2002 AMC 10B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

下列比值的值是多少:

220013200362002\dfrac{2^{2001} \cdot 3^{2003}}{6^{2002}}\text{?}

What is the value of the ratio

220013200362002?\dfrac{2^{2001} \cdot 3^{2003}}{6^{2002}}?

16\dfrac{1}{6}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

知识点:指数
难度评级:770
小提示:

620026^{2002} 写成 22002320022^{2002}\cdot 3^{2002}

Write 620026^{2002} as 22002320022^{2002}\cdot 3^{2002}

大提示:

约去分子和分母中相同的 2233 的幂。

Cancel the common powers of 22 and 33 from top and bottom

解答:

因为 62002=22002320026^{2002} = 2^{2002}\cdot 3^{2002},所以 22001320032200232002=32\dfrac{2^{2001}\cdot 3^{2003}}{2^{2002}\cdot 3^{2002}} = \dfrac{3}{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Since 62002=2200232002,6^{2002} = 2^{2002}\cdot 3^{2002}, the ratio becomes 22001320032200232002=32.\dfrac{2^{2001}\cdot 3^{2003}}{2^{2002}\cdot 3^{2002}} = \dfrac{3}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

对非零数 aabbcc,定义 (a,b,c)=abca+b+c(a, b, c) = \dfrac{abc}{a+b+c}\text{。}(2,4,6)(2, 4, 6) 的值?

For the nonzero numbers a,a, b,b, and c,c, define (a,b,c)=abca+b+c.(a, b, c) = \dfrac{abc}{a+b+c}. What is (2,4,6)?(2, 4, 6)?

11

22

44

66

2424

难度评级:720
小提示:

a=2a=2b=4b=4c=6c=6 代入定义。

Substitute a=2,a=2, b=4,b=4, c=6c=6 into the definition

大提示:

分子是 2462\cdot4\cdot6,分母是 2+4+62+4+6

The numerator is 2462\cdot4\cdot6 and the denominator is 2+4+62+4+6

解答:

直接代入:(2,4,6)=2462+4+6=4812=4(2, 4, 6) = \dfrac{2\cdot4\cdot6}{2+4+6} = \dfrac{48}{12} = 4\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Substituting directly, (2,4,6)=2462+4+6=4812=4.(2, 4, 6) = \dfrac{2\cdot4\cdot6}{2+4+6} = \dfrac{48}{12} = 4.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

集合 {9,99,999,9999,,999999999}\{9, 99, 999, 9999, \ldots, 999999999\} 中九个数的算术平均数是一个 99 位数 MM,且它的所有数字互不相同。数字 MM 不含哪个数字?

The arithmetic mean of the nine numbers in the set {9,99,999,9999,,999999999}\{9, 99, 999, 9999, \ldots, 999999999\} is a 99-digit number M,M, all of whose digits are distinct. Which digit does the number MM not contain?

00

22

44

66

88

难度评级:960
小提示:

每一项都是 99 乘以一个各位均为一的数,所以先把和除以 99

Each term is 99 times a repunit, so divide the sum by 99 first

大提示:

19(9+99+)\dfrac19(9 + 99 + \cdots) =1+11+111+= 1 + 11 + 111 + \cdots +111111111+ 111111111

19(9+99+)\dfrac19(9 + 99 + \cdots) =1+11+111+= 1 + 11 + 111 + \cdots +111111111+ 111111111

解答:

平均数可以写成 19(9+99+999++999999999)=1+11+111++111111111 \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{1}{9} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \small \left(9 + 99 + 999 + \cdots + 999999999\right) \\ &= 1 + 11 + 111 + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ 111111111 \end{aligned}\text{。}

把这九个各位均为一的数按列相加,得到 M=123456789M = 123456789

MM 唯一缺少的数字是 00

所以正确答案是 A

The mean is 19(9+99+999++999999999)=1+11+111++111111111. \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{1}{9} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \small \left(9 + 99 + 999 + \cdots + 999999999\right) \\ &= 1 + 11 + 111 + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ 111111111. \end{aligned}

Adding these nine repunits column by column gives M=123456789.M = 123456789.

The only digit missing from MM is 0.0.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

4.

x=4x = 4 时,下面表达式 (3x2)(4x+1)(3x2)4x+1 \begin{aligned} &(3x - 2)(4x + 1) \\ &\quad {}- (3x - 2)4x + 1 \end{aligned} 的值是多少?

What is the value of (3x2)(4x+1)(3x2)4x+1 \begin{aligned} &(3x - 2)(4x + 1) \\ &\quad {}- (3x - 2)4x + 1 \end{aligned} when x=4?x = 4?

00

11

1010

1111

1212

难度评级:900
小提示:

先从前两项中提出 3x23x - 2,再代入。

Factor 3x23x - 2 out of the first two terms before plugging in

大提示:

括号 (4x+1)4x(4x + 1) - 4x 会化成 11

The bracket (4x+1)4x(4x + 1) - 4x collapses to 11

解答:

从前两项提出 3x23x-2,得 (3x2)[(4x+1)4x]+1=(3x2)(1)+1=3x1 \begin{aligned} &(3x - 2)\big[(4x + 1) - 4x\big] + 1 \\ &= (3x - 2)(1) + 1 \\ &= 3x - 1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

x=4x = 4 时,表达式等于 341=113\cdot4 - 1 = 11

所以正确答案是 D

Factoring 3x23x-2 from the first two terms, (3x2)[(4x+1)4x]+1=(3x2)(1)+1=3x1. \begin{aligned} &(3x - 2)\big[(4x + 1) - 4x\big] + 1 \\ &= (3x - 2)(1) + 1 \\ &= 3x - 1. \end{aligned}

At x=4,x = 4, this equals 341=11.3\cdot4 - 1 = 11.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

半径为 2233 的两个圆外切,并被第三个圆外接,如图所示。阴影区域的面积是多少?

Circles of radius 22 and 33 are externally tangent and are circumscribed by a third circle, as shown in the figure. What is the area of the shaded region?

3π3\pi

4π4\pi

6π6\pi

9π9\pi

12π12\pi

知识点:相切圆圆面积
难度评级:1020
小提示:

两个小圆沿着大圆的一条直径排列。

The two small circles lie along a diameter of the large circle

大提示:

阴影面积等于大圆面积减去两个小圆面积。

The shaded area is the large disk minus the two smaller disks

解答:

两个小圆沿大圆的一条直径排列,所以大圆直径为 23+22=102\cdot3 + 2\cdot2 = 10,半径为 55

阴影面积为 π(52)π(32)π(22)=π(2594)=12π \begin{aligned} &\pi(5^2) - \pi(3^2) - \pi(2^2) \\ &= \pi(25 - 9 - 4) \\ &= 12\pi \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

The two small circles line up along a diameter of the big circle, so that diameter is 23+22=102\cdot3 + 2\cdot2 = 10 and the large radius is 5.5.

The shaded region is the large disk with the two small disks removed: π(52)π(32)π(22)=π(2594)=12π. \begin{aligned} &\pi(5^2) - \pi(3^2) - \pi(2^2) \\ &= \pi(25 - 9 - 4) \\ &= 12\pi. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

6.

对多少个正整数 nn,表达式 n23n+2n^2 - 3n + 2 是质数?

For how many positive integers nn is n23n+2n^2 - 3n + 2 a prime number?

没有

none

一个

one

两个

two

多于两个,但有限个

more than two, but finitely many

无穷多个

infinitely many

知识点:因式分解质数
难度评级:1070
小提示:

分解 n23n+2n^2 - 3n + 2

Factor n23n+2n^2 - 3n + 2

大提示:

要让 (n1)(n2)(n-1)(n-2) 是质数,其中一个因数必须等于 11

For (n1)(n2)(n-1)(n-2) to be prime, one factor must equal 11

解答:

分解得 n23n+2=(n1)(n2)n^2 - 3n + 2 = (n-1)(n-2)

n4n \ge 4 时,两个因数都大于 11,乘积为合数。当 n=1n = 1n=2n = 2 时,原式为 00;当 n=3n = 3 时,原式为 (2)(1)=2(2)(1) = 2,是质数。

所以恰好有一个 nn 可行。

所以正确答案是 B

Factor as n23n+2=(n1)(n2).n^2 - 3n + 2 = (n-1)(n-2).

For n4,n \ge 4, both factors exceed 1,1, so the product is composite. For n=1n = 1 and n=2n = 2 the value is 0,0, and for n=3n = 3 the value is (2)(1)=2,(2)(1) = 2, which is prime.

So exactly one value of nn works.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

nn 是正整数,并且 12+13+17+1n\dfrac12 + \dfrac13 + \dfrac17 + \dfrac1n 是整数。下列哪一项不正确?

Let nn be a positive integer such that 12+13+17+1n\dfrac12 + \dfrac13 + \dfrac17 + \dfrac1n is an integer. Which of the following statements is not true?

22 整除 nn

22 divides nn

33 整除 nn

33 divides nn

66 整除 nn

66 divides nn

77 整除 nn

77 divides nn

n>84n \gt 84

难度评级:1170
小提示:

这个和大于零且小于 22,所以它必须正好等于 11

The sum is positive and less than 2,2, so it must equal exactly 11

大提示:

1n=1121317\dfrac1n = 1 - \dfrac12 - \dfrac13 - \dfrac17 解出 nn

Solve 1n=1121317\dfrac1n = 1 - \dfrac12 - \dfrac13 - \dfrac17 for nn

解答:

12+13+17+1n\dfrac12 + \dfrac13 + \dfrac17 + \dfrac1n 大于 00,并且小于 12+13+17+1<2\dfrac12 + \dfrac13 + \dfrac17 + 1 \lt 2,所以作为整数只能等于 11

因为 12+13+17=4142\dfrac12 + \dfrac13 + \dfrac17 = \dfrac{41}{42},所以 1n=142\dfrac1n = \dfrac{1}{42},即 n=42n = 42

具体说,22336677 都整除 4242,而 n=42n = 42 不大于 8484,所以 n>84n \gt 84 为假。

所以正确答案是 E

The sum 12+13+17+1n\dfrac12 + \dfrac13 + \dfrac17 + \dfrac1n is greater than 00 and less than 12+13+17+1<2,\dfrac12 + \dfrac13 + \dfrac17 + 1 \lt 2, so as an integer it must equal 1.1.

Since 12+13+17=4142,\dfrac12 + \dfrac13 + \dfrac17 = \dfrac{41}{42}, we need 1n=142,\dfrac1n = \dfrac{1}{42}, so n=42.n = 42.

Then 2,2, 3,3, 6,6, and 77 all divide 42,42, but n=42n = 42 is not greater than 84.84. So the false statement is n>84.n \gt 84.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

8.

假设 NN 年的七月有五个星期一。下列哪一天一定会在 NN 年八月出现五次?(注意:两个月都有 3131 天。)

Suppose July of year NN has five Mondays. Which of the following must occur five times in August of year N?N? (Note: both months have 3131 days.)

星期一

Monday

星期二

Tuesday

星期三

Wednesday

星期四

Thursday

星期五

Friday

难度评级:1240
小提示:

一个 3131 天的月份中,恰好有三个星期几出现五次。

A 3131-day month has exactly three weekdays that occur five times

大提示:

它们是该月第 112233 天对应的星期几;利用七月有五个星期一来定位。

Those are the weekdays of days 1,1, 2,2, and 33; find where a five-Monday July forces them

解答:

3131 天等于 44 周又 33 天,所以恰好是每月第 11、第 22、第 33 日所对应的三个星期几会出现五次。

七月要有五个星期一,星期一就必须是七月第 11、第 22 或第 33 日。三种情况下,八月 11 日分别是星期二、星期三或星期四,而八月出现五次的三个星期几都包括星期四。

也可以直接看出:七月有 3131 天,所以八月 11 日与七月 44 日是同一星期几。无论星期一是七月第 11、第 22 还是第 33 日,八月出现五次的三个星期几中总有星期四。

所以正确答案是 D

A 3131-day month is 44 weeks plus 33 extra days, so exactly the weekdays of the 11st, 22nd, and 33rd of the month occur five times.

For July to have five Mondays, Monday must be one of July 1,1, 2,2, or 3.3. In all three cases August 11 lands on a Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday, and the common weekday among the resulting five-time days is Thursday.

More directly, since July has 3131 days, August 11 is the same weekday as July 4.4. With Monday on July 1,1, 2,2, or 3,3, the three five-time weekdays of August always include Thursday.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

用字母 AAMMOOSSUU 可以组成 120120 个五字母“单词”。若这些“单词”按字母顺序排列,则 “单词” USAMOUSAMO 排在第几位?

Using the letters A,A, M,M, O,O, S,S, and U,U, we can form 120120 five-letter “words.” If these “words” are arranged in alphabetical order, then the “word” USAMOUSAMO occupies which position?

112112

113113

114114

115115

116116

知识点:排列系统列举
难度评级:1280
小提示:

先数以 AAMMOOSS 开头的单词

Words starting with A,A, M,M, O,O, or SS come first; count them

大提示:

再在以 UU 开头的单词中,数有多少个排在 USAMOUSAMO 前面。

Among the words starting with U,U, find how many precede USAMOUSAMO

解答:

字母顺序为 A,M,O,S,UA, M, O, S, U。以 AAMMOOSS 开头的单词先出现,占据从第 11 位到第 9696 位;每个开头有 2424 个。

UU 开头的单词占据第 9797 到第 120120 位。在这一组中,USAMOUSAMO 是第 1919 个,所以总位置为 96+19=11596 + 19 = 115

所以正确答案是 D

The alphabetical order of the letters is A,M,O,S,U.A, M, O, S, U. Words beginning with A,A, M,M, O,O, or SS fill positions 11 through 9696 (four choices of first letter, 2424 each).

Words beginning with UU occupy positions 9797120.120. Listing them alphabetically, USAMOUSAMO is the 1919th such word, so it occupies position 96+19=115.96 + 19 = 115.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

10.

aabb 是非零实数,且方程 x2+ax+b=0x^2 + ax + b = 0 的两个解是 aabb。有序对 (a,b)(a, b) 是什么?

Suppose that aa and bb are nonzero real numbers, and that the equation x2+ax+b=0x^2 + ax + b = 0 has solutions aa and b.b. What is the pair (a,b)?(a, b)?

(2,1)(-2, 1)

(1,2)(-1, 2)

(1,2)(1, -2)

(2,1)(2, -1)

(4,4)(4, 4)

难度评级:1280
小提示:

由韦达定理,根的和为 a-a,根的积为 bb

By Vieta’s formulas, the sum of the roots is a-a and the product is bb

大提示:

所以 a+b=aa + b = -a,且 ab=bab = b;使用 b0b \ne 0

So a+b=aa + b = -a and ab=bab = b; use b0b \ne 0

解答:

根为 aabb。由韦达定理,a+b=aa + b = -a,且 ab=bab = b

先看 ab=bab = b。因为 b0b \ne 0,可得 a=1a = 1。再用 a+b=aa + b = -a,得到 1+b=11 + b = -1,所以 b=2b = -2

因此 (a,b)=(1,2)(a, b) = (1, -2),所以正确答案是 C

Since the roots are aa and b,b, Vieta’s formulas give a+b=aa + b = -a and ab=b.ab = b.

From ab=bab = b with b0,b \ne 0, we get a=1.a = 1. Then a+b=aa + b = -a gives 1+b=1,1 + b = -1, so b=2.b = -2.

Thus (a,b)=(1,2),(a, b) = (1, -2), and the correct answer is C.

11.

三个连续正整数的乘积是它们和的 88 倍。它们的平方和是多少?

The product of three consecutive positive integers is 88 times their sum. What is the sum of their squares?

5050

7777

110110

149149

194194

难度评级:1140
小提示:

将三个整数记为 n1n - 1nnn+1n + 1;它们的和是 3n3n

Call the integers n1,n - 1, n,n, n+1n + 1; their sum is 3n3n

大提示:

乘积为 (n1)n(n+1)=n(n21)(n-1)n(n+1) = n(n^2 - 1),等于 83n8\cdot 3n

The product is (n1)n(n+1)=n(n21),(n-1)n(n+1) = n(n^2 - 1), which equals 83n8\cdot 3n

解答:

设三个整数为 n1n - 1nnn+1n + 1。它们的乘积为 n(n21)n(n^2 - 1),和为 3n3n,因此 n(n21)=8(3n)=24nn(n^2 - 1) = 8(3n) = 24n\text{。}

因为 n0n \ne 0,可得 n21=24n^2 - 1 = 24,于是 n2=25n^2 = 25,从而 n=5n = 5

三个整数为 445566,平方和为 42+52+62=16+25+364^2 + 5^2 + 6^2 = 16 + 25 + 36 =77= 77

所以正确答案是 B

Let the integers be n1,n - 1, n,n, n+1.n + 1. Their product is n(n21)n(n^2 - 1) and their sum is 3n,3n, so n(n21)=8(3n)=24n.n(n^2 - 1) = 8(3n) = 24n.

Since n0,n \ne 0, we get n21=24,n^2 - 1 = 24, so n2=25n^2 = 25 and n=5.n = 5.

The three integers are 4,4, 5,5, and 6,6, and 42+52+62=16+25+364^2 + 5^2 + 6^2 = 16 + 25 + 36 =77.= 77.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

对下列哪个 kk 值,方程 x1x2=xkx6\dfrac{x - 1}{x - 2} = \dfrac{x - k}{x - 6} 没有 xx 的解?

For which of the following values of kk does the equation x1x2=xkx6\dfrac{x - 1}{x - 2} = \dfrac{x - k}{x - 6} have no solution for x?x?

11

22

33

44

55

难度评级:1370
小提示:

交叉相乘并展开两边。

Cross multiply and expand both sides

大提示:

方程会变成一次方程;当 xx 的系数为零时无解。

The equation becomes linear; it has no solution when the coefficient of xx vanishes

解答:

交叉相乘得 (x1)(x6)=(x2)(xk)(x - 1)(x - 6) = (x - 2)(x - k),展开为 x27x+6=x2(2+k)x+2k \begin{aligned} x^2 - 7x + 6 &= x^2 - (2 + k)x \\ &\quad {}+ 2k \end{aligned}\text{。}

约去 x2x^2 后得到 (k5)x=2k6(k - 5)x = 2k - 6。当 kk 等于 11223344 时,都能得到一个有效的 xx,且它既不是使分母为零的 22,也不是 66。当 k=5k=5 时,方程变为 0x=40\cdot x=4,无解。

所以正确答案是 E

Cross multiplying gives (x1)(x6)=(x2)(xk),(x - 1)(x - 6) = (x - 2)(x - k), which expands to x27x+6=x2(2+k)x+2k. \begin{aligned} x^2 - 7x + 6 &= x^2 - (2 + k)x \\ &\quad {}+ 2k. \end{aligned}

Cancelling x2x^2 leaves (k5)x=2k6.(k - 5)x = 2k - 6. For kk equal to 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, or 4,4, this gives a valid value of xx that is neither excluded denominator value 22 nor 6.6. For k=5,k=5, the equation instead becomes 0x=4,0\cdot x=4, which has no solution.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

13.

什么 xx 值使得 8xy12y+2x3=08xy - 12y + 2x - 3 = 0 对所有 yy 都成立?

What value of xx makes 8xy12y+2x3=08xy - 12y + 2x - 3 = 0 true for all values of y?y?

23\dfrac23

32\dfrac3214-\dfrac14

32\dfrac32 or 14-\dfrac14

23-\dfrac2314-\dfrac14

23-\dfrac23 or 14-\dfrac14

32\dfrac32

32-\dfrac3214-\dfrac14

32-\dfrac32 or 14-\dfrac14

难度评级:1220
小提示:

将左边分组因式分解。

Group terms to factor the left side

大提示:

8xy12y+2x38xy - 12y + 2x - 3 =(4y+1)(2x3)= (4y + 1)(2x - 3),它必须对每个 yy 都等于零。

8xy12y+2x38xy - 12y + 2x - 3 =(4y+1)(2x3)= (4y + 1)(2x - 3); it must vanish for every yy

解答:

分组因式分解:8xy12y+2x3=4y(2x3)+(2x3)=(4y+1)(2x3) \begin{aligned} &8xy - 12y + 2x - 3 \\ &= 4y(2x - 3) + (2x - 3) \\ &= (4y + 1)(2x - 3) \end{aligned}\text{。}

要使它对所有 yy 都等于 00,不能依靠含 yy 的因子为零,所以必须有 2x3=02x - 3 = 0,得到 x=32x = \dfrac32

所以正确答案是 D

Grouping and factoring, 8xy12y+2x3=4y(2x3)+(2x3)=(4y+1)(2x3). \begin{aligned} &8xy - 12y + 2x - 3 \\ &= 4y(2x - 3) + (2x - 3) \\ &= (4y + 1)(2x - 3). \end{aligned}

For this to equal 00 for all y,y, the factor that depends on yy cannot be forced to zero, so we need 2x3=0,2x - 3 = 0, giving x=32.x = \dfrac32.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

2564642525^{64} \cdot 64^{25} 是某个正整数 NN 的平方。在十进制表示中,NN 的各位数字之和是多少?

The number 2564642525^{64} \cdot 64^{25} is the square of a positive integer N.N. In decimal representation, what is the sum of the digits of N?N?

77

1414

2121

2828

3535

知识点:指数数字
难度评级:1420
小提示:

将所有数写成 2255 的幂后开平方。

Take the square root by writing everything as powers of 22 and 55

大提示:

N=564275=1064211N = 5^{64}\cdot 2^{75} = 10^{64}\cdot 2^{11},所以只需看 2112^{11} 的数字。

N=564275=1064211N = 5^{64}\cdot 2^{75} = 10^{64}\cdot 2^{11}; only the digits of 2112^{11} matter

解答:

因为 25=5225 = 5^264=2664 = 2^6,所以 25646425=5128215025^{64}\cdot 64^{25} = 5^{128}\cdot 2^{150},从而 N=51282150=564275N = \sqrt{5^{128}\cdot 2^{150}} = 5^{64}\cdot 2^{75}\text{。}

写成 275=2642112^{75} = 2^{64}\cdot 2^{11},可得 N=(52)64211=10642048N = (5\cdot 2)^{64}\cdot 2^{11} = 10^{64}\cdot 2048

因此 NN20482048 后接 6464 个零,数字和为 2+0+4+8=142 + 0 + 4 + 8 = 14

所以正确答案是 B

Since 25=5225 = 5^2 and 64=26,64 = 2^6, we have 25646425=51282150,25^{64}\cdot 64^{25} = 5^{128}\cdot 2^{150}, so N=51282150=564275.N = \sqrt{5^{128}\cdot 2^{150}} = 5^{64}\cdot 2^{75}.

Writing 275=264211,2^{75} = 2^{64}\cdot 2^{11}, we get N=(52)64211=10642048.N = (5\cdot 2)^{64}\cdot 2^{11} = 10^{64}\cdot 2048.

So NN is 20482048 followed by 6464 zeros, and its digit sum is 2+0+4+8=14.2 + 0 + 4 + 8 = 14.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

15.

正整数 AABBABA - BA+BA + B 都是质数。这四个质数之和

The positive integers A,A, B,B, AB,A - B, and A+BA + B are all prime numbers. The sum of these four primes is

是偶数

even

能被 33 整除

divisible by 33

能被 55 整除

divisible by 55

能被 77 整除

divisible by 77

是质数

prime

知识点:质数奇偶性
难度评级:1480
小提示:

ABA - BA+BA + B 奇偶性相同,且二者都是质数。

ABA - B and A+BA + B have the same parity, and both are prime

大提示:

这会迫使 B=2B = 2,于是 A2A - 2AAA+2A + 2 是三个公差为二的连续质数。

This forces B=2,B = 2, so A2,A - 2, A,A, and A+2A + 2 are three primes in a row

解答:

ABA - BA+BA + B 相差 2B2B,所以奇偶性相同。因为它们是质数,两者都必须是奇数,这迫使 AABB 奇偶性相反。

因为 22 是唯一的偶质数,所以要么 A=2A=2,要么 B=2B=2。第一种情况不可能,因为正质数 BB 会使 AB<0A-B<0。因此 B=2B=2

现在 A2A - 2AAA+2A + 2 是三个质数。任意三个相差 22 的整数中必有一个能被 33 整除,所以这个数本身必须是 33。唯一的正数情形是 335577

这四个质数是 22335577,它们的和为 1717,也是质数。

所以正确答案是 E

The numbers ABA - B and A+BA + B differ by 2B,2B, so they have the same parity. Being prime, they must both be odd, which forces AA and BB to have opposite parity.

Since 22 is the only even prime, either A=2A=2 or B=2.B=2. The first case is impossible because the positive prime BB would make AB<0.A-B<0. Hence B=2.B=2.

Now A2,A - 2, A,A, and A+2A + 2 are three primes. One of any three integers spaced 22 apart is divisible by 3,3, so that member must itself be 3.3. The only positive possibility is 3,3, 5,5, 7.7.

The four primes are 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, and their sum is 17,17, which is prime.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

16.

对多少个整数 nnn20n\dfrac{n}{20 - n} 是一个整数的平方?

For how many integers nn is n20n\dfrac{n}{20 - n} the square of an integer?

11

22

33

44

1010

难度评级:1580
小提示:

n20n=k2\dfrac{n}{20 - n} = k^2,并用 kk 表示 nn

Set n20n=k2\dfrac{n}{20 - n} = k^2 and solve for nn in terms of kk

大提示:

n=20k2k2+1n = \dfrac{20k^2}{k^2 + 1};由于 k2k^2k2+1k^2 + 1 互质,所以 2020 能被 k2+1k^2 + 1 整除。

n=20k2k2+1n = \dfrac{20k^2}{k^2 + 1}; since k2k^2 and k2+1k^2 + 1 are coprime, 2020 is divisible by k2+1k^2 + 1

解答:

n20n=k2\dfrac{n}{20 - n} = k^2,其中 k0k \ge 0 是整数。于是 n=20k2k2+1n = \dfrac{20k^2}{k^2 + 1}\text{。}

因为 k2k^2k2+1k^2 + 1 互质,所以 k2+1k^2 + 1 必须整除 2020。这只在 k=0k = 0112233 时发生,对应 k2+1=1k^2 + 1 = 122551010

对应的整数值为 n=0n = 0101016161818,因此共有 44 个这样的 nn

所以正确答案是 D

Suppose n20n=k2\dfrac{n}{20 - n} = k^2 for some integer k0.k \ge 0. Solving, n=20k2k2+1.n = \dfrac{20k^2}{k^2 + 1}.

Since k2k^2 and k2+1k^2 + 1 share no common factor, k2+1k^2 + 1 must divide 20.20. This happens only for k=0,k = 0, 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, giving k2+1=1,k^2 + 1 = 1, 2,2, 5,5, 10.10.

The corresponding values n=0,n = 0, 10,10, 16,16, 1818 are all integers, so there are 44 such n.n.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

17.

正八边形 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH 的边长为二。ADG\triangle ADG 的面积是多少?

A regular octagon ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH has sides of length two. What is the area of ADG?\triangle ADG?

4+224 + 2\sqrt{2}

6+26 + \sqrt{2}

4+324 + 3\sqrt{2}

3+423 + 4\sqrt{2}

8+28 + \sqrt{2}

难度评级:1660
小提示:

将八边形放在坐标网格中;每条斜边在水平方向和竖直方向都移动 2\sqrt2

Place the octagon on a grid; each slanted side moves 2\sqrt2 horizontally and vertically

大提示:

DGDG 是水平弦;把它作为底,用点 AA 到这条水平线的竖直距离作为高。

DGDG is a horizontal chord; use it as the base and the vertical distance from AA as the height

解答:

将八边形放在坐标轴上,使水平边和竖直边的长度为 22,每条斜边的水平位移为 2\sqrt2,竖直位移也为 2\sqrt2A=(2,0),D=(2+22,2+2),G=(0,2+2) \begin{aligned} A &= (\sqrt2, 0), \\ D &= (2 + 2\sqrt2, 2 + \sqrt2), \\ G &= (0, 2 + \sqrt2) \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 DDGG 高度同为 2+22 + \sqrt2,所以 DGDG 水平,长度为 2+222 + 2\sqrt2,从 AA 到这条水平线的高为 2+22 + \sqrt2

因此 [ADG]=12(2+22)(2+2)=(1+2)(2+2)=4+32 \begin{aligned} [\triangle ADG] &= \tfrac12(2 + 2\sqrt2)(2 + \sqrt2) \\ &= (1 + \sqrt2)(2 + \sqrt2) \\ &= 4 + 3\sqrt2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Set the octagon on coordinate axes with the axis-aligned sides of length 22 and each slanted side spanning 2\sqrt2 horizontally and 2\sqrt2 vertically. Then A=(2,0),D=(2+22,2+2),G=(0,2+2). \begin{aligned} A &= (\sqrt2, 0), \\ D &= (2 + 2\sqrt2, 2 + \sqrt2), \\ G &= (0, 2 + \sqrt2). \end{aligned}

Since DD and GG share the height 2+2,2 + \sqrt2, segment DGDG is horizontal with length 2+22,2 + 2\sqrt2, and the height from AA up to that level is 2+2.2 + \sqrt2.

Therefore [ADG]=12(2+22)(2+2)=(1+2)(2+2)=4+32. \begin{aligned} [\triangle ADG] &= \tfrac12(2 + 2\sqrt2)(2 + \sqrt2) \\ &= (1 + \sqrt2)(2 + \sqrt2) \\ &= 4 + 3\sqrt2. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

平面上画出四个不同的圆。至少两个圆相交的点最多有多少个?

Four distinct circles are drawn in a plane. What is the maximum number of points where at least two of the circles intersect?

88

99

1010

1212

1616

难度评级:1280
小提示:

两个不同的圆最多相交于 22 个点。

Two distinct circles meet in at most 22 points

大提示:

先数圆的配对数,再乘以 22

Count the pairs of circles, then multiply by 22

解答:

任意两个不同圆最多相交于 22 个点。四个圆的配对数为 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6,所以最多有 62=126\cdot 2 = 12 个交点。

这个最大值可以达到:安排四个圆,使每一对圆都相交于两个不同的点,就会得到 1212 个交点。

所以正确答案是 D

Any two distinct circles intersect in at most 22 points. There are (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 pairs of circles, giving at most 62=126\cdot 2 = 12 intersection points.

This maximum is achievable by a configuration where every pair of circles crosses twice, so the answer is 12.12.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

{an}\{a_n\} 是等差数列,且 a1+a2++a100=100a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_{100} = 100a101+a102++a200=200a_{101} + a_{102} + \cdots + a_{200} = 200\text{。}a2a1a_2 - a_1 的值。

Suppose that {an}\{a_n\} is an arithmetic sequence with a1+a2++a100=100a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_{100} = 100 and a101+a102++a200=200.a_{101} + a_{102} + \cdots + a_{200} = 200. What is the value of a2a1?a_2 - a_1?

0.00010.0001

0.0010.001

0.010.01

0.10.1

11

知识点:等差数列求和
难度评级:1460
小提示:

d=a2a1d = a_2 - a_1,则 ak+100a_{k+100}aka_k100d100d

Each term ak+100a_{k+100} exceeds aka_k by 100d,100d, where d=a2a1d = a_2 - a_1

大提示:

两个区间和相减,可以分离出 10000d10000d

Subtract the two block sums to isolate 10000d10000d

解答:

d=a2a1d = a_2 - a_1。因为 ak+100=ak+100da_{k+100} = a_k + 100d,第二组的一百项相对于第一组对应项的增量都相同,所以第二组的总和比第一组多 100100d100\cdot 100 da101++a200=(a1++a100)+10000d \begin{aligned} &a_{101} + \cdots + a_{200} \\ &= (a_1 + \cdots + a_{100}) \\ &\quad {}+ 10000d \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 200=100+10000d200 = 100 + 10000d,解得 d=10010000=0.01d = \dfrac{100}{10000} = 0.01

所以正确答案是 C

Let d=a2a1.d = a_2 - a_1. Then ak+100=ak+100d,a_{k+100} = a_k + 100d, so the second block sum is the first plus 100100d:100\cdot 100 d: a101++a200=(a1++a100)+10000d. \begin{aligned} &a_{101} + \cdots + a_{200} \\ &= (a_1 + \cdots + a_{100}) \\ &\quad {}+ 10000d. \end{aligned}

Therefore 200=100+10000d,200 = 100 + 10000d, giving d=10010000=0.01.d = \dfrac{100}{10000} = 0.01.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

aabbcc 为实数,满足 a7b+8c=4a - 7b + 8c = 48a+4bc=78a + 4b - c = 7。求 a2b2+c2a^2 - b^2 + c^2

Let a,a, b,b, and cc be real numbers such that a7b+8c=4a - 7b + 8c = 4 and 8a+4bc=7.8a + 4b - c = 7. What is a2b2+c2?a^2 - b^2 + c^2?

00

11

44

77

88

难度评级:1790
小提示:

改写为 a+8c=4+7ba + 8c = 4 + 7b8ac=74b8a - c = 7 - 4b

Rearrange to a+8c=4+7ba + 8c = 4 + 7b and 8ac=74b8a - c = 7 - 4b

大提示:

将两个方程分别平方后相加;含 bb 的交叉项会很好地抵消。

Square both equations and add; the cross terms with bb cancel nicely

解答:

将方程改写为 a+8c=4+7ba + 8c = 4 + 7b8ac=74b8a - c = 7 - 4b。两式平方后相加:(a+8c)2+(8ac)2=(4+7b)2+(74b)2 \begin{aligned} &(a + 8c)^2 + (8a - c)^2 \\ &= (4 + 7b)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (7 - 4b)^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

左边展开为 65a2+65c265a^2 + 65c^2acac 项抵消;右边展开为 65+65b265 + 65b^2bb 项抵消。因此 65(a2+c2)=65(1+b2)65(a^2 + c^2) = 65(1 + b^2)\text{,}所以 a2b2+c2=1a^2 - b^2 + c^2 = 1

所以正确答案是 B

Rewrite the equations as a+8c=4+7ba + 8c = 4 + 7b and 8ac=74b.8a - c = 7 - 4b. Squaring both and adding, (a+8c)2+(8ac)2=(4+7b)2+(74b)2. \begin{aligned} &(a + 8c)^2 + (8a - c)^2 \\ &= (4 + 7b)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (7 - 4b)^2. \end{aligned}

The left side expands to 65a2+65c265a^2 + 65c^2 (the acac terms cancel), and the right side expands to 65+65b265 + 65b^2 (the bb terms cancel). So 65(a2+c2)=65(1+b2),65(a^2 + c^2) = 65(1 + b^2), giving a2b2+c2=1.a^2 - b^2 + c^2 = 1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

Andy 的草坪面积是 Beth 的两倍,也是 Carlos 的三倍。Carlos 的割草机速度是 Beth 的一半,也是 Andy 的三分之一。如果他们同时开始修剪各自的草坪,谁最先完成?

Andy’s lawn has twice as much area as Beth’s lawn and three times as much area as Carlos’ lawn. Carlos’ lawn mower cuts half as fast as Beth’s mower and one third as fast as Andy’s mower. If they all start to mow their lawns at the same time, who will finish first?

Andy

Beth

Carlos

Andy 和 Carlos 并列第一。

Andy and Carlos tie for first.

三人同时完成。

All three tie.

知识点:速率比与比例
难度评级:1370
小提示:

修剪时间等于面积除以割草速度。

Time to mow equals area divided by mowing rate

大提示:

设 Andy 的面积为 AA,Carlos 的速度为 RR,再写出每个人所需时间。

Let Andy’s area be AA and Carlos’ rate be R,R, then write each person’s time

解答:

设 Andy 的草坪面积为 AA,则 Beth 的面积为 A2\dfrac{A}{2},Carlos 的面积为 A3\dfrac{A}{3}。再设 Carlos 的速度为 RR,Beth 和 Andy 的速度分别为 2R2R3R3R

三人所需时间分别为 Andy: A3R,Beth: A22R=A4R,Carlos: A3R=A3R \begin{aligned} &\text{Andy: } \dfrac{A}{3R}, \\ &\text{Beth: } \dfrac{\frac{A}{2}}{2R} = \dfrac{A}{4R}, \\ &\text{Carlos: } \dfrac{\frac{A}{3}}{R} = \dfrac{A}{3R} \end{aligned}\text{。}

其中最短的是 A4R\dfrac{A}{4R},所以 Beth 最先完成。

所以正确答案是 B

Let Andy’s lawn have area A,A, so Beth’s is A2\dfrac{A}{2} and Carlos’ is A3.\dfrac{A}{3}. Let Carlos mow at rate R,R, so Beth mows at 2R2R and Andy at 3R.3R.

The times are Andy: A3R,Beth: A22R=A4R,Carlos: A3R=A3R. \begin{aligned} &\text{Andy: } \dfrac{A}{3R}, \\ &\text{Beth: } \dfrac{\frac{A}{2}}{2R} = \dfrac{A}{4R}, \\ &\text{Carlos: } \dfrac{\frac{A}{3}}{R} = \dfrac{A}{3R}. \end{aligned}

Since A4R\dfrac{A}{4R} is the smallest, Beth finishes first.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

XOY\triangle XOY 是直角三角形,且 mXOY=90m\angle XOY = 90^\circ。点 MMNN 分别是直角边 OXOXOYOY 的中点。已知 XN=19XN = 19YM=22YM = 22,求 XYXY

Let XOY\triangle XOY be a right-angled triangle with mXOY=90.m\angle XOY = 90^\circ. Let MM and NN be the midpoints of legs OXOX and OY,OY, respectively. Given that XN=19XN = 19 and YM=22,YM = 22, what is XY?XY?

2424

2626

2828

3030

3232

难度评级:1690
小提示:

OM=aOM = aON=bON = b,则 OX=2aOX = 2aOY=2bOY = 2b

Let OM=aOM = a and ON=b,ON = b, so OX=2aOX = 2a and OY=2bOY = 2b

大提示:

分别对 XNXNYMYM 写出勾股关系,再相加求出 a2+b2a^2 + b^2

Write the Pythagorean relations for XNXN and YM,YM, then add them to find a2+b2a^2 + b^2

解答:

OM=aOM = aON=bON = b,则 OX=2aOX = 2aOY=2bOY = 2b。由 OO 处直角得 192=(2a)2+b219^2 = (2a)^2 + b^2222=a2+(2b)222^2 = a^2 + (2b)^2\text{。}

两式相加得 5(a2+b2)=192+222=8455(a^2 + b^2) = 19^2 + 22^2 = 845,所以 a2+b2=169a^2 + b^2 = 169,并且 MN=a2+b2=13MN = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2} = 13

由于 XOYMON\triangle XOY \sim \triangle MON,相似比为 22,所以 XY=2MN=26XY = 2\cdot MN = 26

所以正确答案是 B

Let OM=aOM = a and ON=b,ON = b, so OX=2aOX = 2a and OY=2b.OY = 2b. The right angle at OO gives 192=(2a)2+b219^2 = (2a)^2 + b^2 and 222=a2+(2b)2.22^2 = a^2 + (2b)^2.

Adding these, 5(a2+b2)=192+222=845,5(a^2 + b^2) = 19^2 + 22^2 = 845, so a2+b2=169a^2 + b^2 = 169 and MN=a2+b2=13.MN = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2} = 13.

Since XOYMON\triangle XOY \sim \triangle MON with ratio 2,2, we have XY=2MN=26.XY = 2\cdot MN = 26.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

{ak}\{a_k\} 是整数序列,满足 a1=1a_1 = 1,且对所有正整数 mmnn 都有 am+n=am+an+mna_{m+n} = a_m + a_n + mn。求 a12a_{12}

Let {ak}\{a_k\} be a sequence of integers such that a1=1a_1 = 1 and am+n=am+an+mna_{m+n} = a_m + a_n + mn for all positive integers mm and n.n. What is a12?a_{12}?

4545

5656

6767

7878

8989

难度评级:1510
小提示:

n=1n = 1,得到 am+1=am+a1+ma_{m+1} = a_m + a_1 + m

Set n=1n = 1 to get am+1=am+a1+ma_{m+1} = a_m + a_1 + m

大提示:

因此 am+1am=m+1a_{m+1} - a_m = m + 1;把这些差一直加到 a12a_{12}

So am+1am=m+1a_{m+1} - a_m = m + 1; sum these differences up to a12a_{12}

解答:

n=1n = 1,得到 am+1=am+a1+ma_{m+1} = a_m + a_1 + m =am+(m+1)= a_m + (m + 1),所以 am+1am=m+1a_{m+1} - a_m = m + 1

m=1m = 1 加到 1111,有 a12a1=2+3++12=121321=77 \begin{aligned} a_{12} - a_1 &= 2 + 3 + \cdots + 12 \\ &= \dfrac{12\cdot 13}{2} - 1 \\ &= 77 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 a12=1+77=78a_{12} = 1 + 77 = 78

所以正确答案是 D

Setting n=1,n = 1, we get am+1=am+a1+ma_{m+1} = a_m + a_1 + m =am+(m+1),= a_m + (m + 1), so am+1am=m+1.a_{m+1} - a_m = m + 1.

Summing from m=1m = 1 to 11,11, a12a1=2+3++12=121321=77. \begin{aligned} a_{12} - a_1 &= 2 + 3 + \cdots + 12 \\ &= \dfrac{12\cdot 13}{2} - 1 \\ &= 77. \end{aligned}

Therefore a12=1+77=78.a_{12} = 1 + 77 = 78.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

24.

摩天轮上的乘客在竖直平面内沿圆周运动。某个摩天轮半径为 2020 英尺,并以每分钟一圈的恒定速度旋转。乘客从摩天轮最低点到达比最低点高 1010 英尺的位置,需要多少秒?

Riders on a Ferris wheel travel in a circle in a vertical plane. A particular wheel has radius 2020 feet and revolves at the constant rate of one revolution per minute. How many seconds does it take a rider to travel from the bottom of the wheel to a point 1010 vertical feet above the bottom?

55

66

7.57.5

1010

1515

难度评级:1580
小提示:

将圆心放在高度 2020 英尺处;乘客从最低点上升 1010 英尺。

Place the center at height 2020; the rider rises 1010 feet from the bottom

大提示:

此时乘客位于圆心下方 1010 英尺处;求从最低点转过的圆心角。

The rider is now 1010 feet below center; find the central angle turned from the bottom

解答:

把圆心 OO 放在高度 2020 处。最低点 AA 的高度为 00,乘客到达的高度为 1010,也就是在圆心下方 1010 英尺处。

从乘客所在点向摩天轮的竖直直径作水平线段。所得直角三角形的竖直直角边长为 1010,斜边即半径,长为 2020。直角边是斜边的一半,所以乘客所在半径与竖直向下方向成 6060^\circ

摩天轮在 6060 秒内转过 360360^\circ,所以转过 6060^\circ 需要 6036060=10\dfrac{60}{360}\cdot 60 = 10 秒。

所以正确答案是 D

Put the center OO at height 20.20. The bottom AA is at height 0,0, and the rider reaches height 10,10, which is 1010 feet below the center.

Draw a horizontal segment from the rider to the wheel’s vertical diameter. The resulting right triangle has a vertical leg of length 1010 and a hypotenuse (the radius) of length 20.20. That leg is half the hypotenuse, so the radius to the rider makes 6060^\circ with the downward vertical.

The wheel turns 360360^\circ in 6060 seconds, so turning 6060^\circ takes 6036060=10\dfrac{60}{360}\cdot 60 = 10 seconds.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

向一个整数列表中加入 1515 后,平均数增加了 22。再向新列表中加入 11 后,平均数减少了 11。原列表中有多少个整数?

When 1515 is appended to a list of integers, the mean is increased by 2.2. When 11 is appended to the enlarged list, the mean of the enlarged list is decreased by 1.1. How many integers were in the original list?

44

55

66

77

88

知识点:平均数方程组
难度评级:1690
小提示:

设原列表有 nn 个整数,平均数为 mm,所以和为 mnmn

Let the list have nn integers with mean m,m, so the sum is mnmn

大提示:

将两次加入数字后的新和与新平均数分别写成方程。

Translate each appending into an equation for the new sum and mean

解答:

设原列表有 nn 个整数,平均数为 mm,则总和为 mnmn。加入 1515 后,(m+2)(n+1)=mn+15    m+2n=13 \begin{aligned} &(m + 2)(n + 1) \\ &= mn + 15 \\ &\implies m + 2n = 13 \end{aligned}\text{。}

再加入 11 后,(m+1)(n+2)=mn+16    2m+n=14 \begin{aligned} &(m + 1)(n + 2) \\ &= mn + 16 \\ &\implies 2m + n = 14 \end{aligned}\text{。}

解方程组 m+2n=13m + 2n = 132m+n=142m + n = 14,得 m=5m = 5n=4n = 4,所以原列表有四个整数。

所以正确答案是 A

Let the original list have nn integers with mean m,m, so its sum is mn.mn. Appending 1515 gives (m+2)(n+1)=mn+15    m+2n=13. \begin{aligned} &(m + 2)(n + 1) \\ &= mn + 15 \\ &\implies m + 2n = 13. \end{aligned}

Appending 11 to that enlarged list gives (m+1)(n+2)=mn+16    2m+n=14. \begin{aligned} &(m + 1)(n + 2) \\ &= mn + 16 \\ &\implies 2m + n = 14. \end{aligned}

Solving m+2n=13m + 2n = 13 and 2m+n=142m + n = 14 yields m=5m = 5 and n=4.n = 4.

Thus, the correct answer is A.