2002 AMC 10A 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

比值 102000+102002102001+102001\dfrac{10^{2000}+10^{2002}}{10^{2001}+10^{2001}} 最接近下列哪个数?

The ratio 102000+102002102001+102001\dfrac{10^{2000}+10^{2002}}{10^{2001}+10^{2001}} is closest to which of the following numbers?

0.10.1

0.20.2

11

55

1010

知识点:指数估算
难度评级:960
小提示:

从分子中提出 10200010^{2000}

Factor 10200010^{2000} out of the numerator

大提示:

分母等于 21020012\cdot 10^{2001}

The denominator equals 21020012\cdot 10^{2001}

解答:

提出公因式得 102000(1+100)2102001=10120=5.05\dfrac{10^{2000}(1+100)}{2\cdot 10^{2001}}=\dfrac{101}{20}=5.05\text{,}它最接近 55

所以正确答案是 D

Factoring gives 102000(1+100)2102001=10120=5.05,\dfrac{10^{2000}(1+100)}{2\cdot 10^{2001}}=\dfrac{101}{20}=5.05, which is closest to 5.5.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

2.

对非零数 aabbcc,定义 (a,b,c)=ab+bc+ca(a,b,c)=\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}\text{。}(2,12,9)(2,12,9)

For the nonzero numbers a,a, b,b, and c,c, define (a,b,c)=ab+bc+ca.(a,b,c)=\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}. Find (2,12,9).(2,12,9).

44

55

66

77

88

难度评级:960
小提示:

代入 a=2a=2b=12b=12c=9c=9

Substitute a=2,a=2, b=12,b=12, c=9c=9

大提示:

212+129+92\dfrac{2}{12}+\dfrac{12}{9}+\dfrac{9}{2} 通分相加。

Add 212+129+92\dfrac{2}{12}+\dfrac{12}{9}+\dfrac{9}{2} over a common denominator

解答:

(2,12,9)=212+129+92=16+43+92 \begin{aligned} (2,12,9) &= \dfrac{2}{12}+\dfrac{12}{9}+\dfrac{9}{2} \\ &= \dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{4}{3}+\dfrac{9}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}通分到分母 66,得到 1+8+276=366=6\dfrac{1+8+27}{6}=\dfrac{36}{6}=6

所以正确答案是 C

(2,12,9)=212+129+92=16+43+92. \begin{aligned} (2,12,9) &= \dfrac{2}{12}+\dfrac{12}{9}+\dfrac{9}{2} \\ &= \dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{4}{3}+\dfrac{9}{2}. \end{aligned} Over a denominator of 6,6, this is 1+8+276=366=6.\dfrac{1+8+27}{6}=\dfrac{36}{6}=6.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

按照指数运算的标准约定,2222=2(2(22))=216=65,5362^{2^{2^{2}}}=2^{\left(2^{\left(2^{2}\right)}\right)}=2^{16}=65{,}536\text{。}如果改变指数运算的执行顺序,还可能得到多少个其他值?

According to the standard convention for exponentiation, 2222=2(2(22))=216=65,536.2^{2^{2^{2}}}=2^{\left(2^{\left(2^{2}\right)}\right)}=2^{16}=65{,}536. If the order in which the exponentiations are performed is changed, how many other values are possible?

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:1190
小提示:

列出四个 22 组成的指数塔的五种加括号方式。

List the five ways to parenthesize a tower of four 22’s

大提示:

每种加括号方式的值都是 2162^{16}282^{8}

Every grouping evaluates to either 2162^{16} or 282^{8}

解答:

这个四层指数塔有五种加括号方式。其中 (22)(22)(2^2)^{\left(2^2\right)}(2(22))2\left(2^{\left(2^2\right)}\right)^2((22)2)2\left(\left(2^2\right)^2\right)^2 都等于 28=2562^{8}=256。另外两种都给出标准值 216=65,5362^{16}=65{,}536

所以只可能得到一个其他值,即 256256

所以正确答案是 B

There are five ways to parenthesize the tower. Three of them, (22)(22),(2^2)^{\left(2^2\right)}, (2(22))2,\left(2^{\left(2^2\right)}\right)^2, and ((22)2)2,\left(\left(2^2\right)^2\right)^2, all equal 28=256.2^{8}=256. The other two both give the standard value 216=65,536.2^{16}=65{,}536.

So exactly one other value, 256,256, is possible.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

有多少个正整数 mm 满足:存在至少一个正整数 nn,使得 mnm+nm\cdot n\le m+n

For how many positive integers mm does there exist at least one positive integer nn such that mnm+n?m\cdot n\le m+n?

44

66

99

1212

无穷多个

infinitely many

知识点:不等式小情形
难度评级:980
小提示:

试一个很小的正整数 nn

Try a very small positive value of nn

大提示:

看所得不等式是否对 mm 给出了任何上界。

See whether the resulting inequality places any upper bound on mm

解答:

n=1n=1。此时 m1m+1m\cdot 1\le m+1,也就是 mm+1m\le m+1,对每个正整数 mm 都成立。

所以每个正整数 mm 都符合条件,共有无穷多个。

所以正确答案是 E

Take n=1.n=1. Then m1m+1m\cdot 1\le m+1 becomes mm+1,m\le m+1, which holds for every positive integer m.m.

So every positive integer mm works, giving infinitely many.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

5.

图中每个小圆的半径都是一。最里面的圆与围绕它的六个圆相切,这六个圆中的每个又与大圆以及相邻的小圆相切。求阴影区域的面积。

Each of the small circles in the figure has radius one. The innermost circle is tangent to the six circles that surround it, and each of those circles is tangent to the large circle and to its small-circle neighbors. Find the area of the shaded region.

π\pi

1.5π1.5\pi

2π2\pi

3π3\pi

3.5π3.5\pi

知识点:相切圆圆面积
难度评级:1060
小提示:

大圆半径经过中心小圆,再加上外圈小圆的两个半径。

The large radius spans the center circle plus two more radii

大提示:

用大圆面积减去七个单位圆的面积。

Subtract the seven unit circles from the large circle

解答:

外圈小圆的圆心到中心的距离为 22,再加上它自己的半径 11,得到大圆半径为 33

大圆面积为 9π9\pi,七个单位圆总面积为 7π7\pi,所以阴影面积为 9π7π=2π9\pi-7\pi=2\pi

所以正确答案是 C

The center of a surrounding circle is 22 from the center (two radii), and adding its own radius 11 gives a large radius of 3.3.

The large circle has area 9π,9\pi, and the seven unit circles have total area 7π,7\pi, so the shaded region is 9π7π=2π.9\pi-7\pi=2\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

6.

老师要求 Cindy 从某个数中减去 33,再将结果除以 99。但她却先减去 99,再将结果除以 33,得到答案 4343。如果她按正确步骤计算,答案应是多少?

Cindy was asked by her teacher to subtract 33 from a certain number and then divide the result by 9.9. Instead, she subtracted 99 and then divided the result by 3,3, giving an answer of 43.43. What would her answer have been had she worked the problem correctly?

1515

3434

4343

5151

138138

难度评级:1120
小提示:

先从 Cindy 的错误步骤还原原数。

Recover the original number from Cindy’s incorrect steps

大提示:

解方程 x93=43\dfrac{x-9}{3}=43

Solve x93=43\dfrac{x-9}{3}=43

解答:

设原数为 xx。由 x93=43\dfrac{x-9}{3}=43,得 x9=129x-9=129,所以 x=138x=138

正确计算为 13839=1359=15\dfrac{138-3}{9}=\dfrac{135}{9}=15

所以正确答案是 A

Let xx be the number. Cindy computed x93=43,\dfrac{x-9}{3}=43, so x9=129x-9=129 and x=138.x=138.

The correct computation is 13839=1359=15.\dfrac{138-3}{9}=\dfrac{135}{9}=15.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

7.

若圆 AA4545^\circ 的弧长等于圆 BB3030^\circ 的弧长,则圆 AA 的面积与圆 BB 的面积之比为

If an arc of 4545^\circ on circle AA has the same length as an arc of 3030^\circ on circle B,B, then the ratio of the area of circle AA to the area of circle BB is

49\dfrac{4}{9}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

56\dfrac{5}{6}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

94\dfrac{9}{4}

难度评级:1190
小提示:

弧长为 θ3602πr\dfrac{\theta}{360}\cdot 2\pi r

Arc length is θ3602πr\dfrac{\theta}{360}\cdot 2\pi r

大提示:

弧长相等会给出 rArB\dfrac{r_A}{r_B}

Equal arc lengths give the ratio rArB\dfrac{r_A}{r_B}

解答:

弧长相等给出 453602πrA=303602πrB\dfrac{45}{360}\cdot 2\pi r_A=\dfrac{30}{360}\cdot 2\pi r_B,因此 45rA=30rB45 r_A=30 r_B,所以 rArB=23\dfrac{r_A}{r_B}=\dfrac{2}{3}

面积之比是 (rArB)2=49\left(\dfrac{r_A}{r_B}\right)^2=\dfrac{4}{9}

所以正确答案是 A

Equal arc lengths give 453602πrA=303602πrB,\dfrac{45}{360}\cdot 2\pi r_A=\dfrac{30}{360}\cdot 2\pi r_B, so 45rA=30rB45 r_A=30 r_B and rArB=23.\dfrac{r_A}{r_B}=\dfrac{2}{3}.

The ratio of areas is (rArB)2=49.\left(\dfrac{r_A}{r_B}\right)^2=\dfrac{4}{9}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

8.

Betsy 用蓝色三角形、小白色正方形和红色中心正方形设计了一面旗帜,如图所示。设 BB 为蓝色三角形总面积,WW 为白色正方形总面积,RR 为红色正方形面积。下列哪一项正确?

Betsy designed a flag using blue triangles, small white squares, and a red center square, as shown. Let BB be the total area of the blue triangles, WW the total area of the white squares, and RR the area of the red square. Which of the following is correct?

B=WB=W

W=RW=R

B=RB=R

3B=2R3B=2R

2R=W2R=W

难度评级:1270
小提示:

将整面旗帜切分成全等的直角三角形。

Cut the whole flag into congruent right triangles

大提示:

分别数出每种颜色由多少个这样的全等三角形组成。

Count how many of those congruent triangles fill each color

解答:

画出网格线和对角线,把旗帜分成全等的直角三角形。数一数可得蓝色区域有 2424 个,白色区域有 2424 个,红色区域有 1616 个。

因此 B=WB=W

所以正确答案是 A

Divide the flag into congruent right triangles by drawing the grid lines and diagonals. Counting gives 2424 triangles in the blue region, 2424 in the white region, and 1616 in the red region.

Hence B=W.B=W.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

9.

假设 AABBCC 是三个数,满足 1001C2002A=40041001C-2002A=40041001B+3003A=50051001B+3003A=5005。这三个数 AABBCC 的平均数是多少?

Suppose A,A, B,B, and CC are three numbers for which 1001C2002A=40041001C-2002A=4004 and 1001B+3003A=5005.1001B+3003A=5005. The average of the three numbers A,A, B,B, and CC is

11

33

66

99

不能唯一确定

not uniquely determined

知识点:方程组平均数
难度评级:1170
小提示:

将两个方程相加。

Add the two equations together

大提示:

和会化成 A+B+CA+B+C 的倍数。

The sum collapses to a multiple of A+B+CA+B+C

解答:

两个方程相加,得到 1001C2002A+1001B+3003A=1001A+1001B+1001C=9009 \begin{gathered} 1001C-2002A+1001B \\ {}+3003A \\ = 1001A+1001B+1001C \\ = 9009 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以 A+B+C=9A+B+C=9,平均数为 93=3\dfrac{9}{3}=3

所以正确答案是 B

Adding the equations, 1001C2002A+1001B+3003A=1001A+1001B+1001C=9009. \begin{gathered} 1001C-2002A+1001B \\ {}+3003A \\ = 1001A+1001B+1001C \\ = 9009. \end{gathered}

So A+B+C=9A+B+C=9 and the average is 93=3.\dfrac{9}{3}=3.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

求方程 (2x+3)(x4)(2x+3)(x-4) +(2x+3)(x6)=0+(2x+3)(x-6)=0 的所有根之和。

Compute the sum of all the roots of (2x+3)(x4)(2x+3)(x-4) +(2x+3)(x6)=0.+(2x+3)(x-6)=0.

72\dfrac{7}{2}

44

55

77

1313

难度评级:1120
小提示:

提出公因式 (2x+3)(2x+3)

Factor out the common (2x+3)(2x+3)

大提示:

在括号中合并 (x4)+(x6)(x-4)+(x-6)

Combine (x4)+(x6)(x-4)+(x-6) inside the bracket

解答:

因式分解得 (2x+3)[(x4)+(x6)]=(2x+3)(2x10)=0 \begin{gathered} (2x+3)\left[(x-4)+(x-6)\right] \\ = (2x+3)(2x-10) \\ = 0 \end{gathered}\text{。}

两个根为 32-\dfrac{3}{2}55,它们的和为 72\dfrac{7}{2}

所以正确答案是 A

Factoring, (2x+3)[(x4)+(x6)]=(2x+3)(2x10)=0. \begin{gathered} (2x+3)\left[(x-4)+(x-6)\right] \\ = (2x+3)(2x-10) \\ = 0. \end{gathered}

The roots are 32-\dfrac{3}{2} and 5,5, which sum to 72.\dfrac{7}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

11.

Jamal 想把 3030 个电脑文件存到软盘上,每张软盘容量为 1.441.44 兆字节(MB)。其中三个文件各需要 0.80.8 MB,另有 1212 个各需要 0.70.7 MB,剩下 1515 个各需要 0.40.4 MB。一个文件不能拆分到多张软盘上。最少需要多少张软盘?

Jamal wants to store 3030 computer files on floppy disks, each of which has a capacity of 1.441.44 megabytes (mb). Three of his files require 0.80.8 mb of memory each, 1212 more require 0.70.7 mb each, and the remaining 1515 require 0.40.4 mb each. No file can be split between floppy disks. What is the minimal number of floppy disks that will hold all the files?

1212

1313

1414

1515

1616

难度评级:1420
小提示:

一个 0.80.8 兆字节文件所在的软盘最多还能放一个 0.40.4 兆字节文件。

A 0.80.8 mb file leaves room for only one 0.40.4 mb file on its disk

大提示:

先计算三个 0.80.8 兆字节文件所在软盘上不可避免的浪费空间,再构造达到下界的装法。

Account for the wasted space on the three 0.80.8 mb disks, then build a packing that reaches the bound

解答:

文件总大小为 3(0.8)+12(0.7)+15(0.4)3(0.8)+12(0.7)+15(0.4) =16.8=16.8 兆字节。任何装有 0.80.8 兆字节文件的软盘,只能再放一个 0.40.4 兆字节文件,因为 0.8+0.7>1.440.8+0.7\gt 1.44。因此每张这样的软盘至少浪费 0.240.24 兆字节,三张共至少浪费 0.720.72 兆字节,有效需求至少为 16.8+0.72=17.5216.8+0.72=17.52 兆字节,所以至少需要 17.521.44=13\left\lceil\dfrac{17.52}{1.44}\right\rceil=13 张软盘。

这个数可以达到:33 张各放一个 0.80.8 兆字节文件和一个 0.40.4 兆字节文件;66 张各放两个 0.70.7 兆字节文件;44 张各放三个 0.40.4 兆字节文件。

所以正确答案是 B

The files need 3(0.8)+12(0.7)+15(0.4)3(0.8)+12(0.7)+15(0.4) =16.8=16.8 mb. On any disk holding a 0.80.8 mb file, only one 0.40.4 mb file fits alongside it (since 0.8+0.7>1.440.8+0.7\gt 1.44), leaving at least 0.240.24 mb wasted. Across the three such disks that is at least 0.720.72 mb, so the effective demand is at least 16.8+0.72=17.5216.8+0.72=17.52 mb, requiring at least 17.521.44=13\left\lceil\dfrac{17.52}{1.44}\right\rceil=13 disks.

This is achievable: 33 disks each hold one 0.80.8 file and one 0.40.4 file, 66 disks each hold two 0.70.7 files, and 44 disks each hold three 0.40.4 files.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

Earl E. Bird 先生每天早上正好在 8:008{:}00 离家上班。当他的平均速度为每小时 4040 英里时,会晚到三分钟;当平均速度为每小时 6060 英里时,会早到三分钟。Bird 先生应以多少英里每小时的平均速度行驶,才能准时到达?

Mr. Earl E. Bird leaves his house for work at exactly 8:008{:}00 A.M. every morning. When he averages 4040 miles per hour, he arrives at his workplace three minutes late. When he averages 6060 miles per hour, he arrives three minutes early. At what average speed, in miles per hour, should Mr. Bird drive to arrive at his workplace precisely on time?

4545

4848

5050

5555

5858

难度评级:1410
小提示:

设准时所需行驶时间为 tt 小时;三分钟是 0.050.05 小时。

Let tt be the on-time travel time in hours; three minutes is 0.050.05 hours

大提示:

两种情况下路程相同:40(t+0.05)=60(t0.05)40(t+0.05)=60(t-0.05)

The distance is the same both ways: 40(t+0.05)=60(t0.05)40(t+0.05)=60(t-0.05)

解答:

设准时所需时间为 tt 小时。题中的 33 分钟等于 0.050.05 小时,所以 40(t+0.05)=60(t0.05)40(t+0.05)=60(t-0.05)。化简得 40t+2=60t340t+2=60t-3,从而 t=0.25t=0.25

路程为 40(0.30)=1240(0.30)=12 英里,因此准时速度为 120.25=48\dfrac{12}{0.25}=48 英里每小时。

所以正确答案是 B

Let tt hours be the on-time travel time. Since 33 minutes is 0.050.05 hours, 40(t+0.05)=60(t0.05).40(t+0.05)=60(t-0.05). Then 40t+2=60t3,40t+2=60t-3, so t=0.25.t=0.25.

The distance is 40(0.30)=1240(0.30)=12 miles, so the required speed is 120.25=48\dfrac{12}{0.25}=48 mph.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

一个三角形的边长为 151520202525。求最短高的长度。

The sides of a triangle have lengths of 15,15, 20,20, and 25.25. Find the length of the shortest altitude.

66

1212

12.512.5

1313

1515

难度评级:1280
小提示:

检查 151520202525 是否构成直角三角形。

Check whether 15,15, 20,20, 2525 is a right triangle

大提示:

最短的高落在最长边上。

The shortest altitude is drawn to the longest side

解答:

因为 152+202=225+40015^2+20^2=225+400 =625=252=625=25^2,这是一个直角三角形,两条直角边为 15152020,面积为 12(15)(20)=150\dfrac{1}{2}(15)(20)=150

最短高对应最长边 2525,长度为 215025=12\dfrac{2\cdot 150}{25}=12

所以正确答案是 B

Since 152+202=225+40015^2+20^2=225+400 =625=252,=625=25^2, the triangle is right with legs 1515 and 20,20, and area 12(15)(20)=150.\dfrac{1}{2}(15)(20)=150.

The shortest altitude falls to the longest side 25,25, and equals 215025=12.\dfrac{2\cdot 150}{25}=12.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

二次方程 x263x+k=0x^2-63x+k=0 的两个根都是质数。kk 可能有多少个取值?

Both roots of the quadratic equation x263x+k=0x^2-63x+k=0 are prime numbers. The number of possible values of kk is

00

11

22

44

多于四个

more than four

难度评级:1310
小提示:

两个根的和为 6363,乘积为 kk

The roots sum to 6363 and multiply to kk

大提示:

两个质数的和为奇数,说明其中一个必须是 22

An odd sum of two primes forces one of them to be 22

解答:

设两个质数根为 ppqq,则 p+q=63p+q=63pq=kpq=k。因为 6363 是奇数,其中一个质数必须是 22,从而另一个是 6161,它也是质数。

因此 k=261=122k=2\cdot 61=122,所以只有这一个可能取值。

所以正确答案是 B

If the roots are primes pp and q,q, then p+q=63p+q=63 and pq=k.pq=k. Because 6363 is odd, one prime must be 2,2, making the other 61,61, which is prime.

So k=261=122k=2\cdot 61=122 is the only possible value.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

15.

用数字 1122334455667799 组成四个两位质数,每个数字恰好使用一次。这四个质数的和是多少?

The digits 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, and 99 are used to form four two-digit prime numbers, with each digit used exactly once. What is the sum of these four primes?

150150

160160

170170

180180

190190

知识点:质数数字位值
难度评级:1390
小提示:

两位质数不能以 22445566 结尾。

A two-digit prime cannot end in 2,2, 4,4, 5,5, or 66

大提示:

因此这四个数字必须放在十位。

Those four digits must therefore be the tens digits

解答:

两位质数不能以 22445566 结尾,所以这些数字必须是十位数字,而 11337799 是个位数字。

四个数的和为 10(2+4+5+6)10(2+4+5+6) +(1+3+7+9)+(1+3+7+9) =170+20=190=170+20=190。例如 {23,47,59,61}\{23,47,59,61\} 是一组可行构造。

所以正确答案是 E

A two-digit prime cannot end in 2,2, 4,4, 5,5, or 6,6, so these four are the tens digits and 1,1, 3,3, 7,7, and 99 are the units digits.

The sum is 10(2+4+5+6)10(2+4+5+6) +(1+3+7+9)+(1+3+7+9) =170+20=190.=170+20=190. One valid set is {23,47,59,61}.\{23,47,59,61\}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

16.

a+1a+1 =b+2=b+2 =c+3=c+3 =d+4=d+4 =a+b+c+d+5=a+b+c+d+5,则 a+b+c+da+b+c+d 等于多少?

If a+1a+1 =b+2=b+2 =c+3=c+3 =d+4=d+4 =a+b+c+d+5,=a+b+c+d+5, then a+b+c+da+b+c+d is

5-5

103-\dfrac{10}{3}

73-\dfrac{7}{3}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

55

知识点:方程组换元法
难度评级:1330
小提示:

令所有表达式都等于同一个值 kk

Set every expression equal to a single value kk

大提示:

kk 表示 aabbccdd,再相加。

Write a,a, b,b, c,c, dd in terms of kk and add them

解答:

设公共值为 kk。则 a=k1a=k-1b=k2b=k-2c=k3c=k-3d=k4d=k-4,所以 a+b+c+d=4k10a+b+c+d=4k-10

因为 a+b+c+d+5=ka+b+c+d+5=k,可得 4k10+5=k4k-10+5=k,所以 3k=53k=5k=53k=\dfrac{5}{3}。于是 a+b+c+d=k5a+b+c+d=k-5 =535=103=\dfrac{5}{3}-5=-\dfrac{10}{3},这就是所求值。

所以正确答案是 B

Let the common value be k.k. Then a=k1,a=k-1, b=k2,b=k-2, c=k3,c=k-3, d=k4,d=k-4, so a+b+c+d=4k10.a+b+c+d=4k-10.

Since a+b+c+d+5=k,a+b+c+d+5=k, we get 4k10+5=k,4k-10+5=k, so 3k=53k=5 and k=53.k=\dfrac{5}{3}. Then a+b+c+d=k5a+b+c+d=k-5 =535=103.=\dfrac{5}{3}-5=-\dfrac{10}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

Sarah 将四盎司咖啡倒入一个八盎司杯中,又将四盎司奶油倒入另一个同样大小的杯子。她把第一杯中一半的咖啡倒入第二杯,充分搅拌后,再把第二杯中一半的液体倒回第一杯。现在第一杯中的液体有几分之几是奶油?

Sarah pours four ounces of coffee into an eight-ounce cup and four ounces of cream into a second cup of the same size. She then transfers half the coffee from the first cup to the second and, after stirring thoroughly, transfers half the liquid in the second cup back to the first. What fraction of the liquid in the first cup is now cream?

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

38\dfrac{3}{8}

25\dfrac{2}{5}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

难度评级:1450
小提示:

每次转移后分别跟踪咖啡和奶油的盎司数。

Track ounces of coffee and cream after each transfer

大提示:

第二杯在第二次转移前已经充分混合。

The second cup is uniformly mixed before the second transfer

解答:

第一次转移 22 盎司咖啡后,第 11 杯有 22 盎司咖啡,第 22 杯有 22 盎司咖啡和 44 盎司奶油,共 66 盎司。

从第 22 杯倒回一半,即 33 盎司,其中含 11 盎司咖啡和 22 盎司奶油,留下第 11 杯有 33 盎司咖啡和 22 盎司奶油。奶油所占比例为 22+3=25\dfrac{2}{2+3}=\dfrac{2}{5}

所以正确答案是 D

After transferring 22 oz of coffee, cup 11 has 22 oz coffee and cup 22 has 22 oz coffee plus 44 oz cream, a total of 66 oz.

Transferring back half of cup 22 (that is 33 oz, consisting of 11 oz coffee and 22 oz cream) leaves cup 11 with 33 oz coffee and 22 oz cream. The fraction that is cream is 22+3=25.\dfrac{2}{2+3}=\dfrac{2}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

2727 个标准骰子粘成一个 3×3×33\times 3\times 3 的立方体。(标准骰子上任意一对相对面的点数之和为 77。)这个 3×3×33\times 3\times 3 大立方体表面露出的所有点数之和最小可能是多少?

A 3×3×33\times 3\times 3 cube is formed by gluing together 2727 standard cubical dice. (On a standard die, the sum of the numbers on any pair of opposite faces is 7.7.) The smallest possible sum of all the numbers showing on the surface of the 3×3×33\times 3\times 3 cube is

6060

7272

8484

9090

9696

难度评级:1540
小提示:

2727 个骰子分为角上、棱上、面中心和内部骰子。

Classify the 2727 dice as corner, edge, face-center, and interior dice

大提示:

分别让每个骰子露出的面点数最小:角上露 1+2+31+2+3,棱上露 1+21+2,面中心露 11

Minimize each die’s showing faces: corners show 1+2+3,1+2+3, edges show 1+2,1+2, face-centers show 11

解答:

88 个角上的骰子各露 33 个面,最小和为 1+2+3=61+2+3=6,贡献 86=488\cdot 6=48。另外 1212 个棱上骰子各露 22 个面,最小和为 1+2=31+2=3,贡献 123=3612\cdot 3=36

66 个面中心骰子各露 11 个面,最小是 11,贡献 66;内部骰子贡献 00。总和为 48+36+6=9048+36+6=90

所以正确答案是 D

The 88 corner dice show 33 faces each, minimized at 1+2+3=6,1+2+3=6, contributing 86=48.8\cdot 6=48. The 1212 edge dice show 22 faces, minimized at 1+2=3,1+2=3, contributing 123=36.12\cdot 3=36.

The 66 face-center dice show 11 face, minimized at 1,1, contributing 6,6, and the hidden interior die contributes 0.0. The total is 48+36+6=90.48+36+6=90.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

Spot 的狗屋有一个正六边形底面,每边长一码。他被一根两码长的绳子拴在一个顶点上。Spot 在狗屋外能到达的区域面积是多少平方码?

Spot’s doghouse has a regular hexagonal base that measures one yard on each side. He is tethered to a vertex with a two-yard rope. What is the area, in square yards, of the region outside the doghouse that Spot can reach?

23π\dfrac{2}{3}\pi

2π2\pi

52π\dfrac{5}{2}\pi

83π\dfrac{8}{3}\pi

3π3\pi

难度评级:1600
小提示:

正六边形的内角为 120120^\circ,所以在拴点处 Spot 可以扫过半径 22240240^\circ 扇形。

The interior angle of a regular hexagon is 120,120^\circ, so Spot sweeps 240240^\circ at radius 22

大提示:

绕过两个相邻顶点时,各剩 11 码绳长,可以扫过 6060^\circ 扇形。

Around each adjacent vertex the leftover 11 yard of rope sweeps a 6060^\circ sector

解答:

在拴点处,狗屋挡住了 120120^\circ 的内角,剩下半径为 22240240^\circ 扇形,面积为 240360π(2)2=8π3\dfrac{240}{360}\pi(2)^2=\dfrac{8\pi}{3}

绕过两个相邻顶点时,各剩 11 码绳长,每处扫过 6060^\circ 扇形,总面积为 260360π(1)2=π32\cdot\dfrac{60}{360}\pi(1)^2=\dfrac{\pi}{3}。总面积为 8π3+π3=3π\dfrac{8\pi}{3}+\dfrac{\pi}{3}=3\pi

所以正确答案是 E

At the tether vertex the hexagon blocks its 120120^\circ interior angle, leaving a 240240^\circ sector of radius 2:2: area 240360π(2)2=8π3.\dfrac{240}{360}\pi(2)^2=\dfrac{8\pi}{3}.

Wrapping around each of the two adjacent vertices, 11 yard of rope remains and sweeps a 6060^\circ sector: 260360π(1)2=π3.2\cdot\dfrac{60}{360}\pi(1)^2=\dfrac{\pi}{3}. The total is 8π3+π3=3π.\dfrac{8\pi}{3}+\dfrac{\pi}{3}=3\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

AABBCCDDEEFF 按此顺序位于线段 AF\overline{AF} 上,将其分成五段,每段长 11。点 GG 不在直线 AFAF 上。点 HH 位于 GD\overline{GD} 上,点 JJ 位于 GF\overline{GF} 上。线段 HC\overline{HC}JE\overline{JE}AG\overline{AG} 平行。求 HCJE\frac{HC}{JE}

Points A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, E,E, and FF lie, in that order, on AF,\overline{AF}, dividing it into five segments, each of length 1.1. Point GG is not on line AF.AF. Point HH lies on GD,\overline{GD}, and point JJ lies on GF.\overline{GF}. The line segments HC,\overline{HC}, JE,\overline{JE}, and AG\overline{AG} are parallel. Find HCJE.\frac{HC}{JE}.

54\dfrac{5}{4}

43\dfrac{4}{3}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

22

知识点:相似平行线
难度评级:1460
小提示:

DHCDGA\triangle DHC\sim\triangle DGA,可用 AGAG 表示 HCHC

DHCDGA\triangle DHC\sim\triangle DGA gives HCHC in terms of AGAG

大提示:

FJEFGA\triangle FJE\sim\triangle FGA,可用 AGAG 表示 JEJE

FJEFGA\triangle FJE\sim\triangle FGA gives JEJE in terms of AGAG

解答:

因为 HCAGHC\parallel AG,所以 DHCDGA\triangle DHC\sim\triangle DGA,于是 HCAG=DCDA=13\dfrac{HC}{AG}=\dfrac{DC}{DA}=\dfrac{1}{3},即 HC=AG3HC=\dfrac{AG}{3}

因为 JEAGJE\parallel AG,所以 FJEFGA\triangle FJE\sim\triangle FGA,于是 JEAG=FEFA=15\dfrac{JE}{AG}=\dfrac{FE}{FA}=\dfrac{1}{5},即 JE=AG5JE=\dfrac{AG}{5}

因此 HCJE=AG3AG5=53\dfrac{HC}{JE}=\dfrac{\frac{AG}{3}}{\frac{AG}{5}}=\dfrac{5}{3}

所以正确答案是 D

Since HCAG,HC\parallel AG, DHCDGA,\triangle DHC\sim\triangle DGA, so HCAG=DCDA=13,\dfrac{HC}{AG}=\dfrac{DC}{DA}=\dfrac{1}{3}, giving HC=AG3.HC=\dfrac{AG}{3}.

Since JEAG,JE\parallel AG, FJEFGA,\triangle FJE\sim\triangle FGA, so JEAG=FEFA=15,\dfrac{JE}{AG}=\dfrac{FE}{FA}=\dfrac{1}{5}, giving JE=AG5.JE=\dfrac{AG}{5}.

Therefore HCJE=AG3AG5=53.\dfrac{HC}{JE}=\dfrac{\frac{AG}{3}}{\frac{AG}{5}}=\dfrac{5}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

21.

一组八个整数的平均数、中位数、唯一众数和极差都等于 88。这组数中可能出现的最大整数是多少?

The mean, median, unique mode, and range of a collection of eight integers are all equal to 8.8. The largest integer that can be an element of this collection is

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

难度评级:1660
小提示:

八个整数的和为 6464,极差为 88 会把最大值和最小值联系起来。

The eight integers sum to 64,64, and a range of 88 ties the largest and smallest together

大提示:

检验较大的候选最大值,同时保持中位数和唯一众数都等于 88

Test the largest candidate values while keeping both the median and unique mode equal to 88

解答:

八个整数的和是 88=648\cdot 8=64。数列 666666888888881414 的平均数、中位数、唯一众数和极差都等于 88,所以最大值 1414 可以达到。

若最大值至少为 1616,极差条件会使最小值至少为 88。平均数为 88 就会迫使八个整数全都等于 88,与极差条件矛盾。

若最大值为 1515,极差 88 会使最小值为 77,所以八个整数都至少为 77。其余七个数的和是 6415=49=7764-15=49=7\cdot 7,迫使它们全都等于 77。但这样中位数和众数会是 77,而不是 88,矛盾。

所以正确答案是 D

The sum is 88=64.8\cdot 8=64. The collection 6,6, 6,6, 6,6, 8,8, 8,8, 8,8, 8,8, 1414 has mean, median, unique mode, and range all equal to 8,8, so 1414 is attainable.

If the largest were at least 16,16, the range condition would make the smallest at least 8.8. A mean of 88 would then force all eight integers to equal 8,8, contradicting the range.

If the largest were 15,15, the range 88 forces the smallest to be 7,7, so all eight integers are at least 7.7. The other seven then sum to 6415=49=77,64-15=49=7\cdot 7, forcing every one of them to equal 7.7. But then the median and mode would be 7,7, not 8,8, a contradiction.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

一组编号为 11100100 的瓷砖反复进行如下操作:移除所有编号为完全平方数的瓷砖,然后将剩余瓷砖从 11 开始重新连续编号。需要进行多少次操作,才能把瓷砖数量减少到一?

A set of tiles numbered 11 through 100100 is modified repeatedly by the following operation: remove all tiles numbered with a perfect square, and renumber the remaining tiles consecutively starting with 1.1. How many times must the operation be performed to reduce the number of tiles in the set to one?

1010

1111

1818

1919

2020

难度评级:1790
小提示:

n2n^2 块瓷砖开始,移除完全平方数后剩 n2nn^2-n 块。

Removing the perfect squares from n2n^2 tiles leaves n2nn^2-n tiles

大提示:

两次操作会把 n2n^2 块瓷砖减少到 (n1)2(n-1)^2 块。

Two operations take n2n^2 tiles down to (n1)2(n-1)^2

解答:

n2n^2 块瓷砖开始,一次操作会移除 nn 个完全平方编号,剩 n2nn^2-n 块。下一次操作会移除 n1n-1 个完全平方编号,剩 n2n(n1)=(n1)2n^2-n-(n-1)=(n-1)^2 块。

因此每两次操作会把 n2n^2 减到 (n1)2(n-1)^2。从 102=10010^2=100 减到 12=11^2=1,需要 2(101)=182(10-1)=18 次操作。

所以正确答案是 C

Starting from n2n^2 tiles, one operation removes the nn perfect squares, leaving n2n.n^2-n. The next operation removes n1n-1 perfect squares, leaving n2n(n1)=(n1)2.n^2-n-(n-1)=(n-1)^2.

So every two operations reduce n2n^2 to (n1)2.(n-1)^2. Going from 102=10010^2=100 down to 12=11^2=1 takes 2(101)=182(10-1)=18 operations.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

AABBCCDD 按此顺序位于一条直线上,且 AB=CDAB=CDBC=12BC=12。点 EE 不在这条直线上,并且 BE=CE=10BE=CE=10AED\triangle AED 的周长是 BEC\triangle BEC 周长的两倍。求 ABAB

Points A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD lie on a line, in that order, with AB=CDAB=CD and BC=12.BC=12. Point EE is not on the line, and BE=CE=10.BE=CE=10. The perimeter of AED\triangle AED is twice the perimeter of BEC.\triangle BEC. Find AB.AB.

152\dfrac{15}{2}

88

172\dfrac{17}{2}

99

192\dfrac{19}{2}

难度评级:1660
小提示:

MMBCBC 的中点;则 EMADEM\perp AD,且 EM=8EM=8

Let MM be the midpoint of BC;BC; then EMADEM\perp AD and EM=8EM=8

大提示:

AB=CD=xAB=CD=xAE=ED=yAE=ED=y,使用周长条件和勾股定理。

With AB=CD=xAB=CD=x and AE=ED=y,AE=ED=y, use the perimeter condition and the Pythagorean theorem

解答:

MMBCBC 的中点。因为 BE=CEBE=CE,所以 EMBCEM\perp BC,且 EM=10262=8EM=\sqrt{10^2-6^2}=8。由对称性 AE=EDAE=ED;设 AB=CD=xAB=CD=xAE=ED=yAE=ED=y

由周长条件,2y+(2x+12)2y+(2x+12) =2(10+10+12)=64=2(10+10+12)=64,所以 x+y=26x+y=26。勾股定理又给出 y2=EM2+(x+6)2y^2=EM^2+(x+6)^2 =64+(x+6)2=64+(x+6)^2

代入 y=26xy=26-x,得到 (26x)2=64+(x+6)2(26-x)^2=64+(x+6)^2,即 67652x=100+12x676-52x=100+12x,所以 64x=57664x=576,从而 x=9x=9

所以正确答案是 D

Let MM be the midpoint of BC.BC. Since BE=CE,BE=CE, EMBCEM\perp BC and EM=10262=8.EM=\sqrt{10^2-6^2}=8. By symmetry AE=ED;AE=ED; write AB=CD=xAB=CD=x and AE=ED=y.AE=ED=y.

The perimeter condition gives 2y+(2x+12)2y+(2x+12) =2(10+10+12)=64,=2(10+10+12)=64, so x+y=26.x+y=26. Also y2=EM2+(x+6)2y^2=EM^2+(x+6)^2 =64+(x+6)2.=64+(x+6)^2.

Substituting y=26x,y=26-x, (26x)2=64+(x+6)2,(26-x)^2=64+(x+6)^2, which simplifies to 67652x=100+12x,676-52x=100+12x, so 64x=57664x=576 and x=9.x=9.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

24.

Tina 从集合 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2,3,4,5\} 中随机选择两个不同的数,Sergio 从集合 {1,2,,10}\{1,2,\ldots,10\} 中随机选择一个数。Sergio 选的数大于 Tina 所选两个数之和的概率是多少?

Tina randomly selects two distinct numbers from the set {1,2,3,4,5},\{1,2,3,4,5\}, and Sergio randomly selects a number from the set {1,2,,10}.\{1,2,\ldots,10\}. The probability that Sergio’s number is larger than the sum of the two numbers chosen by Tina is

25\dfrac{2}{5}

920\dfrac{9}{20}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

1120\dfrac{11}{20}

2425\dfrac{24}{25}

难度评级:1900
小提示:

列出 Tina 能得到的十个可能和,以及每个和出现的次数。

List the ten possible sums Tina can make and how often each occurs

大提示:

若和为 ss,Sergio 的数大于它的概率为 10s10\dfrac{10-s}{10}

For a sum s,s, Sergio’s number exceeds it with probability 10s10\dfrac{10-s}{10}

解答:

Tina 的 1010 个等可能数对给出的和为 33445555666677778899。若和为 ss,Sergio 的数大于它的概率是 10s10\dfrac{10-s}{10}

对十个数对取平均,成功概率为 7+6+5+5+4+4+3+3+2+1100\small\dfrac{7+6+5+5+4+4+3+3+2+1}{100} =40100=25=\dfrac{40}{100}=\dfrac{2}{5}

所以正确答案是 A

Tina’s 1010 equally likely pairs give sums 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 5,5, 6,6, 6,6, 7,7, 7,7, 8,8, and 9.9. For a sum s,s, Sergio’s number exceeds it with probability 10s10.\dfrac{10-s}{10}.

Averaging the winning probability over the ten pairs, the total is 7+6+5+5+4+4+3+3+2+1100\small\dfrac{7+6+5+5+4+4+3+3+2+1}{100} =40100=25.=\dfrac{40}{100}=\dfrac{2}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

25.

在梯形 ABCDABCD 中,底边为 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD},且 AB=52AB=52BC=12BC=12CD=39CD=39DA=5DA=5。梯形 ABCDABCD 的面积是多少?

In trapezoid ABCDABCD with bases AB\overline{AB} and CD,\overline{CD}, we have AB=52,AB=52, BC=12,BC=12, CD=39,CD=39, and DA=5.DA=5. The area of ABCDABCD is

182182

195195

210210

234234

260260

难度评级:1790
小提示:

延长 DADACBCB,使它们交于一点 PP

Extend the legs DADA and CBCB until they meet at a point PP

大提示:

PDCPAB\triangle PDC\sim\triangle PAB,相似比为 3952=34\dfrac{39}{52}=\dfrac{3}{4}

PDCPAB\triangle PDC\sim\triangle PAB with ratio 3952=34\dfrac{39}{52}=\dfrac{3}{4}

解答:

延长 DADACBCB,交于 PP。因为 DCABDC\parallel AB,所以 PDCPAB\triangle PDC\sim\triangle PAB,相似比为 3952=34\dfrac{39}{52}=\dfrac{3}{4}。于是 PDPD+5=34\dfrac{PD}{PD+5}=\dfrac{3}{4},得 PD=15PD=15,同理 PC=36PC=36

于是 PD:PC:DC=15:36:39PD:PC:DC=15:36:39 =3(5:12:13)=3\cdot(5:12:13),所以 P\angle P 是直角。梯形 ABCDABCD 的面积为 12(PA)(PB)12(PD)(PC)=12(20)(48)12(15)(36)=480270=210 \begin{gathered} \dfrac{1}{2}(PA)(PB) \\ {}-\dfrac{1}{2}(PD)(PC) \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}(20)(48) \\ {}-\dfrac{1}{2}(15)(36) \\ = 480-270=210 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Extend DADA and CBCB to meet at P.P. Since DCAB,DC\parallel AB, PDCPAB\triangle PDC\sim\triangle PAB with ratio 3952=34.\dfrac{39}{52}=\dfrac{3}{4}. From PDPD+5=34\dfrac{PD}{PD+5}=\dfrac{3}{4} we get PD=15,PD=15, and similarly PC=36.PC=36.

Then PD:PC:DC=15:36:39PD:PC:DC=15:36:39 =3(5:12:13),=3\cdot(5:12:13), so P\angle P is a right angle. The area of ABCDABCD is 12(PA)(PB)12(PD)(PC)=12(20)(48)12(15)(36)=480270=210. \begin{gathered} \dfrac{1}{2}(PA)(PB) \\ {}-\dfrac{1}{2}(PD)(PC) \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}(20)(48) \\ {}-\dfrac{1}{2}(15)(36) \\ = 480-270=210. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is C.