2002 AMC 10B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
下列比值的值是多少:
What is the value of the ratio
小提示:
将 写成 。
Write as
大提示:
约去分子和分母中相同的 和 的幂。
Cancel the common powers of and from top and bottom
解答:
因为 ,所以
所以正确答案是 E。
Since the ratio becomes
Thus, the correct answer is E.
2.
3.
集合 中九个数的算术平均数是一个 位数 ,且它的所有数字互不相同。数字 不含哪个数字?
The arithmetic mean of the nine numbers in the set is a -digit number all of whose digits are distinct. Which digit does the number not contain?
4.
5.
半径为 和 的两个圆外切,并被第三个圆外接,如图所示。阴影区域的面积是多少?
Circles of radius and are externally tangent and are circumscribed by a third circle, as shown in the figure. What is the area of the shaded region?
小提示:
两个小圆沿着大圆的一条直径排列。
The two small circles lie along a diameter of the large circle
大提示:
阴影面积等于大圆面积减去两个小圆面积。
The shaded area is the large disk minus the two smaller disks
解答:
两个小圆沿大圆的一条直径排列,所以大圆直径为 ,半径为 。
阴影面积为
所以正确答案是 E。
The two small circles line up along a diameter of the big circle, so that diameter is and the large radius is
The shaded region is the large disk with the two small disks removed:
Thus, the correct answer is E.
6.
对多少个正整数 ,表达式 是质数?
For how many positive integers is a prime number?
没有
none
一个
one
两个
two
多于两个,但有限个
more than two, but finitely many
无穷多个
infinitely many
小提示:
分解 。
Factor
大提示:
要让 是质数,其中一个因数必须等于 。
For to be prime, one factor must equal
解答:
分解得 。
当 时,两个因数都大于 ,乘积为合数。当 或 时,原式为 ;当 时,原式为 ,是质数。
所以恰好有一个 可行。
所以正确答案是 B。
Factor as
For both factors exceed so the product is composite. For and the value is and for the value is which is prime.
So exactly one value of works.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
7.
设 是正整数,并且 是整数。下列哪一项不正确?
Let be a positive integer such that is an integer. Which of the following statements is not true?
整除
divides
整除
divides
整除
divides
整除
divides
小提示:
这个和大于零且小于 ,所以它必须正好等于 。
The sum is positive and less than so it must equal exactly
大提示:
由 解出 。
Solve for
解答:
和 大于 ,并且小于 ,所以作为整数只能等于 。
因为 ,所以 ,即 。
具体说,、、、 都整除 ,而 不大于 ,所以 为假。
所以正确答案是 E。
The sum is greater than and less than so as an integer it must equal
Since we need so
Then and all divide but is not greater than So the false statement is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
8.
假设 年的七月有五个星期一。下列哪一天一定会在 年八月出现五次?(注意:两个月都有 天。)
Suppose July of year has five Mondays. Which of the following must occur five times in August of year (Note: both months have days.)
星期一
Monday
星期二
Tuesday
星期三
Wednesday
星期四
Thursday
星期五
Friday
小提示:
一个 天的月份中,恰好有三个星期几出现五次。
A -day month has exactly three weekdays that occur five times
大提示:
它们是该月第 、、 天对应的星期几;利用七月有五个星期一来定位。
Those are the weekdays of days and ; find where a five-Monday July forces them
解答:
天等于 周又 天,所以恰好是每月第 、第 、第 日所对应的三个星期几会出现五次。
七月要有五个星期一,星期一就必须是七月第 、第 或第 日。三种情况下,八月 日分别是星期二、星期三或星期四,而八月出现五次的三个星期几都包括星期四。
也可以直接看出:七月有 天,所以八月 日与七月 日是同一星期几。无论星期一是七月第 、第 还是第 日,八月出现五次的三个星期几中总有星期四。
所以正确答案是 D。
A -day month is weeks plus extra days, so exactly the weekdays of the st, nd, and rd of the month occur five times.
For July to have five Mondays, Monday must be one of July or In all three cases August lands on a Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday, and the common weekday among the resulting five-time days is Thursday.
More directly, since July has days, August is the same weekday as July With Monday on July or the three five-time weekdays of August always include Thursday.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
9.
用字母 、、、、 可以组成 个五字母“单词”。若这些“单词”按字母顺序排列,则 “单词” 排在第几位?
Using the letters and we can form five-letter “words.” If these “words” are arranged in alphabetical order, then the “word” occupies which position?
小提示:
先数以 、、、 开头的单词
Words starting with or come first; count them
大提示:
再在以 开头的单词中,数有多少个排在 前面。
Among the words starting with find how many precede
解答:
字母顺序为 。以 、、、 开头的单词先出现,占据从第 位到第 位;每个开头有 个。
以 开头的单词占据第 到第 位。在这一组中, 是第 个,所以总位置为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The alphabetical order of the letters is Words beginning with or fill positions through (four choices of first letter, each).
Words beginning with occupy positions – Listing them alphabetically, is the th such word, so it occupies position
Thus, the correct answer is D.
10.
设 、 是非零实数,且方程 的两个解是 和 。有序对 是什么?
Suppose that and are nonzero real numbers, and that the equation has solutions and What is the pair
小提示:
由韦达定理,根的和为 ,根的积为 。
By Vieta’s formulas, the sum of the roots is and the product is
大提示:
所以 ,且 ;使用 。
So and ; use
解答:
根为 、。由韦达定理,,且 。
先看 。因为 ,可得 。再用 ,得到 ,所以 。
因此 ,所以正确答案是 C。
Since the roots are and Vieta’s formulas give and
From with we get Then gives so
Thus and the correct answer is C.
11.
三个连续正整数的乘积是它们和的 倍。它们的平方和是多少?
The product of three consecutive positive integers is times their sum. What is the sum of their squares?
小提示:
将三个整数记为 、、;它们的和是
Call the integers ; their sum is
大提示:
乘积为 ,等于 。
The product is which equals
解答:
设三个整数为 、、。它们的乘积为 ,和为 ,因此
因为 ,可得 ,于是 ,从而 。
三个整数为 、、,平方和为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the integers be Their product is and their sum is so
Since we get so and
The three integers are and and
Thus, the correct answer is B.
12.
对下列哪个 值,方程 没有 的解?
For which of the following values of does the equation have no solution for
小提示:
交叉相乘并展开两边。
Cross multiply and expand both sides
大提示:
方程会变成一次方程;当 的系数为零时无解。
The equation becomes linear; it has no solution when the coefficient of vanishes
解答:
交叉相乘得 ,展开为
约去 后得到 。当 等于 、、 或 时,都能得到一个有效的 ,且它既不是使分母为零的 ,也不是 。当 时,方程变为 ,无解。
所以正确答案是 E。
Cross multiplying gives which expands to
Cancelling leaves For equal to or this gives a valid value of that is neither excluded denominator value nor For the equation instead becomes which has no solution.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
13.
什么 值使得 对所有 都成立?
What value of makes true for all values of
或
or
或
or
或
or
小提示:
将左边分组因式分解。
Group terms to factor the left side
大提示:
,它必须对每个 都等于零。
; it must vanish for every
解答:
分组因式分解:
要使它对所有 都等于 ,不能依靠含 的因子为零,所以必须有 ,得到 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Grouping and factoring,
For this to equal for all the factor that depends on cannot be forced to zero, so we need giving
Thus, the correct answer is D.
14.
数 是某个正整数 的平方。在十进制表示中, 的各位数字之和是多少?
The number is the square of a positive integer In decimal representation, what is the sum of the digits of
小提示:
将所有数写成 和 的幂后开平方。
Take the square root by writing everything as powers of and
大提示:
,所以只需看 的数字。
; only the digits of matter
解答:
因为 、,所以 ,从而
写成 ,可得 。
因此 是 后接 个零,数字和为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since and we have so
Writing we get
So is followed by zeros, and its digit sum is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
15.
正整数 、、 和 都是质数。这四个质数之和
The positive integers and are all prime numbers. The sum of these four primes is
是偶数
even
能被 整除
divisible by
能被 整除
divisible by
能被 整除
divisible by
是质数
prime
小提示:
和 奇偶性相同,且二者都是质数。
and have the same parity, and both are prime
大提示:
这会迫使 ,于是 、、 是三个公差为二的连续质数。
This forces so and are three primes in a row
解答:
数 与 相差 ,所以奇偶性相同。因为它们是质数,两者都必须是奇数,这迫使 与 奇偶性相反。
因为 是唯一的偶质数,所以要么 ,要么 。第一种情况不可能,因为正质数 会使 。因此 。
现在 、、 是三个质数。任意三个相差 的整数中必有一个能被 整除,所以这个数本身必须是 。唯一的正数情形是 、、。
这四个质数是 、、、,它们的和为 ,也是质数。
所以正确答案是 E。
The numbers and differ by so they have the same parity. Being prime, they must both be odd, which forces and to have opposite parity.
Since is the only even prime, either or The first case is impossible because the positive prime would make Hence
Now and are three primes. One of any three integers spaced apart is divisible by so that member must itself be The only positive possibility is
The four primes are and their sum is which is prime.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
16.
对多少个整数 , 是一个整数的平方?
For how many integers is the square of an integer?
小提示:
设 ,并用 表示 。
Set and solve for in terms of
大提示:
;由于 与 互质,所以 能被 整除。
; since and are coprime, is divisible by
解答:
设 ,其中 是整数。于是
因为 与 互质,所以 必须整除 。这只在 、、、 时发生,对应 、、、。
对应的整数值为 、、、,因此共有 个这样的 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Suppose for some integer Solving,
Since and share no common factor, must divide This happens only for giving
The corresponding values are all integers, so there are such
Thus, the correct answer is D.
17.
正八边形 的边长为二。 的面积是多少?
A regular octagon has sides of length two. What is the area of
小提示:
将八边形放在坐标网格中;每条斜边在水平方向和竖直方向都移动 。
Place the octagon on a grid; each slanted side moves horizontally and vertically
大提示:
是水平弦;把它作为底,用点 到这条水平线的竖直距离作为高。
is a horizontal chord; use it as the base and the vertical distance from as the height
解答:
将八边形放在坐标轴上,使水平边和竖直边的长度为 ,每条斜边的水平位移为 ,竖直位移也为 。
因为 和 高度同为 ,所以 水平,长度为 ,从 到这条水平线的高为 。
因此
所以正确答案是 C。
Set the octagon on coordinate axes with the axis-aligned sides of length and each slanted side spanning horizontally and vertically. Then
Since and share the height segment is horizontal with length and the height from up to that level is
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is C.
18.
平面上画出四个不同的圆。至少两个圆相交的点最多有多少个?
Four distinct circles are drawn in a plane. What is the maximum number of points where at least two of the circles intersect?
小提示:
两个不同的圆最多相交于 个点。
Two distinct circles meet in at most points
大提示:
先数圆的配对数,再乘以 。
Count the pairs of circles, then multiply by
解答:
任意两个不同圆最多相交于 个点。四个圆的配对数为 ,所以最多有 个交点。
这个最大值可以达到:安排四个圆,使每一对圆都相交于两个不同的点,就会得到 个交点。
所以正确答案是 D。
Any two distinct circles intersect in at most points. There are pairs of circles, giving at most intersection points.
This maximum is achievable by a configuration where every pair of circles crosses twice, so the answer is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
19.
设 是等差数列,且 和 求 的值。
Suppose that is an arithmetic sequence with and What is the value of
20.
设 、、 为实数,满足 和 。求 。
Let and be real numbers such that and What is
小提示:
改写为 和 。
Rearrange to and
大提示:
将两个方程分别平方后相加;含 的交叉项会很好地抵消。
Square both equations and add; the cross terms with cancel nicely
解答:
将方程改写为 和 。两式平方后相加:
左边展开为 , 项抵消;右边展开为 , 项抵消。因此 所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Rewrite the equations as and Squaring both and adding,
The left side expands to (the terms cancel), and the right side expands to (the terms cancel). So giving
Thus, the correct answer is B.
21.
Andy 的草坪面积是 Beth 的两倍,也是 Carlos 的三倍。Carlos 的割草机速度是 Beth 的一半,也是 Andy 的三分之一。如果他们同时开始修剪各自的草坪,谁最先完成?
Andy’s lawn has twice as much area as Beth’s lawn and three times as much area as Carlos’ lawn. Carlos’ lawn mower cuts half as fast as Beth’s mower and one third as fast as Andy’s mower. If they all start to mow their lawns at the same time, who will finish first?
Andy
Beth
Carlos
Andy 和 Carlos 并列第一。
Andy and Carlos tie for first.
三人同时完成。
All three tie.
小提示:
修剪时间等于面积除以割草速度。
Time to mow equals area divided by mowing rate
大提示:
设 Andy 的面积为 ,Carlos 的速度为 ,再写出每个人所需时间。
Let Andy’s area be and Carlos’ rate be then write each person’s time
解答:
设 Andy 的草坪面积为 ,则 Beth 的面积为 ,Carlos 的面积为 。再设 Carlos 的速度为 ,Beth 和 Andy 的速度分别为 、。
三人所需时间分别为
其中最短的是 ,所以 Beth 最先完成。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let Andy’s lawn have area so Beth’s is and Carlos’ is Let Carlos mow at rate so Beth mows at and Andy at
The times are
Since is the smallest, Beth finishes first.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
22.
是直角三角形,且 。点 和 分别是直角边 和 的中点。已知 、,求 。
Let be a right-angled triangle with Let and be the midpoints of legs and respectively. Given that and what is
小提示:
设 、,则 、。
Let and so and
大提示:
分别对 和 写出勾股关系,再相加求出 。
Write the Pythagorean relations for and then add them to find
解答:
设 、,则 、。由 处直角得 和
两式相加得 ,所以 ,并且 。
由于 ,相似比为 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let and so and The right angle at gives and
Adding these, so and
Since with ratio we have
Thus, the correct answer is B.
23.
设 是整数序列,满足 ,且对所有正整数 、 都有 。求 。
Let be a sequence of integers such that and for all positive integers and What is
24.
摩天轮上的乘客在竖直平面内沿圆周运动。某个摩天轮半径为 英尺,并以每分钟一圈的恒定速度旋转。乘客从摩天轮最低点到达比最低点高 英尺的位置,需要多少秒?
Riders on a Ferris wheel travel in a circle in a vertical plane. A particular wheel has radius feet and revolves at the constant rate of one revolution per minute. How many seconds does it take a rider to travel from the bottom of the wheel to a point vertical feet above the bottom?
小提示:
将圆心放在高度 英尺处;乘客从最低点上升 英尺。
Place the center at height ; the rider rises feet from the bottom
大提示:
此时乘客位于圆心下方 英尺处;求从最低点转过的圆心角。
The rider is now feet below center; find the central angle turned from the bottom
解答:
把圆心 放在高度 处。最低点 的高度为 ,乘客到达的高度为 ,也就是在圆心下方 英尺处。
从乘客所在点向摩天轮的竖直直径作水平线段。所得直角三角形的竖直直角边长为 ,斜边即半径,长为 。直角边是斜边的一半,所以乘客所在半径与竖直向下方向成 。
摩天轮在 秒内转过 ,所以转过 需要 秒。
所以正确答案是 D。
Put the center at height The bottom is at height and the rider reaches height which is feet below the center.
Draw a horizontal segment from the rider to the wheel’s vertical diameter. The resulting right triangle has a vertical leg of length and a hypotenuse (the radius) of length That leg is half the hypotenuse, so the radius to the rider makes with the downward vertical.
The wheel turns in seconds, so turning takes seconds.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
向一个整数列表中加入 后,平均数增加了 。再向新列表中加入 后,平均数减少了 。原列表中有多少个整数?
When is appended to a list of integers, the mean is increased by When is appended to the enlarged list, the mean of the enlarged list is decreased by How many integers were in the original list?
小提示:
设原列表有 个整数,平均数为 ,所以和为 。
Let the list have integers with mean so the sum is
大提示:
将两次加入数字后的新和与新平均数分别写成方程。
Translate each appending into an equation for the new sum and mean
解答:
设原列表有 个整数,平均数为 ,则总和为 。加入 后,
再加入 后,
解方程组 、,得 、,所以原列表有四个整数。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let the original list have integers with mean so its sum is Appending gives
Appending to that enlarged list gives
Solving and yields and
Thus, the correct answer is A.