2008 AMC 10B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

一名篮球运动员在一场比赛中投进了 55 个球。每个进球值 22 分或 33 分。该运动员总得分可能有多少种不同的数值?

A basketball player made 55 baskets during a game. Each basket was worth either 22 or 33 points. How many different numbers could represent the total points scored by the player?

22

33

44

55

66

知识点:基本计数系统列举
难度评级:720
小提示:

如果有 kk 个进球值 33 分,则总分为 2(5k)+3k2(5-k)+3k

If kk baskets are worth 33 points, the total is 2(5k)+3k2(5-k)+3k

大提示:

kk0055 变化时,总分每次增加 11

As kk runs from 00 to 55, the total increases by 11 each time

解答:

如果 kk 个进球值 33 分,其余值 22 分,总分为 2(5k)+3k=10+k2(5-k)+3k=10+k

kk0,1,,50,1,\ldots,5 时,总分取从 10101515 的每个整数,共 66 种可能。

所以正确答案是 E

If kk of the baskets are worth 33 points and the rest worth 2,2, the total is 2(5k)+3k=10+k.2(5-k)+3k=10+k.

As kk ranges over 0,1,,5,0,1,\ldots,5, the total takes every integer value from 1010 to 15,15, giving 66 possibilities.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

如图所示,一个 4×44 \times 4 的日历日期方块。先将第二行数字的顺序反过来。然后将第四行数字的顺序反过来。最后,把两条对角线上的数字分别相加。两个对角线和的正差是多少?

A 4×44 \times 4 block of calendar dates is shown. The order of the numbers in the second row is to be reversed. Then the order of the numbers in the fourth row is to be reversed. Finally, the numbers on each diagonal are to be added. What will be the positive difference between the two diagonal sums?

22

44

66

88

1010

难度评级:880
小提示:

将第 22 行和第 44 行反向后,写出新的方格。

After reversing rows 22 and 4,4, write out the new grid

大提示:

主对角线为 1,10,17,221,10,17,22,另一条对角线为 4,9,16,254,9,16,25

The main diagonal reads 1,10,17,221,10,17,22 and the other reads 4,9,16,254,9,16,25

解答:

将第二行反为 11,10,9,811,10,9,8,第四行反为 25,24,23,2225,24,23,22 后,两条对角线分别为 1,10,17,221,10,17,224,9,16,254,9,16,25

它们的和为 1+10+17+22=501+10+17+22=504+9+16+25=544+9+16+25=54,正差为 5450=454-50=4

所以正确答案是 B

After reversing the second row to 11,10,9,811,10,9,8 and the fourth row to 25,24,23,22,25,24,23,22, the two diagonals are 1,10,17,221,10,17,22 and 4,9,16,25.4,9,16,25.

Their sums are 1+10+17+22=501+10+17+22=50 and 4+9+16+25=54,4+9+16+25=54, so the positive difference is 5450=4.54-50=4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

假设 xx 是正实数。下列哪一项等价于 xx3\sqrt[3]{x\sqrt{x}}\,\text{?}

Assume that xx is a positive real number. Which is equivalent to xx3?\sqrt[3]{x\sqrt{x}}\,?

x16x^{\frac{1}{6}}

x14x^{\frac{1}{4}}

x38x^{\frac{3}{8}}

x12x^{\frac{1}{2}}

xx

知识点:指数根式
难度评级:940
小提示:

写成 x=x12\sqrt{x}=x^{\frac{1}{2}}

Write x=x12\sqrt{x}=x^{\frac{1}{2}}

大提示:

此时 xx=x32x\sqrt{x}=x^{\frac{3}{2}},取立方根会把指数除以 33

Then xx=x32,x\sqrt{x}=x^{\frac{3}{2}}, and the cube root divides the exponent by 33

解答:

因为 x=x12\sqrt{x}=x^{\frac{1}{2}},所以 xx=x1x12=x32x\sqrt{x}=x^{1}\cdot x^{\frac{1}{2}}=x^{\frac{3}{2}}

取立方根相当于指数乘以 13\tfrac13,得到 (x32)13=x12\left(x^{\frac{3}{2}}\right)^{\frac{1}{3}}=x^{\frac{1}{2}}

所以正确答案是 D

Since x=x12,\sqrt{x}=x^{\frac{1}{2}}, we have xx=x1x12=x32.x\sqrt{x}=x^{1}\cdot x^{\frac{1}{2}}=x^{\frac{3}{2}}.

Taking the cube root multiplies the exponent by 13,\tfrac13, giving (x32)13=x12.\left(x^{\frac{3}{2}}\right)^{\frac{1}{3}}=x^{\frac{1}{2}}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

4.

一个半职业棒球联盟中每队有 2121 名球员。联盟规则规定,每名球员工资至少为 $15,000\$15{,}000,并且每队所有球员工资总和不能超过 $700,000\$700{,}000。单名球员最高可能工资是多少美元?

A semipro baseball league has teams with 2121 players each. League rules state that a player must be paid at least $15,000,\$15{,}000, and that the total of all players’ salaries for each team cannot exceed $700,000.\$700{,}000. What is the maximum possible salary, in dollars, for a single player?

270,000270{,}000

385,000385{,}000

400,000400{,}000

430,000430{,}000

700,000700{,}000

难度评级:840
小提示:

要让一个人工资最大,就让其他人都拿允许的最低工资。

To maximize one salary, pay everyone else as little as allowed

大提示:

其他 2020 名球员每人拿 $15,000\$15{,}000

The other 2020 players each earn $15,000\$15{,}000

解答:

当其他 2020 名球员各拿最低工资 $15,000\$15{,}000 时,某一名球员工资最大。

剩下给这名球员的是 $700,00020$15,000\$700{,}000-20\cdot\$15{,}000 =$700,000$300,000=\$700{,}000-\$300{,}000 =$400,000=\$400{,}000

所以正确答案是 C

One player’s salary is largest when the other 2020 players each earn the minimum $15,000.\$15{,}000.

That leaves $700,00020$15,000\$700{,}000-20\cdot\$15{,}000 =$700,000$300,000=\$700{,}000-\$300{,}000 =$400,000=\$400{,}000 for the single player.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

5.

对实数 aabb,定义 a$b=(ab)2a\,\$\,b=(a-b)^2。那么 (xy)2$(yx)2(x-y)^2\,\$\,(y-x)^2 是多少?

For real numbers aa and b,b, define a$b=(ab)2.a\,\$\,b=(a-b)^2. What is (xy)2$(yx)2?(x-y)^2\,\$\,(y-x)^2?

00

x2+y2x^2+y^2

2x22x^2

2y22y^2

4xy4xy

难度评级:880
小提示:

比较 (xy)2(x-y)^2(yx)2(y-x)^2

Compare (xy)2(x-y)^2 and (yx)2(y-x)^2

大提示:

确认两个输入相等后,应用 a$ba\,\$\,b 的定义。

Once you know the two inputs agree, apply the definition of a$ba\,\$\,b

解答:

因为 (yx)2=(xy)2(y-x)^2=(x-y)^2,两个输入完全相同。

因此 (xy)2$(yx)2(x-y)^2\,\$\,(y-x)^2 =((xy)2(xy)2)2=\left((x-y)^2-(x-y)^2\right)^2 =02=0=0^2=0

所以正确答案是 A

Since (yx)2=(xy)2,(y-x)^2=(x-y)^2, the two inputs are identical.

Therefore (xy)2$(yx)2(x-y)^2\,\$\,(y-x)^2 =((xy)2(xy)2)2=\left((x-y)^2-(x-y)^2\right)^2 =02=0.=0^2=0.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

BBCCAD\overline{AD} 上。AB\overline{AB} 的长度是 BD\overline{BD}44 倍,AC\overline{AC} 的长度是 CD\overline{CD}99 倍。BC\overline{BC} 的长度是 AD\overline{AD} 长度的几分之几?

Points BB and CC lie on AD.\overline{AD}. The length of AB\overline{AB} is 44 times the length of BD,\overline{BD}, and the length of AC\overline{AC} is 99 times the length of CD.\overline{CD}. The length of BC\overline{BC} is what fraction of the length of AD?\overline{AD}?

136\dfrac{1}{36}

113\dfrac{1}{13}

110\dfrac{1}{10}

536\dfrac{5}{36}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

知识点:比与比例分数
难度评级:960
小提示:

AB=4BDAB=4\,BDAB+BD=ADAB+BD=AD,求 BDBDADAD 的几分之几。

From AB=4BDAB=4\,BD and AB+BD=AD,AB+BD=AD, find BDBD as a fraction of ADAD

大提示:

同理 CD=110ADCD=\tfrac{1}{10}AD,且 BC=BDCDBC=BD-CD

Similarly CD=110AD,CD=\tfrac{1}{10}AD, and BC=BDCDBC=BD-CD

解答:

因为 AB=4BDAB=4\,BDAB+BD=ADAB+BD=AD,可得 5BD=AD5\,BD=AD,所以 BD=15ADBD=\tfrac15 AD

因为 AC=9CDAC=9\,CDAC+CD=ADAC+CD=AD,可得 10CD=AD10\,CD=AD,所以 CD=110ADCD=\tfrac{1}{10}AD

因此 BC=BDCDBC=BD-CD =15AD110AD=\tfrac15 AD-\tfrac{1}{10}AD =110AD=\tfrac{1}{10}AD

所以正确答案是 C

Since AB=4BDAB=4\,BD and AB+BD=AD,AB+BD=AD, we get 5BD=AD,5\,BD=AD, so BD=15AD.BD=\tfrac15 AD.

Since AC=9CDAC=9\,CD and AC+CD=AD,AC+CD=AD, we get 10CD=AD,10\,CD=AD, so CD=110AD.CD=\tfrac{1}{10}AD.

Then BC=BDCDBC=BD-CD =15AD110AD=\tfrac15 AD-\tfrac{1}{10}AD =110AD.=\tfrac{1}{10}AD.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

一个边长为 1010 的等边三角形完全由不重叠的边长为 11 的等边三角形填满。需要多少个小三角形?

An equilateral triangle of side length 1010 is completely filled in by non-overlapping equilateral triangles of side length 1.1. How many small triangles are required?

1010

2525

100100

250250

10001000

难度评级:880
小提示:

面积随边长的平方缩放。

Area scales with the square of the side length

大提示:

大三角形面积是小三角形面积的 10210^2 倍。

The big triangle has 10210^2 times the area of a small one

解答:

大三角形边长是小三角形的 1010 倍,所以面积是小三角形的 102=10010^2=100 倍。

因为小三角形无重叠地铺满它,正好需要 100100 个。

所以正确答案是 C

The large triangle has side length 1010 times that of a small triangle, so its area is 102=10010^2=100 times as large.

Since the small triangles tile it without overlap, exactly 100100 of them are required.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

一个班级筹集了 $50\$50,为住院同学买花。玫瑰每朵 $3\$3,康乃馨每朵 $2\$2。不使用其他花。恰好花完 $50\$50 可以购买多少种不同的花束?

A class collects $50\$50 to buy flowers for a classmate who is in the hospital. Roses cost $3\$3 each, and carnations cost $2\$2 each. No other flowers are to be used. How many different bouquets could be purchased for exactly $50?\$50?

11

77

99

1616

1717

难度评级:1080
小提示:

设玫瑰数量为 rr,则 3r+2c=503r+2c=50

Let rr be the number of roses; then 3r+2c=503r+2c=50

大提示:

因为 2c2c5050 都是偶数,rr 必须是偶数,且 3r503r\le 50

Since 2c2c is even and 5050 is even, rr must be even, and 3r503r\le 50

解答:

若买 rr 朵玫瑰和 cc 朵康乃馨,则 3r+2c=503r+2c=50。因为 2c2c5050 都是偶数,3r3r 必须是偶数,所以 rr 是偶数。

3r503r\le 50,所以 r16r\le 16。偶数值 r=0,2,4,,16r=0,2,4,\ldots,16 各自给出一个有效的 cc,共有 99 种花束。

所以正确答案是 C

If rr roses and cc carnations are bought, then 3r+2c=50.3r+2c=50. Because 2c2c and 5050 are even, 3r3r must be even, so rr is even.

Also 3r50,3r\le 50, so r16.r\le 16. The even values r=0,2,4,,16r=0,2,4,\ldots,16 each give a valid c,c, which is 99 bouquets.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

二次方程 ax22ax+b=0ax^2-2ax+b=0 有两个实数解。这两个解的平均数是多少?

A quadratic equation ax22ax+b=0ax^2-2ax+b=0 has two real solutions. What is the average of the solutions?

11

22

ba\dfrac{b}{a}

2ba\dfrac{2b}{a}

2ab\sqrt{2a-b}

难度评级:1040
小提示:

Ax2+Bx+C=0Ax^2+Bx+C=0,根的和为 BA-\dfrac{B}{A}

For Ax2+Bx+C=0,Ax^2+Bx+C=0, the sum of the roots is BA-\dfrac{B}{A}

大提示:

平均数是根的和的一半。

The average is half the sum of the roots

解答:

由韦达定理,方程 ax22ax+b=0ax^2-2ax+b=0 的两根之和为 (2a)a=2\dfrac{-(-2a)}{a}=2

平均数是它的一半,即 11

所以正确答案是 A

By Vieta’s formulas, the sum of the roots of ax22ax+b=0ax^2-2ax+b=0 is (2a)a=2.\dfrac{-(-2a)}{a}=2.

The average is half of this, namely 1.1.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

10.

AABB 在半径为 55 的圆上,且 AB=6AB=6。点 CC 是小弧 ABAB 的中点。线段 ACAC 的长度是多少?

Points AA and BB are on a circle of radius 55 and AB=6.AB=6. Point CC is the midpoint of the minor arc AB.AB. What is the length of the line segment AC?AC?

10\sqrt{10}

72\dfrac{7}{2}

14\sqrt{14}

15\sqrt{15}

44

知识点:勾股定理
难度评级:1170
小提示:

从圆心经过 CC 的直线垂直平分弦 ABAB

The line from the center through CC perpendicularly bisects chord ABAB

大提示:

先求圆心到弦的距离,再从 55 中减去它,得到到 CC 的距离,然后使用一条直角边为 33 的直角三角形。

Find the center-to-chord distance, subtract from 55 to reach C,C, then use the right triangle with leg 33

解答:

OO 为圆心,DDABAB 的中点。于是 ODABOD\perp AB,且 AD=3AD=3,所以 OD=5232=4OD=\sqrt{5^2-3^2}=4

因为 CC 是小弧中点,所以 OODDCC 共线,且 DC=OCOD=54=1DC=OC-OD=5-4=1

因此 AC=AD2+DC2AC=\sqrt{AD^2+DC^2} =32+12=\sqrt{3^2+1^2} =10=\sqrt{10}

所以正确答案是 A

Let OO be the center and DD the midpoint of AB.AB. Then ODABOD\perp AB with AD=3,AD=3, so OD=5232=4.OD=\sqrt{5^2-3^2}=4.

Since CC is the midpoint of the minor arc, O,O, D,D, CC are collinear and DC=OCOD=54=1.DC=OC-OD=5-4=1.

Then AC=AD2+DC2AC=\sqrt{AD^2+DC^2} =32+12=\sqrt{3^2+1^2} =10.=\sqrt{10}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

11.

假设实数数列 (un)(u_n) 满足 un+2=2un+1+unu_{n+2}=2u_{n+1}+u_n,且 u3=9u_3=9u6=128u_6=128。求 u5u_5 的值。

Suppose that (un)(u_n) is a sequence of real numbers satisfying un+2=2un+1+un,u_{n+2}=2u_{n+1}+u_n, and that u3=9u_3=9 and u6=128.u_6=128. What is u5?u_5?

4040

5353

6868

8888

104104

知识点:递推方程组
难度评级:1140
小提示:

u4u_4u3u_3 表示 u5u_5u6u_6

Write u5u_5 and u6u_6 in terms of u4u_4 and u3u_3

大提示:

u5=2u4+9u_5=2u_4+9,且 u6=2u5+u4u_6=2u_5+u_4,所以 128=5u4+18128=5u_4+18

u5=2u4+9u_5=2u_4+9 and u6=2u5+u4,u_6=2u_5+u_4, so 128=5u4+18128=5u_4+18

解答:

由递推式,u5=2u4+u3=2u4+9u_5=2u_4+u_3=2u_4+9,且 u6=2u5+u4u_6=2u_5+u_4 =2(2u4+9)+u4=2(2u_4+9)+u_4 =5u4+18=5u_4+18

5u4+18=1285u_4+18=128,得 u4=22u_4=22,所以 u5=222+9=53u_5=2\cdot 22+9=53

所以正确答案是 B

Using the recurrence, u5=2u4+u3=2u4+9u_5=2u_4+u_3=2u_4+9 and u6=2u5+u4u_6=2u_5+u_4 =2(2u4+9)+u4=2(2u_4+9)+u_4 =5u4+18.=5u_4+18.

Setting 5u4+18=1285u_4+18=128 gives u4=22,u_4=22, so u5=222+9=53.u_5=2\cdot 22+9=53.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

邮差 Pete 有一个计步器来记录步数。计步器最多显示 9999999999 步,下一步会翻转为 0000000000。Pete 计划计算自己一年的里程。一月 11 日,Pete 将计步器设为 0000000000。一年中,计步器从 9999999999 翻到 0000000000 共四十四次。十二月 3131 日,计步器显示 5000050000。Pete 每英里走 18001800 步。以下哪一项最接近 Pete 这一年走的英里数?

Postman Pete has a pedometer to count his steps. The pedometer records up to 9999999999 steps, then flips over to 0000000000 on the next step. Pete plans to determine his mileage for a year. On January 11 Pete sets the pedometer to 00000.00000. During the year, the pedometer flips from 9999999999 to 0000000000 forty-four times. On December 3131 the pedometer reads 50000.50000. Pete takes 18001800 steps per mile. Which of the following is closest to the number of miles Pete walked during the year?

25002500

30003000

35003500

40004000

45004500

难度评级:1070
小提示:

每次翻转代表 100000100000 步。

Each flip represents 100000100000 steps

大提示:

总步数为 44100000+5000044\cdot 100000+50000,再除以 18001800

Total steps are 44100000+50000,44\cdot 100000+50000, then divide by 18001800

解答:

每次翻转计 100000100000 步,所以 Pete 共走了 44100000+50000=4,450,00044\cdot 100000+50000=4{,}450{,}000 步。

除以 18001800,约为 24722472 英里,最接近 25002500

所以正确答案是 A

Each flip counts 100000100000 steps, so Pete took 44100000+50000=4,450,00044\cdot 100000+50000=4{,}450{,}000 steps.

Dividing by 18001800 gives about 24722472 miles, which is closest to 2500.2500.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

13.

对每个正整数 nn,某数列前 nn 项的平均数为 nn。这个数列的第 20082008 项是多少?

For each positive integer n,n, the mean of the first nn terms of a sequence is n.n. What is the 20082008th term of the sequence?

20082008

40154015

40164016

4,030,0564{,}030{,}056

4,032,0644{,}032{,}064

难度评级:1170
小提示:

nn 项的和为 nn=n2n\cdot n=n^2

The sum of the first nn terms is nn=n2n\cdot n=n^2

大提示:

nn 项为 n2(n1)2n^2-(n-1)^2

The nnth term is n2(n1)2n^2-(n-1)^2

解答:

因为前 nn 项平均数为 nn,所以这些项之和为 n2n^2

nn 项为 n2(n1)2=2n1n^2-(n-1)^2=2n-1,所以第 20082008 项为 220081=40152\cdot 2008-1=4015

所以正确答案是 B

Since the mean of the first nn terms is n,n, their sum is n2.n^2.

The nnth term is n2(n1)2=2n1,n^2-(n-1)^2=2n-1, so the 20082008th term is 220081=4015.2\cdot 2008-1=4015.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

三角形 OABOAB 中,O=(0,0)O=(0,0)B=(5,0)B=(5,0),且 AA 在第一象限。此外,ABO=90\angle ABO=90^\circAOB=30\angle AOB=30^\circ。若将 OA\overline{OA}OO 逆时针旋转 9090^\circ,点 AA 的像的坐标是什么?

Triangle OABOAB has O=(0,0),O=(0,0), B=(5,0),B=(5,0), and AA in the first quadrant. In addition, ABO=90\angle ABO=90^\circ and AOB=30.\angle AOB=30^\circ. Suppose that OA\overline{OA} is rotated 9090^\circ counterclockwise about O.O. What are the coordinates of the image of A?A?

(1033,5)\left(-\dfrac{10}{3}\sqrt{3},\,5\right)

(533,5)\left(-\dfrac{5}{3}\sqrt{3},\,5\right)

(3,5)\left(\sqrt{3},\,5\right)

(533,5)\left(\dfrac{5}{3}\sqrt{3},\,5\right)

(1033,5)\left(\dfrac{10}{3}\sqrt{3},\,5\right)

难度评级:1370
小提示:

先求 AA:因为直角在 BB,所以 AB=OBtan30AB=OB\tan 30^\circ

Find AA first: AB=OBtan30AB=OB\tan 30^\circ since the right angle is at BB

大提示:

绕原点逆时针旋转 9090^\circ(x,y)(x,y) 变为 (y,x)(-y,x)

A 9090^\circ counterclockwise rotation sends (x,y)(x,y) to (y,x)(-y,x)

解答:

因为 ABO=90\angle ABO=90^\circ,线段 ABAB 竖直,所以 A=(5,5tan30)=(5,533)A=\left(5,\,5\tan 30^\circ\right)=\left(5,\,\tfrac{5\sqrt3}{3}\right)

绕原点逆时针旋转 9090^\circ(x,y)(x,y) 变为 (y,x)(-y,x),所以 AA 的像为 (533,5)\left(-\tfrac{5\sqrt3}{3},\,5\right)

所以正确答案是 B

Because ABO=90,\angle ABO=90^\circ, segment ABAB is vertical, so A=(5,5tan30)=(5,533).A=\left(5,\,5\tan 30^\circ\right)=\left(5,\,\tfrac{5\sqrt3}{3}\right).

A 9090^\circ counterclockwise rotation about the origin sends (x,y)(x,y) to (y,x),(-y,x), so the image of AA is (533,5).\left(-\tfrac{5\sqrt3}{3},\,5\right).

Thus, the correct answer is B.

15.

有多少个直角三角形的两条直角边为整数 aabb,斜边长为 b+1b+1,且 b<100b\lt 100

How many right triangles have integer leg lengths aa and bb and a hypotenuse of length b+1,b+1, where b<100?b\lt 100?

66

77

88

99

1010

难度评级:1310
小提示:

建立 a2+b2=(b+1)2a^2+b^2=(b+1)^2 并化简。

Set a2+b2=(b+1)2a^2+b^2=(b+1)^2 and simplify

大提示:

这给出 a2=2b+1a^2=2b+1,所以 a2a^2 是满足 a2<201a^2\lt 201 的奇完全平方数。

This gives a2=2b+1,a^2=2b+1, so a2a^2 is an odd perfect square with a2<201a^2\lt 201

解答:

a2+b2=(b+1)2a^2+b^2=(b+1)^2a2=2b+1a^2=2b+1,所以 aa 是奇数,且 a2a^2 是奇完全平方数。

因为 b<100b\lt 100,需要 a2=2b+1<201a^2=2b+1\lt 201,且当 b4b\ge 4 时有 a29a^2\ge 9。奇平方数 9,25,49,81,121,1699,25,49,81,121,169 给出 a=3,5,7,9,11,13a=3,5,7,9,11,13,共有 66 个三角形。

所以正确答案是 A

From a2+b2=(b+1)2a^2+b^2=(b+1)^2 we get a2=2b+1,a^2=2b+1, so aa is odd and a2a^2 is an odd perfect square.

Since b<100,b\lt 100, we need a2=2b+1<201,a^2=2b+1\lt 201, and a29a^2\ge 9 for b4.b\ge 4. The odd squares 9,25,49,81,121,1699,25,49,81,121,169 give a=3,5,7,9,11,13,a=3,5,7,9,11,13, which is 66 triangles.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

16.

抛两枚公平硬币一次。每出现一个正面,就掷一个公平骰子。骰子点数之和为奇数的概率是多少?(注意,如果没有掷骰子,则和为 00。)

Two fair coins are to be tossed once. For each head that results, one fair die is to be rolled. What is the probability that the sum of the die rolls is odd? (Note that if no die is rolled, the sum is 0.0.)

38\dfrac{3}{8}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

4372\dfrac{43}{72}

58\dfrac{5}{8}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

难度评级:1490
小提示:

只要至少掷一个骰子,点数和为奇数的概率就是一半。

If at least one die is rolled, the sum is odd exactly half the time

大提示:

先排除不掷骰子的概率(两枚硬币都为反面),再取剩余情况的一半。

Subtract the probability of rolling no dice (both coins tails), then take half of the rest

解答:

只要至少掷一个骰子,由对称性,点数和为奇数的概率为 12\tfrac12

不掷骰子只在两枚硬币都为反面时发生,概率为 14\tfrac14;此时点数和 00 是偶数。因此所求概率为 (114)12=38\left(1-\tfrac14\right)\cdot\tfrac12=\tfrac38

所以正确答案是 A

Whenever at least one die is rolled, by symmetry the sum is odd with probability 12.\tfrac12.

No die is rolled only when both coins are tails, with probability 14;\tfrac14; that sum 00 is even. So the answer is (114)12=38.\left(1-\tfrac14\right)\cdot\tfrac12=\tfrac38.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

17.

一项民意调查显示,所有选民中有 70%70\% 认可市长的工作。调查员在三个不同场合各随机选择一名选民。恰好一次选择到认可市长工作的选民的概率是多少?

A poll shows that 70%70\% of all voters approve of the mayor’s work. On three separate occasions a pollster selects a voter at random. What is the probability that on exactly one of these three occasions the voter approves of the mayor’s work?

0.0630.063

0.1890.189

0.2330.233

0.3330.333

0.4410.441

难度评级:1240
小提示:

三次中恰好一次认可有 33 种有序位置。

Exactly one approval can happen in 33 ordered ways

大提示:

每种排列的概率为 (0.7)(0.3)(0.3)(0.7)(0.3)(0.3)

Each such arrangement has probability (0.7)(0.3)(0.3)(0.7)(0.3)(0.3)

解答:

三次中恰好一次认可有 (31)=3\binom{3}{1}=3 种方式,每种概率为 (0.7)(0.3)(0.3)=0.063(0.7)(0.3)(0.3)=0.063

总概率为 30.063=0.1893\cdot 0.063=0.189

所以正确答案是 B

Exactly one approval among three occasions arises in (31)=3\binom{3}{1}=3 ways, each with probability (0.7)(0.3)(0.3)=0.063.(0.7)(0.3)(0.3)=0.063.

The total is 30.063=0.189.3\cdot 0.063=0.189.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

砌砖工 Brenda 单独建一个烟囱需要 99 小时,砌砖工 Brandon 单独建需要 1010 小时。他们一起工作时聊天很多,合计产出每小时减少 1010 块砖。他们一起工作 55 小时建完烟囱。这个烟囱有多少块砖?

Bricklayer Brenda would take 99 hours to build a chimney alone, and bricklayer Brandon would take 1010 hours to build it alone. When they work together, they talk a lot, and their combined output is decreased by 1010 bricks per hour. Working together, they build the chimney in 55 hours. How many bricks are in the chimney?

500500

900900

950950

10001000

19001900

知识点:速率一次方程
难度评级:1370
小提示:

设砖块数为 nn;他们单独工作的速度为 n9\tfrac{n}{9}n10\tfrac{n}{10}

Let nn be the number of bricks; their solo rates are n9\tfrac{n}{9} and n10\tfrac{n}{10}

大提示:

他们一起每小时砌 n9+n1010\tfrac{n}{9}+\tfrac{n}{10}-10 块砖,工作 55 小时合计为 nn

Together they lay n9+n1010\tfrac{n}{9}+\tfrac{n}{10}-10 bricks per hour for 55 hours to total nn

解答:

设砖块数为 nn。Brenda 每小时砌 n9\tfrac{n}{9} 块,Brandon 每小时砌 n10\tfrac{n}{10} 块,所以一起每小时砌 n9+n1010\tfrac{n}{9}+\tfrac{n}{10}-10 块。

他们工作 55 小时共完成 nn 块:5(n9+n1010)=n5\left(\tfrac{n}{9}+\tfrac{n}{10}-10\right)=n\text{。}解得 5n9+n250=n\tfrac{5n}{9}+\tfrac{n}{2}-50=n,所以 n=900n=900

所以正确答案是 B

Let nn be the number of bricks. Brenda lays n9\tfrac{n}{9} per hour and Brandon n10,\tfrac{n}{10}, so together they lay n9+n1010\tfrac{n}{9}+\tfrac{n}{10}-10 per hour.

Over 55 hours this equals n:n: 5(n9+n1010)=n.5\left(\tfrac{n}{9}+\tfrac{n}{10}-10\right)=n. Solving, 5n9+n250=n,\tfrac{5n}{9}+\tfrac{n}{2}-50=n, which gives n=900.n=900.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

一个圆柱形水箱半径为 44 英尺,高为 99 英尺,横放在地上。水箱中水深为 22 英尺。水的体积是多少立方英尺?

A cylindrical tank with radius 44 feet and height 99 feet is lying on its side. The tank is filled with water to a depth of 22 feet. What is the volume of the water, in cubic feet?

24π36224\pi-36\sqrt{2}

24π24324\pi-24\sqrt{3}

36π36336\pi-36\sqrt{3}

36π24236\pi-24\sqrt{2}

48π36348\pi-36\sqrt{3}

知识点:圆柱扇形体积
难度评级:1680
小提示:

水的横截面是由一条低于圆心 22 英尺的弦切出的圆弓形。

The water cross-section is a circular segment cut by a chord 22 feet below the center

大提示:

该面积等于一个 120120^\circ 扇形减去一个三角形;再乘以长度 99

Its area is a 120120^\circ sector minus a triangle; multiply by the length 99

解答:

被水浸没的横截面是圆弓形。弦在圆心下方 42=24-2=2 英尺,且 cosθ=24=12\cos\theta=\tfrac{2}{4}=\tfrac12,所以半角为 6060^\circ,圆心角为 120120^\circ

扇形面积为 120360π(4)2=16π3\tfrac{120}{360}\pi(4)^2=\tfrac{16\pi}{3},两条半径形成的三角形面积为 12(4)2sin120=43\tfrac12(4)^2\sin 120^\circ=4\sqrt3,所以圆弓形面积为 16π343\tfrac{16\pi}{3}-4\sqrt3

乘以长度 99,体积为 9(16π343)=48π3639\left(\tfrac{16\pi}{3}-4\sqrt3\right)=48\pi-36\sqrt3

所以正确答案是 E

The submerged cross-section is a circular segment. The chord is 42=24-2=2 feet below the center, and cosθ=24=12,\cos\theta=\tfrac{2}{4}=\tfrac12, so the half-angle is 6060^\circ and the central angle is 120.120^\circ.

The sector area is 120360π(4)2=16π3,\tfrac{120}{360}\pi(4)^2=\tfrac{16\pi}{3}, and the triangle formed by the two radii has area 12(4)2sin120=43.\tfrac12(4)^2\sin 120^\circ=4\sqrt3. The segment area is 16π343.\tfrac{16\pi}{3}-4\sqrt3.

Multiplying by the length 99 gives 9(16π343)=48π363.9\left(\tfrac{16\pi}{3}-4\sqrt3\right)=48\pi-36\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

一个立方体骰子的面标有 112222333344。第二个立方体骰子的面标有 113344556688。掷两个骰子,两个朝上数字之和为 557799 的概率是多少?

The faces of a cubical die are marked with the numbers 1,1, 2,2, 2,2, 3,3, 3,3, and 4.4. The faces of a second cubical die are marked with the numbers 1,1, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, and 8.8. Both dice are thrown. What is the probability that the sum of the two top numbers will be 5,5, 7,7, or 9?9?

518\dfrac{5}{18}

718\dfrac{7}{18}

1118\dfrac{11}{18}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

89\dfrac{8}{9}

难度评级:1510
小提示:

共有 6×6=366\times 6=36 个等可能结果;数出和为 5,75,799 的结果。

There are 6×6=366\times 6=36 equally likely outcomes; count those summing to 5,7,5,7, or 99

大提示:

注意第一个骰子上 2233 各出现在两个面上。

Remember each 22 and each 33 on the first die appears on two faces

解答:

3636 个等可能结果中,和为 55 的有 (1,4),(2,3),(2,3),(4,1)(1,4),(2,3),(2,3),(4,1),共 44 个。

和为 77 的有 (1,6),(2,5),(2,5)(1,6),(2,5),(2,5)(3,4),(3,4),(4,3)(3,4),(3,4),(4,3),共 66 个;和为 99 的有 (1,8),(3,6),(3,6),(4,5)(1,8),(3,6),(3,6),(4,5),共 44 个。

因此概率为 4+6+436=1436=718\tfrac{4+6+4}{36}=\tfrac{14}{36}=\tfrac{7}{18}

所以正确答案是 B

Of the 3636 equally likely outcomes, the pairs giving sum 55 are (1,4),(2,3),(2,3),(4,1),(1,4),(2,3),(2,3),(4,1), which is 44 outcomes.

Sum 77 comes from (1,6),(2,5),(2,5),(1,6),(2,5),(2,5), (3,4),(3,4),(4,3),(3,4),(3,4),(4,3), which is 6,6, and sum 99 from (1,8),(3,6),(3,6),(4,5),(1,8),(3,6),(3,6),(4,5), which is 4.4.

The probability is 4+6+436=1436=718.\tfrac{4+6+4}{36}=\tfrac{14}{36}=\tfrac{7}{18}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

十把椅子均匀地围绕一张圆桌摆放,并按顺时针编号为 111010。五对夫妻要坐在这些椅子上,男女交替,并且没有人坐在自己配偶的旁边或正对面。共有多少种座位安排?

Ten chairs are evenly spaced around a round table and numbered clockwise from 11 through 10.10. Five married couples are to sit in the chairs with men and women alternating, and no one is to sit either next to or directly across from his or her spouse. How many seating arrangements are possible?

240240

360360

480480

540540

720720

难度评级:1870
小提示:

先安排女性;把她们放入交替座位中。

Seat the women first; count their arrangements in the alternating seats

大提示:

固定女性座位后,数男性避开自己配偶的坐法。

For a fixed seating of the women, count how many ways the men can avoid their spouses

解答:

先安排女性。第一位女性可坐任意 1010 把椅子,而男女必须交替,所以其余女性在剩下四个同类座位中有 4!4! 种排法,共 104!=24010\cdot 4!=240 种安排。

固定一位女性在椅子 11。她的配偶必须坐在椅子 44 或椅子 88;每个选择都会一致地迫使其他男性的位置。因此每种女性安排恰有 22 种有效男性安排。

总数为 2240=4802\cdot 240=480

所以正确答案是 C

Seat the women first. The first woman may take any of the 1010 chairs, and since seats alternate, the remaining women fill their four seats in 4!4! ways, giving 104!=24010\cdot 4!=240 arrangements.

Fix a woman in chair 1.1. Her spouse must sit in chair 44 or chair 8;8; each choice then forces the placement of every other man consistently. So each seating of the women yields exactly 22 valid seatings of the men.

The total is 2240=480.2\cdot 240=480.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

三颗红珠、两颗白珠和一颗蓝珠随机排成一行。相邻两颗珠子颜色都不同的概率是多少?

Three red beads, two white beads, and one blue bead are placed in a line in random order. What is the probability that no two neighboring beads are the same color?

112\dfrac{1}{12}

110\dfrac{1}{10}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

难度评级:1680
小提示:

可区分的颜色排列共有 6!3!2!=60\dfrac{6!}{3!\,2!}=60 种。

There are 6!3!2!=60\dfrac{6!}{3!\,2!}=60 distinguishable orderings

大提示:

先放三颗红珠使它们不相邻,再安放白珠和蓝珠。

First place the three red beads so no two are adjacent, then fit the white and blue beads

解答:

可区分的排列共有 6!3!2!=60\tfrac{6!}{3!\,2!}=60 种。三颗红珠必须占据不相邻的位置,可能的红珠位置为 {1,3,5},{2,4,6},{1,3,6}\{1,3,5\},\{2,4,6\},\{1,3,6\}{1,4,6}\{1,4,6\}

对于 {1,3,5}\{1,3,5\}{2,4,6}\{2,4,6\},剩余位置彼此不相邻,所以蓝珠可在 33 个位置中任意选择,共 3+3=63+3=6 种。对于 {1,3,6}\{1,3,6\}{1,4,6}\{1,4,6\},剩余位置中有两个相邻,所以蓝珠必须隔开两颗白珠,共 2+2=42+2=4 种。

有效排列共 1010 种,所以概率为 1060=16\tfrac{10}{60}=\tfrac16

所以正确答案是 C

There are 6!3!2!=60\tfrac{6!}{3!\,2!}=60 distinguishable orderings. The three reds must occupy non-adjacent positions, and the possible red placements are {1,3,5},{2,4,6},{1,3,6},\{1,3,5\},\{2,4,6\},\{1,3,6\}, and {1,4,6}.\{1,4,6\}.

For {1,3,5}\{1,3,5\} and {2,4,6},\{2,4,6\}, the remaining seats are mutually non-adjacent, so the blue bead can go in any of the 3,3, giving 3+3=6.3+3=6. For {1,3,6}\{1,3,6\} and {1,4,6},\{1,4,6\}, two remaining seats are adjacent, so the blue must separate the whites, giving 2+2=4.2+2=4.

That is 1010 valid orderings, so the probability is 1060=16.\tfrac{10}{60}=\tfrac16.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

一个矩形地板尺寸为 aa 英尺乘 bb 英尺,其中 aabb 是正整数且 b>ab\gt a。一位艺术家在地板上画一个矩形,画出的矩形边与地板边平行。未涂色部分在画出的矩形周围形成宽 11 英尺的边框,并占整个地板面积的一半。有多少个有序对 (a,b)(a,b) 满足条件?

A rectangular floor measures aa feet by bb feet, where aa and bb are positive integers with b>a.b\gt a. An artist paints a rectangle on the floor with the sides of the rectangle parallel to the sides of the floor. The unpainted part of the floor forms a border of width 11 foot around the painted rectangle and occupies half the area of the entire floor. How many possibilities are there for the ordered pair (a,b)?(a,b)?

11

22

33

44

55

难度评级:1580
小提示:

被涂色的矩形尺寸为 (a2)(a-2)(b2)(b-2),面积是 abab 的一半。

The painted rectangle measures (a2)(a-2) by (b2),(b-2), and its area is half of abab

大提示:

ab=2(a2)(b2)ab=2(a-2)(b-2),整理为 (a4)(b4)=8(a-4)(b-4)=8

From ab=2(a2)(b2),ab=2(a-2)(b-2), rearrange to (a4)(b4)=8(a-4)(b-4)=8

解答:

被涂色矩形为 (a2)×(b2)(a-2)\times(b-2),且是地板面积的一半,所以 ab=2(a2)(b2)ab=2(a-2)(b-2)

展开得 0=ab4a4b+80=ab-4a-4b+8,两边加 88(a4)(b4)=8(a-4)(b-4)=8

b>a>0b\gt a\gt 0 下,分解 8=18=248=1\cdot 8=2\cdot 4,得到 (a,b)=(5,12)(a,b)=(5,12)(6,8)(6,8),所以共有 22 种可能。

所以正确答案是 B

The painted rectangle is (a2)×(b2),(a-2)\times(b-2), and it is half the floor, so ab=2(a2)(b2).ab=2(a-2)(b-2).

Expanding gives 0=ab4a4b+8,0=ab-4a-4b+8, and adding 88 yields (a4)(b4)=8.(a-4)(b-4)=8.

With b>a>0,b\gt a\gt 0, the factorizations 8=18=248=1\cdot 8=2\cdot 4 give (a,b)=(5,12)(a,b)=(5,12) and (6,8).(6,8). So there are 22 possibilities.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

四边形 ABCDABCD 满足 AB=BC=CDAB=BC=CDABC=70\angle ABC=70^\circBCD=170\angle BCD=170^\circBAD\angle BAD 的度数是多少?

Quadrilateral ABCDABCD has AB=BC=CD,AB=BC=CD, ABC=70,\angle ABC=70^\circ, and BCD=170.\angle BCD=170^\circ. What is the degree measure of BAD?\angle BAD?

7575

8080

8585

9090

9595

难度评级:1860
小提示:

BCBCAA 同侧构造等边三角形 BMCBMC

Build an equilateral triangle BMCBMC on the same side of BCBC as AA

大提示:

证明 ABM\triangle ABMMCD\triangle MCD 是等腰三角形,再证明 MMAD\overline{AD} 上。

Show ABM\triangle ABM and MCD\triangle MCD are isosceles, then prove MM lies on AD\overline{AD}

解答:

MM 为使 BMC\triangle BMC 为等边三角形的点,且与 AABCBC 的同侧。于是 ABM=7060=10\angle ABM=70^\circ-60^\circ=10^\circ,且 MCD=17060=110\angle MCD=170^\circ-60^\circ=110^\circ

因为 AB=BMAB=BMMC=CDMC=CD,三角形 ABMABMMCDMCD 是等腰三角形,所以 AMB=85\angle AMB=85^\circ,且 CMD=35\angle CMD=35^\circ

于是 AMD=3608560\angle AMD=360^\circ-85^\circ-60^\circ 35-35^\circ =180=180^\circ,所以 MMAD\overline{AD} 上,且 BAD=BAM=85\angle BAD=\angle BAM=85^\circ

所以正确答案是 C

Let MM be the point with BMC\triangle BMC equilateral, on the same side of BCBC as A.A. Then ABM=7060=10\angle ABM=70^\circ-60^\circ=10^\circ and MCD=17060=110.\angle MCD=170^\circ-60^\circ=110^\circ.

Since AB=BMAB=BM and MC=CD,MC=CD, triangles ABMABM and MCDMCD are isosceles, giving AMB=85\angle AMB=85^\circ and CMD=35.\angle CMD=35^\circ.

Then AMD=3608560\angle AMD=360^\circ-85^\circ-60^\circ 35-35^\circ =180,=180^\circ, so MM lies on AD\overline{AD} and BAD=BAM=85.\angle BAD=\angle BAM=85^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

Michael 在一条长直路上以每秒 55 英尺的速度步行。路上每隔 200200 英尺有一个垃圾桶。一辆垃圾车以每秒 1010 英尺的速度沿同一方向行驶,并在每个垃圾桶处停 3030 秒。当 Michael 经过一个垃圾桶时,他注意到前方的垃圾车刚离开下一个垃圾桶。Michael 和垃圾车会相遇多少次?

Michael walks at the rate of 55 feet per second on a long straight path. Trash pails are located every 200200 feet along the path. A garbage truck travels at 1010 feet per second in the same direction as Michael and stops for 3030 seconds at each pail. As Michael passes a pail, he notices the truck ahead of him just leaving the next pail. How many times will Michael and the truck meet?

44

55

66

77

88

难度评级:2090
小提示:

给垃圾桶编号,使 Michael 从 00 号桶开始,垃圾车从 11 号桶开始;追踪到达时间。

Number the pails so Michael starts at pail 00 and the truck at pail 1;1; track arrival times

大提示:

Michael 在 40n40n 秒到达 nn 号桶;垃圾车在 50(n1)50(n-1) 秒离开 nn 号桶。

Michael reaches pail nn at 40n40n seconds; the truck leaves pail nn at 50(n1)50(n-1) seconds

解答:

给垃圾桶编号,使 Michael 在 00 号桶,垃圾车在 11 号桶。Michael 在 nn 号桶的到达时间为 40n40n 秒;垃圾车在 nn 号桶的离开时间为 50(n1)50(n-1) 秒,到达时间为 50(n1)3050(n-1)-30 秒。

Michael 和垃圾车在 nn 号桶相遇当且仅当 50(n1)3040n50(n-1)-30\le 40n 50(n1)\le 50(n-1),化简得 5n85\le n\le 8

55 号桶他们在垃圾车离开时相遇,在 6677 号桶 Michael 经过停着的车,在 88 号桶他们在垃圾车到达时相遇。此外,在 66 号和 77 号桶之间,垃圾车还必须超过 Michael 一次,所以总共相遇 55 次。

所以正确答案是 B

Number the pails so Michael is at pail 00 and the truck at pail 1.1. Michael reaches pail nn at 40n40n seconds. The truck leaves pail nn at 50(n1)50(n-1) seconds and arrives there at 50(n1)3050(n-1)-30 seconds.

Michael and the truck are together at pail nn when 50(n1)3040n50(n-1)-30\le 40n 50(n1),\le 50(n-1), which simplifies to 5n8.5\le n\le 8.

At pail 55 they meet as the truck departs, at pails 66 and 77 Michael passes it, and at pail 88 they meet as the truck arrives. Between pails 66 and 77 the truck must overtake Michael once more, so in total they meet 55 times.

Thus, the correct answer is B.