\big]^2\\ &=\big[(a^2-9b^2)^2\big]^2\\ &=(a^2-9b^2)^4. \end{aligned} Its binomial expansion has one nonzero term for each exponent choice 0,1,2,3,4,0,1,2,3,4, so it has five terms.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

下表所示的 xxyy 之间的关系式为:

x01234y1009070400 \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline x&0&1&2&3&4\\ \hline y&100&90&70&40&0\\ \hline \end{array}

The formula which expresses the relationship between xx and yy as shown in the accompanying table is:

x01234y1009070400 \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline x&0&1&2&3&4\\ \hline y&100&90&70&40&0\\ \hline \end{array}

y=10010xy=100-10x

y=1005x2y=100-5x^2

y=1005x5x2y=100-5x-5x^2

y=20xx2y=20-x-x^2

以上答案均不正确

None of these

难度评级:1360
小提示:

将表中一个较小的非零值(如 x=1x=1)代入各个备选公式

Substitute a small nonzero table value such as x=1x=1 into each proposed formula

大提示:

再用 x=2x=2x=3x=3 检验剩下的公式

Then verify the surviving formula with x=2x=2 or x=3x=3

解答:

x=1x=1 时,选项 A 和 C 均得到 9090,而 B 得到 9595,D 得到 1818。再令 x=2x=2 检验剩下的两个选项:A 得到 8080,而 C 得到 1005(2)5(22)=70 100-5(2)-5(2^2)=70\text{,}与表格相符。

因此,正确答案是 C

At x=1,x=1, choices A and C both give 90,90, while B gives 9595 and D gives 18.18. Testing the two survivors at x=2,x=2, choice A gives 80,80, whereas choice C gives 1005(2)5(22)=70, 100-5(2)-5(2^2)=70, matching the table.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

下列各式中

(1)a(xy)=axay(1)\quad a(x-y)=ax-ay

(2)axy=axay(2)\quad a^{x-y}=a^x-a^y

(3)log(xy)=logxlogy(3)\quad \log(x-y)=\log x-\log y

(4)logxlogy=logxlogy(4)\quad \dfrac{\log x}{\log y}=\log x-\log y

(5)a(xy)=ax×ay(5)\quad a(xy)=ax\times ay

Of the following

(1)a(xy)=axay(1)\quad a(x-y)=ax-ay

(2)axy=axay(2)\quad a^{x-y}=a^x-a^y

(3)log(xy)=logxlogy(3)\quad \log(x-y)=\log x-\log y

(4)logxlogy=logxlogy(4)\quad \dfrac{\log x}{\log y}=\log x-\log y

(5)a(xy)=ax×ay(5)\quad a(xy)=ax\times ay

只有 1144 正确

Only 11 and 44 are true

只有 1155 正确

Only 11 and 55 are true

只有 1133 正确

Only 11 and 33 are true

只有 1122 正确

Only 11 and 22 are true

只有 11 正确

Only 11 is true

难度评级:1470
小提示:

将每个等式与指数和对数的标准运算法则比较

Compare each statement with the standard rules for exponents and logarithms

大提示:

特别注意,指数或对数内部的减法不能按题中方式分配

In particular, subtraction inside an exponent or logarithm does not distribute as written

解答:

等式 11 是分配律。等式 22 错误,因为 axy=axaya^{x-y}=\frac{a^x}{a^y}。等式 33 错误,因为 logxlogy=log(xy)\log x-\log y=\log(\frac{x}{y})。等式 44 把换底公式中的商误写成了差;等式 55 的右边应化为 a2xya^2xy,而不是 axyaxy

因此,只有等式 11 正确,所以正确答案是 E

Statement 11 is the distributive property. Statement 22 is false because axy=axay.a^{x-y}=\frac{a^x}{a^y}. Statement 33 is false because logxlogy=log(xy).\log x-\log y=\log(\frac{x}{y}). Statement 44 confuses the change-of-base quotient with a difference, and statement 55 has right side a2xy,a^2xy, not axy.axy.

Thus, only statement 11 is true, so the correct answer is E.

19.

mm 名工人可在 dd 天内完成一项工作,则 m+rm+r 名工人完成这项工作需要:

If mm men can do a job in dd days, then m+rm+r men can do the job in:

d+rd+r

d+rd+r days

drd-r

drd-r days

mdm+r\dfrac{md}{m+r}

mdm+r\dfrac{md}{m+r} days

dm+r\dfrac{d}{m+r}

dm+r\dfrac{d}{m+r} days

以上答案均不正确

None of these

知识点:速率比与比例
难度评级:1220
小提示:

用人日衡量总工作量

Measure the total job in man-days

大提示:

原来的工人共完成 mdmd 人日的工作

The original crew performs mdmd man-days of work

解答:

这项工作需要 md=mdm\cdot d=md 人日。若 m+rm+r 名工人的个人效率相同,则所需天数为 mdm+r \frac{md}{m+r}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The job requires md=mdm\cdot d=md man-days. With m+rm+r men working at the same individual rate, the required number of days is mdm+r. \frac{md}{m+r}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

x1x-1x13+1x^{13}+1,所得余数为:

When x13+1x^{13}+1 is divided by x1,x-1, the remainder is:

11

1-1

00

22

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

知识点:多项式换元法
难度评级:1520
小提示:

使用余式定理

Use the Remainder Theorem

大提示:

除以 x1x-1 时,计算多项式在 x=1x=1 处的值

For division by x1,x-1, evaluate the polynomial at x=1x=1

解答:

根据余式定理,除以 x1x-1 所得的余数等于多项式在 x=1x=1 处的值,即 113+1=2 1^{13}+1=2\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

By the Remainder Theorem, the remainder upon division by x1x-1 is the value of the polynomial at x=1.x=1. This value is 113+1=2. 1^{13}+1=2.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

21.

一个长方体的侧面、正面和底面的面积分别为 1212 平方英寸、88 平方英寸和 66 平方英寸,则其体积为:

The volume of a rectangular solid each of whose side, front, and bottom faces are 1212 square inches, 88 square inches, and 66 square inches respectively is:

576576 立方英寸

576576 cubic inches

2424 立方英寸

2424 cubic inches

99 立方英寸

99 cubic inches

104104 立方英寸

104104 cubic inches

以上答案均不正确

None of these

难度评级:1600
小提示:

设三条棱长分别为 xxyyzz

Let the three edge lengths be x,x, y,y, and zz

大提示:

三个面的面积相乘得到 (xyz)2(xyz)^2

Multiplying the three face areas gives (xyz)2(xyz)^2

解答:

若三条棱长分别为 xxyyzz,则三个面的面积分别为 xyxyyzyzxzxz。因此, (xyz)2=(xy)(yz)(xz)=1286=576 \begin{aligned} (xyz)^2&=(xy)(yz)(xz)\\ &=12\cdot8\cdot6=576 \end{aligned}\text{。}由于体积为正,所以 xyz=576=24xyz=\sqrt{576}=24 立方英寸。

因此,正确答案是 B

If the edge lengths are x,x, y,y, and z,z, then the three face areas are xy,xy, yz,yz, and xz.xz. Therefore (xyz)2=(xy)(yz)(xz)=1286=576. \begin{aligned} (xyz)^2&=(xy)(yz)(xz)\\ &=12\cdot8\cdot6=576. \end{aligned} Since the volume is positive, xyz=576=24xyz=\sqrt{576}=24 cubic inches.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

先后打 10%10\%20%20\% 的折扣,相当于一次打:

Successive discounts of 10%10\% and 20%20\% are equivalent to a single discount of:

30%30\%

15%15\%

72%72\%

28%28\%

以上答案均不正确

None of these

知识点:百分数
难度评级:1100
小提示:

以原价 100100 为例,依次计算两次折扣

Apply both discounts to a price of 100100

大提示:

第一次折扣后,第二次折扣以 9090 而不是 100100 为基数

After the first discount, the second discount is taken from 90,90, not from 100100

解答:

从价格 100100 开始,第一次折扣后剩下 9090。第二次折扣后剩下 0.8(90)=720.8(90)=72。因此,总共减少了 10072=28100-72=28,即 28%28\%

因此,正确答案是 D

Starting from a price of 100,100, the first discount leaves 90.90. The second discount leaves 0.8(90)=72.0.8(90)=72. The total reduction is therefore 10072=28,100-72=28, or 28%.28\%.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

某人花 $10,000\$10{,}000 买下一栋房子并出租。他把每月租金的 1212%12\dfrac12\% 留作修缮和维护,每年缴税 $325\$325,并希望获得 512%5\dfrac12\% 的投资回报率。每月租金为:

A man buys a house for $10,000\$10{,}000 and rents it. He puts 1212%12\dfrac12\% of each month’s rent aside for repairs and upkeep; pays $325\$325 a year taxes and realizes 512%5\dfrac12\% on his investment. The monthly rent is:

$64.82\$64.82

$83.33\$83.33

$72.08\$72.08

$45.83\$45.83

$177.08\$177.08

难度评级:1650
小提示:

设每月租金为 rr,则全年租金为 12r12r

Let rr be the monthly rent and express the annual rent as 12r12r

大提示:

扣除维护费和税款后,年收益必须是 $10,000\$10,0005.5%5.5\%

After upkeep and taxes, the annual return must be 5.5%5.5\% of $10,000\$10,000

解答:

设每月租金为 rr 美元。全年租金为 12r12r,留出维护费后剩下其中的 10.125=781-0.125=\tfrac78。期望的年收益为 0.055(10,000)=5500.055(10,000)=550 美元,所以 78(12r)325=550 \frac78(12r)-325=550\text{。}于是 10.5r=87510.5r=875,得到 r=83.3r=83.\overline3,精确到美分为 $83.33\$83.33

因此,正确答案是 B

Let the monthly rent be rr dollars. The yearly rent is 12r,12r, of which 10.125=781-0.125=\tfrac78 remains after setting aside the upkeep money. The desired yearly return is 0.055(10,000)=5500.055(10,000)=550 dollars, so 78(12r)325=550. \frac78(12r)-325=550. Hence 10.5r=875,10.5r=875, giving r=83.3,r=83.\overline3, which is $83.33\$83.33 to the nearest cent.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

方程 x+x2=4x+\sqrt{x-2}=4 有:

The equation x+x2=4x+\sqrt{x-2}=4 has:

22 个实根

22 real roots

11 个实根和 11 个虚根

11 real and 11 imaginary root

22 个虚根

22 imaginary roots

没有根

No roots

11 个实根

11 real root

难度评级:1470
小提示:

平方前先将根式单独置于一边

Isolate the square root before squaring

大提示:

将所得二次方程的每个根代回原方程检验

Check every root of the resulting quadratic in the original equation

解答:

将根式单独置于一边并平方,得到 x2=4x,x2=(4x)2,x29x+18=0 \begin{aligned} \sqrt{x-2}&=4-x,\\ x-2&=(4-x)^2,\\ x^2-9x+18&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}所得二次方程的根为 3366。其中 33 满足原方程,但将后者代回原方程得 6+4=86+\sqrt4=8,所以 66 是增根。

因此,正确答案是 E

Isolating and squaring gives x2=4x,x2=(4x)2,x29x+18=0. \begin{aligned} \sqrt{x-2}&=4-x,\\ x-2&=(4-x)^2,\\ x^2-9x+18&=0. \end{aligned} The quadratic roots are 33 and 6.6. The value 33 satisfies the original equation, but 66 gives 6+4=8,6+\sqrt4=8, so it is extraneous.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

25.

log5(125)(625)25\log_5\dfrac{(125)(625)}{25} 的值等于:

The value of log5(125)(625)25\log_5\dfrac{(125)(625)}{25} is equal to:

725725

66

31253125

55

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

知识点:对数指数
难度评级:1320
小提示:

1251256256252525 写成 55 的幂

Write 125,125, 625,625, and 2525 as powers of 55

大提示:

对数的真数可化简为 53+425^{3+4-2}

The logarithm’s argument simplifies to 53+425^{3+4-2}

解答:

由于 125=53125=5^3625=54625=5^425=5225=5^2log5(125)(625)25=log5(53+42)=log5(55)=5 \begin{aligned} &\log_5\frac{(125)(625)}{25}\\ &=\log_5\left(5^{3+4-2}\right)\\ &=\log_5(5^5)=5 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Since 125=53,125=5^3, 625=54,625=5^4, and 25=52,25=5^2, log5(125)(625)25=log5(53+42)=log5(55)=5. \begin{aligned} &\log_5\frac{(125)(625)}{25}\\ &=\log_5\left(5^{3+4-2}\right)\\ &=\log_5(5^5)=5. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

26.

log10m=blog10n\log_{10}m=b-\log_{10}n,则 m=m=

If log10m=blog10n,\log_{10}m=b-\log_{10}n, then m=m=

bn\dfrac{b}{n}

bnbn

10bn10^bn

b10nb-10^n

10bn\dfrac{10^b}{n}

知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:1400
小提示:

log10n\log_{10}n 移到等式左边

Move log10n\log_{10}n to the left side

大提示:

合并两个对数,再以 1010 为底取指数

Combine the two logarithms and then exponentiate with base 1010

解答:

移项并使用对数的乘法法则,得到 log10m+log10n=log10(mn)=b \begin{aligned} &\log_{10}m+\log_{10}n\\ &=\log_{10}(mn)=b \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 mn=10bmn=10^b,所以 m=10bnm=\dfrac{10^b}{n}

因此,正确答案是 E

Rearranging and using the product rule for logarithms gives log10m+log10n=log10(mn)=b. \begin{aligned} &\log_{10}m+\log_{10}n\\ &=\log_{10}(mn)=b. \end{aligned} Therefore mn=10b,mn=10^b, so m=10bn.m=\dfrac{10^b}{n}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

27.

一辆汽车以每小时 3030 英里的速度从 AA 行驶 120120 英里到 BB,再以每小时 4040 英里的速度原路返回。往返全程的平均速度最接近:

A car travels 120120 miles from AA to BB at 3030 miles per hour but returns the same distance at 4040 miles per hour. The average speed for the round trip is closest to:

每小时 3333 英里

3333 mph

每小时 3434 英里

3434 mph

每小时 3535 英里

3535 mph

每小时 3636 英里

3636 mph

每小时 3737 英里

3737 mph

难度评级:1410
小提示:

平均速度等于总路程除以总时间

Average speed is total distance divided by total time

大提示:

两段路程分别用时 12030\frac{120}{30} 小时和 12040\frac{120}{40} 小时

The two legs take 12030\frac{120}{30} and 12040\frac{120}{40} hours

解答:

总路程为 240240 英里。两段路程分别用时 44 小时和 33 小时,所以平均速度(单位为英里/小时)为 2404+3=240734.29 \frac{240}{4+3}=\frac{240}{7}\approx34.29\text{。}这最接近每小时 3434 英里。

因此,正确答案是 B

The total distance is 240240 miles. The travel times are 44 hours and 33 hours, so the average speed, in miles per hour, is 2404+3=240734.29 \frac{240}{4+3}=\frac{240}{7}\approx34.29 which is closest to 3434 mph.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

28.

两名男孩 AABB 同时从 Port Jervis 骑车前往 6060 英里外的 Poughkeepsie。AA 的速度比 BB 每小时慢 44 英里。BB 到达 Poughkeepsie 后立即掉头,在距 Poughkeepsie 1212 英里处与 AA 相遇。AA 的速度为:

Two boys AA and BB start at the same time to ride from Port Jervis to Poughkeepsie, 6060 miles away. AA travels 44 miles an hour slower than B.B. BB reaches Poughkeepsie and at once turns back meeting AA 1212 miles from Poughkeepsie. The rate of AA was:

每小时 44 英里

44 mph

每小时 88 英里

88 mph

每小时 1212 英里

1212 mph

每小时 1616 英里

1616 mph

每小时 2020 英里

2020 mph

难度评级:1640
小提示:

相遇时,AA 已行驶 4848 英里

By the meeting time, AA has traveled 4848 miles

大提示:

在相同时间内,BB 已行驶 60+12=7260+12=72 英里

In the same time, BB has traveled 60+12=7260+12=72 miles

解答:

相遇时,AA 已行驶 6012=4860-12=48 英里,BB 已行驶 60+12=7260+12=72 英里。由于两人行驶的时间相同,速度之比为 48:72=2:348:72=2:3。若 AA 的速度为 vv,则 BB 的速度为 v+4v+4,所以 vv+4=23 \frac{v}{v+4}=\frac23\text{。}于是 3v=2v+83v=2v+8,得到 v=8v=8,即每小时八英里。

因此,正确答案是 B

At the meeting point, AA has traveled 6012=4860-12=48 miles and BB has traveled 60+12=7260+12=72 miles. Since their travel times are equal, their speeds are in the ratio 48:72=2:3.48:72=2:3. If AA’s speed is v,v, then BB’s is v+4,v+4, so vv+4=23. \frac{v}{v+4}=\frac23. Thus 3v=2v+8,3v=2v+8, and v=8v=8 mph.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

29.

某制造商造了一台机器,可在 88 分钟内给 500500 个信封书写地址。他希望再造一台机器,使两台机器同时工作时能在 22 分钟内完成 500500 个信封。若第二台机器单独完成 500500 个信封需要 xx 分钟,则求该时间所用的方程为:

A manufacturer built a machine which will address 500500 envelopes in 88 minutes. He wishes to build another machine so that when both are operating together they will address 500500 envelopes in 22 minutes. The equation used to find how many minutes xx it would require the second machine to address 500500 envelopes alone is:

8x=28-x=2

18+1x=12\dfrac18+\dfrac1x=\dfrac12

5008+500x=500\dfrac{500}{8}+\dfrac{500}{x}=500

x2+x8=1\dfrac{x}{2}+\dfrac{x}{8}=1

以上答案均不正确

None of these answers

知识点:速率分式方程
难度评级:1440
小提示:

以每分钟完成多少批 500500 个信封来表示各台机器的效率

Measure each machine’s rate in batches of 500500 envelopes per minute

大提示:

两台机器各自的效率之和等于共同工作的效率

The two individual rates must add to the combined rate

解答:

第一台机器每分钟完成一批 500500 个信封的 18\tfrac18,第二台每分钟完成一批的 1x\tfrac1x。两台一起工作时,每分钟必须完成一批的 12\tfrac12。因此,所需方程为 18+1x=12 \frac18+\frac1x=\frac12\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

The first machine completes 18\tfrac18 of a 500500-envelope batch per minute, and the second completes 1x\tfrac1x of a batch per minute. Together they must complete 12\tfrac12 of a batch per minute. Therefore the required equation is 18+1x=12. \frac18+\frac1x=\frac12.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

30.

一群男孩和女孩中先有 1515 名女孩离开,此时每名女孩对应两名男孩。随后又有 4545 名男孩离开,此时每名男孩对应 55 名女孩。最初的女孩人数为:

From a group of boys and girls, 1515 girls leave. There are then left two boys for each girl. After this 4545 boys leave. There are then 55 girls for each boy. The number of girls in the beginning was:

4040

4343

2929

5050

以上答案均不正确

None of these

难度评级:1600
小提示:

设最初的女孩和男孩人数分别为 GGBB

Let GG and BB be the original numbers of girls and boys

大提示:

将两个比例写成 B=2(G15)B=2(G-15)G15=5(B45)G-15=5(B-45)

Translate the two ratios as B=2(G15)B=2(G-15) and G15=5(B45)G-15=5(B-45)

解答:

设最初有 GG 名女孩和 BB 名男孩。两个条件给出 B=2(G15),G15=5(B45) \begin{aligned} B&=2(G-15),\\ G-15&=5(B-45) \end{aligned}\text{。}将第一个方程代入第二个方程,得到 G15=5(2(G15)45)=10G375 \begin{aligned} G-15 &=5\bigl(2(G-15)-45\bigr)\\ &=10G-375 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 9G=3609G=360,所以 G=40G=40

因此,正确答案是 A

Let the original counts be GG girls and BB boys. The two conditions give B=2(G15),G15=5(B45). \begin{aligned} B&=2(G-15),\\ G-15&=5(B-45). \end{aligned} Substituting the first into the second yields G15=5(2(G15)45)=10G375. \begin{aligned} G-15 &=5\bigl(2(G-15)-45\bigr)\\ &=10G-375. \end{aligned} Hence 9G=360,9G=360, so G=40.G=40.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

31.

约翰订购了 44 双黑袜和若干双蓝袜。每双黑袜的价格是蓝袜的两倍。配货时,两种颜色袜子的双数被调换了,导致账单金额增加 50%50\%。原订单中黑袜双数与蓝袜双数之比为:

John ordered 44 pairs of black socks and some additional pairs of blue socks. The price of the black socks per pair was twice that of the blue. When the order was filled, it was found that the number of pairs of the two colors had been interchanged. This increased the bill by 50%.50\%. The ratio of the number of pairs of black socks to the number of pairs of blue socks in the original order was:

4:14:1

2:12:1

1:41:4

1:21:2

1:81:8

难度评级:1560
小提示:

设每双蓝袜价格为 pp,原订单中蓝袜有 nn

Let a blue pair cost pp and let nn be the original number of blue pairs

大提示:

比较原账单 (8+n)p(8+n)p 与调换数量后的账单 (2n+4)p(2n+4)p

Compare the original bill (8+n)p(8+n)p with the interchanged bill (2n+4)p(2n+4)p

解答:

设每双蓝袜价格为 pp,则每双黑袜价格为 2p2p;再设原订单中蓝袜有 nn 双。原账单为 (8+n)p(8+n)p。调换两种袜子的双数后,账单为 (2n+4)p(2n+4)p。后者比前者多 50%50\%,所以 2n+4=32(n+8) 2n+4=\frac32(n+8)\text{。}因此 n=16n=16,原订单中黑袜与蓝袜的双数之比为 4:16=1:44:16=1:4

因此,正确答案是 C

Let a blue pair cost p,p, so a black pair costs 2p,2p, and let nn be the original number of blue pairs. The original bill is (8+n)p.(8+n)p. After the quantities are interchanged, the bill is (2n+4)p.(2n+4)p. The latter is 50%50\% greater, so 2n+4=32(n+8). 2n+4=\frac32(n+8). Thus n=16,n=16, and the original black-to-blue ratio is 4:16=1:4.4:16=1:4.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

32.

一架长 2525 英尺的梯子斜靠在建筑物的竖直墙面上,梯脚距墙根 77 英尺。若梯顶向下滑 44 英尺,则梯脚将滑动:

A 2525 foot ladder is placed against a vertical wall of a building. The foot of the ladder is 77 feet from the base of the building. If the top of the ladder slips 44 feet, then the foot of the ladder will slide:

99 英尺

99 ft

1515 英尺

1515 ft

55 英尺

55 ft

88 英尺

88 ft

44 英尺

44 ft

难度评级:1310
小提示:

利用直角三角形求梯顶原来在墙上的高度

Find the ladder’s original height on the wall using a right triangle

大提示:

梯顶下滑后,高度减少 44 英尺,而斜边仍为 2525

After the top slips, the new height is 44 feet less while the hypotenuse stays 2525

解答:

梯顶原来的高度(单位为英尺)为 25272=576=24 \sqrt{25^2-7^2}=\sqrt{576}=24\text{。}梯顶下滑后,高度为 2020 英尺,所以新的水平距离为 252202=15\sqrt{25^2-20^2}=15 英尺。因此,梯脚滑动了 157=815-7=8 英尺。

因此,正确答案是 D

The initial height, in feet, is 25272=576=24. \sqrt{25^2-7^2}=\sqrt{576}=24. After the top slips, the height is 2020 feet, so the new horizontal distance is 252202=15\sqrt{25^2-20^2}=15 feet. The foot therefore slides 157=815-7=8 feet.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

33.

内径为 11 英寸的圆管需要多少根,才能与一根内径为 66 英寸的圆管输送相同的水量?

The number of circular pipes with an inside diameter of 11 inch which will carry the same amount of water as a pipe with an inside diameter of 66 inches is:

6π6\pi

66

1212

3636

36π36\pi

难度评级:1240
小提示:

输水能力与横截面积成正比

Water-carrying capacity is proportional to cross-sectional area

大提示:

圆的面积与直径的平方成正比

Circular area scales as the square of the diameter

解答:

两种圆管的直径之比为 6:16:1,所以横截面积之比为 62:12=36:1 6^2:1^2=36:1\text{。}因此,3636 根小圆管的横截面积之和等于大圆管的横截面积。

因此,正确答案是 D

The ratio of the diameters is 6:1,6:1, so the ratio of cross-sectional areas is 62:12=36:1. 6^2:1^2=36:1. Thus 3636 of the smaller pipes have the same total cross-sectional area as the larger pipe.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

34.

一个玩具气球的圆周长从 2020 英寸增加到 2525 英寸时,半径增加了:

When the circumference of a toy balloon is increased from 2020 inches to 2525 inches, the radius is increased by:

55 英寸

55 in

2122\dfrac12 英寸

2122\dfrac12 in

5π\dfrac5\pi 英寸

5π\dfrac5\pi in

52π\dfrac{5}{2\pi} 英寸

52π\dfrac{5}{2\pi} in

π5\dfrac{\pi}{5} 英寸

π5\dfrac{\pi}{5} in

难度评级:1310
小提示:

对两个圆周长分别使用 C=2πrC=2\pi r

Use C=2πrC=2\pi r for each circumference

大提示:

圆周长的变化量是半径变化量的 2π2\pi

The change in circumference is 2π2\pi times the change in radius

解答:

因为 C=2πrC=2\pi r,所以变化量满足 2520=2π(rnewrold) 25-20=2\pi\mathopen{}\left(r_{\mathrm{new}}-r_{\mathrm{old}}\right)\mathclose{}\text{。}因此,半径增加了 52π\dfrac{5}{2\pi} 英寸。

因此,正确答案是 D

Because C=2πr,C=2\pi r, the changes satisfy 2520=2π(rnewrold). 25-20=2\pi\mathopen{}\left(r_{\mathrm{new}}-r_{\mathrm{old}}\right)\mathclose{}. Hence the radius increases by 52π\dfrac{5}{2\pi} inches.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

35.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AC=24AC=24 英寸,BC=10BC=10 英寸,AB=26AB=26 英寸。其内切圆半径为:

In triangle ABC,ABC, AC=24AC=24 inches, BC=10BC=10 inches, AB=26AB=26 inches. The radius of the inscribed circle is:

2626 英寸

2626 in

44 英寸

44 in

1313 英寸

1313 in

88 英寸

88 in

以上答案均不正确

None of these

难度评级:1510
小提示:

这些边长组成一个直角三角形

The side lengths form a right triangle

大提示:

对于两条直角边为 a,ba,b、斜边为 cc 的直角三角形,内切圆半径为 a+bc2\frac{a+b-c}{2}

For a right triangle with legs a,ba,b and hypotenuse c,c, the inradius is a+bc2\frac{a+b-c}{2}

解答:

由于 102+242=26210^2+24^2=26^2,这个三角形是直角三角形。其面积为 12(10)(24)=120\tfrac12(10)(24)=120,半周长为 10+24+262=30\tfrac{10+24+26}{2}=30。利用 K=rsK=rs,内切圆半径(单位为英寸)为 r=Ks=12030=4 r=\frac{K}{s}=\frac{120}{30}=4\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Since 102+242=262,10^2+24^2=26^2, the triangle is right. Its area is 12(10)(24)=120,\tfrac12(10)(24)=120, and its semiperimeter is 10+24+262=30.\tfrac{10+24+26}{2}=30. Using K=rs,K=rs, the inradius, in inches, is r=Ks=12030=4. r=\frac{K}{s}=\frac{120}{30}=4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

36.

一位商人以比目录价低 25%25\% 的价格购入商品。他希望设定一个标价,使商品按标价打 20%20\% 的折扣售出后,利润仍为售价的 25%25\%。标价应为目录价的百分之几?

A merchant buys goods at 25%25\% off the list price. He desires to mark the goods so that he can give a discount of 20%20\% on the marked price and still clear a profit of 25%25\% on the selling price. What per cent of the list price must he mark the goods?

125%125\%

100%100\%

120%120\%

80%80\%

75%75\%

难度评级:1560
小提示:

设目录价为 LL,标价为 MM

Take the list price to be LL and the marked price to be MM

大提示:

成本为 0.75L0.75L,售价为 0.8M0.8M,且成本是售价的 75%75\%

The cost is 0.75L,0.75L, the selling price is 0.8M,0.8M, and the cost is 75%75\% of the selling price

解答:

设目录价和标价分别为 LLMM。商人的成本为 0.75L0.75L,打折后的售价为 0.8M0.8M。利润等于售价的 25%25\%,意味着成本是售价的其余 75%75\%。因此, 0.75L=0.75(0.8M)=0.6M 0.75L=0.75(0.8M)=0.6M\text{。}所以 M=1.25LM=1.25L,即目录价的 125%125\%

因此,正确答案是 A

Let the list and marked prices be LL and M.M. The merchant’s cost is 0.75L,0.75L, while the selling price after the discount is 0.8M.0.8M. A profit equal to 25%25\% of the selling price means that the cost is the remaining 75%75\% of that price. Therefore 0.75L=0.75(0.8M)=0.6M. 0.75L=0.75(0.8M)=0.6M. Thus M=1.25L,M=1.25L, or 125%125\% of the list price.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

37.

y=logaxy=\log_a x,且 a>1a>1,下列哪个说法不正确?

If y=logax,y=\log_a x, a>1,a>1, which of the following statements is incorrect?

x=1x=1,则 y=0y=0

If x=1,x=1, y=0y=0

x=ax=a,则 y=1y=1

If x=a,x=a, y=1y=1

x=1x=-1,则 yy 为虚数(复数)

If x=1,x=-1, yy is imaginary (complex)

若 0<x<1,则 yy 始终小于 00,并且当 xx 趋近于零时无限减小

If 0<x<1, yy is always less than 00 and decreases without limit as xx approaches zero

以上说法只有一部分正确

Only some of the above statements are correct

知识点:对数函数复数
难度评级:1530
小提示:

直接根据对数的定义检验选项 A 和 B

Check choices A and B directly from the definition of a logarithm

大提示:

a>1a>1 时,实对数函数递增,并在 xx 从右侧趋近于 00 时趋于 -\infty

For a>1,a>1, the real logarithm is increasing and tends to -\infty as xx approaches 00 from the right

解答:

我们有 loga1=0\log_a1=0logaa=1\log_aa=1。实对数在 1-1 处没有定义,但其复数值不是实数。当 a>1a>1 时,在 0<x<10<x<1 上有 logax<0\log_a x<0,并且当 xx 从右侧趋近于 00 时,它趋于 -\infty。因此,A 至 D 都正确,“只有一部分正确”才是不正确的说法。

因此,正确答案是 E

We have loga1=0\log_a1=0 and logaa=1.\log_aa=1. A real logarithm is not defined at 1,-1, though its complex values are nonreal. For a>1,a>1, logax<0\log_a x<0 on 0<x<1,0<x<1, and it tends to -\infty as xx approaches 00 from the right. Thus statements A through D are all correct, making the claim that only some are correct the incorrect statement.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

38.

若对于 aabbccdd 的任意取值,式子 acdb \begin{vmatrix}a&c\\d&b\end{vmatrix} 的值均为 abcdab-cd,则方程 2x1xx=3 \begin{vmatrix}2x&1\\x&x\end{vmatrix}=3

If the expression acdb \begin{vmatrix}a&c\\d&b\end{vmatrix} has the value abcdab-cd for all values of a,a, b,b, c,c, and d,d, then the equation 2x1xx=3 \begin{vmatrix}2x&1\\x&x\end{vmatrix}=3

仅有 11xx 值满足

Is satisfied for only 11 value of xx

22xx 值满足

Is satisfied for 22 values of xx

没有 xx 值满足

Is satisfied for no values of xx

有无穷多个 xx 值满足

Is satisfied for an infinite number of values of xx

以上答案均不正确

None of these

难度评级:1600
小提示:

使用给定规则,将行列式化为二次方程

Apply the given rule to turn the determinant into a quadratic equation

大提示:

所得方程为 2x2x=32x^2-x=3

The equation is 2x2x=32x^2-x=3

解答:

根据给定规则,方程化为 (2x)(x)(1)(x)=3 (2x)(x)-(1)(x)=3\text{,}2x2x3=02x^2-x-3=0。因式分解得到 (2x3)(x+1)=0(2x-3)(x+1)=0,其两个不同的解为 x=32x=\tfrac32x=1x=-1

因此,正确答案是 B

The given rule turns the equation into (2x)(x)(1)(x)=3, (2x)(x)-(1)(x)=3, or 2x2x3=0.2x^2-x-3=0. Factoring gives (2x3)(x+1)=0,(2x-3)(x+1)=0, whose two distinct solutions are x=32x=\tfrac32 and x=1.x=-1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

39.

已知级数 2+1+12+14+2+1+\dfrac12+\dfrac14+\cdots 以及下列五个说法:

(1)(1) 和无限增大。

(2)(2) 和无限减小。

(3)(3) 数列任意一项与零之差都可以小于任意给定的正数,无论该正数多么小。

(4)(4) 和与 44 之差可以小于任意给定的正数,无论该正数多么小。

(5)(5) 和趋近于一个极限。

其中正确的说法是:

Given the series 2+1+12+14+2+1+\dfrac12+\dfrac14+\cdots and the following five statements:

(1)(1) the sum increases without limit.

(2)(2) the sum decreases without limit.

(3)(3) the difference between any term of the sequence and zero can be made less than any positive quantity no matter how small.

(4)(4) the difference between the sum and 44 can be made less than any positive quantity no matter how small.

(5)(5) the sum approaches a limit.

Of these statements, the correct ones are:

只有 3344

Only 33 and 44

只有 55

Only 55

只有 2244

Only 22 and 44

只有 223344

Only 2,2, 3,3, and 44

只有 4455

Only 44 and 55

难度评级:1670
小提示:

区分数列的项与级数的部分和

Distinguish the terms of the sequence from its partial sums

大提示:

首项为 22、公比为 12\frac{1}{2} 的等比级数,其部分和趋近于 44

A geometric series with first term 22 and ratio 12\frac{1}{2} has partial sums approaching 44

解答:

部分和递增并趋近于 2112=4 \frac{2}{1-\frac12}=4\text{,}所以它们既不无限增大,也不无限减小。因此,说法 1122 错误,而说法 4455 正确。

在说法 33 中,“任意一项”指已经选定的一项,它与零的距离固定,不能再变小;正确的说法应是可以选取足够靠后的项,使其小于任意给定的正数。因此,按原文措辞,说法 33 错误。

因此,只有说法 4455 正确,所以正确答案是 E

The partial sums increase toward 2112=4, \frac{2}{1-\frac12}=4, so they neither increase nor decrease without limit. This makes statements 11 and 22 false, while statements 44 and 55 are true.

In statement 3,3, “any term” refers to an already selected term, whose distance from zero is fixed and cannot be made smaller; one can instead choose a sufficiently late term below any prescribed positive bound. Thus statement 33, as worded, is false.

Therefore only statements 44 and 55 are correct, so the correct answer is E.

40.

xx 趋近于 11 时,x21x1\dfrac{x^2-1}{x-1} 的极限为:

The limit of x21x1\dfrac{x^2-1}{x-1} as xx approaches 11 as a limit is:

00

不定

Indeterminate

x1x-1

22

11

知识点:微积分平方差
难度评级:1470
小提示:

将分子按平方差因式分解

Factor the numerator as a difference of squares

大提示:

x1x\ne1 时,约去公因式 x1x-1

For x1,x\ne1, cancel the common factor x1x-1

解答:

x1x\ne1 时, x21x1=(x1)(x+1)x1=x+1 \begin{aligned} \frac{x^2-1}{x-1} &=\frac{(x-1)(x+1)}{x-1}\\ &=x+1 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此,当 xx 趋近于 11 时,极限为 1+1=21+1=2

因此,正确答案是 D

For x1,x\ne1, x21x1=(x1)(x+1)x1=x+1. \begin{aligned} \frac{x^2-1}{x-1} &=\frac{(x-1)(x+1)}{x-1}\\ &=x+1. \end{aligned} Therefore the limit as xx approaches 11 is 1+1=2.1+1=2.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

41.

a>0a>0 时,函数 ax2+bx+cax^2+bx+c 的最小值为:

The least value of the function ax2+bx+cax^2+bx+c with a>0a>0 is:

ba-\dfrac ba

b2a-\dfrac{b}{2a}

b24acb^2-4ac

4acb24a\dfrac{4ac-b^2}{4a}

以上答案均不正确

None of these

难度评级:1580
小提示:

ax2+bx+cax^2+bx+c 配方

Complete the square in ax2+bx+cax^2+bx+c

大提示:

由于 a>0a>0,平方项等于零时取最小值

Since a>0,a>0, the squared term is minimized when it equals zero

解答:

配方得到 ax2+bx+c=a(x+b2a)2+cb24a \begin{aligned} ax^2+bx+c &=a\left(x+\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2\\ &\quad+c-\frac{b^2}{4a} \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 a>0a>0,平方项的最小值为 00。因此,函数的最小值为 cb24a=4acb24a c-\frac{b^2}{4a}=\frac{4ac-b^2}{4a}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Completing the square gives ax2+bx+c=a(x+b2a)2+cb24a. \begin{aligned} ax^2+bx+c &=a\left(x+\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2\\ &\quad+c-\frac{b^2}{4a}. \end{aligned} Because a>0,a>0, the squared term has minimum 0.0. The least value is therefore cb24a=4acb24a. c-\frac{b^2}{4a}=\frac{4ac-b^2}{4a}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

42.

xx 等于下列哪个值时,方程 xxx=2x^{x^{x^{\cdot^{\cdot^{\cdot}}}}}=2 成立?

The equation xxx=2x^{x^{x^{\cdot^{\cdot^{\cdot}}}}}=2 is satisfied when xx is equal to:

无穷大

Infinity

22

24\sqrt[4]{2}

2\sqrt2

以上答案均不正确

None of these

知识点:指数递推
难度评级:1830
小提示:

最底层 xx 上方的指数仍是整个无限幂塔

The exponent above the first xx is the entire infinite tower again

大提示:

用已知值 22 代替重复出现的幂塔

Replace that repeated tower by its given value 22

解答:

设无限幂塔的值为 TT。去掉最底层的 xx 后,指数部分仍是同一个幂塔,所以 T=xTT=x^T。由于 T=2T=2,得到 2=x2 2=x^2\text{。}因此,正底数为 x=2x=\sqrt2,此时幂塔收敛。

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the value of the infinite tower be T.T. Removing its bottom xx leaves the same tower as the exponent, so T=xT.T=x^T. Since T=2,T=2, we obtain 2=x2. 2=x^2. The positive base is therefore x=2,x=\sqrt2, for which the tower is convergent.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

43.

无穷级数 17+272+173+274+\dfrac17+\dfrac{2}{7^2}+\dfrac{1}{7^3}+\dfrac{2}{7^4}+\cdots 的和为:

The sum to infinity of 17+272+173+274+\dfrac17+\dfrac{2}{7^2}+\dfrac{1}{7^3}+\dfrac{2}{7^4}+\cdots is:

15\dfrac15

124\dfrac1{24}

548\dfrac5{48}

116\dfrac1{16}

以上答案均不正确

None of these

知识点:等比数列求和
难度评级:1670
小提示:

将级数中相邻的两项分为一组

Group the series into consecutive pairs of terms

大提示:

每一组都是前一组的 149\frac{1}{49}

Each pair is 149\frac{1}{49} times the preceding pair

解答:

将相邻两项分组后,得到一个等比级数,其首项为 17+249=949 \frac17+\frac2{49}=\frac9{49}\text{,}公比为 149\tfrac1{49}。因此,级数之和为 9491149=948=316 \frac{\frac9{49}}{1-\frac1{49}} =\frac9{48} =\frac3{16}\text{。}这个值不在选项 A 至 D 中。

因此,正确答案是 E

Grouping consecutive terms gives a geometric series whose first grouped term is 17+249=949 \frac17+\frac2{49}=\frac9{49} and whose ratio is 149.\tfrac1{49}. Hence the sum is 9491149=948=316. \frac{\frac9{49}}{1-\frac1{49}} =\frac9{48} =\frac3{16}. This is not among choices A through D.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

44.

函数 y=logxy=\log x 的图像

The graph of y=logxy=\log x

yy 轴相交

Cuts the yy-axis

与所有垂直于 xx 轴的直线相交

Cuts all lines perpendicular to the xx-axis

xx 轴相交

Cuts the xx-axis

与两个坐标轴都不相交

Cuts neither axis

与所有以原点为圆心的圆相交

Cuts all circles whose center is at the origin

难度评级:1340
小提示:

求出 logx=0\log x=0 时的自变量值

Find where logx=0\log x=0

大提示:

对数仅在 x>0x>0 时有定义

The logarithm is defined only for x>0x>0

解答:

由于 log1=0\log1=0,图像经过 (1,0)(1,0),因此与 xx 轴相交。又因为 x=0x=0 不在定义域内,所以图像不可能与 yy 轴相交。

因此,正确答案是 C

Since log1=0,\log1=0, the graph passes through (1,0)(1,0) and therefore cuts the xx-axis. It cannot cut the yy-axis because x=0x=0 is outside its domain.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

45.

一个 100100 边形可以画出的对角线条数为:

The number of diagonals that can be drawn in a polygon of 100100 sides is:

48504850

49504950

99009900

9898

88008800

知识点:对角线组合
难度评级:1410
小提示:

每一对顶点确定一条线段

Every pair of vertices determines a segment

大提示:

(1002)\binom{100}{2} 对顶点中减去 100100 条边

Subtract the 100100 sides from the (1002)\binom{100}{2} vertex pairs

解答:

连接各对顶点共有 (1002)\binom{100}{2} 条线段,其中恰有 100100 条是多边形的边,所以对角线条数为 (1002)100=4950100=4850 \begin{aligned} \binom{100}{2}-100 &=4950-100\\ &=4850 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

There are (1002)\binom{100}{2} segments joining pairs of vertices. Exactly 100100 of these are sides, so the number of diagonals is (1002)100=4950100=4850. \begin{aligned} \binom{100}{2}-100 &=4950-100\\ &=4850. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

46.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=12AB=12AC=7AC=7BC=10BC=10。若将边 ABABACAC 加倍,而 BCBC 保持不变,则:

In triangle ABC,ABC, AB=12,AB=12, AC=7,AC=7, and BC=10.BC=10. If sides ABAB and ACAC are doubled while BCBC remains the same, then:

面积加倍

The area is doubled

高加倍

The altitude is doubled

面积变为原来的四倍

The area is four times the original area

中线不变

The median is unchanged

三角形的面积为 00

The area of the triangle is 00

难度评级:1450
小提示:

写出三条新边的长度

Write down the three new side lengths

大提示:

将最长的新边与另两边之和比较

Compare the largest new side with the sum of the other two

解答:

三条新边的长度为 242414141010。由于 14+10=24 14+10=24\text{,}它们构成退化三角形,三个顶点共线。因此,其面积为 00

因此,正确答案是 E

The new side lengths are 24,24, 14,14, and 10.10. Because 14+10=24, 14+10=24, they form a degenerate triangle: all three vertices are collinear. Its area is therefore 0.0.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

47.

一个内接于三角形的矩形,其底边与三角形长为 bb 的底边重合。若三角形的高为 hh,矩形的高 xx 是矩形底边的一半,则:

A rectangle inscribed in a triangle has its base coinciding with the base bb of the triangle. If the altitude of the triangle is h,h, and the altitude xx of the rectangle is half the base of the rectangle, then:

x=12hx=\dfrac12h

x=bhb+hx=\dfrac{bh}{b+h}

x=bh2h+bx=\dfrac{bh}{2h+b}

x=hb2x=\sqrt{\dfrac{hb}{2}}

x=12bx=\dfrac12b

知识点:相似矩形高线
难度评级:1800
小提示:

三角形内距底边高度为 xx 的横截线长度为 b(1xh)b(1-\frac{x}{h})

The segment across the triangle at height xx has length b(1xh)b(1-\frac{x}{h})

大提示:

矩形的底边长为 2x2x

The rectangle’s base is 2x2x

解答:

由相似三角形可知,在距底边高度 xx 处,三角形的宽度为 b(1xh)b(1-\tfrac{x}{h}),这就是内接矩形的底边。由于矩形的高是底边的一半,其底边长为 2x2x。因此, 2x=b(1xh) 2x=b\left(1-\frac{x}{h}\right)\text{。}两边乘以 hh 并求解,得到 x(2h+b)=bhx(2h+b)=bh,所以 x=bh2h+bx=\dfrac{bh}{2h+b}

因此,正确答案是 C

By similarity, the width of the triangle at height xx above its base is b(1xh).b(1-\tfrac{x}{h}). This is the base of the inscribed rectangle. Since the rectangle’s altitude is half its base, its base is 2x.2x. Hence 2x=b(1xh). 2x=b\left(1-\frac{x}{h}\right). Multiplying by hh and solving gives x(2h+b)=bh,x(2h+b)=bh, so x=bh2h+b.x=\dfrac{bh}{2h+b}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

48.

在一个等边三角形内部任取一点,从该点分别向三边作垂线。这三条垂线段的长度之和:

A point is selected at random inside an equilateral triangle. From this point perpendiculars are dropped to each side. The sum of these perpendiculars is:

当该点为三角形重心时最小

Least when the point is the center of gravity of the triangle

大于三角形的高

Greater than the altitude of the triangle

等于三角形的高

Equal to the altitude of the triangle

等于三角形周长的一半

One-half the sum of the sides of the triangle

当该点为三角形重心时最大

Greatest when the point is the center of gravity

难度评级:1920
小提示:

将内部点与三个顶点分别连接

Join the interior point to all three vertices

大提示:

以相同的边长为底,将三个小三角形的面积相加

Add the areas of the three smaller triangles using the common side length as their bases

解答:

设等边三角形的边长为 ss,高为 hh,三个垂直距离为 d1,d2,d3d_1,d_2,d_3。用内部点将大三角形分成三个小三角形,得到 12s(d1+d2+d3)=12sh \frac12s(d_1+d_2+d_3)=\frac12sh\text{。}因此 d1+d2+d3=hd_1+d_2+d_3=h,与所选点的位置无关。

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the equilateral triangle have side length ss and altitude h,h, and let the three perpendicular distances be d1,d2,d3.d_1,d_2,d_3. Splitting the triangle at the interior point gives 12s(d1+d2+d3)=12sh. \frac12s(d_1+d_2+d_3)=\frac12sh. Therefore d1+d2+d3=h,d_1+d_2+d_3=h, independent of the selected point.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

49.

一个三角形有一条固定底边 ABAB,长为 22 英寸。从 AA 到边 BCBC 的中线长为 1121\dfrac12 英寸,并可从 AA 向任意方向引出。顶点 CC 的轨迹为:

A triangle has a fixed base ABAB that is 22 inches long. The median from AA to side BCBC is 1121\dfrac12 inches long and can have any position emanating from A.A. The locus of the vertex CC of the triangle is:

一条直线 ABAB,距 AA1121\dfrac12 英寸

A straight line AB,AB, 1121\dfrac12 inches from AA

AA 为圆心、半径为 22 英寸的圆

A circle with AA as center and radius 22 inches

AA 为圆心、半径为 33 英寸的圆

A circle with AA as center and radius 33 inches

半径为 33 英寸,圆心位于射线 BABA 上且距 BB44 英寸的圆

A circle with radius 33 inches and center 44 inches from BB along BABA

AA 为焦点的椭圆

An ellipse with AA as focus

难度评级:2170
小提示:

MMBCBC 的中点,则 MM 在以 AA 为圆心的圆上运动

Let MM be the midpoint of BCBC; then MM moves on a circle centered at AA

大提示:

AA 为原点时,中点关系的向量形式为 C=2MB\vec C=2\vec M-\vec B

In vector form, the midpoint relation gives C=2MB\vec C=2\vec M-\vec B when AA is the origin

解答:

AA 置于原点,并把 BBCC 以及 BCBC 的中点 MM 看作向量。由于 AM=32AM=\tfrac32,点 MM 在以 AA 为圆心、半径为 32\tfrac32 的圆上运动。中点关系给出 C=2MB C=2M-B\text{。}因此,CC 的轨迹是先将该圆放大 22 倍,再平移 B-B 所得的图形,即以 B-B 为圆心、半径为 33 的圆。

因为 AB=2AB=2,点 B-B 位于射线 BABA 上,且距 BB44 英寸。因此,正确答案是 D

Put AA at the origin and regard B,B, C,C, and the midpoint MM of BCBC as vectors. Since AM=32,AM=\tfrac32, the point MM moves on a circle of radius 32\tfrac32 centered at A.A. The midpoint relation gives C=2MB. C=2M-B. Thus the locus of CC is the image of that circle under a dilation by 22 followed by translation by B.-B. It is a circle of radius 33 centered at B.-B.

Because AB=2,AB=2, the point B-B is 44 inches from BB along the ray BA.BA. Hence the correct answer is D.

50.

上午 11:4511{:}45,一艘私掠船发现一艘商船位于下风方向 1010 英里处。私掠船借着顺风以每小时 1111 英里的速度追赶,而商船逃跑时只能达到每小时 88 英里。追逐两小时后,私掠船的上桅帆被风刮走;此后私掠船每航行 1717 英里时,商船航行 1515 英里。私掠船将在何时追上商船?

A privateer discovers a merchantman 1010 miles to leeward at 11:4511{:}45 a.m. and with a good breeze bears down upon her at 1111 mph, while the merchantman can only make 88 mph in her attempt to escape. After a two hour chase, the top sail of the privateer is carried away: she can now make only 1717 miles while the merchantman makes 15.15. The privateer will overtake the merchantman at:

下午 3:453{:}45

3:453{:}45 p.m.

下午 3:303{:}30

3:303{:}30 p.m.

下午 5:005{:}00

5:005{:}00 p.m.

下午 2:452{:}45

2:452{:}45 p.m.

下午 5:305{:}30

5:305{:}30 p.m.

难度评级:1900
小提示:

求最初两小时后两船之间剩余的距离

Find the remaining gap after the first two hours

大提示:

上桅帆被刮走后,两船速度之比为 17:1517:15,而商船仍以每小时 88 英里航行

After the sail is lost, the speed ratio is 17:1517:15 while the merchantman still travels at 88 mph

解答:

最初两小时内,私掠船追近的英里数为 2(118)=6 2(11-8)=6\text{,}所以下午 1:451{:}45 时,两船距离从 1010 英里缩短为 44 英里。

上桅帆被刮走后,两船速度之比为 17:1517:15。由于商船仍以每小时 88 英里航行,私掠船的新速度为每小时 81715=136158\cdot\tfrac{17}{15}=\tfrac{136}{15} 英里。两船接近的相对速度为每小时 136158=1615\tfrac{136}{15}-8=\tfrac{16}{15} 英里,所以追完剩余距离所需的小时数为 41615=154=334 \frac{4}{\frac{16}{15}}=\frac{15}{4}=3\frac34\text{。}在下午 1:451{:}45 后再过 33 小时 4545 分钟,即为下午 5:305{:}30

因此,正确答案是 E

During the first two hours, the number of miles the privateer gains is 2(118)=6, 2(11-8)=6, reducing the gap from 1010 miles to 44 miles at 1:451{:}45 p.m.

After the damage, the ships’ speeds are in the ratio 17:15.17:15. Since the merchantman still travels at 88 mph, the privateer’s new speed is 81715=136158\cdot\tfrac{17}{15}=\tfrac{136}{15} mph. The closing speed is therefore 136158=1615\tfrac{136}{15}-8=\tfrac{16}{15} mph, so the number of hours needed to close the remaining gap is 41615=154=334. \frac{4}{\frac{16}{15}}=\frac{15}{4}=3\frac34. Adding 33 hours 4545 minutes to 1:451{:}45 p.m. gives 5:305{:}30 p.m.

Thus, the correct answer is E.