2003 AMC 10A 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
前 个正偶数的和与前 个正奇数的和相差多少?
What is the difference between the sum of the first even counting numbers and the sum of the first odd counting numbers?
小提示:
将每个偶数与它前面的那个奇数配对。
Pair each even number with the odd number just below it
大提示:
对中的每一对都贡献差 。
Each of the pairs contributes a difference of
解答:
第 个正偶数 正好比第 个正奇数 大 。
对 对求和,差为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The th even number is exactly more than the th odd number
Summing this difference over all pairs gives
Thus, the correct answer is D.
2.
罗克汉姆足球联赛的成员购买袜子和 T 恤。袜子每双 ,每件 T 恤比一双袜子贵 。每位成员主场比赛需要一双袜子和一件 T 恤,客场比赛也需要一双袜子和一件 T 恤。如果总费用为 ,联盟共有多少名成员?
Members of the Rockham Soccer League buy socks and T-shirts. Socks cost per pair and each T-shirt costs more than a pair of socks. Each member needs one pair of socks and a shirt for home games and another pair of socks and a shirt for away games. If the total cost is how many members are in the League?
小提示:
一件 T 恤价格为 。
A T-shirt costs
大提示:
每位成员需要两双袜子和两件 T 恤。
Each member needs two pairs of socks and two shirts
解答:
每件 T 恤价格为 。
每位成员需要两双袜子和两件 T 恤,费用为 。
成员数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Each T-shirt costs
Each member needs two pairs of socks and two shirts, costing
The number of members is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
3.
一个实心长方体盒子的尺寸为 厘米、 厘米、 厘米。从这个盒子的每个角切去一个边长 厘米的立方体,形成一个新的立体。原体积的百分之多少被切去?
A solid box is cm by cm by cm. A new solid is formed by removing a cube cm on a side from each corner of this box. What percent of the original volume is removed?
小提示:
每个被切去的立方体体积是 。
Each removed cube has volume
大提示:
有 个角,原长方体体积为 。
There are corners, and the original volume is
解答:
被切去的八个立方体总体积为 立方厘米。
原盒子体积为 立方厘米。
切去的百分比为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The eight removed cubes have total volume cubic centimeters.
The original box has volume cubic centimeters.
The percent removed is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
4.
玛丽从家到学校上坡走 千米需要 分钟,但沿同一路线从学校回家只需 分钟。她往返全程的平均速度是多少千米每小时?
It takes Mary minutes to walk uphill km from her home to school, but it takes her only minutes to walk from school to home along the same route. What is her average speed, in km/hr, for the round trip?
小提示:
平均速度是总路程除以总时间,不是两个速度的平均。
Average speed is total distance divided by total time, not the average of the two speeds
大提示:
她用 分钟走了 千米。
She covers km in minutes
解答:
玛丽总共走了 千米,用时 分钟。
因为 分钟是 小时,平均速度为 千米每小时。
所以正确答案是 A。
Mary walks a total of km in minutes.
Since minutes is hour, her average speed is km/hr.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
5.
设 和 是方程 的解。求 ?
Let and denote the solutions of What is the value of
小提示:
把 展开,并用 和 表示
Expand in terms of and
大提示:
使用韦达定理,不必求根就能得到 和
Use Vieta’s formulas to find and without solving for the roots
解答:
因式分解得 ,所以两个根为 和 。
因为一个根等于 ,所以 和 这两个因子中有一个等于 ,乘积为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Factoring gives so the roots are and
Since one root equals one of the two factors and equals making the product
Thus, the correct answer is B.
6.
对所有实数 和 ,定义 为 。下列哪一项不正确?
Define to be for all real numbers and Which of the following statements is not true?
对所有 和 ,
for all and
对所有 和 ,
for all and
对所有 ,
for all
对所有 ,
for all
若 ,则
if
小提示:
用 重写每个陈述。
Rewrite each statement using
大提示:
当一个输入为 、另一个输入为负数时,要特别留意。
Pay special attention when one input is and the other is negative
解答:
选项 C 声称 ,但 ,当 为负数时不成立。例如 。
其他选项都直接来自绝对值的性质。
所以正确答案是 C。
Statement (C) claims but which fails for negative For example,
The remaining statements all follow directly from the properties of absolute value.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
7.
周长为 、边长均为整数的互不全等三角形有多少个?
How many non-congruent triangles with perimeter have integer side lengths?
小提示:
三条边是和为 的正整数。
The three sides are positive integers summing to
大提示:
最长边必须小于 ,所以最多为 。
The longest side must be less than so it is at most
解答:
最长边不能超过 ,否则另外两边之和不能大于它。
可行的边长只有 、、 和 、、,因此共有 个三角形。
所以正确答案是 B。
The longest side cannot exceed since otherwise the other two sides could not reach it.
The only possibilities are side lengths and giving triangles.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
8.
从 的正因数中随机抽取一个,它小于 的概率是多少?
What is the probability that a randomly drawn positive factor of is less than
9.
化简
Simplify
小提示:
从内向外,用分数指数重写每个根式。
Rewrite each radical using fractional exponents, working from the inside out
大提示:
最内层是 ,每次开立方都会把指数除以 。
The innermost and each cube root divides the exponent by
解答:
从内向外计算,,它的立方根为 。
接着 ,它的立方根仍为 。
于是下一层又是 ,开立方后仍为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Working outward, and its cube root is
Then whose cube root is again
Repeating once more, whose cube root is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
10.
图中实线围成的多边形由 个全等正方形边对边连接而成。现在在标出的九个位置之一,沿一条边再接上一个全等正方形。所得九个多边形中,有多少个可以折成一个缺少一个面的立方体?
The polygon enclosed by the solid lines in the figure consists of congruent squares joined edge-to-edge. One more congruent square is attached to an edge at one of the nine positions indicated. How many of the nine resulting polygons can be folded to form a cube with one face missing?
小提示:
原来的四个正方形可以折成一个立方体的四个侧面。
The four squares already wrap into four side faces of a cube
大提示:
第五个正方形必须折到剩下两个面之一,且不能覆盖已经有的面。
The fifth square must fold up as one of the two remaining faces without landing on a face already covered
解答:
先折起四个阴影正方形。它们占据立方体的四个不同面,留下两个空面。
逐一检查标号位置:位置 、 和 会使新正方形折到已被阴影正方形占据的面上。位置 、、、、 和 会使它折到两个空面之一。因此 个多边形中恰有 个可行。
所以正确答案是 E。
Fold the four shaded squares first. They occupy four distinct faces of the cube, leaving two faces open.
Checking the numbered attachments, positions and fold the new square onto a face already occupied by one of the shaded squares. Positions and fold it onto one of the two open faces. Therefore exactly of the polygons work.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
11.
12.
从顶点为 、、 和 的长方形内部随机选一点 。满足 的概率是多少?
A point is randomly picked from inside the rectangle with vertices and What is the probability that
小提示:
有利区域在直线 的上方。
The favorable region lies above the line
大提示:
在长方形内,这个区域是一个两条直角边长都为 的三角形。
Within the rectangle, that region is a triangle with legs of length
解答:
条件 对应由 、 和 围成的三角形,顶点为 、 和 。
这个三角形面积为 ,长方形面积为 。
概率为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The condition holds in the triangle bounded by and which has vertices and
This triangle has area while the rectangle has area
The probability is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
13.
三个数的和为 。第一个数是另外两个数之和的 倍。第二个数是第三个数的七倍。三个数的乘积是多少?
The sum of three numbers is The first is times the sum of the other two. The second is seven times the third. What is the product of all three?
14.
设 是最大的整数,正好是 个不同质数 、、 的乘积,其中 和 是一位数字。求 的各位数字之和。
Let be the largest integer that is the product of exactly distinct prime numbers, and where and are single digits. What is the sum of the digits of
小提示:
一位质数为 、、、,并且 也必须是质数。
The single-digit primes are and must also be prime
大提示:
按 从大到小检验候选数对,舍去使 为合数的数对。
Test candidate pairs in descending order of discarding any pair for which is composite
解答:
和 是集合 中两个不同的元素,而且 也必须是质数。
从最大的十位数字开始。若 ,取 或 分别得到合数 和 ,而取 得到质数 。于是 。
若 ,取 或 分别得到合数 和 ,而取 只能得到 。所有 的情况都不超过 。所以 是最大的有效值。
它的各位数字之和为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Both and are distinct members of and must also be prime.
Start with the largest possible tens digit. For the choices and give the composite numbers and while gives the prime This produces
For the choices and give the composite numbers and while gives only Every case with is at most Hence is the largest valid value.
The sum of its digits is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
15.
从集合 中随机选一个整数,它能被 整除但不能被 整除的概率是多少?
What is the probability that an integer in the set is divisible by and not divisible by
小提示:
先数 的倍数,再去掉同时能被 整除的数。
Count the multiples of then remove those also divisible by
大提示:
有 个偶数和 个 的倍数。
There are even numbers and multiples of
解答:
个整数中有 个能被 整除。
其中同时能被 整除的是 的倍数,共 个。
因此符合条件的数有 个,概率为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Of the integers, are divisible by
Among those, the ones also divisible by are the multiples of of which there are
So qualify, giving probability
Thus, the correct answer is C.
16.
的个位数字是多少?
What is the units digit of
小提示:
的个位数字与 的个位数字相同。
The units digit of equals the units digit of
大提示:
的幂的个位数字按 、、、 循环,周期为 。
Units digits of powers of cycle with period
解答:
的个位数字等同于 的个位数字。
的幂个位数字按 、、、 循环,周期为 。
因为 ,所以个位数字是循环中的第三个,即 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The units digit of matches that of
Powers of have units digits cycling with period
Since the units digit is the third in the cycle, which is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
17.
一个等边三角形周长的英寸数等于其外接圆面积的平方英寸数。这个圆的半径是多少英寸?
The number of inches in the perimeter of an equilateral triangle equals the number of square inches in the area of its circumscribed circle. What is the radius, in inches, of the circle?
小提示:
等边三角形边长为 时,外接圆半径为 。
For an equilateral triangle of side the circumradius is
大提示:
令周长 等于面积 ,再代入 。
Set the perimeter equal to the area then substitute
解答:
设边长为 ,外接圆半径为 。由等边三角形中的 -- 三角形,,所以 。
周长为 ,圆面积为 。
令二者相等,,所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the side length be and the circumradius be From a -- triangle formed by the center and a side, so
The perimeter is and the circle’s area is
Setting them equal, so
Thus, the correct answer is B.
18.
下面方程的各根倒数之和是多少?
What is the sum of the reciprocals of the roots of the equation
小提示:
两边乘以 ,得到二次方程 ,其中 。
Multiply through by to get a quadratic with
大提示:
若两根分别为 、,倒数和为 ;由韦达定理 ,。
If the roots are and their reciprocal sum is and by Vieta
解答:
设 。两边乘以 ,得 。
若根为 和 ,则由韦达定理 ,且 。
倒数和为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let Multiplying the equation by gives
If the roots are and then by Vieta’s formulas and
The sum of reciprocals is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
一个直径为 的半圆位于一个直径为 的半圆顶部,如图所示。位于较小半圆内部且位于较大半圆外部的阴影区域称为弓月形。求这个弓月形的面积。
A semicircle of diameter sits at the top of a semicircle of diameter as shown. The shaded area inside the smaller semicircle and outside the larger semicircle is called a lune. Determine the area of this lune.
小提示:
这个弓月形等于一个三角形加小半圆,再减去大圆的一个扇形。
The lune equals a triangle plus the small semicircle, minus a sector of the large circle
大提示:
长度为 的弦在大半圆所在圆中对应 的弧。
The chord of length subtends a arc of the large semicircle
解答:
小半圆的直径是大圆中的一条长为 的弦。将这条弦的两端与大圆圆心相连,得到边长为 的等边三角形,面积为 。
弦与小弧之间的区域连同这个三角形,面积为 。
减去大圆中 扇形面积 ,得到弓月形面积为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The small semicircle’s diameter is a chord of length in the large circle. Joining its endpoints to the large circle’s center gives an equilateral triangle of side and area
The region between the chord and the small arc, taken together with that triangle, has area
Subtracting the sector of the large circle, of area leaves the lune:
Thus, the correct answer is C.
20.
随机选择一个 进制三位数 。下列哪个数最接近这样的概率: 的 进制表示和 进制表示都是三位数?
A base- three-digit number is selected at random. Which of the following is closest to the probability that the base- representation and the base- representation of are both three-digit numerals?
小提示:
一个数在 进制中是三位数当且仅当 ,在 进制中是三位数当且仅当 。
A number is three-digit in base when and three-digit in base when
大提示:
在 个 进制三位数中,数出满足 的个数。
Among the three-digit base- numbers, count those with
解答:
最大的 进制三位数是 ,最小的 进制三位数是 。
所以两种表示都为三位数当且仅当 ,共有 个整数。
全部三位数共有 个,概率为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The largest three-digit base- number is and the smallest three-digit base- number is
So both conditions hold exactly when giving integers.
Out of three-digit numbers, the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
21.
帕特要从一个盘子中选择六块饼干,盘子里只有巧克力豆、燕麦和花生酱三种饼干,且每种至少有六块。可以选出多少种不同的六块饼干组合?
Pat is to select six cookies from a tray containing only chocolate chip, oatmeal, and peanut butter cookies. There are at least six of each of these three kinds of cookies on the tray. How many different assortments of six cookies can be selected?
小提示:
数非负整数解 的个数。
Count the nonnegative integer solutions to
大提示:
由插板法,个数是 。
By stars and bars this is
解答:
一种组合由三种饼干各取多少块决定,所以要数 的非负整数解。
由插板法,在 个位置中放 个隔板,个数为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
An assortment is determined by how many of each type are chosen, so we count nonnegative integer solutions to
By stars and bars, placing dividers among slots gives assortments.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
22.
在长方形 中,,。点 在 上且 ,点 在 上且 。直线 与直线 交于 ,点 在直线 上且 。求 的长度。
In rectangle we have is on with is on with line intersects line at and is on line with Find the length
小提示:
将 放在原点, 放在正 轴上。
Place at the origin with on the positive -axis
大提示:
求直线 和 的交点; 是点 到直线 的高度。
Find where line and line meet, then is the height of above line
解答:
取坐标 、、、、、。
直线 的方程为 ,直线 的方程为 。
联立得 、,所以 。因为 垂直于直线 ,也就是垂直于 轴,所以其长度就是高度 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Place and
Line has equation and line has equation
Setting them equal gives and so Since is perpendicular to line (the -axis), its length is the height
Thus, the correct answer is B.
23.
用牙签排成若干行小等边三角形,从而构成一个大等边三角形。例如图中有 行全等小等边三角形,底行有 个小三角形。如果大等边三角形的底行由 个小等边三角形组成,需要多少根牙签?
A large equilateral triangle is constructed by using toothpicks to create rows of small equilateral triangles. For example, in the figure we have rows of small congruent equilateral triangles, with small triangles in the base row. How many toothpicks would be needed to construct a large equilateral triangle if the base row of the triangle consists of small equilateral triangles?
小提示:
底行有 个小三角形意味着 ,其中 是行数。
A base row of small triangles means so there are rows
大提示:
第 行需要 根牙签,所以总数为 。
Row needs toothpicks, so the total is
解答:
有 行时,底行小三角形个数为 ,所以 ,得 。
第 行需要 根牙签,所以总数为 。
这等于 。
所以正确答案是 C。
A triangle with rows has small triangles in its base row, so gives
Each row requires toothpicks, so the total is
This equals
Thus, the correct answer is C.
24.
莎莉有五张红牌,编号为 到 ,还有四张蓝牌,编号为 到 。她把这些牌叠成一列,使颜色交替,并且每张红牌上的数都能整除相邻蓝牌上的数。中间三张牌上的数之和是多少?
Sally has five red cards numbered through and four blue cards numbered through She stacks the cards so that the colors alternate and so that the number on each red card divides evenly into the number on each neighboring blue card. What is the sum of the numbers on the middle three cards?
小提示:
先看每张红牌可能与哪些蓝牌相邻,因为红牌数字必须整除蓝牌数字。
Consider which blue cards each red card can neighbor, since the red number must divide the blue number
大提示:
红 和红 各自只能整除一张蓝牌,这会迫使它们在牌列两端。
Red and red each divide only one blue card, forcing the ends of the stack
解答:
在蓝牌 、、、 中,红 只能整除 ,红 只能整除 ,所以这些配对必须位于两端。
红 只能整除 和 ,红 只能整除 和 。继续连接会迫使牌列为 、、、、、、、、。
中间三张是 、、,和为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Among blue cards red divides only and red divides only so those pairs must sit at the ends.
Red divides only and and red divides only and Chaining these forces the stack
The middle three cards are summing to
Thus, the correct answer is E.
25.
设 是 位数, 除以 时的商和余数分别为 和 。有多少个 满足 能被 整除?
Let be a -digit number, and let and be the quotient and remainder, respectively, when is divided by For how many values of is divisible by
小提示:
写成 ,所以 。
Write so
大提示:
因为 能被 整除,所以 能被 整除当且仅当 也能被整除。
Since is divisible by is divisible by exactly when is
解答:
写成 。
因为 是 的倍数,所以 能被 整除当且仅当 也能被整除。
位数中, 的倍数满足 ,共有
所以正确答案是 B。
Write
Since is a multiple of is divisible by if and only if is.
The -digit multiples of satisfy and there are
Thus, the correct answer is B.