1953 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
一个男孩以 美分买 个橙子的价格进货,再以 美分卖 个的价格出售。要获利 ,他必须卖出:
A boy buys oranges at for cents. He will sell them at for cents. In order to make a profit of he must sell:
个橙子
oranges
个橙子
oranges
个橙子
oranges
无穷多个橙子
an infinite number of oranges
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
求每个橙子的进价和售价
Find the buying cost and selling price per orange
大提示:
每个橙子的利润是两个单位价格之差
The profit per orange is the difference of the two unit rates
解答:
每个橙子的进价为 美分,售价为 美分,所以每个橙子的利润为 美分。要赚取 美分,他必须卖出 个橙子。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Each orange costs cents and sells for cents, so the profit is cent per orange. To earn cents, he must sell oranges.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
2.
一台标价 的冰箱连续打 和 的折扣。冰箱的售价为:
A refrigerator is offered for sale at less successive discounts of and The sale price of the refrigerator is:
比 少
less than
的
of
的
of
的
of
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
每次折扣都作用于前一次折扣后的剩余价格
Apply each discount to the price remaining after the preceding discount
大提示:
将原价乘以
Multiply the original price by
解答:
两次折扣后剩下原价的 因此,售价为 的 ,即 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The two discounts leave of the original price. The sale price is therefore of or
Thus, the correct answer is D.
3.
表达式 的因式为:
The factors of the expression are:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
在复数范围内,
Over the complex numbers,
大提示:
将 改写为 ,再使用平方差公式
Rewrite as and use a difference of squares
解答:
因为 ,所以
因此,正确答案是 D。
Because
Thus, the correct answer is D.
4.
方程 的根为:
The roots of are:
、
、、
、、、
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
将二次式完全因式分解
Factor the quadratic completely
大提示:
因式 是完全平方,所以有一个重根
The factor is a perfect square, so one root is repeated
解答:
原方程因式分解为 按重数计,根为 、、 和 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The equation factors as Its roots, counted with multiplicity, are and
Thus, the correct answer is D.
5.
若 ,则 的值为:
If the value of is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
将对数方程改写成指数形式
Rewrite the logarithmic equation in exponential form
大提示:
使用
Use
解答:
由方程可得
因此,正确答案是 C。
The equation gives
Thus, the correct answer is C.
6.
查尔斯有 枚二十五美分硬币,理查德有 枚二十五美分硬币。若以十美分硬币为单位,两人的钱数之差为:
Charles has quarters and Richard has quarters. The difference in their money in dimes is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
先求两人的二十五美分硬币枚数之差
First subtract the two numbers of quarters
大提示:
一枚二十五美分硬币等于 枚十美分硬币
One quarter is dimes
解答:
二十五美分硬币的枚数之差为 每枚二十五美分硬币折合 枚十美分硬币,所以按此换算,得到
因此,正确答案是 A。
The difference is quarters. Multiplying by dimes per quarter gives
Thus, the correct answer is A.
7.
分式 化简为:
The fraction reduces to:
小提示:
将分子中的两项通分
Combine the two terms in the numerator over a common denominator
大提示:
通分后的新分子可化简为
The new numerator simplifies to
解答:
原分式的分子为 再除以 ,得到
因此,正确答案是 D。
The numerator is Dividing by gives
Thus, the correct answer is D.
8.
曲线 与直线 的交点的 坐标为:
The value of at the intersection of and is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
将 代入分式方程
Substitute into the rational equation
大提示:
消去分母后,提取因式
After clearing the denominator, factor out
解答:
代入后得到 展开并化简,得到 二次因式的判别式为负,因此实数交点满足 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Substitution gives Expanding and simplifying, The quadratic factor has negative discriminant, so the real intersection has
Thus, the correct answer is C.
9.
要把 盎司、酒精含量为 的剃须水稀释成酒精含量为 的剃须水,需要加入的水为:
The number of ounces of water needed to reduce ounces of shaving lotion containing alcohol to a lotion containing alcohol is:
10.
一个圆心固定、外径为 英尺的车轮,要使轮缘上的一点移动一英里,车轮需要转动的圈数为:
The number of revolutions of a wheel, with fixed center and with an outside diameter of feet, required to cause a point on the rim to go one mile is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
车轮每转一圈,轮缘上的点移动一个圆周长
In one revolution the rim point travels one circumference
大提示:
用 英尺除以圆周长 英尺
Divide feet by the circumference feet
解答:
车轮的周长为 英尺,所以所需圈数为
因此,正确答案是 C。
The wheel’s circumference is feet, so the required number of revolutions is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
11.
一条跑道是由两个同心圆围成的圆环,宽 英尺。两圆的周长之差约为:
A running track is the ring formed by two concentric circles. It is feet wide. The circumferences of the two circles differ by about:
英尺
feet
英尺
feet
英尺
feet
英尺
feet
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
外圆半径比内圆半径大 英尺
The outer radius is feet greater than the inner radius
大提示:
将两个周长相减,未知的内圆半径会消去
Subtract the circumferences; the unknown inner radius cancels
解答:
若内圆半径为 ,则周长之差为 英尺,约为 英尺。
因此,正确答案是 C。
If the inner radius is the difference is feet, which is about feet.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
12.
两个圆的直径分别为 英寸和 英寸。较小圆与较大圆的面积之比为:
The diameters of two circles are inches and inches respectively. The ratio of the area of the smaller to the area of the larger circle is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
13.
一个三角形与一个梯形面积相等,高也相等。若三角形的底边长为 英寸,则梯形的中位线长为:
A triangle and a trapezoid are equal in area. They also have the same altitude. If the base of the triangle is inches, the median of the trapezoid is:
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
无法由这些数据求出
not obtainable from these data
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
梯形的面积等于其中位线乘以高
The area of a trapezoid is its median times its altitude
大提示:
比较 与
Compare with
解答:
若公共的高为 ,则三角形的面积为 梯形的面积等于其中位线乘以高,所以其中位线长必为 英寸。
因此,正确答案是 B。
If the common altitude is the triangle has area A trapezoid’s area is its median times its altitude, so its median must be inches.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
14.
两个圆中,较大圆的圆心为 ,半径为 ;较小圆的圆心为 ,半径为 。连接 。下列哪个说法是错误的?
Given the larger of two circles with center and radius and the smaller with center and radius Draw Which of the following statements is false?
可以等于
can be equal to
可以等于
can be equal to
可以小于
can be less than
可以小于
can be less than
以上说法均非错误
none of these
小提示:
分别考虑两圆内切、外切和相离时的圆心距
Interpret the center distance for internal tangency, external tangency, and disjoint circles
大提示:
对前四个说法逐一尝试构造一种可行的两圆位置关系
For each of the first four statements, try to choose a valid relative position of the circles
解答:
两圆内切时有 ,外切时有 。两圆相离时可以有 ,而许多相交或相离的情形满足 。因此 A 至 D 中的每种情况都可能发生,没有一个说法是错误的。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Internal tangency realizes and external tangency realizes Disjoint circles can have and many intersecting or disjoint configurations have Thus each of A through D can occur, so none of them is false.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
15.
从一块正方形金属片中切出尽可能大的圆形金属片,再从该圆形金属片中切出尽可能大的正方形金属片。总共浪费的金属面积为:
A circular piece of metal of maximum size is cut out of a square piece and then a square piece of maximum size is cut out of the circular piece. The total amount of metal wasted is:
原正方形面积的
the area of the original square
原正方形面积的
the area of the original square
圆形金属片面积的
the area of the circular piece
圆形金属片面积的
the area of the circular piece
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
设原正方形的边长为
Let the original square have side
大提示:
最后得到的正方形的对角线等于圆的直径,也就是
The final square’s diagonal equals the circle’s diameter, which is
解答:
设原正方形的边长为 。其内切圆的直径为 。这个直径就是从圆中切出的最大正方形的对角线,因此最后得到的正方形边长为 ,面积为 。两次切割后留下的是这个正方形,所以浪费的总面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the original square have side The inscribed circle has diameter That diameter is the diagonal of the largest square cut from the circle, so the final square has side and area The material left after both cuts is this final square, so the total waste is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
16.
亚当斯计划让一件商品的利润占售价的 ,而费用占销售额的 。一件售价为 的商品,其加价率为:
Adams plans a profit of on the selling price of an article and his expenses are of sales. The rate of mark-up on an article that sells for is:
小提示:
从售价中减去利润和费用,即可求出成本
Subtract both profit and expenses from the selling price to recover the cost
大提示:
成本是售价的
The cost is of the selling price
解答:
利润和费用合计占销售额的 ,所以成本是售价的 。加价额与成本之比为
因此,正确答案是 D。
Profit and expenses are of sales, so the cost is of the selling price. The markup as a fraction of cost is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
17.
一个人把 的一部分按 的利率投资,其余部分按 的利率投资。若两笔投资的年收益相同,则这 的平均利率为:
A man has part of invested at and the rest at If his annual return on each investment is the same, the average rate of interest which he realizes on the is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
设按 投资的金额为 ,并令两笔收益相等
Let be the amount invested at and equate the two returns
大提示:
解 ,再求总收益
Solve , then find the total return
解答:
设按 投资的金额为 美元。由两笔收益相等可得 所以 。每笔投资的收益都是 ,总收益为 。平均利率为
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let dollars be invested at Equal returns give so Each investment returns for a total of The average rate is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
18.
的一个因式为:
One of the factors of is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
同时加上再减去 ,构造平方差
Add and subtract to create a difference of squares
大提示:
写成
Write
解答:
利用平方差公式,
因此,正确答案是 C。
Using a difference of squares,
Thus, the correct answer is C.
19.
在表达式 中, 和 的值都减少 ,则该表达式的值:
In the expression the values of and are each decreased the value of the expression is:
减少
decreased
减少
decreased
减少原值的
decreased of its value
减少原值的
decreased of its value
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
每个变量减少后的值都是原值的
Each decreased variable is of its original value
大提示:
求新的倍数时,别忘了 出现了两次
Account for the two powers of when finding the new multiplicative factor
解答:
新的值为 因此减少的量是原值的 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The new value is Therefore the decrease is of the original value.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
20.
若 ,则 可化为:
If then becomes:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
提取 ,并把互为倒数的幂次项组合起来
Factor out and group reciprocal terms
大提示:
使用
Use
解答:
因为 ,可将表达式写成 由于 ,可化为
因此,正确答案是 D。
Because factor the expression as Since this becomes
Thus, the correct answer is D.
21.
若 ,则 的值为:
If the value of is:
或
or
或
or
或
or
或
or
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
将对数方程改写为
Convert the logarithmic equation to
大提示:
将所得二次式因式分解
Factor the resulting quadratic
解答:
该对数方程等价于 所以 因此 或 。
正确答案是 D。
The logarithmic equation is equivalent to so Thus or
The correct answer is D.
22.
以 为底的对数为:
The logarithm of to the base is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
将 以及两处 都改写为 的幂
Rewrite and both occurrences of as powers of
大提示:
将指数 、 和 相加
Add the exponents and
解答:
题目中的表达式是两个独立根式的乘积:因此它以 为底的对数是 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The printed expression is a product of two separate radicals: Its base- logarithm is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
23.
方程 有:
The equation has:
一个介于 与 之间的增根
an extraneous root between and
一个介于 与 之间的增根
an extraneous root between and
一个介于 与 之间的真根
a true root between and
两个真根
two true roots
两个增根
two extraneous roots
小提示:
在消去根式之前,先乘以
Multiply by before eliminating the radical
大提示:
解出所得二次方程后,将两个候选值都代回原方程
After solving the resulting quadratic, substitute both candidates into the original equation
解答:
两边乘以 ,得到 两边平方后得到 满足原方程,而 会使原方程左边等于 ,而非 。因此,介于 与 之间的 是增根。
正确答案是 B。
Multiplying by gives Squaring produces The value satisfies the original equation, while makes its left side not Thus which lies between and is extraneous.
The correct answer is B.
24.
若 、 和 是小于 的正整数,则在下列哪个条件下, 等于 :
If and are positive integers less than then equals if:
小提示:
展开等式两边,并约去相同的项
Expand both sides and cancel their common terms
大提示:
只剩下 与 需要相等
The only unmatched terms are and
解答:
展开后,从等式两边消去 ,得到 因为 是正数,所以这等价于 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Expanding and canceling from both sides leaves Since is positive, this is equivalent to
Thus, the correct answer is A.
25.
一个各项均为正数的等比数列中,每一项都等于它后面两项之和。则公比为:
In a geometric progression whose terms are positive, any term is equal to the sum of the next two following terms. Then the common ratio is:
约为
about
小提示:
将三个连续项之间的等式除以其中第一项
Divide the relation among three consecutive terms by the first of them
大提示:
公比满足 ;取正根
The common ratio satisfies ; choose its positive root
解答:
若某一项为 ,则后面两项为 和 。因此 且 。因为各项均为正数,所以
因此,正确答案是 C。
If a term is the next two are and Thus and Because the terms are positive,
Thus, the correct answer is C.
26.
一个三角形的底边长为 英寸。在三角形内画两条平行于底边、端点在另两边上的线段,将三角形分成三个面积相等的部分。较靠近底边的平行线段长为:
The base of a triangle is inches. Two lines are drawn parallel to the base, terminating in the other two sides, and dividing the triangle into three equal areas. The length of the parallel closer to the base is:
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
下方平行线段上方的三角形占总面积的三分之二
The triangle above the lower parallel contains two-thirds of the total area
大提示:
对相似三角形,面积之比等于对应边长之比的平方
For similar triangles, the area ratio is the square of the corresponding-length ratio
解答:
较靠近底边的平行线段在其上方围出一个较小三角形,其面积是整个三角形的 。若该线段长为 ,由相似关系可得 因此 ,且 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The parallel closer to the base bounds a smaller triangle above it whose area is of the whole triangle. If its length is similarity gives Hence and
Thus, the correct answer is A.
27.
第一个圆的半径为 英寸,第二个为 英寸,第三个为 英寸,如此无限继续。所有圆的面积之和为:
The radius of the first circle is inch, that of the second inch, that of the third inch and so on indefinitely. The sum of the areas of the circles is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
将每个半径平方后,公比也随之改变
Squaring each radius changes the common ratio
大提示:
各圆面积构成首项为 、公比为 的等比级数
The areas form a geometric series with first term and ratio
解答:
各圆面积依次为 因此它们的和为
因此,正确答案是 D。
The areas are Therefore their sum is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
28.
在三角形 中,边 、 和 分别与角 、 和 相对。 平分角 ,并与 交于 。若 且 ,则正确的比例式为:
In triangle sides and are opposite angles and respectively. bisects angle and meets at Then if and the correct proportion is:
小提示:
对 使用角平分线定理
Apply the angle bisector theorem to
大提示:
写出 后,再使用
Use after writing
解答:
由角平分线定理可得 即 。因为 ,所以
因此,正确答案是 D。
The angle bisector theorem gives or Since
Thus, the correct answer is D.
29.
一个正方形的计算面积为 平方英寸,精确到万分之一平方英寸。该正方形边长的测量值有多少位有效数字?
The number of significant digits in the measurement of the side of a square whose computed area is square inches to the nearest ten-thousandth of a square inch is:
小提示:
真实面积介于 平方英寸与 平方英寸之间
The true area lies from up to square inches
大提示:
对误差区间的两端开平方,观察边长有多少位数字保持不变
Take square roots of the error interval and see how many digits of the side are fixed
解答:
给出的面积表示真实面积满足 两边开平方,近似得到 因此,任何可能的边长精确到万分之一时都舍入为 。小数点后的末尾零是有效数字,所以 有五位有效数字。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The reported area means the true area lies in Taking square roots gives approximately Every possible side length therefore rounds to to the nearest ten-thousandth. The trailing zeros after the decimal are significant, so has five significant digits.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
30.
先生将一栋价值 的房屋以亏损 的价格卖给 先生。随后 先生以获利 的价格把房屋卖回给 先生。这两笔交易的结果是:
A house worth is sold by Mr. to Mr. at a loss. Mr. sells the house back to Mr. at a gain. The result of the two transactions is:
先生不赚不赔
Mr. breaks even
先生获利
Mr. gains
先生亏损
Mr. loses
先生亏损
Mr. loses
先生获利
Mr. gains
小提示:
分别求出两次交易的价格
Find the price of each sale separately
大提示:
第二次的 是按第一次售价计算的,而不是按 计算
The second is taken from the first sale price, not from
解答:
先生先支付 美元,然后以 美元的价格把房屋卖回。 先生收到 ,又支付 ,所以亏损 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Mr. first pays dollars. He then sells the house back for dollars. Mr. receives and pays so he loses
Thus, the correct answer is D.
31.
铁路的每根钢轨长 英尺。火车经过钢轨接缝时会发出咔嗒声。火车以英里每小时表示的速度,在数值上约等于以下多长时间内听到的咔嗒声次数?
The rails on a railroad are feet long. As the train passes over the point where the rails are joined, there is an audible click. The speed of the train in miles per hour is approximately the number of clicks heard in:
秒
seconds
分钟
minutes
分钟
minutes
分钟
minutes
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
将一英里每小时换算为英尺每秒,再除以每次咔嗒声对应的 英尺
Convert one mile per hour to feet per second, then divide by feet per click
大提示:
求出一个时间段,使其中的咔嗒声次数约等于以英里每小时表示的速度数值
Find the time interval for which the click count is approximately the numerical speed in miles per hour
解答:
英里每小时等于 英尺每秒。每次咔嗒声代表行驶 英尺,所以每秒的咔嗒声次数为 在 秒内,咔嗒声次数为 。最接近的选项是 秒。
因此,正确答案是 A。
A speed of miles per hour is feet per second. Since each click represents feet, the click rate is clicks per second. In seconds, the number of clicks is The closest listed interval is seconds.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
32.
将一个矩形的每个角三等分。与同一条边相邻的两条三等分线分别相交,所得四个交点总是构成:
Each angle of a rectangle is trisected. The intersections of the pairs of trisectors adjacent to the same side always form:
正方形
a square
矩形
a rectangle
邻边不等的平行四边形
a parallelogram with unequal sides
菱形
a rhombus
没有特殊性质的四边形
a quadrilateral with no special properties
小提示:
利用矩形的水平和竖直对称轴
Use the horizontal and vertical symmetry axes of the rectangle
大提示:
四个交点所成四边形的两条对角线互相垂直且互相平分
The four intersection points have perpendicular diagonals that bisect each other
解答:
对于矩形的每一条边,与它相邻的两条三等分线在该边的垂直平分线上相交。这样得到的相对交点关于矩形中心对称,因此所得四边形的两条对角线互相平分。一条对角线位于水平对称轴上,另一条位于竖直对称轴上,所以它们互相垂直。
对角线互相平分的四边形是平行四边形;若其对角线还互相垂直,则四条边相等。因此这个四边形是菱形。由于两条对角线不一定等长,它不一定是正方形。
因此,正确答案是 D。
For each side, the two trisectors adjacent to it meet on that side’s perpendicular bisector. Opposite such intersection points are reflections across the center of the rectangle, so the diagonals of the resulting quadrilateral bisect each other. One diagonal lies on the horizontal symmetry axis and the other on the vertical symmetry axis, so they are perpendicular.
A quadrilateral whose diagonals bisect each other is a parallelogram; if those diagonals are perpendicular, its four sides are equal. Hence the quadrilateral is a rhombus. It need not be a square because the two diagonals need not have equal length.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
33.
一个等腰直角三角形的周长为 。它的面积为:
The perimeter of an isosceles right triangle is Its area is:
小提示:
设两条直角边的长度均为 ,则斜边长为
Let each leg have length , so the hypotenuse is
大提示:
解 ,再使用面积公式
Solve , then use area
解答:
若两条直角边的长度均为 ,则 所以 。因此面积为
因此,正确答案是 C。
If each leg is then so Therefore the area is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
34.
若一个三角形的一条边长为 英寸,这条边所对的角为 度,则外接圆的直径为:
If one side of a triangle is inches and the opposite angle is degrees, then the diameter of the circumscribed circle is:
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
建立一条边、其对角与外接圆直径之间的关系
Relate a side, its opposite angle, and the circumdiameter
大提示:
由正弦定理的推广形式可得
The extended law of sines gives
解答:
由正弦定理的推广形式,外接圆直径为 英寸。
因此,正确答案是 C。
By the extended law of sines, the circumdiameter is inches.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
35.
若 ,则 等于:
If then equals:
小提示:
分别写出 和 的具体表达式
Write explicit formulas for both and
大提示:
在某个选项中, 里的因式 可以约去
The factor in cancels in one choice
解答:
直接代入可得 又因为 ,所以
因此,正确答案是 E。
Directly, Also so
Thus, the correct answer is E.
36.
求 ,使 能被 整除。所得的 能整除:
Determine so that is divisible by The obtained value, is an exact divisor of:
小提示:
在 处使用因式定理
Use the factor theorem at
大提示:
求出 后,检验哪个选项能被它整除
After finding test which listed number is divisible by it
解答:
要能被 整除,必须满足 所以 ,且 。在所列各数中,只有 是 的整数倍。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Divisibility by requires so and Of the listed numbers, only is an exact multiple of
Thus, the correct answer is C.
37.
一个等腰三角形的底边长为 英寸,腰长为 英寸。过该三角形三个顶点的圆的半径为:
The base of an isosceles triangle is inches and one of the equal sides is inches. The radius of the circle through the vertices of the triangle is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
作底边上的高,将底边分成两条长度为 的线段
Drop the altitude to split the base into two segments of length
大提示:
先求面积,再使用
Find the area, then use
解答:
高为 所以面积为 。因此外接圆半径为 这个值不在选项中。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The altitude is so the area is Hence the circumradius is This value is not listed.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
38.
若 且 ,则 为:
If and then is:
小提示:
先求内层函数值
Evaluate the inner function first
大提示:
再将 以及所得的 值代入
Then substitute and the resulting value for into
解答:
首先,。因此
因此,正确答案是 C。
First Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is C.
39.
乘积 等于:
The product, is equal to:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
对两个对数都使用换底公式
Use the change-of-base formula on both logarithms
大提示:
所得的两个分式互为倒数
The two resulting fractions are reciprocals
解答:
当底数和真数均满足定义条件时,
因此,正确答案是 A。
For permissible bases and arguments,
Thus, the correct answer is A.
40.
命题“所有人都是诚实的”的否定是:
The negation of the statement “all men are honest,” is:
没有人是诚实的
no men are honest
所有人都是不诚实的
all men are dishonest
有些人是不诚实的
some men are dishonest
没有人是不诚实的
no men are dishonest
有些人是诚实的
some men are honest
小提示:
要否定全称命题,只需一个反例
To disprove a universal statement, only one counterexample is needed
大提示:
否定“每个人都诚实”,就是断言至少有一个人不诚实
Negating “every man is honest” asserts that at least one man is not honest
解答:
“每个人都诚实”的否定是“存在一个不诚实的人”。用选项中的说法,就是有些人不诚实。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The negation of “every man is honest” is “there exists a man who is not honest.” In the language of the choices, some men are dishonest.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
41.
一个女生营地距一条直路 杆。一个男生营地位于这条路上,距女生营地 杆。现要在路上建一座食堂,使它到两个营地的距离完全相同。食堂到每个营地的距离为:
A girls’ camp is located rods from a straight road. On this road, a boys’ camp is located rods from the girls’ camp. It is desired to build a canteen on the road which shall be exactly the same distance from each camp. The distance of the canteen from each of the camps is:
杆
rods
杆
rods
杆
rods
杆
rods
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
垂直距离与两营地间的距离构成一个 -- 直角三角形
The perpendicular and camp-to-camp distances form a -- right triangle
大提示:
将两个营地设在 和 ,食堂设在
Place the camps at and , and put the canteen at
解答:
将女生营地到道路的垂足设为 。两个营地可分别设为 和 。若食堂为 ,由到两营地距离相等可得 所以 。公共距离为 杆,不在选项中。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let the foot of the perpendicular from the girls’ camp be The camps can be placed at and If the canteen is equidistance gives so The common distance is rods, which is not listed.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
42.
两个圆的圆心相距 英寸。较小圆的半径为 英寸,较大圆的半径为 英寸。两圆内公切线段的长度为:
The centers of two circles are inches apart. The smaller circle has a radius of inches and the larger one has a radius of inches. The length of the common internal tangent is:
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
小提示:
对内公切线而言,两圆心在垂直于切线方向上的间距等于两半径之和
For an internal common tangent, the perpendicular separation of the centers from the tangent is the sum of the radii
大提示:
使用一个斜边为 、一条直角边为 的直角三角形
Use a right triangle with hypotenuse and one leg
解答:
两圆心的连线、公切线段以及长度为 的垂直线段构成直角三角形。因此公切线段长为 英寸。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The center segment, the tangent segment, and a perpendicular leg of length form a right triangle. Thus the tangent length is inches.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
43.
若一件商品的价格上涨率为 ,为保持收入不变,销量的下降率不得超过 。则 的值为:
If the price of an article is increased by per cent then the decrease in per cent of sales must not exceed in order to yield the same income. The value of is:
小提示:
分别用因子 和 表示新价格与新销量
Represent the new price and number sold by factors and
大提示:
收入相同要求
Equal revenue requires
解答:
将百分率写成相对于原来数量的比例,收入相同要求 因此 ,所以
因此,正确答案是 C。
Writing the percentage rates as fractions of the original quantities, equal income requires Hence so
Thus, the correct answer is C.
44.
在解一道可化为二次方程的问题时,一名学生只把方程的常数项写错了,求得的根为 和 。另一名学生只把一次项系数写错了,求得的根为 和 。正确的方程是:
In solving a problem that reduces to a quadratic equation one student makes a mistake only in the constant term of the equation and obtains and for the roots. Another student makes a mistake only in the coefficient of the first degree term and finds and for the roots. The correct equation was:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
由根之和 可确定第一名学生方程中正确的一次项系数
The first student’s correct linear coefficient is determined by the sum
大提示:
由根之积 可确定第二名学生方程中正确的常数项
The second student’s correct constant term is determined by the product
解答:
第一名学生只改错了常数项,所以正确的 系数应与根为 和 的首一二次方程相同,即 。第二名学生只改错了这个一次项系数,所以正确的常数项为 。因此正确方程是
因此,正确答案是 A。
The first student changed only the constant term, so the correct coefficient of is the one in the monic quadratic with roots and it is The second student changed only that linear coefficient, so the correct constant is Therefore the correct equation is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
45.
两条线段的长度分别为 个单位和 个单位。则它们之间的正确关系为:
The lengths of two line segments are units and units respectively. Then the correct relation between them is:
小提示:
从非负的平方 出发
Start with the nonnegative square
大提示:
当两条线段等长时,等号必须可以成立
Equality must remain possible when the two segment lengths are equal
解答:
因为 所以 。两边都非负,因此 当 时等号成立。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Since we have Both sides are nonnegative, so Equality occurs when
Thus, the correct answer is E.
46.
一个男孩没有沿着一块矩形田地的两条邻边行走,而是沿田地的对角线抄近路,所节省的路程等于长边的 。该矩形短边与长边之比为:
Instead of walking along two adjacent sides of a rectangular field, a boy took a short-cut along the diagonal of the field and saved a distance equal to the longer side. The ratio of the shorter side of the rectangle to the longer side was:
小提示:
设长边和短边分别为 和
Let the longer and shorter sides be and
大提示:
条件为
The condition is
解答:
由节省路程的条件可得 两边平方并消去 ,得到 所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The saving condition gives Squaring and canceling yields so
Thus, the correct answer is D.
47.
若 大于零,则正确的关系为:
If is greater than zero, then the correct relationship is:
以上答案均不正确
none of these
小提示:
当 时,将 与指数函数比较
Compare with an exponential function for
大提示:
对常用对数而言,标准不等式 甚至更强
The standard inequality is even stronger for common logarithms
解答:
当 时,由标准指数不等式可得 。两边取自然对数,得到 若 表示常用对数,则 因而选项中的同一不等式成立。
因此,正确答案是 D。
For the standard exponential inequality gives Taking natural logarithms yields If denotes the common logarithm, then so the same listed inequality holds.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
48.
若一个等腰梯形的较长底边等于一条对角线,较短底边等于高,则短底与长底之比为:
If the larger base of an isosceles trapezoid equals a diagonal and the smaller base equals the altitude, then the ratio of the smaller base to the larger base is:
小提示:
一条对角线的水平投影等于两底边之和的一半
A diagonal’s horizontal projection is half the sum of the two bases
大提示:
将长底缩放为 ,并设短底和高均为
Scale the larger base to , and let the smaller base and altitude both be
解答:
设长底为 ,短底和高均为 。一条对角线的水平投影为 ,长度为 。因此 化简得 正的比值为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let the larger base be and let the smaller base and altitude both be A diagonal has horizontal projection and length Thus This simplifies to The positive ratio is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
49.
、 和 的坐标分别为 、 和 。使 尽可能小的 值为:
The coordinates of and are and respectively. The value of that makes as small as possible is:
小提示:
将 关于 轴反射,使 等于 到反射点的距离
Reflect across the -axis so that becomes the distance from to the reflected point
大提示:
从 到反射点的直线与 轴相交之处,使折线路径最短
The shortest broken path occurs where the straight line from to the reflected point meets the -axis
解答:
将 关于 轴反射到 。对于位于 轴上的 ,有 ,所以当 共线时, 最小。从 到 的直线斜率为 。当 时,其纵坐标为 因此 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Reflect across the -axis to For on the -axis, so is minimized when are collinear. The line from to has slope At its height is Hence
Thus, the correct answer is E.
50.
一个三角形的一条边被内切圆的切点分成长为 和 个单位的两段。若内切圆半径为 ,则三角形最短边的长度为:
One of the sides of a triangle is divided into segments of and units by the point of tangency of the inscribed circle. If the radius of the circle is then the length of the shortest side of the triangle is:
个单位
units
个单位
units
个单位
units
个单位
units
个单位
units
小提示:
由同一点引出的切线段相等,所以三边可写成 、 和 ,其中 为某个值
Equal tangent segments from a vertex make the three sides and for some
大提示:
同时使用 和半周长为 时的海伦公式
Use both and Heron’s formula with semiperimeter
解答:
设从第三个顶点引出的两条切线段长均为 。由同一点引出的切线段相等,所以三边长为 半周长为 。因为内切圆半径为 , 由海伦公式, 将两种面积表达式平方后相等,得到 ,所以 。三边长为 、 和 ,最短边长为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the two tangent segments from the third vertex each have length Equal tangents from a common vertex make the side lengths with semiperimeter Since the inradius is Heron’s formula gives Equating the squares yields so The sides are and and the shortest is
Thus, the correct answer is B.