2020 AMC 10B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

下式的值是多少 1(2)3(4)5(6) \begin{aligned} &1 - (-2) - 3 - (-4) \\ &\quad {}- 5 - (-6) \end{aligned}\text{?}

What is the value of 1(2)3(4)5(6)? \begin{aligned} &1 - (-2) - 3 - (-4) \\ &\quad {}- 5 - (-6)? \end{aligned}

20-20

3-3

33

55

2121

知识点:整数运算
难度评级:450
小提示:

先把减去负数改写成加上正数,再合并各项。

Turn subtraction of a negative into addition before combining terms

大提示:

把正项和负项分别配对,计算会更小。

Pair the positive and negative terms so the arithmetic stays small

解答:

减去负数等于加上对应的正数,所以 1(2)3(4)5(6)=1+23+45+6 \begin{aligned} &1-(-2)-3-(-4) \\ &\quad {}-5-(-6) \\ &\quad = 1+2-3+4-5+6\text{。} \end{aligned} 合并各项可得 (1+2+4+6)(3+5)=138=5 \begin{aligned} &(1+2+4+6)-(3+5) \\ &\quad = 13-8=5\text{。} \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 D

Subtracting a negative is the same as adding the corresponding positive number, so 1(2)3(4)5(6)=1+23+45+6. \begin{aligned} &1-(-2)-3-(-4) \\ &\quad {}-5-(-6) \\ &\quad = 1+2-3+4-5+6. \end{aligned} Now combine the terms: (1+2+4+6)(3+5)=138=5. \begin{aligned} &(1+2+4+6)-(3+5) \\ &\quad = 13-8=5. \end{aligned}

Thus, D is the correct answer.

2.

Carl 有 55 个边长为 11 的立方体,Kate 有 55 个边长为 22 的立方体。这 1010 个立方体的总体积是多少?

Carl has 55 cubes each having side length 1,1, and Kate has 55 cubes each having side length 2.2. What is the total volume of these 1010 cubes?

2424

2525

2828

4040

4545

知识点:体积正方体
难度评级:560
小提示:

边长为 ss 的立方体体积为 s3s^3

A cube with side length ss has volume s3s^3

大提示:

分别求 Carl 的立方体和 Kate 的立方体的体积。

Find the volume from Carl’s cubes and Kate’s cubes separately

解答:

边长为 ss 的立方体体积为 s3s^3。Carl 的五个立方体总体积为 513=55\cdot 1^3=5,Kate 的五个立方体总体积为 523=405\cdot 2^3=40

总体积为 5+40=455+40=45

所以正确答案是 E

A cube with side length ss has volume s3.s^3. Carl’s five cubes have total volume 513=5,5\cdot 1^3=5, and Kate’s five cubes have total volume 523=40.5\cdot 2^3=40.

The total volume is 5+40=45.5+40=45.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

3.

wwxx 的比为 4:34:3yyzz 的比为 3:23:2zzxx 的比为 1:61:6wwyy 的比是多少?

The ratio of ww to xx is 4:3,4:3, the ratio of yy to zz is 3:2,3:2, and the ratio of zz to xx is 1:6.1:6. What is the ratio of ww to y?y?

4:34:3

3:23:2

8:38:3

4:14:1

16:316:3

知识点:比与比例
难度评级:870
小提示:

把每个比改写成含相同变量的分数。

Rewrite each ratio as a fraction involving the same variables

大提示:

wy\frac{w}{y} 写成 (wx)(xz)(zy)(\frac{w}{x})(\frac{x}{z})(\frac{z}{y})

Express wy\frac{w}{y} as (wx)(xz)(zy)(\frac{w}{x})(\frac{x}{z})(\frac{z}{y})

解答:

题中比例给出 wx=43,yz=32,zx=16 \begin{aligned} &\frac wx=\frac43,\qquad \frac yz=\frac32, \\ &\quad \frac zx=\frac16\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此 wy=wxxzzy=43623=163 \begin{aligned} &\frac wy=\frac wx\cdot\frac xz\cdot\frac zy \\ &\quad =\frac43\cdot 6\cdot\frac23=\frac{16}{3}\text{。} \end{aligned} 所以 w:y=16:3w:y=16:3

所以正确答案是 E

The ratios give wx=43,yz=32,zx=16. \begin{aligned} &\frac wx=\frac43,\qquad \frac yz=\frac32, \\ &\quad \frac zx=\frac16. \end{aligned} Then wy=wxxzzy=43623=163. \begin{aligned} &\frac wy=\frac wx\cdot\frac xz\cdot\frac zy \\ &\quad =\frac43\cdot 6\cdot\frac23=\frac{16}{3}. \end{aligned} Therefore w:y=16:3.w:y=16:3.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

4.

一个直角三角形的两个锐角分别为 aa^{\circ}bb^{\circ},其中 a>ba>b,且 aabb 都是质数。bb 的最小可能值是多少?

The acute angles of a right triangle are aa^{\circ} and b,b^{\circ}, where a>ba>b and both aa and bb are prime numbers. What is the least possible value of b?b?

22

33

55

77

1111

知识点:质数角度和
难度评级:870
小提示:

直角三角形的两个锐角之和为 9090^\circ

The two acute angles in a right triangle add to 9090^\circ

大提示:

要让 bb 尽量小,就尝试让 aa 尽量大且为质数。

To make bb small, try the largest possible prime value of aa

解答:

两个锐角满足 a+b=90a+b=90。从小到大尝试质数 bb,若 b=2,3,5b=2,3,5,则 a=88,87,85a=88,87,85,都不是质数。但当 b=7b=7 时,a=83a=83 是质数,且大于 bb

因此 bb 的最小可能值为 77。所以正确答案是 D

The acute angles satisfy a+b=90.a+b=90. Testing primes bb from least to greatest, b=2,3,5b=2,3,5 would give a=88,87,85,a=88,87,85, none of which is prime. For b=7,b=7, however, a=83a=83 is prime and is greater than b.b.

Therefore the least possible value of bb is 7.7. Thus, D is the correct answer.

5.

11 块棕色砖、11 块紫色砖、22 块绿色砖和 33 块黄色砖从左到右排成一行,有多少种可区分的排列?同色砖不可区分。

How many distinguishable arrangements are there of 11 brown tile, 11 purple tile, 22 green tiles, and 33 yellow tiles in a row from left to right? (Tiles of the same color are indistinguishable.)

210210

420420

630630

840840

10501050

知识点:多重集排列
难度评级:900
小提示:

先把七块砖都看作不同来排列。

First arrange the seven tiles as if they were all different

大提示:

再除以相同绿色砖和相同黄色砖的排列数。

Divide by the orders of the identical green and yellow tiles

解答:

砖块总数为 1+1+2+3=71+1+2+3=7。若七块都不同有 7!7! 种排列。两块绿色砖不可区分,三块黄色砖不可区分,所以要除以 2!2!3!3!

因此可区分的排列数为 7!2!3!=420\frac{7!}{2!3!}=420\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

There are 1+1+2+3=71+1+2+3=7 total tiles. If all seven tiles were distinct, there would be 7!7! arrangements. The two green tiles are indistinguishable, and the three yellow tiles are indistinguishable, so we divide by 2!2! and 3!.3!.

Thus the number of arrangements is 7!2!3!=420.\frac{7!}{2!3!}=420.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

6.

Megan 在高速公路上开车时,注意到里程表显示 1595115951 英里。这个数是回文数,也就是正读倒读相同。22 小时后,里程表显示下一个更大的回文数。在这 22 小时内,她的平均速度是多少英里每小时?

Driving along a highway, Megan noticed that her odometer showed 1595115951 (miles). This number is a palindrome—it reads the same forward and backward. Then 22 hours later, the odometer displayed the next higher palindrome. What was her average speed, in miles per hour, during this 22-hour period?

5050

5555

6060

6565

7070

难度评级:960
小提示:

先找出 1595115951 之后的下一个回文数,再计算速度。

Find the next palindrome after 1595115951 before computing the speed

大提示:

增加中间数字会产生进位,从而得到下一个回文数。

Increasing the middle digit forces a carry to the next palindrome

解答:

五位回文数由它的前三位数字唯一确定。1595115951 的前半部分是 159159;把它增加到 160160,再把前两位数字对称地反射到后两位,就得到下一个回文数 1606116061

Megan 行驶了 1606115951=11016061-15951=110 英里,用时 22 小时,所以平均速度为每小时 1102=55\frac{110}{2}=55 英里。所以正确答案是 B

A five-digit palindrome is determined by its first three digits. The first half of 1595115951 is 159159; increasing this to 160160 and reflecting the first two digits gives the next palindrome, 16061.16061.

Megan traveled 1606115951=11016061-15951=110 miles in 22 hours, so her average speed was 1102=55\frac{110}{2}=55 miles per hour. Thus, B is the correct answer.

7.

小于 20202020 的正偶数且为 33 的倍数的数中,有多少个是完全平方数?

How many positive even multiples of 33 less than 20202020 are perfect squares?

77

88

99

1010

1212

难度评级:960
小提示:

一个既是偶数又是 33 的倍数的平方数,其平方根必须能被 66 整除。

A square that is an even multiple of 33 has a square root divisible by 66

大提示:

统计平方小于 20202020 的正的 66 的倍数。

Count positive multiples of 66 whose squares are less than 20202020

解答:

一个数既是偶数又是 33 的倍数时,它是 66 的倍数。若它还是完全平方数,则其平方根必须同时被 2233 整除,因而被 66 整除。因此所求平方数恰好为 (6k)2<2020(6k)^2<2020\text{,}其中 kk 为正整数。

因为 422=1764<202042^2=1764<2020482=2304>202048^2=2304>2020,所以 k=1,2,,7k=1,2,\ldots,7,共有 77 个数。

所以正确答案是 A

A number that is both even and a multiple of 33 is a multiple of 6.6. If such a number is also a perfect square, its square root must be divisible by both 22 and 3,3, hence by 6.6. Therefore the numbers counted are exactly (6k)2<2020(6k)^2<2020 for positive integers k.k.

Since 422=1764<202042^2=1764<2020 and 482=2304>2020,48^2=2304>2020, we have k=1,2,,7,k=1,2,\ldots,7, for a total of 77 numbers.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

8.

平面内点 PPQQ 满足 PQ=8PQ=8。平面内有多少个点 RR,使得以 PPQQRR 为顶点的三角形是直角三角形,且面积为 1212 平方单位?

Points PP and QQ lie in a plane with PQ=8.PQ=8. How many locations for point RR in this plane are there such that the triangle with vertices P,P, Q,Q, and RR is a right triangle with area 1212 square units?

22

44

66

88

1212

难度评级:1420
小提示:

面积条件确定了 RR 到直线 PQPQ 的距离。

The area condition fixes the distance from RR to line PQPQ

大提示:

分别考虑直角在 PPQQ、或 RR 的情况。

Separate the cases where the right angle is at P,P, Q,Q, or RR

解答:

P=(4,0)P=(-4,0)Q=(4,0)Q=(4,0)。因为面积为 1212PQ=8PQ=8,点 RR 到直线 PQPQ 的距离为 33,所以 R=(x,±3)R=(x,\pm 3)

若直角在 PP,则 R=(4,±3)R=(-4,\pm 3),给出 22 点。若直角在 QQ,则 R=(4,±3)R=(4,\pm 3),再给出 22 点。

若直角在 RR,则 PQPQ 是斜边,所以 64=PR2+QR2=(x+4)2+9+(x4)2+9=2x2+50 \begin{aligned} &64=PR^2+QR^2 \\ &\quad =(x+4)^2+9 \\ &\quad {}+(x-4)^2+9 \\ &\quad =2x^2+50\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此 x2=7x^2=7,给出 R=(±7,±3)R=(\pm\sqrt7,\pm 3),另有 44 点。

总数为 2+2+4=82+2+4=8

所以正确答案是 D

Place P=(4,0)P=(-4,0) and Q=(4,0).Q=(4,0). Since the area is 1212 and PQ=8,PQ=8, the distance from RR to line PQPQ is 3,3, so R=(x,±3).R=(x,\pm 3).

If the right angle is at P,P, then R=(4,±3),R=(-4,\pm 3), giving 22 points. If it is at Q,Q, then R=(4,±3),R=(4,\pm 3), giving 22 more points.

If the right angle is at R,R, then PQPQ is the hypotenuse, so 64=PR2+QR2=(x+4)2+9+(x4)2+9=2x2+50. \begin{aligned} &64=PR^2+QR^2 \\ &\quad =(x+4)^2+9 \\ &\quad {}+(x-4)^2+9 \\ &\quad =2x^2+50. \end{aligned} Thus x2=7,x^2=7, giving R=(±7,±3),R=(\pm\sqrt7,\pm 3), another 44 points.

The total is 2+2+4=8.2+2+4=8.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

9.

有多少个整数有序对 (x,y)(x, y) 满足下面的方程 x2020+y2=2yx^{2020}+y^2=2y\text{?}

How many ordered pairs of integers (x,y)(x, y) satisfy the equation x2020+y2=2y?x^{2020}+y^2=2y?

11

22

33

44

无限多个

infinitely many

难度评级:1070
小提示:

yy 配方。

Complete the square in yy

大提示:

方程迫使 x20201x^{2020}\le 1,所以整数 xx 只有少数可能。

The equation forces x20201,x^{2020}\le 1, so only a few integer xx-values are possible

解答:

移项并配方:x2020+y2=2yx2020+(y1)2=1 \begin{aligned} &x^{2020}+y^2=2y \\ &\quad \Longrightarrow x^{2020}+(y-1)^2=1\text{。} \end{aligned} 因为 (y1)20(y-1)^2\ge 0,所以 x20201x^{2020}\le 1。由于 xx 是整数,只可能有 x=1,0,1x=-1,0,1

x=±1x=\pm1,则 (y1)2=0(y-1)^2=0,所以 y=1y=1。若 x=0x=0,则 (y1)2=1(y-1)^2=1,所以 y=0y=022。共有 44 个有序对。

所以正确答案是 D

Move all terms to one side and complete the square: x2020+y2=2yx2020+(y1)2=1. \begin{aligned} &x^{2020}+y^2=2y \\ &\quad \Longrightarrow x^{2020}+(y-1)^2=1. \end{aligned} Because (y1)20,(y-1)^2\ge 0, we must have x20201.x^{2020}\le 1. Since xx is an integer, x=1,0,1.x=-1,0,1.

If x=±1,x=\pm1, then (y1)2=0,(y-1)^2=0, so y=1.y=1. If x=0,x=0, then (y1)2=1,(y-1)^2=1, so y=0y=0 or 2.2. This gives 44 ordered pairs.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

10.

一个半径为 44 英寸的圆的四分之三扇形连同内部,可以沿图中所示的两条半径粘合卷成一个直圆锥的侧面。这个圆锥的体积是多少立方英寸?

A three-quarter sector of a circle of radius 44 inches together with its interior can be rolled up to form the lateral surface of a right circular cone by taping together along the two radii shown. What is the volume of the cone in cubic inches?

3π53\pi\sqrt{5}

4π34\pi\sqrt{3}

3π73\pi\sqrt{7}

6π36\pi\sqrt{3}

6π76\pi\sqrt{7}

难度评级:1140
小提示:

扇形的弧长会成为圆锥底面的周长。

The sector arc becomes the circumference of the cone base

大提示:

扇形的半径会成为圆锥的母线长。

The sector radius becomes the slant height of the cone

解答:

扇形的弧成为圆锥底面的周长,所以若底面半径为 rr,则 2πr=34(2π4)=6π2\pi r=\frac34(2\pi\cdot4)=6\pi\text{,}r=3r=3。扇形的半径成为圆锥的母线长,所以圆锥的高为 h=4232=7h=\sqrt{4^2-3^2}=\sqrt7\text{。}

因此圆锥的体积为 13πr2h=13π(3)27=3π7\frac13\pi r^2h=\frac13\pi(3)^2\sqrt7=3\pi\sqrt7\text{。} 所以正确答案是 C

The sector’s arc becomes the base circumference, so if the base radius is r,r, then 2πr=34(2π4)=6π,2\pi r=\frac34(2\pi\cdot4)=6\pi, giving r=3.r=3. The sector radius becomes the cone’s slant height, so the cone’s height is h=4232=7.h=\sqrt{4^2-3^2}=\sqrt7.

Hence the volume is 13πr2h=13π(3)27=3π7.\frac13\pi r^2h=\frac13\pi(3)^2\sqrt7=3\pi\sqrt7. Thus, C is the correct answer.

11.

Carr 老师要求学生阅读书单上 1010 本书中的任意 55 本。Harold 从书单中随机选 55 本,Betty 也随机选五本。他们恰好有 22 本书都选中的概率是多少?

Ms. Carr asks her students to read any 55 of the 1010 books on a reading list. Harold randomly selects 55 books from this list, and Betty does the same. What is the probability that there are exactly 22 books that they both select?

18\dfrac{1}{8}

536\dfrac{5}{36}

1445\dfrac{14}{45}

2563\dfrac{25}{63}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

知识点:组合基本概率
难度评级:1140
小提示:

固定 Harold 选的五本书,然后数 Betty 的选择。

Fix Harold’s five books and count Betty’s choices

大提示:

Betty 必须从 Harold 的书中选恰好两本,并从另外五本中选三本。

Betty must choose exactly two from Harold’s books and three from the other five

解答:

固定 Harold 选的 55 本书。Betty 从这五本中恰好选两本有 (52)\binom{5}{2} 种方式,另外三本从 Harold 没选的 55 本中选,有 (53)\binom{5}{3} 种方式。

因此在 (105)=252\binom{10}{5}=252 种等可能的选法中,Betty 有 (52)(53)=100\binom{5}{2}\binom{5}{3}=100 种有利的选法。所求概率为 100252=2563\frac{100}{252}=\frac{25}{63}\text{。} 所以正确答案是 D

Assume that Harold has already picked his 55 books. Of these five books, there are (52)\binom{5}{2} ways that Betty can have picked exactly two of the same books as Harold, and (53)\binom{5}{3} ways that Betty can choose her other three books from the 55 books not on Harold’s list.

Thus there are (52)(53)=100\binom{5}{2}\binom{5}{3}=100 favorable choices for Betty out of (105)=252\binom{10}{5}=252 equally likely choices. The probability is 100252=2563.\frac{100}{252}=\frac{25}{63}. Thus, D is the correct answer.

12.

12020\frac{1}{20^{20}} 的小数表示在小数点后先出现一串零,然后是一个 99,后面还有若干数字。小数点后最初的一串零有多少个?

The decimal representation of 12020\frac{1}{20^{20}} consists of a string of zeros after the decimal point, followed by a 99 and then several more digits. How many zeros are in that initial string of zeros after the decimal point?

2323

2424

2525

2626

2727

知识点:小数指数位值
难度评级:1280
小提示:

12020\frac{1}{20^{20}} 改写成 5201040\frac{5^{20}}{10^{40}}

Rewrite 12020\frac{1}{20^{20}} as 5201040\frac{5^{20}}{10^{40}}

大提示:

5205^{20} 有多少位,就能知道前导零的个数。

Find how many digits 5205^{20} has to know how many leading zeros appear

解答:

可以写成 12020=1(45)20=5201040\frac{1}{20^{20}}=\frac{1}{(4\cdot5)^{20}}=\frac{5^{20}}{10^{40}}\text{。}又因为 520=95,367,431,640,6255^{20}=95{,}367{,}431{,}640{,}625,这是一个 1414 位数,且首位为 99。除以 104010^{40} 后,将这个 1414 位数放在小数点后,并在首位数字前放置 4014=2640-14=26 个零。

所以正确答案是 D

We can write 12020=1(45)20=5201040.\frac{1}{20^{20}}=\frac{1}{(4\cdot5)^{20}}=\frac{5^{20}}{10^{40}}. Now 520=95,367,431,640,625,5^{20}=95{,}367{,}431{,}640{,}625, which has 1414 digits and begins with 9.9. Dividing by 104010^{40} places this 1414-digit number after the decimal point with 4014=2640-14=26 zeros before the first digit.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

13.

蚂蚁 Andy 生活在坐标平面上,目前位于 (20,20)(-20, 20),面朝东方,也就是 xx 轴正方向。Andy 先移动 11 个单位,然后向左转 9090^{\circ}。接着他向北移动 22 个单位,再向左转 9090^{\circ}。然后他向西移动 33 个单位,再向左转 9090^{\circ}。Andy 继续这样移动,每次移动距离增加 11 个单位,并且总是左转。他第 20202020\text{次} 左转所在点的坐标是什么?

Andy the Ant lives on a coordinate plane and is currently at (20,20)(-20, 20) facing east (that is, in the positive xx-direction). Andy moves 11 unit and then turns 9090^{\circ} left. From there, Andy moves 22 units (north) and then turns 9090^{\circ} left. He then moves 33 units (west) and again turns 9090^{\circ} left. Andy continues this process, increasing his distance each time by 11 unit and always turning left. What is the location of the point at which Andy makes the 2020th2020\text{th} left turn?

(1030,994)(-1030,-994)

(1030,990)(-1030,-990)

(1026,994)(-1026,-994)

(1026,990)(-1026,-990)

(1022,994)(-1022,-994)

难度评级:1480
小提示:

追踪每四次移动的净位移。

Track the net displacement over four moves

大提示:

20202020 次移动正好是 505505 个完整的四步循环。

There are exactly 505505 complete four-move cycles in 20202020 moves

解答:

前四步依次为向东 11、向北 22、向西 33、向南 44。净位移为 (13,24)=(2,2)(1-3,2-4)=(-2,-2)\text{,} 而且他重新面向东方。

因为 2020=45052020=4\cdot 505,Andy 共完成 505505 个这样的循环。从 (20,20)(-20,20) 出发,最终位置为 (20,20)+505(2,2)=(1030,990) \begin{aligned} &(-20,20)+505(-2,-2) \\ &\quad =(-1030,-990) \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

In the first four moves, Andy goes 11 east, 22 north, 33 west, and 44 south. The net change is (13,24)=(2,2),(1-3,2-4)=(-2,-2), and he is again facing east.

Since 2020=4505,2020=4\cdot 505, Andy completes 505505 such cycles. Starting from (20,20),(-20,20), his final position is (20,20)+505(2,2)=(1030,990). \begin{aligned} &(-20,20)+505(-2,-2) \\ &\quad =(-1030,-990). \end{aligned}

Thus, B is the correct answer.

14.

如下图所示,六个半圆位于边长为 22 的正六边形内部,并且这些半圆的直径分别与正六边形的边重合。阴影区域,也就是六边形内但所有半圆外的区域,面积是多少?

As shown in the figure below, six semicircles lie in the interior of a regular hexagon with side length 22 so that the diameters of the semicircles coincide with the sides of the hexagon. What is the area of the shaded region—inside the hexagon but outside all of the semicircles?

633π6\sqrt3-3\pi

9322π\dfrac{9\sqrt3}{2}-2\pi

332π3\dfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}-\dfrac{\pi}{3}

33π3\sqrt3-\pi

932π\dfrac{9\sqrt3}{2}-\pi

难度评级:1530
小提示:

利用正六边形的对称性,把阴影区域分成六个相等部分。

Use the symmetry of the regular hexagon to split the shaded region into six equal pieces

大提示:

每一部分等于两个等边三角形减去一个半径为 11、圆心角为 6060^\circ 的扇形。

Each piece is two equilateral triangles minus a 6060^\circ sector of radius 11

解答:

由对称性,阴影区域由六个全等部分组成。每一部分是两个边长为 11 的等边三角形的并,减去一个半径为 11、圆心角为 6060^\circ 的扇形。

两个等边三角形的总面积为 234=322\cdot\frac{\sqrt3}{4}=\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\text{。} 扇形面积为 60360π(1)2=π6\frac{60^\circ}{360^\circ}\cdot\pi(1)^2=\frac{\pi}{6}\text{。} 因此每一块阴影的面积为 32π6\frac{\sqrt3}{2}-\frac{\pi}{6},阴影总面积为 6(32π6)=33π6\left(\frac{\sqrt3}{2}-\frac{\pi}{6}\right)=3\sqrt3-\pi\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

By symmetry, the shaded region is made of six congruent pieces. One such piece is the union of two equilateral triangles with side length 1,1, minus a 6060^\circ sector of a circle of radius 1.1.

The two equilateral triangles have total area 234=32.2\cdot\frac{\sqrt3}{4}=\frac{\sqrt3}{2}. The sector has area 60360π(1)2=π6.\frac{60^\circ}{360^\circ}\cdot\pi(1)^2=\frac{\pi}{6}. Thus one shaded piece has area 32π6,\frac{\sqrt3}{2}-\frac{\pi}{6}, and the total shaded area is 6(32π6)=33π.6\left(\frac{\sqrt3}{2}-\frac{\pi}{6}\right)=3\sqrt3-\pi.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

15.

Steve 从左到右反复写数字 1122334455,形成一个有 10,00010{,}000 位数字的列表,开头为 123451234512123451234512\ldots。然后他擦掉列表中每第三个数字,也就是从左数第 336699\ldots 个数字;接着在剩下的列表中擦掉每第四个数字,也就是剩余列表中第 44881212\ldots 个数字;然后在此时剩下的列表中擦掉每第五个数字。此后位于第 201920192020202020212021 位的三个数字之和是多少?

Steve wrote the digits 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 55 in order repeatedly from left to right, forming a list of 10,00010{,}000 digits, beginning 123451234512123451234512\ldots He then erased every third digit from his list (that is, the 33rd, 66th, 99th, \ldots digits from the left), then erased every fourth digit from the resulting list (that is, the 44th, 88th, 1212th, \ldots digits from the left in what remained), and then erased every fifth digit from what remained at that point. What is the sum of the three digits that were then in positions 2019,2019, 2020,2020, and 2021?2021?

77

99

1010

1111

1212

难度评级:1660
小提示:

每次删除后,找出新的循环块。

After each deletion step, find the new repeating block

大提示:

用最后的周期,把位置 201920192020202020212021 对周期长度取余。

Use the final period to reduce positions 2019,2019, 2020,2020, and 20212021 modulo the period length

解答:

初始循环块为 1234512345。删除每第三个数字时,每 lcm(3,5)=15\operatorname{lcm}(3,5)=15 个原位置重复一次:1234512345123451245235134 \begin{aligned} &123451234512345 \\ &\quad \longrightarrow 1245235134 \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以新周期的长度为 1010

从这个周期中删除每第四个数字时,每 lcm(4,10)=20\operatorname{lcm}(4,10)=20 个位置重复一次:12452351341245235134124235341452513 \begin{aligned} &12452351341245235134 \\ &\quad \longrightarrow 124235341452513 \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以新周期的长度为 1515

再删除这个周期中的每第五个数字,得到 124235341452513124253415251 \begin{aligned} &124235341452513 \\ &\quad \longrightarrow 124253415251 \end{aligned}\text{,}新周期长度为 1212。由于 20193(mod12)2019\equiv 3\pmod{12},第 201920192020202020212021 位分别是这个周期中的第 33、第 44、第 55 位,即 4,2,54,2,5,和为 1111

所以正确答案是 D

Start with the repeating block 12345.12345. Deleting every third digit repeats over lcm(3,5)=15\operatorname{lcm}(3,5)=15 original positions: 1234512345123451245235134, \begin{aligned} &123451234512345 \\ &\quad \longrightarrow 1245235134, \end{aligned} so the new period has length 10.10.

Deleting every fourth digit from this period repeats over lcm(4,10)=20\operatorname{lcm}(4,10)=20 positions: 12452351341245235134124235341452513, \begin{aligned} &12452351341245235134 \\ &\quad \longrightarrow 124235341452513, \end{aligned} so the new period has length 15.15.

Deleting every fifth digit from this period gives 124235341452513124253415251, \begin{aligned} &124235341452513 \\ &\quad \longrightarrow 124253415251, \end{aligned} which has period 12.12. Since 20193(mod12),2019\equiv 3\pmod{12}, the digits in positions 2019,2019, 2020,2020, and 20212021 are the 33rd, 44th, and 55th digits of this period: 4,2,5.4,2,5. Their sum is 11.11.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

16.

Bela 和 Jenn 在实数轴的闭区间 [0,n][0, n] 上玩如下游戏,其中 nn 是一个大于 44 的固定整数。他们轮流操作,Bela 先手。Bela 第一次可以在区间 [0,n][0, n] 中选择任意实数。此后,轮到的玩家必须选择一个实数,且它与此前任一玩家选择过的所有数的距离都大于一。无法选择这样一个数的玩家输。若双方都采取最优策略,谁会赢?

Bela and Jenn play the following game on the closed interval [0,n][0, n] of the real number line, where nn is a fixed integer greater than 4.4. They take turns playing, with Bela going first. At his first turn, Bela chooses any real number in the interval [0,n].[0, n]. Thereafter, the player whose turn it is chooses a real number that is more than one unit away from all numbers previously chosen by either player. A player unable to choose such a number loses. Using optimal strategy, which player will win the game?

Bela 总会赢。

Bela will always win.

Jenn 总会赢。

Jenn will always win.

当且仅当 nn 为奇数时 Bela 会赢。

Bela will win if and only if nn is odd.

当且仅当 nn 为奇数时 Jenn 会赢。

Jenn will win if and only if nn is odd.

当且仅当 n>8 时 Jenn 会赢。

Jenn will win if and only if n>8.

难度评级:1480
小提示:

寻找一个能留下对称区间的第一步。

Look for a first move that leaves the interval symmetric

大提示:

Jenn 选 xx 后,Bela 可以回应 nxn-x

After Jenn moves to x,x, Bela can respond at nxn-x

解答:

Bela 首先选择中点 n2\frac{n}{2}。之后每当 Jenn 选择一个数 xx,Bela 就选择关于中点的对称点 nxn-x

只要 Jenn 的选择合法,这个对称点也合法:关于 n2\frac{n}{2} 的反射会保持到此前所选点的距离,而且 Jenn 不能选择 n2\frac{n}{2},因为它已经是 Bela 的第一步。因此 Jenn 的每一步都有对应的 Bela 回应,所以 Jenn 会先无合法步可走。

所以正确答案是 A

Bela can first choose the midpoint n2.\frac{n}{2}. After that, whenever Jenn chooses a number x,x, Bela chooses the reflected number nx.n-x.

This reflected number is legal whenever Jenn’s move is legal: distances from previously chosen numbers are preserved by the reflection about n2,\frac{n}{2}, and Jenn cannot choose n2\frac{n}{2} because it was Bela’s first move. Therefore every Jenn move has a matching Bela response, so Jenn is the first player who can run out of legal moves.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

17.

1010 个人等间距站在一个圆周上。每个人恰好认识另外 99 人中的 33 人:站在自己两旁的 22 人,以及圆周正对面的那个人。有多少种方法把这 1010 人分成 55 对,使每一对中的两人互相认识?

There are 1010 people standing equally spaced around a circle. Each person knows exactly 33 of the other 99 people: the 22 people standing next to her or him, as well as the person directly across the circle. How many ways are there for the 1010 people to split up into 55 pairs so that the members of each pair know each other?

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

知识点:图论分类讨论
难度评级:1820
小提示:

按使用了多少对正对面的人来分类。

Classify pairings by how many opposite pairs are used

大提示:

一旦选定正对面配对,剩下的人必须沿圆周弧相邻配对。

Once the opposite pairs are chosen, the remaining people must be matched along arcs of the circle

解答:

将圆周上的人编号,并按正对面配对的数量分类计数。

若没有正对面配对,则所有人都必须与 1010 边形周围的相邻者配对,恰有 22 种交替相邻配对。

若有一对正对面配对,可用 55 种方式选择这对。剩下的人形成两条各含四个顶点的路径,每条路径只有一种相邻完美匹配,所以给出 55 种。

若有两对或四对正对面配对,剩余相邻配对路径中会出现奇数长度部分,因此不可能完美匹配。

若有三对正对面配对,没选的两对正对面位置必须在五个正对面位置中相邻;否则剩下的人不能用相邻配对匹配。有 55 种相邻选择,所以有 55 种匹配。

若五对全是正对面配对,则有 11 种匹配。总数为 2+5+5+1=132+5+5+1=13\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Label the people around the circle. Count by the number of pairs of opposite people.

With no opposite pairs, everyone must be paired with a neighbor around the 1010-cycle. There are exactly 22 alternating neighbor matchings.

With one opposite pair, choose that pair in 55 ways. The remaining people form two paths of four vertices, and each path has only one perfect matching by neighbor pairs, so this gives 55 matchings.

With two or four opposite pairs, the remaining neighbor-pairing paths have odd length somewhere, so no perfect matching is possible.

With three opposite pairs, the two opposite pairs not chosen must be adjacent around the five opposite-pair positions; otherwise the remaining people cannot be matched by neighbor pairs. There are 55 adjacent choices for the two unchosen opposite pairs, so there are 55 matchings.

With all five opposite pairs, there is 11 matching. The total is 2+5+5+1=13.2+5+5+1=13.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

18.

一个瓮中有一个红球和一个蓝球。旁边有一盒额外的红球和蓝球。George 进行下面的操作四次:从瓮中随机抽一个球,然后从盒中取一个相同颜色的球,把这两个同色球一起放回瓮中。四次操作后,瓮中有六个球。瓮中红球和蓝球各三个的概率是多少?

An urn contains one red ball and one blue ball. A box of extra red and blue balls lies nearby. George performs the following operation four times: he draws a ball from the urn at random and then takes a ball of the same color from the box and returns those two matching balls to the urn. After the four iterations the urn contains six balls. What is the probability that the urn contains three balls of each color?

16\dfrac16

15\dfrac15

14\dfrac14

13\dfrac13

12\dfrac12

知识点:条件概率组合
难度评级:1540
小提示:

最终每种颜色各三个,当且仅当四次抽球中有两次红球、两次蓝球。

The final urn has three of each color exactly when the four draws contain two red and two blue

大提示:

每一种含两次红球和两次蓝球的固定颜色顺序概率相同。

Each fixed color order with two red draws and two blue draws has the same probability

解答:

最终有三个红球和三个蓝球,当且仅当四次抽球颜色中恰好有两次红色和两次蓝色。这样的颜色顺序有 (42)=6\binom42=6 种。

对任意固定的两红两蓝抽取顺序,其概率为 12122345=4120=130\frac{1\cdot 2\cdot 1\cdot 2}{2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdot 5}=\frac{4}{120}=\frac{1}{30}\text{,} 因为每种颜色第一、二次被抽到时,分子分别为 1122,而四次抽取前瓮中球的总数依次为 2,3,4,52,3,4,5

因此所求概率为 6130=156\cdot\frac{1}{30}=\frac15

所以正确答案是 B

The urn ends with three red and three blue balls exactly when the four draws contain two red draws and two blue draws. There are (42)=6\binom42=6 possible color orders of this type.

For any fixed order with two red draws and two blue draws, the probability is 12122345=4120=130,\frac{1\cdot 2\cdot 1\cdot 2}{2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdot 5}=\frac{4}{120}=\frac{1}{30}, because the first and second draws of each color have numerators 11 and 2,2, while the total number of balls before the four draws is 2,3,4,5.2,3,4,5.

Thus the desired probability is 6130=15.6\cdot\frac{1}{30}=\frac15.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

19.

在某种纸牌游戏中,一名玩家从 5252 张互不相同的牌组成的牌堆中拿到 1010 张牌。可以发给该玩家的不同无序手牌数可写成 158A00A4AA0158A00A4AA0。数字 AA 是多少?

In a certain card game, a player is dealt a hand of 1010 cards from a deck of 5252 distinct cards. The number of distinct (unordered) hands that can be dealt to the player can be written as 158A00A4AA0.158A00A4AA0. What is the digit A?A?

22

33

44

66

77

难度评级:1620
小提示:

手牌数为 (5210)\binom{52}{10}

The number of hands is (5210)\binom{52}{10}

大提示:

提出末尾的一个 1010 后,只需要剩余乘积的个位数字。

After factoring out a final 10,10, only the units digit of the remaining product is needed

视频讲解:
解答视频缩略图
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文字解答:

把二项式系数中的因子约分后,得到 (5210)=101713747461143 \begin{aligned} \binom{52}{10} &=10\cdot17\cdot13\cdot7\\ &\quad\cdot47\cdot46\cdot11\cdot43 \end{aligned}\text{。}158A00A4AA0158A00A4AA0 除以最后一个因子 1010,剩下乘积的个位数字就是 AA

1010 取模计算,得 A73776132(mod10) \begin{aligned} A&\equiv7\cdot3\cdot7\cdot7\cdot6\cdot1\cdot3\\ &\equiv2\pmod{10} \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此 A=2A=2。所以正确答案是 A

After canceling factors in the binomial coefficient, (5210)=101713747461143. \begin{aligned} \binom{52}{10} &=10\cdot17\cdot13\cdot7\\ &\quad\cdot47\cdot46\cdot11\cdot43. \end{aligned} Dividing 158A00A4AA0158A00A4AA0 by the final factor 10,10, the units digit of the remaining product is A.A.

Working modulo 10,10, A73776132(mod10). \begin{aligned} A&\equiv7\cdot3\cdot7\cdot7\cdot6\cdot1\cdot3\\ &\equiv2\pmod{10}. \end{aligned} Hence A=2.A=2. Thus, A is the correct answer.

20.

BB 为一个边长分别为 113344 的长方体盒子,连同其内部一起考虑。对实数 r0r\geq0,令 S(r)S(r)33 维空间中距离 BB 中某点不超过 rr 的所有点组成的集合。S(r)S(r) 的体积可表示为 ar3+br2+cr+dar^{3} + br^{2} + cr +d\text{,} 其中 aabbccdd 为正实数。bcad\dfrac{bc}{ad} 是多少?

Let BB be a right rectangular prism (box) with edge lengths 1,1, 3,3, and 4,4, together with its interior. For real r0,r\geq0, let S(r)S(r) be the set of points in 33-dimensional space that lie within a distance rr of some point in B.B. The volume of S(r)S(r) can be expressed as ar3+br2+cr+d,ar^{3} + br^{2} + cr +d, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive real numbers. What is bcad?\dfrac{bc}{ad}?

66

1919

2424

2626

3838

难度评级:2150
小提示:

把膨胀后的立体分解为原长方体、面外的棱柱层、边上的四分之一圆柱和角上的八分之一球。

Decompose the enlarged solid into the original box, face slabs, edge quarter-cylinders, and corner eighth-spheres

大提示:

r2r^2 的系数来自每条边上的四分之一圆柱。

The coefficient of r2r^2 comes from one quarter-cylinder along each edge

视频讲解:
解答视频缩略图
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文字解答:

按附加体积相对于长方体的位置分解 S(r)S(r)

原长方体体积为 d=134=12d=1\cdot3\cdot4=12。六个面外的棱柱层贡献表面积乘 rr,所以 c=2(13+14+34)=38c=2(1\cdot3+1\cdot4+3\cdot4)=38\text{。}

每条边外有一个半径为 rr 的四分之一圆柱。所有棱长之和为 4(1+3+4)=324(1+3+4)=32,所以 b=14π32=8πb=\frac14\pi\cdot 32=8\pi\text{。} 八个角上的八分之一球合成一个完整球,所以 a=43πa=\frac43\pi\text{。}

因此 bcad=(8π)(38)(43π)(12)=19\frac{bc}{ad}=\frac{(8\pi)(38)}{(\frac43\pi)(12)}=19\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Decompose S(r)S(r) by where the added volume lies relative to the box.

The original box has volume d=134=12.d=1\cdot3\cdot4=12. The face slabs contribute surface area times r,r, so c=2(13+14+34)=38.c=2(1\cdot3+1\cdot4+3\cdot4)=38.

Along each edge is a quarter-cylinder of radius r.r. The sum of all edge lengths is 4(1+3+4)=32,4(1+3+4)=32, so b=14π32=8π.b=\frac14\pi\cdot 32=8\pi. At the eight corners, the eighth-spheres combine to one full sphere, so a=43π.a=\frac43\pi.

Therefore bcad=(8π)(38)(43π)(12)=19.\frac{bc}{ad}=\frac{(8\pi)(38)}{(\frac43\pi)(12)}=19.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

21.

在正方形 ABCDABCD 中,点 EEHH 分别在线段 AB\overline{AB}DA\overline{DA} 上,且 AE=AHAE=AH。点 FFGG 分别在线段 BC\overline{BC}CD\overline{CD} 上,点 IIJJ 在线段 EH\overline{EH} 上,使得 FIEH\overline{FI} \perp \overline{EH},且 GJEH\overline{GJ} \perp \overline{EH}。如下图所示。三角形 AEHAEH、四边形 BFIEBFIE、四边形 DHJGDHJG 和五边形 FCGJIFCGJI 的面积都为 11FI2FI^2 是多少?

In square ABCD,ABCD, points EE and HH lie on AB\overline{AB} and DA,\overline{DA}, respectively, so that AE=AH.AE=AH. Points FF and GG lie on BC\overline{BC} and CD,\overline{CD}, respectively, and points II and JJ lie on EH\overline{EH} so that FIEH\overline{FI} \perp \overline{EH} and GJEH.\overline{GJ} \perp \overline{EH}. See the figure below. Triangle AEH,AEH, quadrilateral BFIE,BFIE, quadrilateral DHJG,DHJG, and pentagon FCGJIFCGJI each has area 1.1. What is FI2?FI^2?

73\dfrac73

8428-4\sqrt2

1+21+\sqrt2

742\dfrac74\sqrt2

222\sqrt2

难度评级:1950
小提示:

四个给定区域填满正方形,所以正方形边长已知。

The four given regions fill the square, so the square’s side length is known

大提示:

延长过 FF 的垂线与 ABAB 相交,并比较由此得到的两个等腰直角三角形。

Extend the perpendicular through FF to meet AB,AB, and compare the two resulting right isosceles triangles

视频讲解:
解答视频缩略图
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文字解答:

四个标出的区域填满正方形,且每个面积为 11,所以正方形面积为 44,边长为 22。因为三角形 AEHAEH 是面积为 11 的直角等腰三角形,所以 AE=AH=2AE=AH=\sqrt2

延长 FIFIABAB 相交于 KK,并设 x=BFx=BFt=BE=22t=BE=2-\sqrt2。因为 EHEH 的斜率为 1-1,直线 FKFK 的斜率为 11,所以 BF=BK=xBF=BK=x。若 KK 位于线段 EBEB 上,区域 BFIEBFIE 就会位于三角形 BFKBFK 内,而后者面积至多为 t22<1\frac{t^2}{2}<1,产生矛盾。因此 KK 位于 EE 的左侧,且 EK=xtEK=x-t

三角形 BFKBFK 是直角等腰三角形,面积为 x22\frac{x^2}{2}。三角形 EIKEIK 也是直角等腰三角形,斜边为 EK=xtEK=x-t,所以面积为 (xt)24\frac{(x-t)^2}{4}。两者之差就是区域 BFIEBFIE,因此 1=x22(xt)241=\frac{x^2}{2}-\frac{(x-t)^2}{4}\text{。}所以 4=2x2(xt)2=(x+t)22t2 \begin{aligned} 4&=2x^2-(x-t)^2\\ &=(x+t)^2-2t^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

另外,FK=x2FK=x\sqrt2,且 KI=xt2KI=\frac{x-t}{\sqrt2},所以 FI=FKKI=x+t2FI=FK-KI=\frac{x+t}{\sqrt2}\text{。}从而 FI2=(x+t)22=2+t2=2+(22)2=842 \begin{aligned} FI^2&=\frac{(x+t)^2}{2}\\ &=2+t^2\\ &=2+(2-\sqrt2)^2\\ &=8-4\sqrt2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The four named regions fill the square and each has area 1,1, so the square has area 44 and side length 2.2. Since triangle AEHAEH is right isosceles with area 1,1, we have AE=AH=2.AE=AH=\sqrt2.

Extend FIFI to meet ABAB at K,K, and set x=BFx=BF and t=BE=22.t=BE=2-\sqrt2. Because EHEH has slope 1,-1, line FKFK has slope 1,1, so BF=BK=x.BF=BK=x. If KK were on segment EB,EB, then region BFIEBFIE would lie inside triangle BFK,BFK, whose area would be at most t22<1,\frac{t^2}{2}<1, a contradiction. Thus KK lies to the left of E,E, and EK=xt.EK=x-t.

Triangle BFKBFK is right isosceles with area x22.\frac{x^2}{2}. Triangle EIKEIK is right isosceles with hypotenuse EK=xt,EK=x-t, so its area is (xt)24.\frac{(x-t)^2}{4}. Since their difference is region BFIE,BFIE, 1=x22(xt)24.1=\frac{x^2}{2}-\frac{(x-t)^2}{4}. Therefore 4=2x2(xt)2=(x+t)22t2. \begin{aligned} 4&=2x^2-(x-t)^2\\ &=(x+t)^2-2t^2. \end{aligned}

Also, FK=x2FK=x\sqrt2 and KI=xt2,KI=\frac{x-t}{\sqrt2}, so FI=FKKI=x+t2.FI=FK-KI=\frac{x+t}{\sqrt2}. It follows that FI2=(x+t)22=2+t2=2+(22)2=842. \begin{aligned} FI^2&=\frac{(x+t)^2}{2}\\ &=2+t^2\\ &=2+(2-\sqrt2)^2\\ &=8-4\sqrt2. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B .

22.

2202+2022^{202} +202 除以 2101+251+12^{101}+2^{51}+1 的余数是多少?

What is the remainder when 2202+2022^{202} +202 is divided by 2101+251+1?2^{101}+2^{51}+1?

100100

101101

200200

201201

202202

知识点:平方差模运算
难度评级:1880
小提示:

尝试用平方差来分解分子。

Try to factor the numerator using a difference of squares

大提示:

2202+2022^{202}+202 写成除数的倍数加上一个小余数。

Write 2202+2022^{202}+202 as a multiple of the divisor plus a small remainder

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

m=2101+251+1m=2^{101}+2^{51}+1。围绕除数分解:2202+202=(2101+1)2(251)2+201 \begin{aligned} &2^{202}+202 \\ &\quad =(2^{101}+1)^2-(2^{51})^2+201\text{。} \end{aligned} 利用平方差,(2101+1)2(251)2=(2101+251+1)(2101251+1) \begin{aligned} &(2^{101}+1)^2-(2^{51})^2 \\ &\quad =(2^{101}+2^{51}+1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot(2^{101}-2^{51}+1)\text{,} \end{aligned} 这是 mm 的倍数。因此 2202+202201(modm)2^{202}+202\equiv 201\pmod m\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let m=2101+251+1.m=2^{101}+2^{51}+1. We factor the numerator around this divisor: 2202+202=(2101+1)2(251)2+201. \begin{aligned} &2^{202}+202 \\ &\quad =(2^{101}+1)^2-(2^{51})^2+201. \end{aligned} By the difference of squares, (2101+1)2(251)2=(2101+251+1)(2101251+1), \begin{aligned} &(2^{101}+1)^2-(2^{51})^2 \\ &\quad =(2^{101}+2^{51}+1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot(2^{101}-2^{51}+1), \end{aligned} which is a multiple of m.m. Therefore 2202+202201(modm).2^{202}+202\equiv 201\pmod m.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

23.

坐标平面中的正方形 ABCDABCD 的顶点为 A(1,1)A(1,1)B(1,1)B(-1,1)C(1,1)C(-1,-1) 以及 D(1,1)D(1,-1)。考虑下面四个变换:

LL:绕原点逆时针旋转 9090^{\circ}

RR:绕原点顺时针旋转 9090^{\circ}

HH:关于 xx 轴反射;

VV:关于 yy 轴反射。

每个变换都把正方形映到自身,但标记顶点的位置会改变。例如,先应用 RR 再应用 VV,会把顶点 AA(1,1)(1,1) 送到 (1,1)(-1,-1),并把 (1,1)(-1,1) 处的顶点 BB 送回自身。从 {L,R,H,V}\{L, R, H, V\} 中选择 2020 个变换组成序列,有多少个序列会把所有标记顶点送回原来的位置?例如,RRRRVVHH 是一个长度为 44 的序列,会把顶点送回原位。

Square ABCDABCD in the coordinate plane has vertices at the points A(1,1),A(1,1), B(1,1),B(-1,1), C(1,1),C(-1,-1), and D(1,1).D(1,-1). Consider the following four transformations:

L,L, a rotation of 9090^{\circ} counterclockwise around the origin;

R,R, a rotation of 9090^{\circ} clockwise around the origin;

H,H, a reflection across the xx-axis; and

V,V, a reflection across the yy-axis.

Each of these transformations maps the square onto itself, but the positions of the labeled vertices will change. For example, applying RR and then VV would send the vertex AA at (1,1)(1,1) to (1,1)(-1,-1) and would send the vertex BB at (1,1)(-1,1) to itself. How many sequences of 2020 transformations chosen from {L,R,H,V}\{L, R, H, V\} will send all of the labeled vertices back to their original positions? (For example, R,R, R,R, V,V, HH is one sequence of 44 transformations that will send the vertices back to their original positions.)

2372^{37}

32363\cdot 2^{36}

2382^{38}

32373\cdot2^{37}

2392^{39}

知识点:变换奇偶性
难度评级:2060
小提示:

经过奇数次允许的移动后,每个顶点总在正方形角点的另一类奇偶状态中。

After an odd number of allowed moves, a vertex always lies on the opposite parity of square corners

大提示:

任意前 1919 个变换确定后,恰有一个最后变换能让正方形回到原标记。

For any first 1919 transformations, exactly one final transformation returns the square to its original labeling

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

L,R,H,VL,R,H,V 中的每个变换都会把每个顶点移动到正方形的相邻角点。因此经过奇数次变换后,标记处于四个奇状态之一;经过偶数次变换后,则处于四个偶状态之一。

任取前 1919 个变换后,正方形处于奇状态。从每个奇状态出发,L,R,H,VL,R,H,V 中恰有一个变换会把标记顶点送回原位。因此前 1919 个变换的每个序列都恰有一个有效的最后变换。

1919 个变换有 419=2384^{19}=2^{38} 种选择,所以有效序列共有 2382^{38} 个。

所以正确答案是 C

Each of L,R,H,VL,R,H,V moves every vertex to an adjacent corner of the square. Therefore after an odd number of transformations the labeling is in one of the four odd-parity states, and after an even number it is in one of the four even-parity states.

After any first 1919 transformations, the square is in an odd-parity state. From each odd-parity state, exactly one of L,R,H,VL,R,H,V sends the labeled vertices back to their original positions. Thus every sequence of the first 1919 transformations has exactly one valid final transformation.

There are 419=2384^{19}=2^{38} choices for the first 1919 transformations, so there are 2382^{38} valid sequences.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

24.

有多少个正整数 nn 满足下面的等式 n+100070=n\dfrac{n+1000}{70} = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor\text{?}

(这里 x\lfloor x\rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数。)

How many positive integers nn satisfy n+100070=n?\dfrac{n+1000}{70} = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor?

(Recall that x\lfloor x\rfloor is the greatest integer not exceeding x.x.)

22

44

66

3030

3232

难度评级:2250
小提示:

k=nk=\lfloor\sqrt n\rfloor,则 n=70k1000n=70k-1000

Let k=n,k=\lfloor\sqrt n\rfloor, so n=70k1000n=70k-1000

大提示:

使用 k2n<(k+1)2k^2\le n<(k+1)^2 来限制可能的整数 kk

Use k2n<(k+1)2k^2\le n<(k+1)^2 to bound the possible integers kk

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

k=nk=\left\lfloor\sqrt n\right\rfloor\text{。} 原方程给出 n=70k1000n=70k-1000。根据取整函数的定义,k2n<(k+1)2k^2\le n<(k+1)^2\text{。} 代入 n=70k1000n=70k-1000,得到 k270k1000<(k+1)2k^2\le 70k-1000<(k+1)^2\text{。}

左侧不等式为 k270k+10000(k20)(k50)0 \begin{aligned} &k^2-70k+1000\le0 \\ &\quad \Longrightarrow (k-20)(k-50)\le0\text{,} \end{aligned} 所以 20k5020\le k\le50。右侧不等式为 70k1000<k2+2k+1k268k+1001>0 \begin{aligned} &70k-1000<k^2+2k+1 \\ &\quad \Longrightarrow k^2-68k+1001>0\text{。} \end{aligned} 二次式 k268k+1001k^2-68k+1001 的根为 34±15534\pm\sqrt{155},约为 21.5521.5546.4546.45。结合 20k5020\le k\le50,可能的整数为 k=20,21,47,48,49,50k=20,21,47,48,49,50\text{。}66 个。

所以正确答案是 C

Let k=n.k=\left\lfloor\sqrt n\right\rfloor. The equation gives n=70k1000.n=70k-1000. Also, by the definition of the floor function, k2n<(k+1)2.k^2\le n<(k+1)^2. Substituting n=70k1000,n=70k-1000, we get k270k1000<(k+1)2.k^2\le 70k-1000<(k+1)^2.

The left inequality is k270k+10000(k20)(k50)0, \begin{aligned} &k^2-70k+1000\le0 \\ &\quad \Longrightarrow (k-20)(k-50)\le0, \end{aligned} so 20k50.20\le k\le50. The right inequality is 70k1000<k2+2k+1k268k+1001>0. \begin{aligned} &70k-1000<k^2+2k+1 \\ &\quad \Longrightarrow k^2-68k+1001>0. \end{aligned} The roots of k268k+1001k^2-68k+1001 are 34±155,34\pm\sqrt{155}, which are approximately 21.5521.55 and 46.45.46.45. Thus, together with 20k50,20\le k\le50, the possible integer values are k=20,21,47,48,49,50.k=20,21,47,48,49,50. There are 66 such values.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

25.

D(n)D(n) 表示把正整数 nn 写成乘积 n=f1f2fkn = f_1\cdot f_2\cdots f_k 的方式数,其中 k1k\ge1,每个 fif_i 都是严格大于 11 的整数,并且因子的排列顺序有区别,也就是说仅因因子顺序不同的表示也算不同。例如,66 可写为 66232\cdot 3323\cdot2,所以 D(6)=3D(6) = 3D(96)D(96) 是多少?

Let D(n)D(n) denote the number of ways of writing the positive integer nn as a product n=f1f2fk,n = f_1\cdot f_2\cdots f_k, where k1,k\ge1, the fif_i are integers strictly greater than 1,1, and the order in which the factors are listed matters (that is, two representations that differ only in the order of the factors are counted as distinct). For example, the number 66 can be written as 6,6, 23,2\cdot 3, and 32,3\cdot2, so D(6)=3.D(6) = 3. What is D(96)?D(96)?

112112

128128

144144

172172

184184

难度评级:2150
小提示:

写成 96=25396=2^5\cdot 3

Write 96=25396=2^5\cdot 3

大提示:

对有 kk 个因子的乘积,选择哪个因子含有唯一的 33,并分配五个 22

For a product with kk factors, choose which factor contains the single 33 and distribute the five factors of 22

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

写作 96=25396=2^5\cdot3。假设一个有序分解有 kk 个因子。唯一的质因子 33 必须出现在恰好一个因子中,可用 kk 种方式选择这个位置。

其余 k1k-1 个因子都必须至少含有一个因子 22,而含 33 的那个因子可以含有任意个因子 22。按这些条件分配五个因子 22,有 (5k1)\binom{5}{k-1} 种方式。因此含有 kk 个因子的有序分解数为 k(5k1)k\binom{5}{k-1},其中 1k61\le k\le6

所以 D(96)=k=16k(5k1)D(96)=\sum_{k=1}^6 k\binom{5}{k-1}\text{。}j=k1j=k-1,得到 j=05(j+1)(5j)=j=05j(5j)+j=05(5j)=524+25=80+32=112 \begin{aligned} &\sum_{j=0}^5 (j+1)\binom5j \\ &\quad =\sum_{j=0}^5 j\binom5j+\sum_{j=0}^5\binom5j \\ &\quad =5\cdot2^4+2^5 \\ &\quad =80+32=112\text{。} \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 A

Write 96=253.96=2^5\cdot3. Suppose an ordered factorization has kk factors. Exactly one factor contains the single prime factor 33; choose its position in kk ways.

The other k1k-1 factors must each contain at least one factor of 2,2, while the factor containing 33 may contain any number of factors of 2.2. Distributing the five factors of 22 under these conditions can be done in (5k1)\binom{5}{k-1} ways. Therefore the number of ordered factorizations with kk factors is k(5k1),k\binom{5}{k-1}, where 1k6.1\le k\le6.

Thus D(96)=k=16k(5k1).D(96)=\sum_{k=1}^6 k\binom{5}{k-1}. Letting j=k1,j=k-1, this becomes j=05(j+1)(5j)=j=05j(5j)+j=05(5j)=524+25=80+32=112. \begin{aligned} &\sum_{j=0}^5 (j+1)\binom5j \\ &\quad =\sum_{j=0}^5 j\binom5j+\sum_{j=0}^5\binom5j \\ &\quad =5\cdot2^4+2^5 \\ &\quad =80+32=112. \end{aligned}

Thus, A is the correct answer.