1996 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
下面的加法算式不正确。要使算式正确,可以改动的最大数字是什么?
The addition below is incorrect. What is the largest digit that can be changed to make the addition correct?
小提示:
把图中写出的和与三个加数的实际总和进行比较
Compare the displayed sum with the actual sum of the three addends
大提示:
要改正确,必须使某一数位上的总和减少一个单位
The correction must lower the total by one unit in a particular place
解答:
三个加数之和为 ,比正确结果大 。把十位数字 (在 中)改为 ,总和就减少 ,变成 。题中没有更大的数字能通过改动达到这个效果,所以正确答案是 D。
The three addends total which is too large. Changing the tens digit in to lowers the sum by and gives No larger listed digit can make that change, so the correct answer is D.
2.
沃尔特每天做家务可得 ,如果做得特别好则可得 。他连续 天每天都做家务,共收到 。沃尔特有多少天把家务做得特别好?
Each day Walter gets for doing his chores or for doing them exceptionally well. After days of doing his chores daily, Walter has received a total of On how many days did Walter do them exceptionally well?
小提示:
先计算十天全部按普通标准计酬时沃尔特能得到的钱数
Begin with the amount Walter would earn at the ordinary rate on all ten days
大提示:
每个表现特别好的日子都会在这个基准上增加相同的钱数
Each exceptionally good day adds the same amount to that baseline
解答:
十个普通日子会得到 美元。每个表现特别好的日子会多得 美元,而实际总额多出 美元。因此共有 个表现特别好的日子,所以正确答案是 A。
Ten ordinary days would pay dollars. Each exceptional day adds dollars, and the actual total is dollars higher. Thus there were exceptional days, so the correct answer is A.
3.
小提示:
先计算内层阶乘,再计算外层阶乘
Evaluate the inner factorial before the outer factorial
大提示:
把分母与分子乘积中的因子约去
Cancel the denominator from the product in the numerator
解答:
因为 ,原式为 。因此正确答案是 E。
Since the expression is Thus the correct answer is E.
4.
一个由九个整数组成的数列中,有六个数是 、、、、 和 。这九个数的中位数可能达到的最大值是
Six numbers from a list of nine integers are and The largest possible value of the median of all nine numbers in this list is
小提示:
将九个数排序后,中位数是第五个数
The median is the fifth number after all nine are sorted
大提示:
要使中位数最大,可以把三个未给出的数都取到足够大
To maximize the median, take each of the three unspecified numbers as large as needed
解答:
六个已知数按顺序排列为 。即使三个未给出的整数都大于 ,完整数列中的第五个数仍为 。这个值可以达到,所以正确答案是 D。
The six specified values in order are Even if all three unspecified integers exceed the fifth entry of the full sorted list is This is attainable, so the correct answer is D.
5.
已知 ,下列哪一个最大?
Given that which of the following is the largest?
小提示:
正分数的分子增大或分母减小时,分数值会增大
A positive fraction grows when its numerator increases or its denominator decreases
大提示:
分别把每个分子与 比较,把每个分母与 比较
Compare every numerator and denominator with and , respectively
解答:
所列分子中, 最大;所列分母中, 最小。因此 大于其余每个正分数,所以正确答案是 E。
Among the displayed numerators, is largest; among the denominators, is smallest. Therefore exceeds every other positive fraction listed, so the correct answer is E.
6.
若 ,则
If then
小提示:
分别计算四个函数值,并特别留意零次幂
Evaluate the four function values separately, paying attention to zero exponents
大提示:
在遇到任何有问题的幂之前, 和 对应的两项就已经为零
The terms at and vanish before any problematic power is needed
解答:
直接代入得 它们的和是 ,所以正确答案是 E。
Direct substitution gives Their sum is so the correct answer is E.
7.
一位父亲在双胞胎生日当天,带着他们和一个更小的孩子外出用餐。餐厅向父亲收取 ,每个孩子则按年龄每岁收取 ,这里的年龄是指最近一次生日时的年龄。若账单为 ,下列哪一个可能是最小孩子的年龄?
A father takes his twins and a younger child out to dinner on the twins’ birthday. The restaurant charges for the father and for each year of a child’s age, where age is defined as the age at the most recent birthday. If the bill is which of the following could be the age of the youngest child?
小提示:
从账单中减去父亲的费用,再除以每岁的价格
Subtract the father’s charge and divide the remainder by the price per year
大提示:
若双胞胎都是 岁,较小的孩子是 岁,则同时使用 和
If the twins are years old and the younger child is , impose both and
解答:
孩子们的费用为 美元,所以他们的年龄总和为 。若每个双胞胎都是 岁,较小的孩子是 岁,则 ,且 。在各选项中, 给出 ,符合要求。因此正确答案是 B。
The children account for dollars, so their ages total If each twin is and the younger child is then with Of the choices, gives which works. Thus the correct answer is B.
8.
若 且 ,则
If and then
小提示:
用第二个方程除以第一个方程,消去
Divide the second equation by the first to eliminate
大提示:
把 改写成以 为底的一个幂
Rewrite as a single power of
解答:
两个方程相除得 。因此 ,所以正确答案是 D。
Dividing the equations gives Hence so the correct answer is D.
9.
三角形 与正方形 位于互相垂直的两个平面内。已知 、、,求 。
Triangle and square are in perpendicular planes. Given that and what is
小提示:
先在 -- 三角形 中确定直角
First identify the right angle in the -- triangle
大提示:
一个平面内垂直于两平面交线的直线,也垂直于另一个平面
A line in one plane perpendicular to the planes’ intersection is perpendicular to the other plane
解答:
因为 ,所以三角形 在 处为直角。在正方形 中,,且 。由于两个平面沿 互相垂直, 垂直于 所在平面,因而也垂直于 。所以 。正确答案是 B。
Since triangle is right at In square and Because the two planes are perpendicular along is perpendicular to the plane of and hence to Thus The correct answer is B.
10.
一个给定立方体的顶点之间一共可以确定多少条线段?
How many line segments have both their endpoints located at the vertices of a given cube?
小提示:
任取两个不同的立方体顶点就能确定一条线段
A segment is determined by choosing two distinct cube vertices
大提示:
计算立方体八个顶点的无序点对数
Count unordered pairs among the cube’s eight vertices
解答:
立方体的 个顶点中,每个无序点对都确定一条线段,其中包括棱和对角线。共有 条,所以正确答案是 D。
Every unordered pair of the cube’s vertices determines one segment, including edges and diagonals. There are so the correct answer is D.
11.
给定一个半径为 的圆,有许多长度为 的线段在各自中点处与圆相切。求所有这些线段组成区域的面积。
Given a circle of radius there are many line segments of length that are tangent to the circle at their midpoints. Find the area of the region consisting of all such line segments.
小提示:
每条切线段从中点向两个方向各延伸一个单位
Each tangent segment extends one unit in each direction from its midpoint
大提示:
从圆心作直角三角形,求出扫过区域的内、外半径
Use a right triangle from the circle’s center to locate the inner and outer radii of the swept region
解答:
每条线段的中心是距圆心 个单位的切点,并沿切线向两个方向各延伸 个单位。当切点绕圆转动时,这些线段填满一个内半径为 、外半径为 的圆环。其面积为 ,所以正确答案是 D。
Each segment is centered at a tangency point units from the circle’s center and extends unit along the tangent in both directions. As the tangency point rotates, the segments fill the annulus with inner radius and outer radius Its area is so the correct answer is D.
12.
从整数到整数的函数 定义如下:假设 是奇数,且 。 的各位数字之和是多少?
A function from the integers to the integers is defined as follows: Suppose is odd and What is the sum of the digits of
小提示:
因为 是奇数,第一次迭代得到 ,它是偶数
Because is odd, the first iterate is , which is even
大提示:
从 开始反向推算,并检查每个逆向分支所要求的奇偶性
Work backward from , checking the parity required by each inverse branch
解答:
因为 是奇数,所以 是偶数,于是 。若这个值是奇数,加上 不可能得到 ,因为这会要求该值为 。因此它是偶数,除以二后得到 ,所以 。由此 ,其各位数字之和为 。正确答案是 B。
Since is odd, is even, so If this value were odd, adding could not produce because that would require the value Therefore it is even and is halved to so Hence whose digits sum to The correct answer is B.
13.
桑妮以恒定速度跑步,月光的速度是她的 倍,其中 大于 。如果月光让桑妮先跑 米,那么月光必须跑多少米才能追上桑妮?
Sunny runs at a steady rate, and Moonbeam runs times as fast, where is a number greater than If Moonbeam gives Sunny a head start of meters, how many meters must Moonbeam run to overtake Sunny?
小提示:
设桑妮的速度为 并令月光的速度为
Let Sunny’s speed be and Moonbeam’s speed be
大提示:
若月光跑了 米,用 表示同一段时间内桑妮跑过的距离
If Moonbeam runs meters, express Sunny’s distance during the same time in terms of
解答:
假设月光跑了 米。经过的时间为 ,所以从月光出发起,桑妮又跑了 米。追上时,。解得 ,所以正确答案是 D。
Suppose Moonbeam runs meters. The elapsed time is so Sunny runs meters after the start. At the catch, Solving gives so the correct answer is D.
14.
令 表示 的偶数数字之和。例如,。求
Let denote the sum of the even digits of For example, Find
小提示:
在数字前补零,并考虑从 到 的所有整数
Include leading zeros and consider the integers from through
大提示:
在每一个数位上,每个数字出现的次数都相同
In each digit position, every digit occurs equally often
解答:
从 到 ,每个数字在两个数位上都各出现 次。正偶数数字的和为 ,所以总贡献为 。数 不贡献任何正偶数数字,所以正确答案是 C。
From through each digit occurs times in each of the two positions. The positive even digits sum to so the total contribution is The number contributes no even positive digit, so the correct answer is C.
15.
把一个长方形的一对对边各分成 条全等线段,并把其中一条线段的两个端点与长方形中心相连,形成三角形 。再把另一对边各分成 条全等线段,并把其中一条线段的两个端点与中心相连,形成三角形 。(图中所示为 、 的情形。)三角形 的面积与三角形 的面积之比是多少?
Two opposite sides of a rectangle are each divided into congruent segments, and the endpoints of one segment are joined to the center to form triangle The other sides are each divided into congruent segments, and the endpoints of one of these segments are joined to the center to form triangle [See figure for ] What is the ratio of the area of triangle to the area of triangle
小提示:
设长方形的两条边长分别为 和
Write the rectangle’s side lengths as and
大提示:
每个三角形的底是一条分割后的小线段,高是另一边边长的一半
Each triangle has a base that is one divided segment and an altitude equal to half the opposite side length
解答:
三角形 的底为 ,高为 ,所以面积为 。三角形 的底为 ,高为 ,所以面积为 。二者之比为 ,正确答案是 B。
Triangle has base and altitude so its area is Triangle has base and altitude so its area is Their ratio is and the correct answer is B.
16.
将一枚公平的标准六面骰子掷三次。已知前两次点数之和等于第三次点数,求至少有一次掷出 的概率。
A fair standard six-sided dice is tossed three times. Given that the sum of the first two tosses equals the third, what is the probability that at least one is tossed?
小提示:
在给定条件下,计算前两次点数之和不超过 的有序数对数量
Under the stated condition, count ordered pairs for the first two tosses whose sum is at most
大提示:
计算有利结果时,把第三次掷出 的情形与前两次中至少一次掷出 的情形分开
For the favorable count, separate a third-toss from pairs having a among the first two tosses
解答:
当第三次点数依次为 时,前两次点数的有序数对数量依次为 ,所以共有 个等可能的条件结果。第三次掷出 对应 。第一次掷出 有 个结果,第二次掷出 也有 个结果,而 被重复计算。因此有利结果共有 个,正确答案是 D。
For third tosses the numbers of ordered first-two-toss pairs are for equally likely conditional outcomes. A third toss of contributes A in the first position gives outcomes and a in the second gives with counted twice. Thus there are favorable outcomes, and the correct answer is D.
17.
在长方形 中,角 被 和 三等分,其中 在 上, 在 上,,且 。下列哪一个数最接近长方形 的面积?
In rectangle angle is trisected by and where is on is on and Which of the following is closest to the area of the rectangle
小提示:
处的三个角各为
Each of the three angles at is
大提示:
利用与边 和 相邻的两个直角三角形,求出长方形的高和宽
Use the two right triangles adjacent to sides and to determine the rectangle’s height and width
解答:
设长方形的宽为 ,高为 。在直角三角形 中,,所以 。在由 构成的三角形中,水平距离为 ,竖直下降距离为 ,所以 。因此 面积为 ,最接近 。所以正确答案是 E。
Let the rectangle have width and height In right triangle so In the triangle using the horizontal run is and the vertical drop is so Hence The area is closest to Thus the correct answer is E.
18.
一个半径为 的圆,圆心为 。另一个半径为 的圆,圆心为 。一条直线在第一象限内的两点分别与这两个圆相切。下列哪一个数最接近该直线的 轴截距?
A circle of radius has center at A circle of radius has center at A line is tangent to the two circles at points in the first quadrant. Which of the following is closest to the -intercept of the line?
小提示:
把切线写成 ,并对两个圆心分别使用点到直线的距离公式
Write the tangent as and use point-to-line distance for each center
大提示:
先将两个距离方程相减求出斜率,再求截距
Subtract the two distance equations to determine the slope before solving for the intercept
解答:
把上方的公切线写成 ,并令 。两个圆心到直线的距离给出 因此 ,所以 ,且 。由第二个方程,所以正确答案是 D。
Write the upper common tangent as and let The two center-to-line distances give Thus so and From the second equation, Therefore the correct answer is D.
19.
连接正六边形 各边的中点,形成一个较小的六边形。这个较小六边形所围面积是 面积的几分之几?
The midpoints of the sides of a regular hexagon are joined to form a smaller hexagon. What fraction of the area of is enclosed by the smaller hexagon?
小提示:
把相邻两边中点之间的距离与原六边形边长比较
Compare the distance between adjacent side midpoints with the original side length
大提示:
较小六边形与较大六边形相似,所以将边长之比平方
The smaller and larger hexagons are similar, so square their side-length ratio
解答:
两个相邻中点与它们共有的顶点组成一个三角形,其中两边均为 ,夹角为 。其对边长度的平方为 因此较小六边形的缩放比例为 ,面积之比为 。正确答案是 D。
Two adjacent midpoints and their shared vertex form a triangle with two sides and included angle Its opposite side has squared length Thus the smaller hexagon has scale factor and its area ratio is The correct answer is D.
20.
在 平面内,从 到 且不进入圆 内部的最短路径长度是多少?
In the -plane, what is the length of the shortest path from to that does not go inside the circle
小提示:
圆心是两个端点的中点
The circle’s center is the midpoint of the two endpoints
大提示:
最短的允许路径由两条切线段和两个切点之间的较短圆弧组成
The shortest permitted path consists of two tangent segments and the shorter arc between their tangency points
解答:
每个端点到圆心的距离都是 ,所以每条切线段的长度为 。在切点处的直角三角形中,圆心处的角为 。由于从圆心到两个端点的射线方向相反,两个切点之间的小弧所对圆心角为 ,所以弧长为 。总长度为 ,正确答案是 C。
Each endpoint is units from the circle’s center, so each tangent segment has length In the right triangle at a tangency point, the angle at the center is Since the endpoint rays are opposite, the intervening minor arc subtends so its length is The total is and the correct answer is C.
21.
三角形 和 都是等腰三角形,且 , 与 交于 。若 ,则 等于
Triangles and are isosceles with and intersects at If then is
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
小提示:
设 ,表示 时利用等腰三角形
Let and express using isosceles triangle
大提示:
利用 ,求 处的顶角,也就是等腰三角形 的顶角
Use to find the vertex angle at of isosceles triangle
解答:
设 。由于 ,由于 , 与 的夹角为 。在等腰三角形 中,,所以两个底角为 二者之和为 ,所以正确答案是 D。
Let Since Because the angle between and is In isosceles triangle so its two base angles are Their sum is so the correct answer is D.
22.
选取四个不同的点 、、 和 ,它们来自圆周上均匀分布的 个点,每个四点组被选中的可能性相同。弦 与弦 相交的概率是多少?
Four distinct points, and are to be selected from points evenly spaced around a circle. All quadruples are equally likely to be chosen. What is the probability that the chord intersects the chord
小提示:
固定任意四个选出的点,考察把它们配成两条弦的三种方式
Fix any four selected points and examine the three ways to pair them into two chords
大提示:
恰有一种配对会连接圆周上交错排列的点
Exactly one pairing joins alternating points around the circle
解答:
对于任意固定的四个点,把它们的标号分成两组无序弦对共有三种方式。恰有一种配对连接圆周上交错排列的点,因此两弦相交。指定的弦对 等可能地对应这三种配对中的任意一种,所以概率为 。正确答案是 B。
For any fixed four points, there are three ways to partition their labels into two unordered chord pairs. Exactly one pairing joins alternating points around the circle and therefore crosses. The named pair is equally likely to be any of these three pairings, so the probability is The correct answer is B.
23.
一个长方体的十二条棱长之和为 ,从一个顶点到最远顶点的距离为 。该长方体的总表面积是
The sum of the lengths of the twelve edges of a rectangular box is and the distance from one corner of the box to the farthest corner is The total surface area of the box is
小提示:
若三条边长为 ,把棱长之和与空间对角线分别写成方程
If the side lengths are , translate the edge sum and space diagonal into equations
大提示:
展开 ,直接求得
Expand to obtain directly
解答:
棱长之和给出 ,所以 。空间对角线给出 。因此总表面积为 所以正确答案是 B。
The edge sum gives so The space diagonal gives Therefore the surface area is Thus the correct answer is B.
24.
数列 由若干个 组成,相邻两项之间隔着由 构成的数块,第 个数块中有 个 。这个数列前 项的和是
The sequence consists of ’s separated by blocks of ’s with ’s in the th block. The sum of the first terms of this sequence is
小提示:
计算到第 个数块末尾为止的总项数
Count the total number of terms through the end of the th block
大提示:
找出第 项之前最后一个完整数块,再计算下一个数块中的部分项
Find the last complete block before term , then account for the partial next block
解答:
到第 个数块为止,有 个一和 个二,因此共有 项。当 时,项数为 。这些项的和为 接下来的 项是一个 和九个 ,和为 。所求总和为 ,所以正确答案是 B。
Through block there are ones and twos, hence terms. For this is Their sum is The next terms are one and nine ’s, with sum The requested sum is so the correct answer is B.
25.
已知 , 的最大可能值是多少?
Given that what is the largest possible value that can have?
小提示:
配方,确定圆心和半径
Complete the square to identify the circle’s center and radius
大提示:
的最大值等于它在圆心处的值加上半径乘以
The maximum of is its value at the center plus the radius times
解答:
配方得 在圆心处,。移动 个单位,方向取为向量 的方向,表达式会增加 。最大值为 ,所以正确答案是 B。
Completing the square gives At the center, Moving units in the direction of the vector increases the expression by The maximum is so the correct answer is B.
26.
一个罐子里有红、白、蓝、绿四种颜色的弹珠。不放回地抽取四颗弹珠时,下列事件的发生概率相同:
(a)抽到四颗红色弹珠;
(b)抽到一颗白色弹珠和三颗红色弹珠;
(c)抽到一颗白色、一颗蓝色和两颗红色弹珠;以及
(d)每种颜色各抽到一颗弹珠。
满足上述条件的弹珠总数最少是多少?
An urn contains marbles of four colors: red, white, blue, and green. When four marbles are drawn without replacement, the following events are equally likely:
(a) the selection of four red marbles;
(b) the selection of one white and three red marbles;
(c) the selection of one white, one blue, and two red marbles; and
(d) the selection of one marble of each color.
What is the smallest number of marbles satisfying the given condition?
大于
more than
小提示:
设四种颜色的弹珠数分别为 ,令四个事件的组合数相等
Let the four color counts be and equate the combination counts for the four events
大提示:
逐次取比值,把 表示成 的函数,再求使三者都是整数的最小
Successive ratios determine in terms of ; then find the smallest making all three integers
解答:
相等的概率具有相同的总样本数,因此有利选法数满足 。逐次取比值得 、 和 。使三者均为正整数的最小 是 。此时 ,弹珠总数为 。所以正确答案是 B。
Equal probabilities have the same common denominator, so their favorable selection counts satisfy Successive ratios give and The least making all three positive integers is Then for marbles. Thus the correct answer is B.
27.
考虑两个实心球体:一个球心为 ,半径为 ;另一个球心为 ,半径为 。两个球体的交集中有多少个坐标全为整数的点 (格点)?
Consider two solid spherical balls, one centered at with radius and the other centered at with radius How many points with only integer coordinates (lattice points) are there in the intersection of the balls?
小提示:
先取两个球体中 坐标可能整数范围的交集
First intersect the possible integer ranges for the -coordinate in the two balls
大提示:
在唯一可能的高度,把两个球面不等式都化为对 的限制
At the only possible height, reduce both sphere inequalities to a bound on
解答:
第一个球体允许的整数高度为 到 ,第二个允许的整数高度为 到 ,所以交集中的格点必须满足 。在这个高度,两个限制为 因此 可以是 或 。它们分别给出 和 个有序整数对,共有 个点。正确答案是 D。
The first ball permits integer heights through while the second permits through so an intersection lattice point must have At that height the two bounds are Thus can be or These give and ordered integer pairs, respectively, for points. The correct answer is D.
28.
在一个 的长方体上,顶点 、 和 都与顶点 相邻。从 到包含 、、 的平面的垂直距离最接近
On a rectangular parallelepiped, vertices and are adjacent to vertex The perpendicular distance from to the plane containing and is closest to
小提示:
把 放在原点,并使三条相邻的棱分别沿三条坐标轴
Place at the origin with the three adjacent edges along coordinate axes
大提示:
写出经过 的平面的截距式
Write the intercept form of the plane through
解答:
令 ,并把三个相邻顶点取为 。它们所在的平面为 该平面到原点的距离为 最接近 。所以正确答案是 C。
Put and take the adjacent vertices as Their plane is Its distance from the origin is closest to Thus the correct answer is C.
29.
若正整数 满足 有 个正因数,且 有 个正因数,那么 有多少个正因数?
If is a positive integer such that has positive divisors and has positive divisors, then how many positive divisors does have?
小提示:
写成 ,其中 与 互质,并设 为 的因数个数
Write , where is relatively prime to , and let be the number of divisors of
大提示:
利用两个因数个数方程,将 限制为 和 的公因数
Use the two divisor-count equations to restrict to a divisor of both and
解答:
写成 ,其中 ,并令 。于是 因此 是 或 。检验 的因数对,发现当 时无解;检验 的因数对,发现当 时得到唯一解 。所以 正确答案是 C。
Write with and let Then Hence is or Checking the factor pairs of gives no solution when Checking those of when gives the unique solution Therefore so the correct answer is C.
30.
一个内接于圆的六边形有连续三条边的长度均为 ,另有连续三条边的长度均为 。一条弦把六边形分成两个梯形,其中一个梯形有三条长度均为 的边,另一个有三条长度均为 的边。该弦长等于 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
A hexagon inscribed in a circle has three consecutive sides each of length and three consecutive sides each of length The chord of the circle that divides the hexagon into two trapezoids, one with three sides each of length and the other with three sides each of length has length equal to where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
设 和 分别为长度 和 的边所对圆心角的一半
Let and be the half-central angles subtended by sides and
大提示:
利用 和弦长之比求 ,再应用
Use and the chord ratio to find , then apply
解答:
设圆的半径为 ,并设 分别为长度 的边所对半圆心角。则 、,且 。因此 ,所以 ,且 。分割弦跨过连续三条长度为 的边,所以 。因此 ,所以 。正确答案是 E。
Let the circle have radius and let be the half-central angles for the sides Then and Thus so and The dividing chord spans the three consecutive sides of length so Therefore so The correct answer is E.