1987 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
等于
equals
小提示:
将第一个二项式的每一项分别与第二个二项式相乘
Distribute each term of the first binomial across the second
大提示:
乘积 给出次数最高的项
The product contributes the highest-degree term
解答:
展开得
所以正确答案是 D。
Expanding gives
Thus the correct answer is D.
2.
如图,从等边三角形上切去一个满足 的三角形顶角。原等边三角形为 ,边长为 。剩余四边形 的周长为
As shown in the figure, a triangular corner with side lengths is cut from equilateral triangle of side length The perimeter of the remaining quadrilateral is
小提示:
确定 与 的夹角
Determine the angle between and
大提示:
从原周长出发,减去 和 ,再加上
Start from the original perimeter, remove and and add
解答:
由于 ,且 ,所以三角形 是等边三角形,从而 。原周长为 。切去这个顶角会去掉两条单位线段,并增加一条单位线段:
所以正确答案是 E。
Since and triangle is equilateral, so The original perimeter is Cutting off the corner removes two unit segments and adds one:
Thus the correct answer is E.
3.
小于 且个位数字为 的质数有多少个?(假设采用通常的 进制表示。)
How many primes less than have as the ones digit? (Assume the usual base representation.)
小提示:
列出所有小于 且个位数字为 的正整数
List every positive integer below whose ones digit is
大提示:
检验小于 的数是否为质数时,只需试除不超过其平方根的质数
For numbers below trial division only requires primes through their square roots
解答:
这些质数为 其余候选数 和 均为合数。因此,这样的质数共有 个。
所以正确答案是 C。
The primes are The other candidates are composite: and Hence there are such primes.
Thus the correct answer is C.
4.
等于
equals
小提示:
将 的每个负整数次幂改写成倒数
Rewrite every negative power of as a reciprocal
大提示:
比较分子与分母中的对应项,找出它们的公因数关系
Compare corresponding numerator and denominator terms by a common factor
解答:
分子为 而分母为 两者之商为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The numerator is while the denominator is Their quotient is
Thus the correct answer is B.
5.
一名学生记录了一组测量值的精确百分比频数分布,如下表所示。然而,学生忘记标明测量值的总数 。 的最小可能值是多少?
测量值 百分比频数
A student recorded the exact percentage frequency distribution for a set of measurements, as shown below. However, the student neglected to indicate the total number of measurements. What is the smallest possible value of
measured value percent frequency
小提示:
将每个非零百分比写成总数的最简分数
Express each nonzero percentage as a reduced fraction of the total
大提示:
由此得到的每个频数都必须是整数
Every resulting frequency must be a whole number
解答:
由于 ,总数 必须能被 整除。取 时,各频数为 ,均为整数。因此,最小可能总数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since the total must be divisible by Taking gives frequencies all whole numbers. Thus the smallest possible total is
Therefore the correct answer is B.
6.
在图示的 中, 是一个内点,、、、 表示各角的度数。求 ,并用 、、 表示。
In the shown, is some interior point, and are the measures of angles in degrees. Solve for in terms of and
小提示:
设在 和 处、位于三角形 内的两个未标出的角
Name the two unlabelled angles at and inside triangle
大提示:
用 的内角和与 的内角和相减
Subtract the angle sum of from that of
解答:
设三角形 在 和 处未标出的角分别为 和 。则 三角形 的内角和给出 两式相减,得到 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let the unlabelled angles of triangle at and be and Then The angle sum of triangle gives Subtracting yields so
Thus the correct answer is A.
7.
若 ,则 、、、 这四个量中最大的是哪一个?
If which of the four quantities is the largest?
没有一个量总是最大
no one is always largest
小提示:
令四个式子都等于同一个值
Set all four expressions equal to one common value
大提示:
将每个变量表示成这个公共值加上或减去一个常数
Solve each variable as the common value plus or minus a constant
解答:
若公共值为 ,则 因此, 总是最大的。
所以正确答案是 C。
If the common value is then Therefore is always the largest.
Thus the correct answer is C.
8.
图中,距离 与 之和
In the figure the sum of the distances and is
在 与 之间
between and
在 与 之间
between and
在 与 之间
between and
小提示:
利用 -- 直角三角形求出
Use the -- right triangle to find
大提示:
从 到 的水平位移和竖直位移分别为 和
The horizontal and vertical displacements from to are and
解答:
三角形 是一个 -- 直角三角形,所以 。从 到 的水平位移为 ,竖直位移为 ,因此 由于 ,所以 在 与 之间。
所以正确答案是 C。
Triangle is a -- right triangle, so From to the horizontal displacement is and the vertical displacement is hence Since the sum is between and
Thus the correct answer is C.
9.
一个等差数列的前四项为 、、、。 与 之比为
The first four terms of an arithmetic sequence are The ratio of to is
小提示:
用 和公差写出全部四项
Write all four terms using and a common difference
大提示:
利用第二项 与第四项 之间的方程
Use the equation relating the second term to the fourth term
解答:
设公差为 。则 ,且 。因此 所以 ,且 。因此 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the common difference be Then and Thus so and Therefore
Thus the correct answer is B.
10.
由非零实数组成的有序三元组 中,满足每个数都等于另外两个数之积的有多少个?
How many ordered triples of nonzero real numbers have the property that each number is the product of the other two?
小提示:
将条件写成
Translate the condition into
大提示:
将三个方程相乘,并利用变量非零的条件确定其绝对值
Multiply the equations and use the nonzero condition to determine the possible magnitudes
解答:
将 相乘,得到 由于变量都不为零,所以 。此外,,所以每个变量都是 或 。乘积为 时,要么没有负号,要么恰有两个负号,因此共有 个有序三元组。
所以正确答案是 D。
Multiplying gives Since none of the variables is zero, Also so each variable is or Product allows either no negative signs or exactly two, giving ordered triples.
Thus the correct answer is D.
11.
设 为常数。联立方程 的解 位于第一象限的充要条件是
Let be a constant. The simultaneous equations have a solution inside Quadrant I if and only if
小提示:
先解出 与 ,再用 表示
Solve the two equations for and in terms of
大提示:
位于第一象限要求两个坐标都严格为正
Quadrant I requires both coordinates to be strictly positive
解答:
解方程组得 条件 要求 。在分母为正的情况下, 等价于 。因此 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Solving the system gives The condition requires With this positive denominator, is equivalent to Hence
Thus the correct answer is E.
12.
在一间办公室里,老板一天中不时给秘书一封信让其打字,每次都把新信放在秘书收件箱中信堆的最上面。秘书有空时,就取出最上面的一封信打字。假设共有五封信,老板按 、、、、 的顺序送来。下列哪一个顺序不可能是秘书的打字顺序?
In an office, at various times during the day the boss gives the secretary a letter to type, each time putting the letter on top of the pile in the secretary’s in-box. When there is time, the secretary takes the top letter off the pile and types it. If there are five letters in all, and the boss delivers them in the order which of the following could not be the order in which the secretary types them?
,,,,
,,,,
,,,,
,,,,
,,,,
小提示:
仍在信堆中的信,从下到上始终按编号递增排列
Letters still in the pile always remain in increasing order from bottom to top
大提示:
打完信 后,考察在打信 之前哪一封编号更小的信必定位于最上面
After letter is typed, examine which smaller letter must be on top before can be typed
解答:
要使选项 D 中的 最先打完,信 必须都已送到;信堆中紧邻下面的 会在取出 后留在最上面。此时可以送来并打完信 ,但 仍在 的上面,所以接下来不可能打信 。因此, 是不可能的顺序。其余每个所列顺序都可以通过交错安排送信和打字来实现。
所以正确答案是 D。
To type first in choice D, letters must all have been delivered, leaving on top after is removed. Letter can then be delivered and typed, but is still above so cannot be typed next. Thus is impossible. Each other listed order can be produced by interleaving deliveries and typings.
Therefore the correct answer is D.
13.
一条宽 厘米的长纸带共绕 圈,所绕硬纸筒的直径为 厘米,最终形成直径为 厘米的收银机纸卷。估算纸带的长度(单位为米)。(把这张纸看成 个同心圆,其直径从 厘米到 厘米等间距排列。)
A long piece of paper cm wide is made into a roll for cash registers by wrapping it times around a cardboard tube of diameter cm, forming a roll cm in diameter. Approximate the length of the paper in meters. (Pretend the paper forms concentric circles with diameters evenly spaced from cm to cm.)
小提示:
这 个直径组成一个等差数列
The diameters form an arithmetic sequence
大提示:
利用平均直径求出全部 个圆周长之和
Use the average diameter to find the sum of all circumferences
解答:
首末直径的平均值为 因此,总长度约为 厘米,即 米。
所以正确答案是 A。
The average of the first and last diameters is Hence the total length is approximately cm, or meters.
Thus the correct answer is A.
14.
是正方形, 和 分别是 和 的中点。则
is a square and and are the midpoints of and respectively. Then
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
为正方形建立坐标,并写出向量 和
Assign coordinates to the square and write vectors and
大提示:
利用行列式公式求两个向量夹角的正弦
Use the determinant formula for the sine of the angle between two vectors
解答:
设正方形边长为 ,并取 、。则
所以正确答案是 B。
Take the square to have side with and Then
Thus the correct answer is B.
15.
若 是方程组 的一个解,求 。
If is a solution to the system find
小提示:
利用 分解第二个方程的左边
Factor the second equation using
大提示:
使用
Use
解答:
第二个方程可化为 由于 ,得到 。因此
所以正确答案是 D。
The second equation becomes Since we get Therefore
Thus the correct answer is D.
16.
一位密码学家设计了如下正整数编码方法。首先,将整数表示成 进制。其次,建立 对 的对应关系,把 进制表示中出现的数字与集合 的元素对应起来。利用这一对应关系,密码学家发现,连续三个递增整数依次编码为 、、。用 进制表示编码为 的整数,结果是多少?
A cryptographer devises the following method for encoding positive integers. First, the integer is expressed in base Second, a -to- correspondence is established between the digits that appear in the expressions in base and the elements of the set Using this correspondence, the cryptographer finds that three consecutive integers in increasing order are coded as respectively. What is the base- expression for the integer coded as
小提示:
比较 与 的末位数字
Compare the final digits of and
大提示:
从 变为 时必定发生了 进制进位
The change from to forces a base- carry
解答:
由于 比 大一, 所对应的数字比 所对应的数字大一。下一次递增使 变为 ,所以 、。进位使 变为 ,从而 。因此
所以正确答案是 D。
Because is one more than the digit for is one more than the digit for The next increment changes to so and The carry changes to leaving Thus
Thus the correct answer is D.
17.
在一次数学竞赛中,比尔与迪克的分数之和等于安与卡萝尔的分数之和。如果交换比尔与卡萝尔的分数,安与卡萝尔的分数之和将超过另外两人的分数之和。此外,迪克的分数超过比尔与卡萝尔的分数之和。假设所有分数均为非负数,求四名选手从高到低的名次顺序。
In a mathematics competition, the sum of the scores of Bill and Dick equalled the sum of the scores of Ann and Carol. If the scores of Bill and Carol had been interchanged, then the sum of the scores of Ann and Carol would have exceeded the sum of the scores of the other two. Also, Dick’s score exceeded the sum of the scores of Bill and Carol. Determine the order in which the four contestants finished, from highest to lowest. Assume all scores were nonnegative.
迪克、安、卡萝尔、比尔
Dick, Ann, Carol, Bill
迪克、安、比尔、卡萝尔
Dick, Ann, Bill, Carol
迪克、卡萝尔、比尔、安
Dick, Carol, Bill, Ann
安、迪克、卡萝尔、比尔
Ann, Dick, Carol, Bill
安、迪克、比尔、卡萝尔
Ann, Dick, Bill, Carol
小提示:
按姓名顺序用 表示四人的分数
Represent the four scores by in name order
大提示:
将等式 与不等式 相加和相减
Add and subtract the equality and the inequality
解答:
设 分别表示安、比尔、卡萝尔、迪克的分数。条件为 将前两个比较关系相加,得到 。用不等式减去等式,得到 。最后,。因此
所以正确答案是 E。
Let be the scores of Ann, Bill, Carol, and Dick. The conditions are Adding the first two comparisons gives Subtracting the equality from the inequality gives Finally, Hence
Thus the correct answer is E.
18.
某书架恰好可由 本代数书(厚度均相同)与 本几何书(厚度均相同,且比代数书厚)共同放满。另有 本代数书与 本几何书也能放满同一书架。最后,单独用 本代数书也能放满这个书架。已知 、、、、 是互不相同的正整数,则 为
It takes algebra books (all the same thickness) and geometry books (all the same thickness, which is greater than that of an algebra book) to completely fill a certain shelf. Also, of the algebra books and of the geometry books would fill the same shelf. Finally, of the algebra books alone would fill this shelf. Given that are distinct positive integers, it follows that is
小提示:
设两种书的厚度分别为 和 ,并将书架长度定为
Let and be the two book thicknesses and normalize the shelf length to
大提示:
从 与 中消去几何书的厚度
Eliminate the geometry-book thickness from and
解答:
令书架长度为 ,代数书和几何书的厚度分别为 。则 将第一个方程乘以 ,第二个方程乘以 ,再相减,得到 因此
所以正确答案是 D。
Let the shelf length be and let be the algebra- and geometry-book thicknesses. Then Multiplying the first equation by the second by and subtracting gives Hence
Thus the correct answer is D.
19.
下列哪个数最接近 ?
Which of the following is closest to
小提示:
将两个平方根之差有理化
Rationalize the difference of the two square roots
大提示:
将 与 比较,以判断结果位于 的哪一侧
Compare with to decide which side of the result lies on
解答:
有理化得 分母小于 ,因为它的平方为 。所以该值大于 。此外,两个根式都大于 ,所以该值小于 。因此,它与 的距离小于与其他任何选项的距离。
所以正确答案是 B。
Rationalizing gives The denominator is less than because its square is Thus the value is greater than Also each radical exceeds so the value is less than It is therefore closer to than to any other choice.
Thus the correct answer is B.
20.
计算
Evaluate
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
将角度为 的项与角度为 的项配对
Pair the term at angle with the term at angle
大提示:
合并对数前,先利用
Use before combining logarithms
解答:
对每个 ,因此,每一对对数之和都为 。剩下的中间项为 。所以整个和为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
For each Thus each paired sum of logarithms is The remaining middle term is Hence the whole sum is
Thus the correct answer is A.
21.
在一个给定的等腰直角三角形中内接正方形,有两种自然的方式。若按下图 所示的方式内接,则正方形的面积为 。问面积以 为单位时,在同一个 中按下图 所示方式内接的正方形面积是多少?
There are two natural ways to inscribe a square in a given isosceles right triangle. If it is done as in Figure below, then one finds that the area of the square is What is the area (in ) of the square inscribed in the same as shown in Figure below?
小提示:
利用图 求出这个等腰直角三角形的直角边长
Use Figure to determine the leg length of the isosceles right triangle
大提示:
在图 中,比较倾斜正方形的边长与其对边在两条等长直角边上截出的线段
In Figure compare the side of the tilted square with the two equal leg segments cut off by its opposite side
解答:
第一个正方形的边长为 ,所以三角形的两条直角边长均为 。设倾斜正方形的边长为 。位于斜边上的那条边与连接两条直角边的对边平行。这条对边的两个端点为 和 ,所以 。平行直线 与 之间的距离也等于 ,因此 由此 ,正方形的面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The first square has side so the triangle’s legs have length Let be the side of the tilted square. Its side on the hypotenuse is parallel to the opposite side joining the legs. That opposite side has endpoints and so The distance between the parallel lines and is also giving Hence and its area is
Thus the correct answer is B.
22.
湖面结冰时,一个球正漂浮在湖中。取出这个球时没有破坏冰面,留下的洞在冰面处宽 厘米、深 厘米。这个球的半径是多少厘米?
A ball was floating in a lake when the lake froze. The ball was removed (without breaking the ice), leaving a hole cm across at the top and cm deep. What was the radius of the ball (in centimeters)?
小提示:
取一个经过圆形洞中心的竖直截面
Take a vertical cross-section through the center of the circular hole
大提示:
半弦长为 ,而球心到冰面的距离为
The half-chord is while the center-to-ice distance is
解答:
在竖直截面中,宽 厘米的洞的一半是一条长为 的弦段。若球的半径为 ,则球心到冰面的距离为 。由此形成的直角三角形满足 解得 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
In a vertical cross-section, half the -cm hole is a chord segment of length If the sphere radius is the distance from its center to the ice plane is The resulting right triangle gives Solving yields so
Thus the correct answer is C.
23.
若 是质数,且方程 的两个根都是整数,则
If is a prime and both roots of are integers, then
小提示:
对于整数根 ,将方程改写为
For an integer root rewrite the equation as
大提示:
由于 是质数,可令 ,再分解
Since is prime, write and factor
解答:
整数根满足 因此 能被 整除,令 。代入可得 连续两个整数的乘积这一条件只有在 时成立,此时 或 。两个根是 和 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
An integer root satisfies Thus is divisible by so write Substitution gives The consecutive product condition works only with for which or The roots are and so
Thus the correct answer is D.
24.
有多少个多项式函数 的次数 ,且满足
How many polynomial functions of degree satisfy
有限多个,但多于 个
finitely many but more than
无限多个
infinitely many
小提示:
比较这三个多项式的次数和首项系数
Compare the degrees and leading coefficients of the three polynomials
大提示:
证明 是首一二次多项式后,在 中比较各项系数
After proving is a monic quadratic, compare coefficients in
解答:
设 的次数为 ,首项系数为 。三个表达式的次数分别为 ,所以 ,从而 。比较 两边的首项系数,得到 ,因此 。
令 。那么 三次项系数迫使 ,随后二次项系数迫使 。因此唯一可能的函数是 ,而它确实使三个表达式都相等。所以恰有一个这样的函数。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let have degree and leading coefficient The three expressions have degrees so and therefore Comparing leading coefficients in gives hence
Write Then The cubic coefficient forces and then the quadratic coefficient forces Thus the only candidate is which indeed satisfies all three expressions. There is exactly one function.
Thus the correct answer is B.
25.
是一个三角形,其中 、,且点 的两个坐标都是整数。 的面积最小可以是多少?
is a triangle: and both the coordinates of are integers. What is the minimum area can have?
不存在最小值
there is no minimum
小提示:
令 ,并使用三角形面积的行列式公式
Write and use the determinant formula for triangle area
大提示:
求出 的最小正值时,利用
Find the smallest positive value of using
解答:
对于 ,三角形的面积为 因为 ,所以行列式的最小正值至少是 。这个值确实可以取得,例如取 ,就有 。因此最小面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
For the area is Since the smallest possible positive value of the determinant is at least It is attained, for example, by since Therefore the minimum area is
Thus the correct answer is C.
26.
把 均匀随机地分成两个非负实数,例如分成 与 ,或分成 与 。然后把每个数四舍五入到最接近的整数。例如在第一种情形中得到 与 ,在第二种情形中得到 与 。这两个整数之和为 的概率是多少?
The amount is split into two nonnegative real numbers uniformly at random, for instance, into and or into and Then each number is rounded to its nearest integer, for instance, and in the first case above, and in the second. What is the probability that the two integers sum to
小提示:
令第一个数为 ,它在 上均匀分布
Let the first number be uniformly distributed on
大提示:
找出使 与 四舍五入后所得整数之和为 的区间
Find the intervals on which and round to integers whose sum is
解答:
令第一部分为 ,则第二部分为 。忽略概率为零的端点,四舍五入后的两个数之和恰为 的条件是 这两个区间的总长度为 ,而样本区间的长度为 。因此所求概率为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the first part be so the second is Ignoring endpoints of probability zero, the rounded values sum to exactly when These intervals have total length out of a sample interval of length The probability is therefore
Thus the correct answer is B.
27.
一块立方体奶酪 沿平面 、 和 切开。共得到多少块?(三刀全部切完之前,不移动奶酪。)
A cube of cheese is cut along the planes and How many pieces are there? (No cheese is moved until all three cuts are made.)
小提示:
在同一块中, 的相对大小次序不会改变
Within one piece, the relative order of cannot change
大提示:
数出三个互不相同的坐标共有多少种严格排序
Count the strict orderings of three distinct coordinates
解答:
这三个平面恰好是两个坐标相等时的分界面。在这些平面之外,每一块都由 的一种严格排序决定,例如 。 种排序中的每一种都会在立方体内部出现,所以共有 块。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The three planes are precisely the boundaries where two coordinates are equal. Away from them, each piece is determined by a strict ordering of such as Every one of the orderings occurs inside the cube, so there are pieces.
Thus the correct answer is B.
28.
设 、、、 为实数。假设方程 的所有根都是复数,并且都位于复平面上以 为圆心、半径为 的圆上。所有根的倒数之和必定为
Let be real numbers. Suppose that all the roots of are complex numbers lying on a circle in the complex plane centered at and having radius The sum of the reciprocals of the roots is necessarily
小提示:
对于单位圆上的复数 ,比较 与
For a complex number on the unit circle, compare with
大提示:
多项式的系数都是实数,因此所有根的和是实数
Real polynomial coefficients make the sum of the roots real
解答:
若 ,则 。所以所有根的倒数之和,就是所有根之和的共轭。根据韦达定理,所有根之和为 ,这是实数,其共轭仍为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
If then Therefore the sum of the reciprocals is the conjugate of the sum of the roots. By Vieta’s formulas, the sum of the roots is which is real. Its conjugate is still
Thus the correct answer is D.
29.
数列递归定义如下:;当 时,(此时 为偶数),而 (此时 为奇数)。已知 ,则 的各位数字之和为
Consider the sequence of numbers defined recursively by and for by when is even and by when is odd. Given that the sum of the digits of is
小提示:
大于 的数值来自偶数下标;介于 与 之间的数值来自奇数下标
Values greater than come from even indices; values between and come from odd indices
大提示:
反向运用递推关系:对大于 的数值减去 ,对小于 的数值取倒数
Reverse the recursion by subtracting from values above and taking reciprocals of values below
解答:
设 表示数值 出现时的下标。反向运用递推关系可得: 适用于 ,而 适用于 。
从 开始反复运用这些关系,得到 、、 和 。继续可得 、、 和 。
接下来,、、、、,并且 。最后,,而 。因此 ,其各位数字之和为 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Let be the index at which the value occurs. Reversing the recursion gives for and for
Starting with repeated use gives and Continuing gives and
Next, and Finally, and Thus whose digit sum is
Therefore the correct answer is A.
30.
如图, 中有 和 。直线 满足点 在 上且 ,并将 分成面积相等的两部分。(注意:图形可能不准确,点 也许在 上而不是 上。)比值 为
In the figure, has and A line with on and divides into two pieces of equal area. (Note: the figure may not be accurate; perhaps is on instead of ) The ratio is
小提示:
适当缩放,使 ,并令
Scale so and place
大提示:
求出点 与点 的高度,用 表示它们,再令总面积的一半等于 的面积
Find the height of and the height of in terms of , then equate half the total area to the area of
解答:
令 ,且 。因为 ,所以边 位于直线 上。过点 、以 的夹角偏离射线 的直线和它相交于高度 设 。射线 的斜率为 ,所以它与 的交点高度为 两部分面积相等,故 因此 所以 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Set and Since side lies on The line through making angle with meets it at height Let The ray has slope so its intersection with has height Equal areas require Therefore Hence
Thus the correct answer is E.