1968 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
一个圆的直径增加 个单位后,周长增加 个单位。则 等于:
Let units be the increase in the circumference of a circle resulting from an increase of units in the diameter. Then equals:
2.
使 除以 等于 的实数 为:
The real value of such that divided by equals is:
3.
一条过点 的直线与直线 垂直。它的方程是:
A straight line passing through the point is perpendicular to the line Its equation is:
4.
对正实数定义运算 :。则 等于:
Define an operation for positive real numbers by Then equals:
5.
6.
将凸四边形 的边 过 点延长,并将边 过 点延长,两延长线交于点 。设 表示角 与角 的度数之和, 表示角 与角 的度数之和。若 ,则:
Let side of convex quadrilateral be extended through and let side be extended through to meet in point Let represent the degree-sum of angles and and let represent the degree-sum of angles and If then:
有时 ,有时
sometimes, sometimes
有时 ,有时
sometimes, sometimes
7.
设 是三角形 的两条中线 与 的交点。若 长 英寸,则 的长度(英寸)为:
Let be the intersection point of medians and of triangle If is inches, then in inches, is:
无法确定
undetermined
小提示:
重心只给出同一条中线上各段的比例
A centroid gives a ratio only along each individual median
大提示:
已知 的一部分并不能确定 的长度
Knowing part of does not determine the length of
解答:
重心按 分割每条中线,所以 可得 。但这并未给出两条不同中线 与 的长度关系。满足 的三角形可以有不同的 ,所以 无法确定。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The centroid divides each median in a ratio, so determines It gives no relation between the lengths of the two different medians and Triangles with can have different so is undetermined.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
8.
一个正数本应乘以 ,却误被除以 。以正确结果为基准,所产生的百分误差取最接近的整数为:
A positive number is mistakenly divided by instead of being multiplied by Based on the correct answer, the error thus committed, to the nearest percent, is:
小提示:
设该数为 ,比较 与
Let the number be and compare with
大提示:
用绝对误差除以正确结果
Divide the absolute error by the correct result
解答:
正确结果为 ,误算结果为 。以正确结果为基准,误差为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The correct result is while the mistaken result is Relative to the correct result, the error is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
9.
满足 的所有实数 之和为:
The sum of the real values of satisfying is:
小提示:
等式两边均非负,可将两边平方
Square both sides; both sides are nonnegative
大提示:
利用所得二次方程的根之和
Use the sum of the roots of the resulting quadratic
解答:
平方后得到 ,即 。两个根都满足原绝对值方程,它们的和为 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Squaring gives or Both roots satisfy the original absolute-value equation, and their sum is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
10.
假设对某所学校,下列陈述为真:
:有些学生不诚实。
:所有兄弟会成员都诚实。
必然可以得出的结论是:
Assume that, for a certain school, it is true that
Some students are not honest.
All fraternity members are honest.
A necessary conclusion is:
有些学生是兄弟会成员
Some students are fraternity members
有些兄弟会成员不是学生
Some fraternity members are not students
有些学生不是兄弟会成员
Some students are not fraternity members
没有兄弟会成员是学生
No fraternity member is a student
没有学生是兄弟会成员
No student is a fraternity member
小提示:
选取陈述 保证存在的那种学生
Choose a student whose existence is guaranteed by statement
大提示:
根据陈述 ,这名不诚实的学生可能是兄弟会成员吗?
Could that dishonest student be a fraternity member under statement
解答:
陈述 保证存在一名不诚实的学生。陈述 说明每位兄弟会成员都诚实,所以这名不诚实的学生不可能是兄弟会成员。因此,有些学生不是兄弟会成员。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Statement guarantees a dishonest student. Statement says every fraternity member is honest, so that dishonest student cannot be a fraternity member. Hence some student is not a fraternity member.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
11.
若圆 上一段 圆弧与圆 上一段 圆弧长度相同,则圆 与圆 的面积之比为:
If an arc of on circle has the same length as an arc of on circle the ratio of the area of circle to that of circle is:
以上皆非
none of these
12.
一个圆经过边长为 、、 的三角形的三个顶点。该圆的半径为:
A circle passes through the vertices of a triangle with side-lengths The radius of the circle is:
小提示:
这些边长是一个常见勾股数组的 倍
The side lengths are times a familiar Pythagorean triple
大提示:
直角三角形的斜边是其外接圆的直径
A right triangle’s hypotenuse is the circumcircle’s diameter
解答:
三边为 ,所以该三角形为直角三角形,斜边长 。斜边就是外接圆直径,因此半径为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The sides are so the triangle is right with hypotenuse The hypotenuse is the circumdiameter, making the radius
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
13.
若 和 是 的两个根,且 、,则两根之和为:
If and are the roots of then the sum of the roots is:
无法确定
undetermined
小提示:
同时使用韦达定理中的根之和与根之积
Use both the sum and product forms of Vieta’s formulas
大提示:
根的乘积关系与 可以确定
The product equation and determine
解答:
由于两根为 、,韦达定理给出 和 。因为 ,第二个等式给出 ,进而 。两根之和为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Because the roots are Vieta gives and Since the second equation gives and then Their sum is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
14.
若非零数 和 满足 与 ,则 等于:
If and are nonzero numbers such that and then equals:
15.
设 是任意三个连续正奇数的乘积。所有这样的 都能被整除的最大整数为:
Let be the product of any three consecutive positive odd integers. The largest integer dividing all such is:
小提示:
考察三个连续奇数模 的余数
Among three consecutive odd integers, inspect residues modulo
大提示:
用两个例子排除所有更大的公因数
Use two examples to rule out every larger common divisor
解答:
三个连续奇数模 的余数依次连续,所以其中一个能被 整除。因此每个这样的乘积都能被 整除。两个乘积 与 的最大公因数为 ,所以不存在总能整除该乘积的更大整数。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Three consecutive odd integers occupy three consecutive residues modulo so one is divisible by Thus every product is divisible by The products and have greatest common divisor so no larger integer always divides the product.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
16.
若 满足 且 ,则:
If is such that and then:
或
or
或
or
小提示:
将条件合并为
Combine the conditions as
大提示:
取倒数时,分别讨论 为正和为负的情形
Treat positive and negative separately when taking reciprocals
解答:
当 时, 给出 ,另一个不等式自动成立。当 时, 给出 ,第一个不等式自动成立。因此 或 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
For gives while the other inequality is automatic. For gives while the first is automatic. Thus or
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
17.
设 ,其中 为正整数。若 ,其中 、、、,则 的所有可能值组成的集合为:
Let where is a positive integer. If the set of possible values of is:
小提示:
将相邻项配成
Pair consecutive terms
大提示:
分别讨论 为偶数和奇数
Separate even and odd values of
解答:
若 为偶数,各项两两配对后和为 ,所以 。若 为奇数,最后还剩一个 ,所以 。因此所有可能值为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
If is even, the terms pair to give sum so If is odd, one final remains, so The possible values are therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
18.
三角形 的边 长 英寸。作直线 平行于 ,其中 在线段 上, 在线段 上。直线 的延长线平分角 。若 长 英寸,则 的长度(英寸)为:
Side of triangle has length inches. Line is drawn parallel to so that is on segment and is on segment Line extended bisects angle If has length inches, then the length of in inches, is:
小提示:
在 过 的延长线上取点 ,于是角平分线条件为
Put on the extension of beyond , so the bisector condition is
大提示:
证明 后,利用三角形 与 相似
After showing use similarity of and
解答:
在 过 的延长线上取点 。由角平分线条件,。由于 ,有 。又因为射线 与 方向相反,射线 与 方向也相反,所以 。因此三角形 为等腰三角形,且 。由相似三角形 与 得 。因此 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Put on the extension of beyond The bisector condition gives Since we have Also, rays and are opposite, as are rays and so Thus triangle is isosceles and Similar triangles and give Hence so
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
19.
将 美元兑换成一角硬币和二角五分硬币,且每种硬币至少使用一枚。设兑换方法数为 ,则 等于:
Let be the number of ways that dollars can be changed into dimes and quarters, with at least one of each coin being used. Then equals:
小提示:
以美分为单位,求解
In cents, solve
大提示:
利用奇偶性写成 ,再要求两种硬币的枚数均为正数
Use parity to write , then enforce positive coin counts
解答:
方程 化简为 。因此 必须为偶数;令 ,则 。由两者均为正数可得 、、、,所以共有 种方法。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The equation reduces to Thus must be even; write giving Positivity requires so there are ways.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
20.
一个 边凸多边形的内角度数成等差数列。若公差为 ,最大角为 ,则 等于:
The measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon of sides are in arithmetic progression. If the common difference is and the largest angle is then equals:
21.
若 ,则 的个位数字为:
If then the units digit in the value of is:
小提示:
从 开始,每个阶乘的个位都是零
Every factorial from onward ends in zero
大提示:
只需把前四项的个位数字相加
Only add the units digits of the first four terms
解答:
当 时, 能被 整除。只有前四项会影响个位。它们的和为 ,个位数字是 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
For is divisible by Only the first four terms matter. Their sum is whose units digit is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
22.
将一条长为 的线段分成四段。以这四段为边能组成四边形,当且仅当每一段都:
A segment of length is divided into four segments. Then there exists a quadrilateral with the four segments as sides if and only if each segment is:
等于
equal to
大于或等于 ,且小于
equal to or greater than and less than
大于 ,且小于
greater than and less than
大于 ,且小于
greater than and less than
小于
less than
小提示:
能组成非退化四边形,当且仅当最长边小于其余三边之和
A nondegenerate quadrilateral exists exactly when the longest side is shorter than the other three combined
大提示:
四段长度之和为
The four lengths sum to
解答:
能组成简单非退化四边形,当且仅当每一边都小于其余三边之和。由于总长为 ,对每一段而言,这个条件是 ,即 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
A simple nondegenerate quadrilateral exists exactly when each side is less than the sum of the other three. Since the total is this condition is or for every segment.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
23.
若所有对数均为实数,则等式
对下列哪种情形成立:
If all the logarithms are real numbers, the equality
is satisfied for:
所有实数
all real values of
不存在实数
no real values of
除 外的所有实数
all real values of except
除 外不存在实数
no real values of except
除 外的所有实数
all real values of except
小提示:
合并左边的两个对数
Combine the two logarithms on the left
大提示:
解所得代数方程,再检验其定义域
Solve the resulting algebraic equation, then test its domain
解答:
合并对数要求 。由此得到 。但此时 ,所以左边的对数不是实数。因此没有实数解。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Combining logarithms would require This gives But then so the logarithm on the left is not real. Hence there are no real solutions.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
24.
将一幅 的画装入木框,较长的一边竖直放置。上下两边的框宽是左右两边框宽的两倍。若木框面积等于画的面积,则装框后较短边与较长边的长度之比为:
A painting is to be placed into a wooden frame with the longer dimension vertical. The wood at the top and bottom is twice as wide as the wood on the sides. If the frame area equals that of the painting itself, the ratio of the smaller to the larger dimension of the framed painting is:
小提示:
设左右两边框宽均为 ,则上下两边框宽均为
Let each side strip have width , so each top strip has width
大提示:
令外部总面积等于 的两倍
Set the outside area equal to twice
解答:
外部尺寸为 和 。由于木框面积等于画的面积,。由此得到 ,所以 。装框后的尺寸为 和 ,其比为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The outside dimensions are and Since the frame area equals the painting area, This gives so The dimensions are and with ratio
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
25.
艾斯以恒定速度跑步,弗拉什的速度是他的 倍,其中 。弗拉什让艾斯领先 码,发出信号后两人同向出发。则弗拉什追上艾斯前必须跑的码数为:
Ace runs with constant speed and Flash runs times as fast, Flash gives Ace a head start of yards, and, at a given signal, they start off in the same direction. Then the number of yards Flash must run to catch Ace is:
小提示:
若艾斯的速度为 ,则两人的相对速度为
If Ace’s speed is the closing speed is
大提示:
用追赶时间乘以弗拉什的速度
Multiply the catch-up time by Flash’s speed
解答:
若艾斯的速度为 ,弗拉什的速度为 ,所以两人的相对速度为 。追赶时间为 ,在此期间弗拉什跑了 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
If Ace runs at speed Flash runs at so their closing speed is The catch-up time is during which Flash runs
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
26.
设 ,其中 是使 的最小正整数。则 的各位数字之和为:
Let where is the smallest positive integer such that Then the sum of the digits of is:
27.
28.
若 与 的算术平均数是其几何平均数的两倍,且 ,则 取到最接近整数后的一个可能值为:
If the arithmetic mean of and is double their geometric mean, with then a possible value for the ratio to the nearest integer, is:
以上皆非
none of these
小提示:
令 ,并将平均数方程除以
Set and divide the mean equation by
大提示:
将方程 两边平方后得到二次方程
The equation becomes quadratic after squaring
解答:
令 。由条件得 ,所以 。大于 的根为 ,最接近的整数为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let The condition gives so The root greater than is whose nearest integer is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
29.
已知三个数 、、,其中 。按从小到大排列为:
Given the three numbers with Arranged in order of increasing magnitude, they are:
、、
、、
、、
、、
、、
小提示:
当 时,可通过比较正指数来比较幂的大小
For compare powers by comparing their positive exponents
大提示:
先证明 ,再比较
First show , then compare
解答:
因为 且 ,将底数 提到指数 可得 。当底数介于 与 之间时,指数越大,幂值越小。由于 ,有 。所以 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Since and raising to the exponent gives For a base between and a larger exponent gives a smaller value. Because we have Thus
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
30.
在同一平面内画有凸多边形 和 ,其边数分别为 和 ,且 。若 与 没有任何公共线段,则 与 交点数的最大值为:
Convex polygons and are drawn in the same plane with and sides, respectively, If and do not have any line segment in common, then the maximum number of intersections of and is:
以上皆非
none of these
小提示:
一条线段至多只能进入并离开一个凸多边形一次
A line segment can enter and leave a convex polygon at most once
大提示:
对边数较少的多边形的每一条边应用这一上界
Apply that bound to each side of the polygon with fewer sides
解答:
的每条边都位于一条直线上,它与凸区域 的交集要么是一条线段,要么为空。因此该边与 的边界至多相交两次。对 条边合计,交点数至多为 ;取适当的狭长凸 边形穿过一个凸 边形即可达到此上界。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Each side of lies on a line, and its intersection with the convex region is a single segment or empty. Thus that side crosses the boundary of at most twice. Across sides there are at most and a suitable thin convex -gon crossing a convex -gon attains this bound.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
31.
在这幅未按比例绘制的图中,图形 和 是面积分别为 与 平方英寸的等边三角形区域。图形 是面积为 平方英寸的正方形区域。将线段 的长度减少其自身的 ,而 与 的长度保持不变。正方形面积减少的百分比为:
In this diagram, not drawn to scale, figures and are equilateral triangular regions with respective areas of and square inches. Figure is a square region with area square inches. Let the length of segment be decreased by of itself, while the lengths of and remain unchanged. The percent decrease in the area of the square is:
小提示:
根据三个已知面积求出边长 、、
Convert the three given areas into the side lengths
大提示:
的减少量全部来自正方形的边长
The decrease in is absorbed entirely by the square’s side
解答:
由 得 。正方形的边长 ,较小等边三角形的边长也有 。因此 。将它减少 ,会使 减少 ,其新长度为 。正方形面积从 降至 ,减少了 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
From The square has and the smaller equilateral triangle also has Thus Decreasing it by removes from whose new length is The square’s area falls from to a decrease.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
32.
和 分别沿两条在点 垂直相交的直线路径做匀速运动。当 位于 时, 距 尚有 码。经过 分钟,两者到 的距离相等;再过 分钟,两者到 的距离又一次相等。则 与 的速度之比为:
and move uniformly along two straight paths intersecting at right angles in point When is at is yards short of In minutes they are equidistant from and in minutes more they are again equidistant from Then the ratio of ’s speed to ’s speed is:
33.
数 用 进制表示时有三位。当 用 进制表示时,三个数字的顺序恰好颠倒。则中间一位数字为:
A number has three digits when expressed in base When is expressed in base the digits are reversed. Then the middle digit is:
34.
众议院共有 名议员投票,一项法案未获通过。由同一批议员重新投票后,法案以原先落败票差两倍的票差通过。重新投票时的赞成票数是原先反对票数的 。第二次投票的赞成票比第一次多多少票?
With members voting, the House of Representatives defeated a bill. A re-vote, with the same members voting, resulted in passage of the bill by twice the margin by which it was originally defeated. The number voting for the bill on the re-vote was of the number voting against it originally. How many more members voted for the bill the second time than voted for it the first time?
小提示:
设第一次和第二次投票的赞成票数分别为 和
Let the original and second numbers voting for be and
大提示:
使用 和
Use and
解答:
设第一次和第二次投票的赞成票数为 、。由比例条件得 。通过时的票差是原先落败票差的两倍,所以 ,即 。解得 、,所以第二次多了 张赞成票。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let be the original and second numbers voting for the bill. The ratio condition gives The passage margin is twice the original defeat margin, so or Solving gives so more members voted for it.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
35.
在图中,圆心为 ,半径为 英寸,弦 平行于弦 ,、、、 共线,且 是 的中点。设 (平方英寸)表示梯形 的面积,(平方英寸)表示矩形 的面积。将 与 向上平移,使 增大并趋近于 ,同时始终保持 等于 ,则比值 可以任意接近:
In this diagram the center of the circle is the radius is inches, chord is parallel to chord are collinear, and is the midpoint of Let (square inches) represent the area of trapezoid and let (square inches) represent the area of rectangle Then, as and are translated upward so that increases toward the value while always equals the ratio becomes arbitrarily close to:
小提示:
令 ,则 ,且
Let so and
大提示:
用勾股定理表示两条半弦,再令 趋近于
Express the two half-chords with the Pythagorean theorem, then let approach
解答:
令 。则 ,且 。两条半弦为 由于两个图形的高均为 , 当 趋近于 时,后一个分数趋近于 因此 趋近于 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let Then and The half-chords are Since both figures have height As approaches the latter fraction approaches Thus approaches
Therefore, the correct answer is D.