2021 AMC 10B Fall 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

求下式的值:1234+2341+3412+41231234 + 2341 + 3412 + 4123\text{。}

What is the value of 1234+2341+3412+4123?1234 + 2341 + 3412 + 4123?

10,00010{,}000

10,01010{,}010

10,11010{,}110

11,00011{,}000

11,11011{,}110

知识点:位值配对与分组
难度评级:450
小提示:

每个数字都在每个数位上出现一次。

Each digit appears once in each place value

大提示:

每一列的数字和都是 1010

The digit sum in each column is 1010

解答:

逐位相加,得到 11,11011,110

也可以注意到每个数位上的数字和均为 1010,所以总和为 101111=11,11010\cdot 1111 = 11,110

所以答案是 E

We can add each individual digit, yielding 11,110.11,110.

We can also get the sum by noticing that each digit has a sum of 10,10, so the sum is equal to 101111=11,110.10\cdot 1111 = 11,110.

Thus, the answer is E .

2.

下图中阴影图形的面积是多少?

What is the area of the shaded figure shown below?

44

66

88

1010

1212

难度评级:560
小提示:

求大三角形面积,再减去小三角形面积。

Find the large triangle area and subtract the small triangle area

大提示:

两个三角形的底都是 44

Both triangles have base 44

解答:

阴影部分的面积是一个三角形的面积 452242=104\dfrac {4\cdot 5}2 - \dfrac{2\cdot 4}2 = 10-4 =6= 6 因为这是用较大三角形的面积减去较小三角形的面积得到的。

所以答案是 B

The area is a triangle of area 452242=104\dfrac {4\cdot 5}2 - \dfrac{2\cdot 4}2 = 10-4 =6= 6 since we subtract the area of a smaller triangle from a larger triangle.

Thus, the answer is B .

3.

表达式 2021202020202021\dfrac{2021}{2020} - \dfrac{2020}{2021} 等于最简分数 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 为正整数且最大公因数为 11。求 pp

The expression 2021202020202021\dfrac{2021}{2020} - \dfrac{2020}{2021} is equal to the fraction pq\frac{p}{q} in which pp and qq are positive integers whose greatest common divisor is 1.1. What is p?p?

11

99

20202020

20212021

40414041

知识点:分数平方差
难度评级:770
小提示:

使用公分母。

Use a common denominator

大提示:

分子为 20212202022021^2-2020^2

The numerator is 20212202022021^2-2020^2

解答:

通分得 20212021202020212020202020202021\dfrac{2021\cdot 2021}{2020\cdot 2021} -\dfrac{2020\cdot 2020}{2020\cdot 2021} =202122020220202021= \dfrac{2021^2-2020^2}{2020\cdot 2021}\text{。}

利用平方差公式,可进一步化为 (20212020)(2021+2020)20202021\dfrac{(2021-2020)(2021+2020)}{2020\cdot 2021} =404120202021=\dfrac{4041}{2020\cdot 2021}\text{。}

因为 404140412020202020212021 互质,所以分子为 40414041

所以答案是 E

We can rewrite this as 20212021202020212020202020202021\dfrac{2021\cdot 2021}{2020\cdot 2021} -\dfrac{2020\cdot 2020}{2020\cdot 2021} =202122020220202021.= \dfrac{2021^2-2020^2}{2020\cdot 2021}.

This can be simplified to (20212020)(2021+2020)20202021\dfrac{(2021-2020)(2021+2020)}{2020\cdot 2021} =404120202021.=\dfrac{4041}{2020\cdot 2021}.

Since 40414041 is coprime with both 20202020 and 2021,2021, we know 40414041 is the numerator.

Thus, the answer is E .

4.

某天中午,Minneapolis 比 St. Louis 暖和 NN 度。到 4:004{:}00 时,Minneapolis 的气温下降了 55 度,而 St. Louis 的气温上升了 33 度,此时两城气温相差 22 度。所有可能的 NN 值的乘积是多少?

At noon on a certain day, Minneapolis is NN degrees warmer than St. Louis. At 4:004{:}00 the temperature in Minneapolis has fallen by 55 degrees while the temperature in St. Louis has risen by 33 degrees, at which time the temperatures in the two cities differ by 22 degrees. What is the product of all possible values of N?N?

1010

3030

6060

100100

120120

难度评级:870
小提示:

气温变化后,两城差为 N8|N-8|

After the temperature changes, the difference is N8|N-8|

大提示:

N8=2|N-8|=2

Solve N8=2|N-8|=2

解答:

设中午两城气温差为 N=msN=m-s。到 4:004{:}00 时,新温差为 (m5)(s+3)=N8(m-5)-(s+3)=N-8

此时两城气温相差 22 度,所以 N8=2|N-8|=2。因此 N=6N=6N=10N=10,所有可能值的乘积为 610=606\cdot10=60

所以正确答案是 C

Let N=msN=m-s be the noon temperature difference. At 4:00,4{:}00, the new difference is (m5)(s+3)=N8.(m-5)-(s+3)=N-8.

The temperatures then differ by 22 degrees, so N8=2.|N-8|=2. Hence N=6N=6 or N=10,N=10, and the product of all possible values is 610=60.6\cdot10=60.

Thus, the answer is C .

5.

n=82022n=8^{2022}。下列哪一项等于 n4\frac{n}{4}

Let n=82022.n=8^{2022}. Which of the following is equal to n4?\frac{n}{4}?

410104^{1010}

220222^{2022}

820188^{2018}

430314^{3031}

430324^{3032}

知识点:指数2的幂
难度评级:560
小提示:

820228^{2022} 写成 44 的幂。

Write 820228^{2022} as a power of 44

大提示:

82022=430338^{2022}=4^{3033}

82022=430338^{2022}=4^{3033}

解答:

因为 8=238=2^3,所以 n=82022=26066=43033n=8^{2022}=2^{6066}=4^{3033}\text{。}

因此 n4=430334=43032\frac n4=\frac{4^{3033}}4=4^{3032}\text{。}

所以答案是 E

Since 8=23,8=2^3, we have n=82022=26066=43033.n=8^{2022}=2^{6066}=4^{3033}.

Therefore n4=430334=43032.\frac n4=\frac{4^{3033}}4=4^{3032}.

Thus, the answer is E .

6.

恰有 20212021 个不同正因数的最小正整数可写成 m6km \cdot 6^k,其中 mmkk 为整数,且 66 不是 mm 的因数。求 m+km+k

The least positive integer with exactly 20212021 distinct positive divisors can be written in the form m6k,m \cdot 6^k, where mm and kk are integers and 66 is not a divisor of m.m. What is m+k?m+k?

4747

5858

5959

8888

9090

难度评级:1420
小提示:

2021=43472021=43\cdot47

2021=43472021=43\cdot47

大提示:

要使数最小,应把较大的指数放在较小的质数上。

To minimize the number, put the larger exponent on the smaller prime

解答:

开始之前先注意:如果整数 zz 的质因数分解可以写成 z=p1e1p2e2z=p_1^{e_1} p_2^{e_2} \cdots\text{,} 那么它共有 (e1+1)(e2+1)(e_1+1)(e_2+1) \cdots 个不同的正因数。

如果所求的数有 20212021 个因数,由上面的道理可知 2021=(e1+1)(e2+1)2021=(e_1+1)(e_2+1) \cdots\text{,}2021=43472021 = 43\cdot 47,所以这个数必定形如 p146p242p_1^{46}p_2^{42}p2020p^{2020}

在这两种形式中,能得到的最小的数是在第一种形式中取 p1=2,p2=3p_1 = 2,p_2=3,即 246342=166422^{46}3^{42} = 16\cdot 6^{42}\text{。}

因此 m=16m=16k=42k=42\text{,} 所以 m+k=42+16=58m+k = 42+16 = 58\text{。}

所以答案是 B

Before starting, note that if we can represent the prime factorization of an integer zz as z=p1e1p2e2,z=p_1^{e_1} p_2^{e_2} \cdots, then there are (e1+1)(e2+1)(e_1+1)(e_2+1) \cdots distinct positive factors.

If the number in question has 20212021 factors, by the previous logic, 2021=(e1+1)(e2+1),2021=(e_1+1)(e_2+1) \cdots, and as the prime factorization of 2021=4347,2021 = 43\cdot 47, then our number must be p146p242p_1^{46}p_2^{42} or p2020.p^{2020}.

The smallest number we can make in either of these is making p1=2,p2=3p_1 = 2,p_2=3 in the first configuration, yielding 246342=16642.2^{46}3^{42} = 16\cdot 6^{42} .

Therefore, m=16m=16k=42,k=42, so m+k=42+16=58.m+k = 42+16 = 58.

Thus, the answer is B .

7.

如果分数 ab\frac{a}{b} 不一定为最简形式,且 aabb 为正整数、两者之和为 1515,则称它为“特殊”分数。有多少个不同的整数可以写成两个不一定不同的特殊分数之和?

Call a fraction ab,\frac{a}{b}, not necessarily in simplest form, special if aa and bb are positive integers whose sum is 15.15. How many distinct integers can be written as the sum of two, not necessarily different, special fractions?

 9\ 9

 10\ 10

 11\ 11

 12\ 12

 13\ 13

难度评级:1660
小提示:

特殊分数可写成 15b1\frac{15}{b}-1

A special fraction can be written as 15b1\frac{15}{b}-1

大提示:

检查哪些分母对的分数部分可以抵消。

Check pairs of denominators whose fractional parts cancel

解答:

分母为 bb 的特殊分数等于 15bb=15b1\frac{15-b}{b}=\frac{15}{b}-1,其中 1b141\le b\le14。所求整数可写成 15x+15y2\frac{15}{x}+\frac{15}{y}-2

xyx\le y,逐一检查十四个可能的分母,得到下列能产生整数的数对:(1,1),(1,3),(1,5),(2,2),(2,6),(2,10),(3,3),(3,5),(4,12),(5,5),(6,6),(6,10),(10,10) \begin{gathered} (1,1),(1,3),(1,5),(2,2),(2,6),\\ (2,10),(3,3),(3,5),(4,12),\\ (5,5),(6,6),(6,10),(10,10) \end{gathered}\text{。} 它们给出的不同的和为 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,13,16,18,281,2,3,4,6,7,8,13,16,18,28

这样的整数共有 1111 个。

所以答案是 C

A special fraction with denominator bb equals 15bb=15b1,\frac{15-b}{b}=\frac{15}{b}-1, where 1b14.1\le b\le14. We need integer values of 15x+15y2.\frac{15}{x}+\frac{15}{y}-2.

Taking xy,x\le y, a check of the fourteen possible denominators gives the following pairs that produce integers: (1,1),(1,3),(1,5),(2,2),(2,6),(2,10),(3,3),(3,5),(4,12),(5,5),(6,6),(6,10),(10,10). \begin{gathered} (1,1),(1,3),(1,5),(2,2),(2,6),\\ (2,10),(3,3),(3,5),(4,12),\\ (5,5),(6,6),(6,10),(10,10). \end{gathered} Their distinct sums are 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,13,16,18,28.1,2,3,4,6,7,8,13,16,18,28.

There are 1111 such integers.

Thus, the answer is C .

8.

16,38416{,}384 的最大质因数是 22,因为 16,384=21416{,}384 = 2^{14}。求 16,38316{,}383 的最大质因数的各位数字之和。

The greatest prime number that is a divisor of 16,38416{,}384 is 22 because 16,384=214.16{,}384 = 2^{14}. What is the sum of the digits of the greatest prime number that is a divisor of 16,383?16{,}383?

33

77

1010

1616

2222

难度评级:1030
小提示:

16383=214116383=2^{14}-1

16383=214116383=2^{14}-1

大提示:

使用 2141=(271)(27+1)2^{14}-1=(2^7-1)(2^7+1)

Use 2141=(271)(27+1)2^{14}-1=(2^7-1)(2^7+1)

解答:

16,383=163841=2141=(271)(27+1)=127129\begin{aligned}16,383 &= 16384-1 \\&= 2^{14}-1 \\&= (2^7-1)(2^7+1) \\&= 127\cdot 129\end{aligned}\text{。} 因为 129=343129=3\cdot 43,所以 16383=34312716383 = 3\cdot 43\cdot 127\text{。} 因此 127127 是最大质因数,其各位数字之和为 1010

所以答案是 C

We know 16,383=163841=2141=(271)(27+1)=127129.\begin{aligned}16,383 &= 16384-1 \\&= 2^{14}-1 \\&= (2^7-1)(2^7+1) \\&= 127\cdot 129.\end{aligned} Since 129=343,129=3\cdot 43, we get 16383=343127.16383 = 3\cdot 43\cdot 127. Therefore, 127127 is the largest prime factor, and the sum of its digits is 10.10.

Thus, the answer is C .

9.

某王国的骑士有两种颜色。27\frac{2}{7} 是红色,其余是蓝色。此外,16\frac{1}{6} 的骑士有魔法,而红骑士中有魔法的比例是蓝骑士中有魔法的比例的 22 倍。红骑士中有魔法的比例是多少?

The knights in a certain kingdom come in two colors. 27\frac{2}{7} of them are red, and the rest are blue. Furthermore, 16\frac{1}{6} of the knights are magical, and the fraction of red knights who are magical is 22 times the fraction of blue knights who are magical. What fraction of red knights are magical?

29\dfrac{2}{9}

313\dfrac{3}{13}

727\dfrac{7}{27}

27\dfrac{2}{7}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

难度评级:1280
小提示:

设蓝骑士中有魔法的比例为 xx

Let the blue magical fraction be xx

大提示:

总魔法比例是 2x2xxx 的加权平均。

The total magical fraction is a weighted average of 2x2x and xx

解答:

设蓝骑士中有魔法的比例为 xx,则红骑士中有魔法的比例为 2x2x

总魔法比例为按红蓝人数加权的平均:27(2x)+57(x)=16\frac27(2x)+\frac57(x)=\frac16\text{。}

因此由 97x=16\frac97x=\frac16x=754x=\frac7{54}。红骑士中有魔法的比例为 2x=7272x=\frac7{27}

所以正确答案是 C

Let xx be the fraction of blue knights who are magical. Then the fraction of red knights who are magical is 2x.2x.

The total magical fraction is a weighted average over the red and blue groups: 27(2x)+57(x)=16.\frac27(2x)+\frac57(x)=\frac16.

Thus 97x=16,\frac97x=\frac16, so x=754.x=\frac7{54}. The red magical fraction is 2x=727.2x=\frac7{27}.

Thus, the answer is C .

10.

114040 编号的四十张纸条放在帽子里。Alice 和 Bob 各不放回地抽一张,并互相隐藏自己的数字。Alice 说:“我不能判断谁的数字更大。” 然后 Bob 说:“我知道谁的数字更大。” Alice 说:“你知道?你的数字是质数吗?” Bob 回答:“是。” Alice 说:“这样的话,如果我把你的数字乘以 100100,再加上我的数字,结果是一个完全平方数。” 两人抽到的数字之和是多少?

Forty slips of paper numbered 11 to 4040 are placed in a hat. Alice and Bob each draw one number from the hat without replacement, keeping their numbers hidden from each other. Alice says, “I can’t tell who has the larger number.” Then Bob says, “I know who has the larger number.” Alice says, “You do? Is your number prime?” Bob replies, “Yes.” Alice says, “In that case, if I multiply your number by 100100 and add my number, the result is a perfect square.” What is the sum of the two numbers drawn from the hat?

2727

3737

4747

5757

6767

难度评级:1950
小提示:

Alice 的第一句话排除了 114040

Alice’s first statement rules out 11 and 4040

大提示:

Bob 只有在自己的数字是新的极端值之一时才能判断。

Bob can know only if his number is one of the new extremes

解答:

如果 Alice 抽到 114040,她会知道谁的数字更大,因此她的数字不是 114040

Bob 由此知道 Alice 的数字不是端点。此时只有当 Bob 的数字属于 1,2,391,2,394040 时,他才能判断大小。又因为他的数字是质数,所以只能是 22

现在 1002100\cdot2 加上 Alice 的数字是介于 201201240240 之间的平方数。唯一可能是 225225,所以 Alice 的数字为 2525,两数之和为 2+25=272+25=27

所以正确答案是 A

If Alice had drawn 11 or 40,40, she would know who had the larger number. Her first statement tells Bob that Alice has neither 11 nor 40.40.

Bob can then know who has the larger number only if his number is 1,2,39,1,2,39, or 40.40. Since Bob says his number is prime, his number must be 2.2.

Now 1002100\cdot2 plus Alice’s number is a square between 201201 and 240.240. The only square in that interval is 225,225, so Alice’s number is 25.25. The sum is 2+25=27.2+25=27.

Thus, the answer is A .

11.

一个边长为 11 的正六边形内接于一个圆。由正六边形每条边所截出的圆的小弧,分别关于该边反射。由这 66 条反射弧围成的区域面积是多少?

A regular hexagon of side length 11 is inscribed in a circle. Each minor arc of the circle determined by a side of the hexagon is reflected over that side. What is the area of the region bounded by these 66 reflected arcs?

532π\frac{5\sqrt{3}}{2} - \pi

33π3\sqrt{3}-\pi

433π24\sqrt{3}-\frac{3\pi}{2}

π32\pi - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

π+32\frac{\pi + \sqrt{3}}{2}

难度评级:1630
小提示:

将反射弧围成的区域与原圆比较。

Compare the reflected-arc region with the original circle

大提示:

正六边形面积是这两个区域面积的平均。

The hexagon is the average of the two regions

解答:

原圆由正六边形和 66 个相同的圆弓形组成。将每条小弧关于对应边反射后,这 66 个圆弓形都移到六边形内部。

因此原圆面积与反射弧围成区域面积的平均数等于正六边形面积。正六边形面积为 634=3326\cdot\frac{\sqrt3}{4}=\frac{3\sqrt3}{2},原圆半径为 11,所以面积为 π\pi

设所求面积为 AA,则 A+π2=332\frac{A+\pi}{2}=\frac{3\sqrt3}{2},所以 A=33πA=3\sqrt3-\pi

所以正确答案是 B

The original circle is made from the regular hexagon plus 66 equal circular segments. Reflecting each minor arc over its side puts those same 66 segments inside the hexagon instead.

Therefore the average of the circle’s area and the reflected-arc region’s area is the area of the regular hexagon. The hexagon has area 634=332,6\cdot\frac{\sqrt3}{4}=\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}, and the circle has radius 1,1, so its area is π.\pi.

If the desired area is A,A, then A+π2=332,\frac{A+\pi}{2}=\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}, so A=33π.A=3\sqrt3-\pi.

Thus, the answer is B .

12.

下列哪个条件足以保证整数 xxyyzz 满足下面的方程 x(xy)+y(yz)+z(zx)x(x-y)+y(y-z)+z(z-x) =1= 1\text{?}

Which of the following conditions is sufficient to guarantee that integers x,x, y,y, and zz satisfy the equation x(xy)+y(yz)+z(zx)x(x-y)+y(y-z)+z(z-x) =1?= 1?

x > y 且 y=zy=z

x > y and y=zy=z

x=y1x=y-1y=z1y=z-1

x=y1 x=y-1 and y=z1y=z-1

x=z+1x=z+1y=x+1y=x+1

x=z+1 x=z+1 and y=x+1y=x+1

x=zx=zy1=xy-1=x

x=z x=z and y1=xy-1=x

x+y+z=1x+y+z=1

难度评级:1370
小提示:

用平方差形式重写表达式。

Rewrite the expression using squared differences

大提示:

三个平方差之和必须为 22

The three squared differences must sum to 22

解答:

E=x(xy)+y(yz)E=x(x-y)+y(y-z) +z(zx)+z(z-x)。展开得 2E=(xy)2+(yz)2+(zx)2 \begin{aligned} 2E={}&(x-y)^2+(y-z)^2\\ &+(z-x)^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

要使值为 11,三个非负平方项的和必须为 22。因为 x,y,zx,y,z 是整数,这三个平方项只能是 1,1,01,1,0

因此两个变量必须相等,第三个变量与它们相差 11。条件 x=zx=zy1=xy-1=x 正好保证这一点。

所以正确答案是 D

Let E=x(xy)+y(yz)E=x(x-y)+y(y-z) +z(zx).+z(z-x). Expanding gives 2E=(xy)2+(yz)2+(zx)2. \begin{aligned} 2E={}&(x-y)^2+(y-z)^2\\ &+(z-x)^2. \end{aligned}

For the value to be 1,1, the three nonnegative square terms must sum to 2.2. Since x,y,zx,y,z are integers, this means the squared differences are 1,1,0.1,1,0.

Thus two of the variables must be equal, and the third must differ from them by 1.1. The condition x=zx=z and y1=xy-1=x guarantees exactly that.

Thus, the answer is D .

13.

一个边长为 33 的正方形内接于一个等腰三角形,其中正方形的一条边在三角形的底边上。另一个边长为 22 的正方形有两个顶点在第一个正方形上,另外两个顶点在三角形的边上,如图所示。三角形的面积是多少?

A square with side length 33 is inscribed in an isosceles triangle with one side of the square along the base of the triangle. A square with side length 22 has two vertices on the other square and the other two on sides of the triangle, as shown. What is the area of the triangle?

191419\frac14

201420\frac14

213421 \frac34

221222\frac12

233423\frac34

难度评级:1660
小提示:

用相似三角形关联不同高度处的宽度。

Use similar triangles to relate widths at different heights

大提示:

三角形在相差 22 的两个高度处宽度分别为 2233

The triangle widths are 22 and 33 at heights separated by 22

解答:

设等腰三角形的高为 HH,底为 BB。由相似性,三角形内水平方向的宽度与到顶点的距离成正比。

大正方形的上边长为 33,距顶点 H3H-3。小正方形的上边长为 22,距顶点 H5H-5。因此 3H3=2H5\frac{3}{H-3}=\frac{2}{H-5}\text{。}

解得 H=9H=9。又 BH=3H3\frac{B}{H}=\frac{3}{H-3},所以 B=92B=\frac{9}{2}。面积为 12929=814=2014\frac12\cdot\frac92\cdot9=\frac{81}{4}=20\frac14

所以答案是 B

Let the isosceles triangle have height HH and base B.B. By similarity, horizontal widths in the triangle are proportional to distance from the top vertex.

The top side of the larger square has width 33 and is H3H-3 units from the top. The top side of the smaller square has width 22 and is H5H-5 units from the top. Hence 3H3=2H5.\frac{3}{H-3}=\frac{2}{H-5}.

Solving gives H=9.H=9. Also BH=3H3,\frac{B}{H}=\frac{3}{H-3}, so B=92.B=\frac{9}{2}. The area is 12929=814=2014.\frac12\cdot\frac92\cdot9=\frac{81}{4}=20\frac14.

Thus, the answer is B .

14.

Una 同时掷 66 个标准 66 面骰,并计算掷出的 66 个数的乘积。这个乘积能被 44 整除的概率是多少?

Una rolls 66 standard 66-sided dice simultaneously and calculates the product of the 66 numbers obtained. What is the probability that the product is divisible by 4?4?

34\dfrac34

5764\dfrac{57}{64}

5964\dfrac{59}{64}

187192\dfrac{187}{192}

6364\dfrac{63}{64}

难度评级:1140
小提示:

计算补事件:乘积不能被 44 整除。

Count the complement: product not divisible by 44

大提示:

补事件中,乘积没有因子 22,或恰好有一个因子 22

The complement has either no factor of 2,2, or exactly one factor of 22

解答:

计算补事件,也就是乘积不能被 44 整除。这发生在乘积中没有因子 22,或恰好有一个因子 22 时。

六个骰子全为奇数的概率为 (12)6=164(\frac12)^6=\frac1{64}。恰好有一个因子 22,意味着唯一一个骰子掷出 2266,其余五个为奇数,概率为 626(12)5=4646\cdot\frac26\cdot\left(\frac12\right)^5=\frac4{64}\text{。}

补事件的概率为 564\frac5{64},所以所求概率为 1564=59641-\frac5{64}=\frac{59}{64}

所以正确答案是 C

Count the complement, where the product is not divisible by 4.4. This happens if the product has no factor of 2,2, or exactly one factor of 2.2.

All dice odd has probability (12)6=164.(\frac12)^6=\frac1{64}. Exactly one factor of 22 means exactly one die is 22 or 6,6, and the other five dice are odd. This has probability 626(12)5=464.6\cdot\frac26\cdot\left(\frac12\right)^5=\frac4{64}.

The complement has probability 564,\frac5{64}, so the desired probability is 1564=5964.1-\frac5{64}=\frac{59}{64}.

Thus, the answer is C .

15.

在正方形 ABCDABCD 中,点 PPQQ 分别位于 AD\overline{AD}AB\overline{AB} 上。线段 BP\overline{BP}CQ\overline{CQ} 在点 RR 处垂直相交,且 BR=6BR = 6PR=7PR = 7。求正方形的面积。

In square ABCD,ABCD, points PP and QQ lie on AD\overline{AD} and AB,\overline{AB}, respectively. Segments BP\overline{BP} and CQ\overline{CQ} intersect at right angles at R,R, with BR=6BR = 6 and PR=7.PR = 7. What is the area of the square?

8585

9393

100100

117117

125125

难度评级:1950
小提示:

6,7,136,7,13 三角形可知 BP=13BP=13

BP=13BP=13 by the 6,7,136,7,13 triangle

大提示:

在直角三角形 BQCBQC 中使用高定理。

Use the altitude theorem in right triangle BQCBQC

解答:

因为 BR=6BR=6PR=7PR=7,所以 BP=13BP=13。由正方形中的对应直角三角形可得 PABQBC\triangle PAB\cong\triangle QBC,于是 CQ=BP=13CQ=BP=13

因为 BPCQBP\perp CQ,点 RR 是从 BB 向直角三角形 BQCBQC 的斜边 CQCQ 所作高的垂足。因此 QRRC=BR2=36QR\cdot RC=BR^2=36QR+RC=CQ=13QR+RC=CQ=13\text{。}

于是 QRQRRCRC4499。因为 PPAD\overline{AD} 上,所以 APABAP\le AB。由全等可得 BQ=APBQ=AP,而直角三角形的射影定理给出 BQ2=CQQRBQ^2=CQ\cdot QRBC2=CQRCBC^2=CQ\cdot RC。因此 QRRCQR\le RC,从而 QR=4QR=4RC=9RC=9。于是 BC2=BR2+RC2=62+92=117 \begin{aligned} BC^2&=BR^2+RC^2\\ &=6^2+9^2\\ &=117 \end{aligned}\text{。}

正方形面积为 117117

所以正确答案是 D

Since BR=6BR=6 and PR=7,PR=7, we have BP=13.BP=13. The right-angle and square-angle chasing gives PABQBC,\triangle PAB\cong\triangle QBC, so CQ=BP=13.CQ=BP=13.

Because BPCQ,BP\perp CQ, point RR is the foot of the altitude from BB to the hypotenuse CQCQ of right triangle BQC.BQC. Thus QRRC=BR2=36QR\cdot RC=BR^2=36 and QR+RC=CQ=13.QR+RC=CQ=13.

So QRQR and RCRC are 44 and 9.9. Because PP lies on AD,\overline{AD}, we have APAB.AP\le AB. Congruence gives BQ=AP,BQ=AP, while the right-triangle projection formulas give BQ2=CQQRBQ^2=CQ\cdot QR and BC2=CQRC.BC^2=CQ\cdot RC. Hence QRRC,QR\le RC, so QR=4QR=4 and RC=9.RC=9. Therefore, BC2=BR2+RC2=62+92=117. \begin{aligned} BC^2&=BR^2+RC^2\\ &=6^2+9^2\\ &=117. \end{aligned}

The area of the square is 117.117.

Thus, the answer is D .

16.

五个球围成一圈。Chris 随机选择两个相邻的球并交换它们。然后 Silva 也这样做,她选择的相邻球与 Chris 的选择独立。经过这两次相邻交换后,仍在原来位置上的球的期望个数是多少?

Five balls are arranged around a circle. Chris chooses two adjacent balls at random and interchanges them. Then Silva does the same, with her choice of adjacent balls to interchange being independent of Chris’s. What is the expected number of balls that occupy their original positions after these two successive transpositions?

1.61.6

1.81.8

2.02.0

2.22.2

2.42.4

难度评级:1420
小提示:

按 Silva 的交换与 Chris 的交换如何重叠分类。

Case on how Silva’s swap overlaps Chris’s swap

大提示:

重叠大小对应的概率为 15,25,25\frac{1}{5},\frac{2}{5},\frac{2}{5}

The overlap sizes have probabilities 15,25,25\frac{1}{5},\frac{2}{5},\frac{2}{5}

解答:

Chris 选定一对相邻球后,Silva 有 55 对相邻球可等可能选择。

如果 Silva 选择同一对,则所有 55 个球都回到原位,概率为 15\frac15

如果 Silva 选择与 Chris 的那对恰好共享一个球的相邻对,则有 22 个球在原位。这样的对有 22 个,所以概率为 25\frac25

如果 Silva 选择与 Chris 的那对不相交的相邻对,则有 11 个球在原位。概率同样为 25\frac25

期望为 515+225+125=115=2.2 \begin{aligned} 5\cdot\frac15+2\cdot\frac25+1\cdot\frac25&=\frac{11}{5}\\ &=2.2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以答案是 D

After Chris chooses an adjacent pair, Silva has 55 equally likely adjacent pairs to choose.

If Silva chooses the same pair, all 55 balls return to their original positions. This has probability 15.\frac15.

If Silva chooses a pair sharing exactly one ball with Chris’s pair, then 22 balls are in their original positions. There are 22 such pairs, so this has probability 25.\frac25.

If Silva chooses a disjoint adjacent pair, then 11 ball is in its original position. This also has probability 25.\frac25.

The expected number is 515+225+125=115=2.2. \begin{aligned} 5\cdot\frac15+2\cdot\frac25+1\cdot\frac25&=\frac{11}{5}\\ &=2.2. \end{aligned}

Thus, the answer is D .

17.

不同直线 \ellmm 位于 xyxy 平面内,并在原点相交。点 P(1,4)P(-1, 4) 关于直线 \ell 反射到点 PP',再将 PP' 关于直线 mm 反射到点 PP''。直线 \ell 的方程为 5xy=05x - y = 0,且 PP'' 的坐标为 (4,1)(4,1)。求直线 mm 的方程。

Distinct lines \ell and mm lie in the xyxy-plane. They intersect at the origin. Point P(1,4)P(-1, 4) is reflected about line \ell to point P,P', and then PP' is reflected about line mm to point P.P''. The equation of line \ell is 5xy=0,5x - y = 0, and the coordinates of PP'' are (4,1).(4,1). What is the equation of line m?m?

5x+2y=05x+2y=0

3x+2y=03x+2y=0

x3y=0x-3y=0

2x3y=02x-3y=0

5x3y=05x-3y=0

难度评级:2150
小提示:

两次关于相交直线的反射等价于一次旋转。

Two reflections through intersecting lines equal a rotation

大提示:

比较从 (1,4)(-1,4)(4,1)(4,1) 的角度变化。

Compare the angle change from (1,4)(-1,4) to (4,1)(4,1)

解答:

两次关于过原点直线的反射,等价于旋转两倍的有向夹角,从第一条反射线转到第二条反射线。

(1,4)(-1,4) 被送到 (4,1)(4,1),这是顺时针 9090^\circ 的旋转。因此直线 mm 是将第一条反射线顺时针旋转 4545^\circ 后得到的,而第一条反射线就是 \ell

直线 \ell 的斜率为 55。若 θm=θ45\theta_m=\theta_\ell-45^\circ,则 tanθm=511+5=23\tan\theta_m=\frac{5-1}{1+5}=\frac23\text{。}

所以直线 mmy=23xy=\frac23x,即 2x3y=02x-3y=0

所以答案是 D

Two reflections across lines through the origin are equivalent to a rotation by twice the angle from the first reflecting line to the second.

The point (1,4)(-1,4) is sent to (4,1),(4,1), which is a 9090^\circ clockwise rotation. Therefore line mm is 4545^\circ clockwise from line .\ell.

The slope of \ell is 5.5. If θm=θ45,\theta_m=\theta_\ell-45^\circ, then tanθm=511+5=23.\tan\theta_m=\frac{5-1}{1+5}=\frac23.

Thus line mm is y=23x,y=\frac23x, or 2x3y=0.2x-3y=0.

Thus, the answer is D .

18.

三张完全相同、边长为 66 的正方形纸片叠在一起。中间的纸片绕中心顺时针旋转 3030^\circ,最上面的纸片绕中心顺时针旋转 6060^\circ,得到下图所示的 2424 边形。

该多边形的面积可表示为 abca-b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 为正整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca+b+c

Three identical square sheets of paper each with side length 66 are stacked on top of each other. The middle sheet is rotated clockwise 3030^\circ about its center and the top sheet is rotated clockwise 6060^\circ about its center, resulting in the 2424-sided polygon shown in the figure below.

The area of this polygon can be expressed in the form abc,a-b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is a+b+c?a+b+c?

7575

9393

9696

129129

147147

难度评级:2090
小提示:

把多边形分成 2424 个全等三角形。

Split the polygon into 2424 congruent triangles

大提示:

每个小三角形的角为 15,45,12015^\circ,45^\circ,120^\circ

Each small triangle has angles 15,45,12015^\circ,45^\circ,120^\circ

解答:

边界可分成 2424 个全等三角形,角分别为 1515^\circ4545^\circ120120^\circ

每个三角形的高为 33,即正方形边长的一半。相邻直角三角形有一个 3030^\circ 角,所以从长度为 33 的底边上截去的部分为 3tan30=33\tan30^\circ=\sqrt3

对其中一个三角形作高,其底为 333-\sqrt3,高为 33,面积为 3(33)2=9332\frac{3(3-\sqrt3)}{2}=\frac{9-3\sqrt3}{2}

所以总面积为 249332=10836324\cdot\frac{9-3\sqrt3}{2}=108-36\sqrt3\text{。} 因此 a+b+c=108+36+3=147a+b+c=108+36+3=147

所以答案是 E

The boundary can be split into 2424 congruent triangles. Each has angles 15,15^\circ, 45,45^\circ, and 120.120^\circ.

For one such triangle, draw the altitude from the center-side direction. The altitude is 3,3, half the side length of a square. The adjacent right triangle has a 3030^\circ angle, so the part cut off from a length 33 base is 3tan30=3.3\tan30^\circ=\sqrt3.

Thus each small triangle has base 333-\sqrt3 and height 3,3, giving area 3(33)2=9332.\frac{3(3-\sqrt3)}{2}=\frac{9-3\sqrt3}{2}.

The total area is 249332=108363.24\cdot\frac{9-3\sqrt3}{2}=108-36\sqrt3. Hence a+b+c=108+36+3=147.a+b+c=108+36+3=147.

Thus, the answer is E .

19.

NN 为正整数 77777777777\ldots777,这是一个 313313 位数且每一位都是 77。令 f(r)f(r)NNrr 次方根的首位数字。求下式的值:f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+f(5)+f(6) \begin{aligned} &f(2)+f(3)+f(4)\\ &\quad{}+f(5)+f(6) \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let NN be the positive integer 7777777,7777\ldots777, a 313313-digit number where each digit is a 7.7. Let f(r)f(r) be the leading digit of the rrth root of N.N. What is f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+f(5)+f(6)? \begin{aligned} &f(2)+f(3)+f(4)\\ &\quad{}+f(5)+f(6)? \end{aligned}

88

99

1111

2222

2929

难度评级:1990
小提示:

NN 夹在 7103127\cdot10^{312}8103128\cdot10^{312} 之间。

Bound NN between 7103127\cdot10^{312} and 8103128\cdot10^{312}

大提示:

对每个根号,先提出最大的 1010 的幂。

For each root, factor out the largest power of 1010

解答:

NN 满足 710312<N<8103127\cdot10^{312}\lt N\lt 8\cdot10^{312}\text{。} 乘除 1010 的幂只会移动小数点,因此每次只需关注取出合适 1010 的幂后剩余的首因子。

r=2r=2N\sqrt N 的首因子在 7\sqrt78\sqrt8 之间,所以 f(2)=2f(2)=2

r=3r=3,首因子在 73\sqrt[3]{7}83\sqrt[3]{8} 之间,所以 f(3)=1f(3)=1。对 r=4r=4,首因子在 74\sqrt[4]{7}84\sqrt[4]{8} 之间,所以 f(4)=1f(4)=1

r=5r=5,因为 312=562+2312=5\cdot62+2,首因子在 7005\sqrt[5]{700}8005\sqrt[5]{800} 之间。由于 35<700<800<453^5\lt700\lt800\lt4^5,得 f(5)=3f(5)=3

r=6r=6,首因子在 76\sqrt[6]{7}86\sqrt[6]{8} 之间,所以 f(6)=1f(6)=1。总和为 2+1+1+3+1=82+1+1+3+1=8

所以答案是 A

The number NN satisfies 710312<N<810312.7\cdot10^{312}\lt N\lt 8\cdot10^{312}. Multiplying or dividing by a power of 1010 only shifts the decimal point, so we only need the leading factor left after taking out the largest convenient power of 10.10.

For r=2,r=2, N\sqrt N has leading factor between 7\sqrt7 and 8,\sqrt8, so f(2)=2.f(2)=2.

For r=3,r=3, the leading factor is between 73\sqrt[3]{7} and 83,\sqrt[3]{8}, so f(3)=1.f(3)=1. For r=4,r=4, the leading factor is between 74\sqrt[4]{7} and 84,\sqrt[4]{8}, so f(4)=1.f(4)=1.

For r=5,r=5, since 312=562+2,312=5\cdot62+2, the leading factor is between 7005\sqrt[5]{700} and 8005.\sqrt[5]{800}. Since 35<700<800<45,3^5\lt700\lt800\lt4^5, f(5)=3.f(5)=3.

For r=6,r=6, the leading factor is between 76\sqrt[6]{7} and 86,\sqrt[6]{8}, so f(6)=1.f(6)=1. The sum is 2+1+1+3+1=8.2+1+1+3+1=8.

Thus, the answer is A .

20.

在某个游戏中,44 名玩家各掷一个标准 66 面骰。掷出最大点数的玩家获胜。如果最大点数出现并列,则这些并列者再次掷骰,如此继续直到一人获胜。Hugo 是其中一名玩家。已知 Hugo 赢得游戏,求 Hugo 第一次掷出 55 的条件概率。

In a particular game, each of 44 players rolls a standard 66-sided die. The winner is the player who rolls the highest number. If there is a tie for the highest roll, those involved in the tie will roll again and this process will continue until one player wins. Hugo is one of the players in this game. What is the probability that Hugo’s first roll was a 5,5, given that he won the game?

61216\dfrac{61}{216}

3671296\dfrac{367}{1296}

41144\dfrac{41}{144}

185648\dfrac{185}{648}

1136\dfrac{11}{36}

难度评级:2150
小提示:

使用条件概率 P(Hugo 掷出 5Hugo 获胜)P(Hugo\text{ 掷出 }5\mid Hugo\text{ 获胜})

Use P(Hugo rolled 5Hugo wins)P(Hugo\text{ rolled }5\mid Hugo\text{ wins})

大提示:

按其他玩家中有多少人也掷出 55 分类。

Case on how many other players also rolled 55

解答:

由对称性,P(Hugo 获胜)=14P(\text{Hugo 获胜})=\frac14。因此所求条件概率等于 Hugo 第一次掷出 55 并最终获胜的概率的四倍。

若 Hugo 第一次掷出 55,其他人不能掷出 66。按其他三人中也掷出 55 的人数分类;若有 tt 人与 Hugo 并列,则 Hugo 后续获胜概率为 1t+1\frac1{t+1}

按并列人数分类,得到 P(Hugo 掷出 5 且获胜)=164t=03(3t)43tt+1=64+24+4+1464=36941296 \begin{gathered} P(\text{Hugo 掷出 }5\text{ 且获胜})\\ {}=\frac{1}{6^4}\sum_{t=0}^3 \binom3t\frac{4^{3-t}}{t+1}\\ {}=\frac{64+24+4+\frac14}{6^4}\\ {}=\frac{369}{4\cdot1296} \end{gathered}\text{。}

乘以 44,得到 3691296=41144\frac{369}{1296}=\frac{41}{144}

所以正确答案是 C

By symmetry, P(Hugo wins)=14.P(\text{Hugo wins})=\frac14. Therefore, the requested conditional probability is four times the probability that Hugo first rolls 55 and eventually wins.

If Hugo rolls 5,5, then no other player can roll 6.6. Case on how many of the other three players also roll 5.5. If tt other players tie Hugo, then Hugo wins the eventual tiebreaker with probability 1t+1.\frac1{t+1}.

Thus P(Hugo rolls 5 and wins)=164t=03(3t)43tt+1=64+24+4+1464=36941296. \begin{gathered} P(\text{Hugo rolls }5\text{ and wins})\\ {}=\frac{1}{6^4}\sum_{t=0}^3 \binom3t\frac{4^{3-t}}{t+1}\\ {}=\frac{64+24+4+\frac14}{6^4}\\ {}=\frac{369}{4\cdot1296}. \end{gathered}

Multiplying by 44 gives 3691296=41144.\frac{369}{1296}=\frac{41}{144}.

Thus, the answer is C .

21.

边数为 55667788 的正多边形内接于同一个圆。任意两个多边形不共用顶点,并且没有三条边交于同一点。在圆内部,有多少个点是其中两个多边形的边的交点?

Regular polygons with 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, and 88 sides are inscribed in the same circle. No two of the polygons share a vertex, and no three of their sides intersect at a common point. At how many points inside the circle do two of their sides intersect?

5252

5656

6060

6464

6868

难度评级:2110
小提示:

分别计算每一对多边形的交点数。

Count intersections separately for each pair of polygons

大提示:

一个 kk 边形和一个更大的正多边形相交,会有 2k2k 个边界交点。

A kk-gon and larger regular polygon intersect in 2k2k boundary points

解答:

对内接同圆且无共点顶点的正 kk 边形和正 nn 边形,其中 k<nk\lt n,它们的边界相交于 2k2k 个点。

较小多边形的每条边会被较大多边形边界穿过两次。55 边形与各较大多边形分别贡献 252\cdot5 个交点,对应的边数为 66778866 边形与各较大多边形分别贡献 262\cdot6 个交点,对应的边数为 778877 边形贡献 272\cdot7 个交点,对应边数为 88

对所有多边形对求和。3(10)+2(12)+14=683(10)+2(12)+14=68\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

For a regular kk-gon and a regular nn-gon inscribed in the same circle with k<nk\lt n and no shared vertices, their boundaries intersect in 2k2k points. Each side of the smaller polygon is crossed twice by the boundary of the larger polygon.

Therefore, sum over all pairs of polygons. The 55-gon contributes 252\cdot5 intersections with each of the 66-, 77-, and 88-gons. The 66-gon contributes 262\cdot6 intersections with each of the 77- and 88-gons. The 77-gon contributes 272\cdot7 with the 88-gon.

The total is 3(10)+2(12)+14=68.3(10)+2(12)+14=68.

Thus, the answer is E .

22.

对每个整数 n2n\ge2,令 SnS_n 为所有乘积 jkjk 的和,其中 jjkk 是整数,且 1j<kn1\le j<k\le n。使 SnS_n 能被 33 整除的最小 1010nn 的值之和是多少?

For each integer n2,n\ge2, let SnS_n be the sum of all products jk,jk, where jj and kk are integers and 1j<kn.1\le j<k\le n. What is the sum of the 1010 least values of nn such that SnS_n is divisible by 3?3?

 196\ 196

 197\ 197

 198\ 198

 199\ 199

 200\ 200

难度评级:1950
小提示:

找出从前一项到 SnS_n 时新加入的 k=nk=n 项如何改变和。

Find how SnS_n changes when terms with k=nk=n are added

大提示:

只有 n2(mod3)n\equiv2\pmod3 时,模 33 的值会改变。

Only n2(mod3)n\equiv2\pmod3 changes the value modulo 33

解答:

Sn1S_{n-1}SnS_n,新加入的项为 jnjn,其中 1j<n1\le j\lt nn(1+2++(n1))=n2(n1)2 \begin{gathered} n(1+2+\cdots+(n-1))\\ =\frac{n^2(n-1)}2 \end{gathered}\text{。}

33 看,这个增量为 00 的情形是 n0n\equiv01(mod3)1\pmod3,而增量为 22 的情形是 n2(mod3)n\equiv2\pmod3

因为 S2=2S_2=2,在第 33 次遇到与 2(mod3)2\pmod3 同余的数时,也就是 n=8n=8SnS_n 开始能被 33 整除。之后 n=8,9,10n=8,9,10 都满足,并且这个模式每隔 99nn 重复一次。

最小的十个值为 8,9,10,17,18,19,26,27,28,358,9,10,17,18,19,26,27,28,35。它们的和为 197197

所以答案是 B

When passing from Sn1S_{n-1} to Sn,S_n, the new terms are jnjn for 1j<n.1\le j\lt n. Their sum is n(1+2++(n1))=n2(n1)2. \begin{gathered} n(1+2+\cdots+(n-1))\\ =\frac{n^2(n-1)}2. \end{gathered}

Modulo 3,3, this increment is 00 when n0n\equiv0 or 1(mod3),1\pmod3, and is 22 when n2(mod3).n\equiv2\pmod3.

Since S2=2,S_2=2, the sequence becomes divisible by 33 after the third occurrence of a number congruent to 2(mod3),2\pmod3, namely at n=8.n=8. Then SnS_n stays divisible by 33 for n=8,9,10,n=8,9,10, and the same pattern repeats every 99 in n.n.

The ten least values are 8,9,10,17,18,19,26,27,28,35.8,9,10,17,18,19,26,27,28,35. Their sum is 197.197.

Thus, the answer is B .

23.

一个正五边形的 55 条边和 55 条对角线各自独立随机染成红色或蓝色,且两种颜色概率相等。存在一个三角形,其顶点为该五边形的顶点,且三条边同色的概率是多少?

Each of the 55 sides and the 55 diagonals of a regular pentagon are randomly and independently colored red or blue with equal probability. What is the probability that there will be a triangle whose vertices are among the vertices of the pentagon such that all of its sides have the same color?

23\dfrac 23

105128\dfrac{105}{128}

125128\dfrac{125}{128}

253256\dfrac{253}{256}

11

难度评级:2300
小提示:

计算没有单色三角形的染色数。

Count the colorings with no monochromatic triangle

大提示:

在每个顶点处,每种颜色必须恰好出现 22 条关联边。

At each vertex, each color must appear on exactly 22 incident edges

解答:

计算补事件:将 1010 条边组成的 K5K_5 用两种颜色染色,且没有单色三角形。

在任意顶点,如果有 33 条关联边同色,那么这三条边另一端之间的边都必须是另一种颜色;但这又会形成单色三角形。因此每个顶点恰有 22 条红边和 22 条蓝边。

所以红边构成一个 22 正则图,顶点数为 55,只能是一个 55 环。带标号的 55 环共有 (51)!2=12\frac{(5-1)!}{2}=12 个。

总染色数为 210=10242^{10}=1024,所以所求概率为 1121024=2532561-\frac{12}{1024}=\frac{253}{256}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Count the complement: colorings of the 1010 edges of K5K_5 with no monochromatic triangle.

At any vertex, if 33 incident edges had the same color, then the edges among their other endpoints would all have to be the other color, making a monochromatic triangle. Thus each vertex has exactly 22 red and 22 blue incident edges.

So the red edges form a 22-regular graph on 55 vertices, which must be a 55-cycle. The number of labeled 55-cycles is (51)!2=12.\frac{(5-1)!}{2}=12.

There are 210=10242^{10}=1024 total colorings, so the desired probability is 1121024=253256.1-\frac{12}{1024}=\frac{253}{256}.

Thus, the answer is D .

24.

44 个白色单位立方体和 44 个蓝色单位立方体构造一个 2×2×22 \times 2 \times 2 立方体。有多少种不同构造方法?若一种构造经旋转后能与另一种重合,则二者视为相同。

A cube is constructed from 44 white unit cubes and 44 blue unit cubes. How many different ways are there to construct the 2×2×22 \times 2 \times 2 cube using these smaller cubes? (Two constructions are considered the same if one can be rotated to match the other.)

77

88

99

1010

1111

难度评级:1860
小提示:

这等于在立方体八个顶点中选 44 个顶点,按旋转等价分类。

This is the number of 44-vertex subsets of a cube up to rotation

大提示:

对立方体的 2424 个旋转使用 Burnside 引理。

Burnside over the 2424 rotations of the cube

解答:

问题等价于选择哪 44 个位置涂蓝,位置总数为 88,并对立方体的 2424 个旋转使用 Burnside 引理。

恒等旋转固定 (84)=70\binom84=70 种染色。66 个绕面中心轴的四分之一转各固定 22 种;33 个绕面中心轴的半转各固定 66 种;88 个绕相对顶点轴的旋转各固定 44 种;66 个绕相对棱中点轴的半转各固定 66 种。

因此不等价构造数为 70+62+36+84+6624=7 \begin{gathered} \frac{70+6\cdot2+3\cdot6+8\cdot4+6\cdot6}{24}\\ =7 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

This is the number of ways to choose which 44 of the 88 cube vertices are blue, up to cube rotation. Use Burnside’s lemma on the 2424 rotations of the cube.

The identity fixes (84)=70\binom84=70 colorings. The 66 quarter-turn face rotations each fix 2.2. The 33 half-turn face rotations each fix 6.6. The 88 rotations about opposite vertices each fix 4.4. The 66 half-turn rotations about opposite edges each fix 6.6.

Thus the number of inequivalent constructions is 70+62+36+84+6624=7. \begin{gathered} \frac{70+6\cdot2+3\cdot6+8\cdot4+6\cdot6}{24}\\ =7. \end{gathered}

Thus, the answer is A .

25.

一个边长为 1133 的矩形、一个边长为 11 的正方形,以及一个矩形 RR 按图所示内接于一个更大的正方形中。矩形 RR 面积的所有可能值之和可写成 mn\tfrac mn,其中 mmnn 为互质正整数。求 m+nm+n

A rectangle with side lengths 11 and 3,3, a square with side length 1,1, and a rectangle RR are inscribed inside a larger square as shown. The sum of all possible values for the area of RR can be written in the form mn,\tfrac mn, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

1414

2323

4646

5959

6767

难度评级:2480
小提示:

利用 1×31\times3 矩形的斜率,设出 x2+(3x)2=1x^2+(3x)^2=1

Use the slope of the 1×31\times3 rectangle to set x2+(3x)2=1x^2+(3x)^2=1

大提示:

相似三角形方程可分解为 (m3x)(m4x)=0(m-3x)(m-4x)=0

The similar-triangle equation factors as (m3x)(m4x)=0(m-3x)(m-4x)=0

解答:

如图使用相似三角形。大正方形的两条边长分别为 4x+2y4x+2y3y+x3y+x,所以 3y+x=4x+2y3y+x=4x+2y,得到 y=3xy=3x,大正方形边长为 10x10x

在图形上部,设标出的水平线段为 mm。矩形 RR 两侧形成的两个直角三角形具有平行的对应边和相等的斜边,因此全等,由此得到下图标出的长度。

由相似三角形,m3x=4xm36xm\frac{m}{3x}=\frac{4x-\frac m3}{6x-m}\text{。} 因而 6xmm2=12x2xm6xm-m^2=12x^2-xm,所以 m27xm+12x2=0=(m3x)(m4x) \begin{gathered} m^2-7xm+12x^2=0\\ =(m-3x)(m-4x)\text{。} \end{gathered}

m=3xm=3x,矩形 RR 的两边均为 32x3\sqrt2x,面积为 18x218x^2;若 m=4xm=4x,两边为 5x5x103x\frac{10}{3}x,面积为 503x2\frac{50}{3}x^2

两个可能面积之和为 1043x2\frac{104}{3}x^2。由 1×31\times3 矩形可知 x2+(3x)2=1x^2+(3x)^2=1,所以 x2=110x^2=\frac1{10}。因此面积和为 1043110=5215\frac{104}{3}\cdot\frac1{10}=\frac{52}{15}\text{。}

于是 m+n=52+15=67m+n=52+15=67,正确答案是 E

Use similar triangles as shown in the diagram. The left side of the large square has length 4x+2y,4x+2y, and the bottom side has length 3y+x.3y+x. Since these are equal, 3y+x=4x+2y,3y+x=4x+2y, so y=3x.y=3x. The side length of the large square is therefore 10x.10x.

In the upper part of the figure, let the marked horizontal segment be m.m. The two right triangles formed by the sides of rectangle RR have parallel corresponding sides and equal hypotenuses, so they are congruent. This gives the lengths shown below.

Similar triangles give m3x=4xm36xm.\frac{m}{3x}=\frac{4x-\frac m3}{6x-m}. Hence 6xmm2=12x2xm,6xm-m^2=12x^2-xm, so m27xm+12x2=0=(m3x)(m4x). \begin{gathered} m^2-7xm+12x^2=0\\ =(m-3x)(m-4x). \end{gathered}

If m=3x,m=3x, rectangle RR has side length 32x3\sqrt2x in both directions, so its area is 18x2.18x^2. If m=4x,m=4x, its side lengths are 5x5x and 103x,\frac{10}{3}x, so its area is 503x2.\frac{50}{3}x^2.

The two possible areas sum to 1043x2.\frac{104}{3}x^2. Since the 1×31\times3 rectangle gives x2+(3x)2=1,x^2+(3x)^2=1, we have x2=110.x^2=\frac1{10}. The sum of the possible areas is 1043110=5215.\frac{104}{3}\cdot\frac1{10}=\frac{52}{15}.

Thus m+n=52+15=67,m+n=52+15=67, and the answer is E .