2002 AMC 10A 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
3.
按照指数运算的标准约定,如果改变指数运算的执行顺序,还可能得到多少个其他值?
According to the standard convention for exponentiation, If the order in which the exponentiations are performed is changed, how many other values are possible?
小提示:
列出四个 组成的指数塔的五种加括号方式。
List the five ways to parenthesize a tower of four ’s
大提示:
每种加括号方式的值都是 或 。
Every grouping evaluates to either or
解答:
这个四层指数塔有五种加括号方式。其中 、、 都等于 。另外两种都给出标准值 。
所以只可能得到一个其他值,即 。
所以正确答案是 B。
There are five ways to parenthesize the tower. Three of them, and all equal The other two both give the standard value
So exactly one other value, is possible.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
4.
有多少个正整数 满足:存在至少一个正整数 ,使得 ?
For how many positive integers does there exist at least one positive integer such that
无穷多个
infinitely many
小提示:
试一个很小的正整数 。
Try a very small positive value of
大提示:
看所得不等式是否对 给出了任何上界。
See whether the resulting inequality places any upper bound on
解答:
取 。此时 ,也就是 ,对每个正整数 都成立。
所以每个正整数 都符合条件,共有无穷多个。
所以正确答案是 E。
Take Then becomes which holds for every positive integer
So every positive integer works, giving infinitely many.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
5.
图中每个小圆的半径都是一。最里面的圆与围绕它的六个圆相切,这六个圆中的每个又与大圆以及相邻的小圆相切。求阴影区域的面积。
Each of the small circles in the figure has radius one. The innermost circle is tangent to the six circles that surround it, and each of those circles is tangent to the large circle and to its small-circle neighbors. Find the area of the shaded region.
小提示:
大圆半径经过中心小圆,再加上外圈小圆的两个半径。
The large radius spans the center circle plus two more radii
大提示:
用大圆面积减去七个单位圆的面积。
Subtract the seven unit circles from the large circle
解答:
外圈小圆的圆心到中心的距离为 ,再加上它自己的半径 ,得到大圆半径为 。
大圆面积为 ,七个单位圆总面积为 ,所以阴影面积为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The center of a surrounding circle is from the center (two radii), and adding its own radius gives a large radius of
The large circle has area and the seven unit circles have total area so the shaded region is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
6.
老师要求 Cindy 从某个数中减去 ,再将结果除以 。但她却先减去 ,再将结果除以 ,得到答案 。如果她按正确步骤计算,答案应是多少?
Cindy was asked by her teacher to subtract from a certain number and then divide the result by Instead, she subtracted and then divided the result by giving an answer of What would her answer have been had she worked the problem correctly?
7.
若圆 上 的弧长等于圆 上 的弧长,则圆 的面积与圆 的面积之比为
If an arc of on circle has the same length as an arc of on circle then the ratio of the area of circle to the area of circle is
8.
Betsy 用蓝色三角形、小白色正方形和红色中心正方形设计了一面旗帜,如图所示。设 为蓝色三角形总面积, 为白色正方形总面积, 为红色正方形面积。下列哪一项正确?
Betsy designed a flag using blue triangles, small white squares, and a red center square, as shown. Let be the total area of the blue triangles, the total area of the white squares, and the area of the red square. Which of the following is correct?
小提示:
将整面旗帜切分成全等的直角三角形。
Cut the whole flag into congruent right triangles
大提示:
分别数出每种颜色由多少个这样的全等三角形组成。
Count how many of those congruent triangles fill each color
解答:
画出网格线和对角线,把旗帜分成全等的直角三角形。数一数可得蓝色区域有 个,白色区域有 个,红色区域有 个。
因此 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Divide the flag into congruent right triangles by drawing the grid lines and diagonals. Counting gives triangles in the blue region, in the white region, and in the red region.
Hence
Thus, the correct answer is A.
9.
假设 、、 是三个数,满足 和 。这三个数 、、 的平均数是多少?
Suppose and are three numbers for which and The average of the three numbers and is
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
10.
11.
Jamal 想把 个电脑文件存到软盘上,每张软盘容量为 兆字节(MB)。其中三个文件各需要 MB,另有 个各需要 MB,剩下 个各需要 MB。一个文件不能拆分到多张软盘上。最少需要多少张软盘?
Jamal wants to store computer files on floppy disks, each of which has a capacity of megabytes (mb). Three of his files require mb of memory each, more require mb each, and the remaining require mb each. No file can be split between floppy disks. What is the minimal number of floppy disks that will hold all the files?
小提示:
一个 兆字节文件所在的软盘最多还能放一个 兆字节文件。
A mb file leaves room for only one mb file on its disk
大提示:
先计算三个 兆字节文件所在软盘上不可避免的浪费空间,再构造达到下界的装法。
Account for the wasted space on the three mb disks, then build a packing that reaches the bound
解答:
文件总大小为 兆字节。任何装有 兆字节文件的软盘,只能再放一个 兆字节文件,因为 。因此每张这样的软盘至少浪费 兆字节,三张共至少浪费 兆字节,有效需求至少为 兆字节,所以至少需要 张软盘。
这个数可以达到: 张各放一个 兆字节文件和一个 兆字节文件; 张各放两个 兆字节文件; 张各放三个 兆字节文件。
所以正确答案是 B。
The files need mb. On any disk holding a mb file, only one mb file fits alongside it (since ), leaving at least mb wasted. Across the three such disks that is at least mb, so the effective demand is at least mb, requiring at least disks.
This is achievable: disks each hold one file and one file, disks each hold two files, and disks each hold three files.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
12.
Earl E. Bird 先生每天早上正好在 离家上班。当他的平均速度为每小时 英里时,会晚到三分钟;当平均速度为每小时 英里时,会早到三分钟。Bird 先生应以多少英里每小时的平均速度行驶,才能准时到达?
Mr. Earl E. Bird leaves his house for work at exactly A.M. every morning. When he averages miles per hour, he arrives at his workplace three minutes late. When he averages miles per hour, he arrives three minutes early. At what average speed, in miles per hour, should Mr. Bird drive to arrive at his workplace precisely on time?
小提示:
设准时所需行驶时间为 小时;三分钟是 小时。
Let be the on-time travel time in hours; three minutes is hours
大提示:
两种情况下路程相同:。
The distance is the same both ways:
解答:
设准时所需时间为 小时。题中的 分钟等于 小时,所以 。化简得 ,从而 。
路程为 英里,因此准时速度为 英里每小时。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let hours be the on-time travel time. Since minutes is hours, Then so
The distance is miles, so the required speed is mph.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
13.
一个三角形的边长为 、、。求最短高的长度。
The sides of a triangle have lengths of and Find the length of the shortest altitude.
小提示:
检查 、、 是否构成直角三角形。
Check whether is a right triangle
大提示:
最短的高落在最长边上。
The shortest altitude is drawn to the longest side
解答:
因为 ,这是一个直角三角形,两条直角边为 和 ,面积为 。
最短高对应最长边 ,长度为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since the triangle is right with legs and and area
The shortest altitude falls to the longest side and equals
Thus, the correct answer is B.
14.
二次方程 的两个根都是质数。 可能有多少个取值?
Both roots of the quadratic equation are prime numbers. The number of possible values of is
多于四个
more than four
小提示:
两个根的和为 ,乘积为 。
The roots sum to and multiply to
大提示:
两个质数的和为奇数,说明其中一个必须是 。
An odd sum of two primes forces one of them to be
解答:
设两个质数根为 、,则 ,。因为 是奇数,其中一个质数必须是 ,从而另一个是 ,它也是质数。
因此 ,所以只有这一个可能取值。
所以正确答案是 B。
If the roots are primes and then and Because is odd, one prime must be making the other which is prime.
So is the only possible value.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
15.
用数字 、、、、、、、 组成四个两位质数,每个数字恰好使用一次。这四个质数的和是多少?
The digits and are used to form four two-digit prime numbers, with each digit used exactly once. What is the sum of these four primes?
小提示:
两位质数不能以 、、、 结尾。
A two-digit prime cannot end in or
大提示:
因此这四个数字必须放在十位。
Those four digits must therefore be the tens digits
解答:
两位质数不能以 、、、 结尾,所以这些数字必须是十位数字,而 、、、 是个位数字。
四个数的和为 。例如 是一组可行构造。
所以正确答案是 E。
A two-digit prime cannot end in or so these four are the tens digits and and are the units digits.
The sum is One valid set is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
16.
17.
Sarah 将四盎司咖啡倒入一个八盎司杯中,又将四盎司奶油倒入另一个同样大小的杯子。她把第一杯中一半的咖啡倒入第二杯,充分搅拌后,再把第二杯中一半的液体倒回第一杯。现在第一杯中的液体有几分之几是奶油?
Sarah pours four ounces of coffee into an eight-ounce cup and four ounces of cream into a second cup of the same size. She then transfers half the coffee from the first cup to the second and, after stirring thoroughly, transfers half the liquid in the second cup back to the first. What fraction of the liquid in the first cup is now cream?
小提示:
每次转移后分别跟踪咖啡和奶油的盎司数。
Track ounces of coffee and cream after each transfer
大提示:
第二杯在第二次转移前已经充分混合。
The second cup is uniformly mixed before the second transfer
解答:
第一次转移 盎司咖啡后,第 杯有 盎司咖啡,第 杯有 盎司咖啡和 盎司奶油,共 盎司。
从第 杯倒回一半,即 盎司,其中含 盎司咖啡和 盎司奶油,留下第 杯有 盎司咖啡和 盎司奶油。奶油所占比例为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
After transferring oz of coffee, cup has oz coffee and cup has oz coffee plus oz cream, a total of oz.
Transferring back half of cup (that is oz, consisting of oz coffee and oz cream) leaves cup with oz coffee and oz cream. The fraction that is cream is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
18.
用 个标准骰子粘成一个 的立方体。(标准骰子上任意一对相对面的点数之和为 。)这个 大立方体表面露出的所有点数之和最小可能是多少?
A cube is formed by gluing together standard cubical dice. (On a standard die, the sum of the numbers on any pair of opposite faces is ) The smallest possible sum of all the numbers showing on the surface of the cube is
小提示:
将 个骰子分为角上、棱上、面中心和内部骰子。
Classify the dice as corner, edge, face-center, and interior dice
大提示:
分别让每个骰子露出的面点数最小:角上露 ,棱上露 ,面中心露 。
Minimize each die’s showing faces: corners show edges show face-centers show
解答:
个角上的骰子各露 个面,最小和为 ,贡献 。另外 个棱上骰子各露 个面,最小和为 ,贡献 。
个面中心骰子各露 个面,最小是 ,贡献 ;内部骰子贡献 。总和为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The corner dice show faces each, minimized at contributing The edge dice show faces, minimized at contributing
The face-center dice show face, minimized at contributing and the hidden interior die contributes The total is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
19.
Spot 的狗屋有一个正六边形底面,每边长一码。他被一根两码长的绳子拴在一个顶点上。Spot 在狗屋外能到达的区域面积是多少平方码?
Spot’s doghouse has a regular hexagonal base that measures one yard on each side. He is tethered to a vertex with a two-yard rope. What is the area, in square yards, of the region outside the doghouse that Spot can reach?
小提示:
正六边形的内角为 ,所以在拴点处 Spot 可以扫过半径 的 扇形。
The interior angle of a regular hexagon is so Spot sweeps at radius
大提示:
绕过两个相邻顶点时,各剩 码绳长,可以扫过 扇形。
Around each adjacent vertex the leftover yard of rope sweeps a sector
解答:
在拴点处,狗屋挡住了 的内角,剩下半径为 的 扇形,面积为 。
绕过两个相邻顶点时,各剩 码绳长,每处扫过 扇形,总面积为 。总面积为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
At the tether vertex the hexagon blocks its interior angle, leaving a sector of radius area
Wrapping around each of the two adjacent vertices, yard of rope remains and sweeps a sector: The total is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
20.
点 、、、、、 按此顺序位于线段 上,将其分成五段,每段长 。点 不在直线 上。点 位于 上,点 位于 上。线段 、 和 平行。求 。
Points and lie, in that order, on dividing it into five segments, each of length Point is not on line Point lies on and point lies on The line segments and are parallel. Find
21.
一组八个整数的平均数、中位数、唯一众数和极差都等于 。这组数中可能出现的最大整数是多少?
The mean, median, unique mode, and range of a collection of eight integers are all equal to The largest integer that can be an element of this collection is
小提示:
八个整数的和为 ,极差为 会把最大值和最小值联系起来。
The eight integers sum to and a range of ties the largest and smallest together
大提示:
检验较大的候选最大值,同时保持中位数和唯一众数都等于 。
Test the largest candidate values while keeping both the median and unique mode equal to
解答:
八个整数的和是 。数列 、、、、、、、 的平均数、中位数、唯一众数和极差都等于 ,所以最大值 可以达到。
若最大值至少为 ,极差条件会使最小值至少为 。平均数为 就会迫使八个整数全都等于 ,与极差条件矛盾。
若最大值为 ,极差 会使最小值为 ,所以八个整数都至少为 。其余七个数的和是 ,迫使它们全都等于 。但这样中位数和众数会是 ,而不是 ,矛盾。
所以正确答案是 D。
The sum is The collection has mean, median, unique mode, and range all equal to so is attainable.
If the largest were at least the range condition would make the smallest at least A mean of would then force all eight integers to equal contradicting the range.
If the largest were the range forces the smallest to be so all eight integers are at least The other seven then sum to forcing every one of them to equal But then the median and mode would be not a contradiction.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
22.
一组编号为 到 的瓷砖反复进行如下操作:移除所有编号为完全平方数的瓷砖,然后将剩余瓷砖从 开始重新连续编号。需要进行多少次操作,才能把瓷砖数量减少到一?
A set of tiles numbered through is modified repeatedly by the following operation: remove all tiles numbered with a perfect square, and renumber the remaining tiles consecutively starting with How many times must the operation be performed to reduce the number of tiles in the set to one?
小提示:
从 块瓷砖开始,移除完全平方数后剩 块。
Removing the perfect squares from tiles leaves tiles
大提示:
两次操作会把 块瓷砖减少到 块。
Two operations take tiles down to
解答:
从 块瓷砖开始,一次操作会移除 个完全平方编号,剩 块。下一次操作会移除 个完全平方编号,剩 块。
因此每两次操作会把 减到 。从 减到 ,需要 次操作。
所以正确答案是 C。
Starting from tiles, one operation removes the perfect squares, leaving The next operation removes perfect squares, leaving
So every two operations reduce to Going from down to takes operations.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
23.
点 、、、 按此顺序位于一条直线上,且 、。点 不在这条直线上,并且 。 的周长是 周长的两倍。求 。
Points and lie on a line, in that order, with and Point is not on the line, and The perimeter of is twice the perimeter of Find
小提示:
设 是 的中点;则 ,且 。
Let be the midpoint of then and
大提示:
令 、,使用周长条件和勾股定理。
With and use the perimeter condition and the Pythagorean theorem
解答:
设 是 的中点。因为 ,所以 ,且 。由对称性 ;设 、。
由周长条件, ,所以 。勾股定理又给出 。
代入 ,得到 ,即 ,所以 ,从而 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let be the midpoint of Since and By symmetry write and
The perimeter condition gives so Also
Substituting which simplifies to so and
Thus, the correct answer is D.
24.
Tina 从集合 中随机选择两个不同的数,Sergio 从集合 中随机选择一个数。Sergio 选的数大于 Tina 所选两个数之和的概率是多少?
Tina randomly selects two distinct numbers from the set and Sergio randomly selects a number from the set The probability that Sergio’s number is larger than the sum of the two numbers chosen by Tina is
小提示:
列出 Tina 能得到的十个可能和,以及每个和出现的次数。
List the ten possible sums Tina can make and how often each occurs
大提示:
若和为 ,Sergio 的数大于它的概率为 。
For a sum Sergio’s number exceeds it with probability
解答:
Tina 的 个等可能数对给出的和为 、、、、、、、、、。若和为 ,Sergio 的数大于它的概率是 。
对十个数对取平均,成功概率为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Tina’s equally likely pairs give sums and For a sum Sergio’s number exceeds it with probability
Averaging the winning probability over the ten pairs, the total is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
25.
在梯形 中,底边为 和 ,且 、、、。梯形 的面积是多少?
In trapezoid with bases and we have and The area of is
小提示:
延长 和 ,使它们交于一点 。
Extend the legs and until they meet at a point
大提示:
,相似比为 。
with ratio
解答:
延长 和 ,交于 。因为 ,所以 ,相似比为 。于是 ,得 ,同理 。
于是 ,所以 是直角。梯形 的面积为
所以正确答案是 C。
Extend and to meet at Since with ratio From we get and similarly
Then so is a right angle. The area of is
Thus, the correct answer is C.