2019 AMC 10B 真题

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1.

Alicia 有两个容器。第一个容器的水占其容量的 56\frac{5}{6},第二个是空的。她把第一个容器中的水全部倒入第二个容器,此时水占第二个容器容量的 34\frac{3}{4}。较小容器体积与较大容器体积的比是多少?

Alicia had two containers. The first was 56\frac{5}{6} full of water and the second was empty. She poured all the water from the first container into the second container, at which point the second container was 34\frac{3}{4} full of water. What is the ratio of the volume of the smaller container to the volume of the larger container?

58\dfrac{5}{8}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

78\dfrac{7}{8}

910\dfrac{9}{10}

1112\dfrac{11}{12}

答案:D
知识点:分数比与比例
难度评级:770
小提示:

设两个容器的体积为变量。

Let the container volumes be variables

大提示:

倒水前后的水量相同,把两个表达式相等。

Equate the same water amount before and after pouring

解答:

设第一个和第二个容器的体积分别为 FFSS。水量既等于 56F\dfrac56F,也等于 34S\dfrac34S,所以 56F=34S\dfrac56F=\dfrac34S

因此 FS=3456=910\dfrac{F}{S}=\dfrac{\frac{3}{4}}{\frac{5}{6}}=\dfrac9{10}。第一个容器较小,所以所求体积比为 910\dfrac9{10}。所以正确答案是 D

Let the volumes of the first and second containers be FF and SS. The amount of water is both 56F\dfrac56F and 34S\dfrac34S, so 56F=34S\dfrac56F=\dfrac34S.

Thus FS=3456=910\dfrac{F}{S}=\dfrac{\frac{3}{4}}{\frac{5}{6}}=\dfrac9{10}. Since the first container is smaller, the ratio of the smaller container to the larger container is 910\dfrac9{10}. Thus, D is the correct answer.

2.

考虑命题:“如果 nn 不是质数,那么 n2n-2 是质数。”下列哪个 nn 的值是这个命题的反例?

Consider the statement, “If nn is not prime, then n2n-2 is prime.” Which of the following values of nn is a counterexample to this statement?

1111

1515

1919

2121

2727

答案:E
知识点:反例质数
难度评级:870
小提示:

反例必须使假设为真、结论为假。

A counterexample must make the hypothesis true and conclusion false

大提示:

只检查 nn 不是质数的选项。

Check only choices where nn is not prime

解答:

反例必须满足 nn 不是质数,所以 nn 的候选值只有 15,21,2715,21,27。同时 n2n-2 也必须不是质数,只有 2727 符合。

所以正确答案是 E

We need nn to not be prime, so nn can only be 15,21,27.15,21,27. Then, n2n-2 must be not prime, leaving just 27.27.

Thus, the answer is E .

3.

一所高中有 500500 名学生。40%40\% 的高年级学生会演奏乐器,而 30%30\% 的非高年级学生不会演奏乐器。全校共有 46.8%46.8\% 的学生不会演奏乐器。有多少非高年级学生会演奏乐器?

In a high school with 500500 students, 40%40\% of the seniors play a musical instrument, while 30%30\% of the non-seniors do not play a musical instrument. In all, 46.8%46.8\% of the students do not play a musical instrument. How many non-seniors play a musical instrument?

6666

154154

186186

220220

266266

答案:B
难度评级:1120
小提示:

设高年级学生人数为 ss

Let ss be the number of seniors

大提示:

使用不会演奏乐器的总百分比列方程。

Use the percent who do not play an instrument

解答:

设高年级学生人数为 ss。则非高年级学生有 500s500-s 人。高年级学生中 60%60\% 不会演奏乐器。因此,不会演奏乐器的人数可表示为 0.3(500s)+0.6(s)=0.3s+150 \begin{aligned} &0.3(500-s)+0.6(s) \\ &= 0.3s+150 \end{aligned} 另一方面, 0.468500=2340.468\cdot 500=234\text{。} 所以 0.3s+150=2340.3s+150=234 s=280s=280\text{。} 非高年级学生有 220220 人,其中 70%70\% 会演奏乐器,因此人数为 2200.7=154220\cdot 0.7=154\text{。}

所以答案是 B

Let the number of seniors be s.s. Then, 500s500-s people aren’t seniors. We know 60%60\% of seniors don’t play an instrument. Then, the number of students who don’t play an instrument can be represented as 0.3(500s)+0.6(s)=0.3s+150 \begin{aligned} &0.3(500-s)+0.6(s) \\ &= 0.3s+150 \end{aligned} and 0.468500=234.0.468\cdot 500=234. Thus, 0.3s+150=2340.3s+150=234 s=280.s=280. This makes the number of non-seniors equal to 220.220. Since 70%70\% of non-seniors play instruments, we have the total number as 2200.7=154.220\cdot 0.7=154.

Thus, the answer is B .

4.

所有方程为 ax+by=cax+by=caabbcc 构成等差数列的直线都经过同一个点。这个点的坐标是什么?

All lines with equation ax+by=cax+by=c such that a,a, b,b, cc form an arithmetic progression pass through a common point. What are the coordinates of that point?

(1,2)(-1,2)

(0,1)(0,1)

(1,2)(1,-2)

(1,0)(1,0)

(1,2)(1,2)

答案:A
难度评级:1220
小提示:

写成 b=a+db=a+dc=a+2dc=a+2d

Write b=a+db=a+d and c=a+2dc=a+2d

大提示:

方程必须对所有可能的 aadd 都成立。

The equation must hold for every possible aa and dd

解答:

d=bad=b-a

于是 (a,b,c)=(a,a+d,a+2d)(a,b,c)= (a,a+d,a+2d)\text{。} 因此 ax+(a+d)y=a+2dax+(a+d)y=a+2d\text{。} 分别比较 aadd 的部分,可得 ax+ay=aax+ay=a 以及 dy=2ddy=2d 对所有 a,da,d 都成立。所以 y=2,x+y=1y=2,x+y=1 从而 x=1x=-1\text{。} 公共点为 (1,2)(-1,2)

所以答案是 A

Let d=ba.d=b-a.

Then, we have (a,b,c)=(a,a+d,a+2d).(a,b,c)= (a,a+d,a+2d). Thus, ax+(a+d)y=a+2d.ax+(a+d)y=a+2d. If we match the parts of aa and d,d, we get ax+ay=aax+ay=a and dy=2ddy=2d for all a,d.a,d. Therefore, we have y=2,x+y=1y=2,x+y=1 implying that x=1.x=-1. This makes the pair (1,2).(-1,2).

Thus, the answer is A .

5.

三角形 ABCABC 位于第一象限。点 AABBCC 关于直线 y=xy=x 的对称点分别为 AA'BB'CC'。假设三角形的顶点都不在直线 y=xy=x 上。下列哪一项不一定总为真?

Triangle ABCABC lies in the first quadrant. Points A,A, B,B, and CC are reflected across the line y=xy=x to points A,A', B,B', and C,C', respectively. Assume that none of the vertices of the triangle lie on the line y=x.y=x. Which of the following statements is not always true?

三角形 ABCA'B'C' 位于第一象限。

Triangle ABCA'B'C' lies in the first quadrant.

三角形 ABCABCABCA'B'C' 面积相同。

Triangles ABCABC and ABCA'B'C' have the same area.

直线 AAAA' 的斜率为 1-1

The slope of line AAAA' is 1.-1.

直线 AAAA'CCCC' 的斜率相同。

The slopes of lines AAAA' and CCCC' are the same.

直线 ABABABA'B' 互相垂直。

Lines ABAB and ABA'B' are perpendicular to each other.

答案:E
难度评级:1020
小提示:

关于 y=xy=x 的反射会保持第一象限和面积。

Reflections preserve area and the first quadrant across y=xy=x

大提示:

用一条斜率为 11 的简单线段测试关于 ABAB 的说法。

Test the claim about ABAB with a simple segment of slope 11

解答:

关于 y=xy=x 的反射把 (x,y)(x,y) 映为 (y,x)(y,x)。因此它既保持第一象限,也保持面积,所以选项 A 和 B 必为真。

(x,y)(x,y) 指向它的像 (y,x)(y,x) 的方向向量是 (yx,xy)(y-x,x-y),由于 xyx\ne y,它的斜率为 1-1。因此选项 C 和 D 也必为真。

对于选项 E,取 A=(2,1)A=(2,1)B=(3,2)B=(3,2)C=(4,1)C=(4,1)。这些点满足全部条件,但 ABABABA'B' 的斜率都是 11,所以这两条直线平行而不是垂直。

所以正确答案是 E

Reflection across y=xy=x sends (x,y)(x,y) to (y,x)(y,x). It therefore preserves the first quadrant and preserves area, so A and B are always true.

The direction from (x,y)(x,y) to its image (y,x)(y,x) is (yx,xy)(y-x,x-y), whose slope is 1-1 because xyx\ne y. Thus C and D are always true as well.

For E, take A=(2,1)A=(2,1), B=(3,2)B=(3,2), and C=(4,1)C=(4,1). These points satisfy all the conditions, but ABAB and ABA'B' both have slope 11, so the two lines are parallel rather than perpendicular.

Thus, the answer is E .

6.

正整数 nn 满足方程 (n+1)!+(n+2)!=n!440(n+1)! + (n+2)! = n! \cdot 440\text{。}nn 的各位数字之和。

A positive integer nn satisfies the equation (n+1)!+(n+2)!=n!440.(n+1)! + (n+2)! = n! \cdot 440. What is the sum of the digits of n?n?

22

55

1010

1212

1515

答案:C
难度评级:1190
小提示:

(n+1)!(n+1)!(n+2)!(n+2)! 都用 n!n! 表示。

Factor (n+1)!(n+1)! and (n+2)!(n+2)! in terms of n!n!

大提示:

除以 n!n!,再解得到的二次方程。

Divide by n!n! and solve the resulting square equation

解答:

左边可改写为 (n+1)n!+(n+2)(n+1)n!(n+1)n!+(n+2)(n+1)n! =((n+2)21)n!=((n+2)^2-1)n!\text{,} 所以 ((n+2)21)n!=440n!((n+2)^2-1) n! = 440 n! 因此 (n+2)2=441(n+2)^2=441\text{,}n=19n=19。各位数字和为 1010

所以答案是 C

We can rewrite the left side as (n+1)n!+(n+2)(n+1)n!(n+1)n!+(n+2)(n+1)n!=((n+2)21)n!,=((n+2)^2-1)n!, so ((n+2)21)n!=440n!((n+2)^2-1) n! = 440 n! Therefore, (n+2)2=441,(n+2)^2=441, so n=19.n=19. The sum of its digits is 10.10.

Thus, the answer is C .

7.

一家商店中每颗糖的价格都是整数美分。Casper 的钱恰好可以买 1212 颗红糖、1414 颗绿糖、1515 颗蓝糖,或者 nn 颗紫糖。一颗紫糖价格为 2020 美分。nn 的最小可能值是多少?

Each piece of candy in a shop costs a whole number of cents. Casper has exactly enough money to buy either 1212 pieces of red candy, 1414 pieces of green candy, 1515 pieces of blue candy, or nn pieces of purple candy. A piece of purple candy costs 2020 cents. What is the least possible value of n?n?

1818

2121

2424

2525

2828

答案:B
难度评级:1140
小提示:

总钱数必须是 12,14,1512,14,15 的公倍数。

The total money must be a common multiple of 12,14,1512,14,15

大提示:

然后除以紫糖的价格。

Then divide by the purple candy price

解答:

设 Casper 有 cc 美分。那么 cc12,1412,141515 的公倍数,所以它必为 420420 的倍数。

c=420kc=420k,其中 kk 为整数。又有 c=20nc=20n,所以 420k=20n420k=20n,即 n=21kn=21k。因为 kk 是正整数,nn 的最小值是 2121

所以正确答案是 B

Let the number of cents he has c.c. Then, cc is a multiple of 12,14,12,14, and 15.15. Thus, it must be a multiple of 420.420.

Let c=420kc=420k for some k.k. Also, c=20n,c=20n, so 420k=20n,420k=20n, making n=21k.n=21k. Since kk is a whole number, the minimum possible value of nn is 21.21.

Thus, the answer is B .

8.

下图显示一个正方形和四个等边三角形。每个三角形都有一条边在正方形的一条边上,每个三角形边长为 22,且四个三角形的第三个顶点在正方形中心相交。正方形内但三角形外的区域被涂色。涂色区域的面积是多少?

The figure below shows a square and four equilateral triangles, with each triangle having a side lying on a side of the square, such that each triangle has side length 22 and the third vertices of the triangles meet at the center of the square. The region inside the square but outside the triangles is shaded. What is the area of the shaded region?

44

124312 - 4\sqrt{3}

333\sqrt{3}

434\sqrt{3}

164316 - 4\sqrt{3}

答案:B
难度评级:1330
小提示:

先求每个等边三角形的高。

Find the altitude of each equilateral triangle

大提示:

用正方形的面积减去四个三角形的面积。

Subtract the four triangle areas from the square’s area

解答:

每个等边三角形的边长为 22,所以它的高为 3\sqrt3。这条高恰好从正方形的一条边伸到正方形中心,因此正方形的边长为 232\sqrt3,面积为 1212

四个等边三角形的面积都是 34(22)=3\frac{\sqrt3}{4}(2^2)=\sqrt3。因此涂色区域的面积为 124312-4\sqrt3\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Each equilateral triangle has side length 22, so its altitude is 3\sqrt3. Because that altitude runs from a side of the square to its center, the square has side length 232\sqrt3 and area 1212.

Each of the four equilateral triangles has area 34(22)=3\frac{\sqrt3}{4}(2^2)=\sqrt3. Therefore the shaded area is 1243.12-4\sqrt3.

Thus, the answer is B .

9.

函数 ff 对所有实数 xx 定义为 f(x)=xxf(x) = \lfloor|x|\rfloor - |\lfloor x \rfloor| 其中 r\lfloor r \rfloor 表示不超过实数 rr 的最大整数。求 ff 的值域。

The function ff is defined by f(x)=xxf(x) = \lfloor|x|\rfloor - |\lfloor x \rfloor| for all real numbers x,x, where r\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to the real number r.r. What is the range of f?f?

{1,0}\{-1, 0\}

非正整数集合

The set of nonpositive integers

{1,0,1}\{-1, 0, 1\}

{0}\{0\}

非负整数集合

The set of nonnegative integers

答案:A
难度评级:1370
小提示:

分别检查正数、整数、负的非整数。

Check positive numbers, integers, and negative non-integers separately

大提示:

对负的非整数,比较先取绝对值再向下取整和先向下取整再取绝对值。

For negative non-integers, compare rounding before and after absolute value

解答:

x0x\ge0,则 x=x=x\lfloor|x|\rfloor=\lfloor x\rfloor=|\lfloor x\rfloor|,所以 f(x)=0f(x)=0

xx 是负整数,则两项都等于 x|x|,所以仍有 f(x)=0f(x)=0

xx 是负数且不是整数,可以写成 x=ktx=-k-t,其中 kk 是非负整数,且 0<t<10<t<1。此时 x=k\lfloor|x|\rfloor=k,而 x=k1=k+1|\lfloor x\rfloor|=|-k-1|=k+1,所以 f(x)=1f(x)=-1

因此值域为 {1,0}\{-1,0\}

所以答案是 A

If x0x\ge0, then x=x=x\lfloor|x|\rfloor=\lfloor x\rfloor=|\lfloor x\rfloor|, so f(x)=0f(x)=0.

If xx is a negative integer, both terms equal x|x|, so again f(x)=0f(x)=0.

If xx is negative and not an integer, write x=ktx=-k-t, where kk is a nonnegative integer and 0<t<10<t<1. Then x=k\lfloor|x|\rfloor=k, while x=k1=k+1|\lfloor x\rfloor|=|-k-1|=k+1, so f(x)=1f(x)=-1.

Therefore, the range is {1,0}.\{-1,0\}.

Thus, the answer is A .

10.

在一个平面内,点 AABB 相距 1010 个单位。平面内有多少个点 CC,使得三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 的周长为 5050 个单位,三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 100100 平方单位?

In a given plane, points AA and BB are 1010 units apart. How many points CC are there in the plane such that the perimeter of ABC\triangle ABC is 5050 units and the area of ABC\triangle ABC is 100100 square units?

00

22

44

88

无穷多个\text{无穷多个}

infinitely many \text{infinitely many}

答案:A
难度评级:1460
小提示:

面积条件确定了从 CC 出发的高。

The area condition fixes the altitude from CC

大提示:

再把这个高与周长条件所允许的边长进行比较。

Then compare that altitude to the side lengths forced by the perimeter

解答:

面积条件确定了 CC 到直线 ABAB 的距离。若该距离为 hh,则 10h2=100\frac{10h}{2}=100\text{,} 所以 h=20h=20。因此 CC 必须位于与 ABAB 平行且距离为 2020 的直线上。

因为 CC 到直线 ABAB 的垂直距离为 2020,所以 ACACBCBC 都至少为 2020。它们不能同时等于 2020,否则从 CC 向直线 ABAB 作的垂线就必须同时落在不同的点 AABB 上。因此 AC+BC>40AC+BC>40,与周长条件 AC+BC=40AC+BC=40 矛盾。所以不存在符合条件的点 CC

所以答案是 A

The area condition fixes the distance from CC to line AB.AB. If that distance is h,h, then 10h2=100,\frac{10h}{2}=100, so h=20.h=20. Thus CC must lie on a line parallel to ABAB at distance 20.20.

Since the perpendicular distance from CC to line ABAB is 2020, both ACAC and BCBC are at least 2020. They cannot both equal 2020, because that would require the perpendicular from CC to meet line ABAB at both distinct points AA and BB. Hence AC+BC>40AC+BC>40, contradicting the perimeter requirement AC+BC=40AC+BC=40. Therefore no point CC works.

Thus, the answer is A .

11.

两个罐子中各有相同数量的弹珠,每颗弹珠不是蓝色就是绿色。罐子 11 中蓝珠与绿珠的比为 9:19:1,罐子 22 中蓝珠与绿珠的比为 8:18:1。两个罐子中共有 9595 颗绿珠。罐子 11 比罐子 22 多多少颗蓝珠?

Two jars each contain the same number of marbles, and every marble is either blue or green. In Jar 11 the ratio of blue to green marbles is 9:1,9:1, and the ratio of blue to green marbles in Jar 22 is 8:1.8:1. There are 9595 green marbles in all. How many more blue marbles are in Jar 11 than in Jar 2?2?

55

1010

2525

4545

5050

答案:A
难度评级:1140
小提示:

设两个罐子中的绿珠数分别为 xxyy

Let the green counts in the two jars be xx and yy

大提示:

使用两个罐子的总弹珠数相同,以及绿珠总数。

Use equal total jar sizes and total green marbles

解答:

设绿珠数分别为 xxyy,对应罐子为 1122。那么两个罐子的弹珠总数分别为 10x10x9y9y

两个罐子的弹珠总数相同,所以 10x=9y10x=9y。又有 x+y=95x+y=95。解得 x=45x=45y=50y=50

罐子 119x=4059x=405 颗蓝珠,罐子 228y=4008y=400 颗蓝珠,相差 55 颗。所以正确答案是 A

Let xx and yy be the numbers of green marbles in Jars 11 and 22, respectively. Then the total numbers of marbles in the jars are 10x10x and 9y9y.

The jars contain the same number of marbles, so 10x=9y10x=9y. Also x+y=95x+y=95. Solving gives x=45x=45 and y=50y=50.

Jar 11 has 9x=4059x=405 blue marbles, and Jar 22 has 8y=4008y=400 blue marbles. The difference is 55. Thus, A is the correct answer.

12.

小于 20192019 的正整数中,其以七为底的表示的各位数字之和最大可能是多少?

What is the greatest possible sum of the digits in the base-seven representation of a positive integer less than 2019?2019?

1111

1414

2222

2323

2727

答案:C
难度评级:1430
小提示:

20192019 写成 77 进制。

Write 20192019 in base 77

大提示:

在不达到或超过这个上界的前提下尽量增大各位数字。

Maximize digits without reaching or exceeding that bound

解答:

首先,2019=561372019=5613_7。任何首位不超过 44 的数,其数位和至多为 4+6+6+6=224+6+6+6=22,而 46667<561374666_7<5613_7 达到了这个数位和。

若首位为 55,则第二位不超过 55 时,数位和至多为 5+5+6+6=225+5+6+6=22。若前两位是 5656,与 561375613_7 比较可知,末两位的数位和至多为 1+21+2,得到更小的总和。因此最大的数位和是 2222

所以答案是 C

First, 2019=561372019=5613_7. Any number with leading digit at most 44 has digit sum at most 4+6+6+6=224+6+6+6=22, and 46667<561374666_7<5613_7 attains that sum.

If the leading digit is 55, then a second digit at most 55 gives digit sum at most 5+5+6+6=225+5+6+6=22. If the first two digits are 5656, comparison with 561375613_7 forces the last two digits to contribute at most 1+21+2, giving an even smaller sum. Therefore, the largest digit sum is 2222.

Thus, the answer is C .

13.

所有满足下列条件的实数 xx 的和是多少:4466881717xx 这五个数的中位数等于它们的平均数?

What is the sum of all real numbers xx for which the median of the numbers 4,4, 6,6, 8,8, 17,17, and xx is equal to the mean of those five numbers?

5-5

00

55

154\dfrac{15}{4}

354\dfrac{35}{4}

答案:A
难度评级:1490
小提示:

x<6x<66x86\le x\le8x>8x>8 分类。

Case on whether x<6x<6, 6x86\le x\le8, or x>8x>8

大提示:

每种情况下,中位数都有简单表达式。

In each case the median has a simple expression

解答:

平均数为 7+x57+\frac{x}{5}。若 x<6x<6,中位数为 66,所以 7+x5=67+\frac{x}{5}=6 给出有效值 x=5x=-5

6x86\le x\le8,中位数为 xx,但 7+x5=x7+\frac{x}{5}=x 给出 x=354x=\frac{35}{4},不在该区间内。若 x>8x>8,中位数为 88,但 7+x5=87+\frac{x}{5}=8 给出 x=5x=5,仍不在所需范围内。

因此唯一可能的 xx5-5,其和为 5-5

所以答案是 A

The mean is 7+x57+\frac{x}{5}. If x<6x<6, the median is 66, so 7+x5=67+\frac{x}{5}=6 gives the valid value x=5x=-5.

If 6x86\le x\le8, the median is xx, but 7+x5=x7+\frac{x}{5}=x gives x=354x=\frac{35}{4}, outside this interval. If x>8x>8, the median is 88, but 7+x5=87+\frac{x}{5}=8 gives x=5x=5, again outside the required range.

Therefore, the only possible xx is 5,-5, making the sum 5.-5.

Thus, the answer is A .

14.

19!19! 的十进制表示为 1211216T56T510010040M40M832832H00H00,其中 TTMMHH 表示未给出的数字。求 T+M+HT+M+H

The base-ten representation for 19!19! is 121,121, 6T5,6T5, 100,100, 40M,40M, 832,832, H00,H00, where T,T, M,M, and HH denote digits that are not given. What is T+M+H?T+M+H?

33

88

1212

1414

1717

答案:C
难度评级:1610
小提示:

使用被 10001000991111 整除的性质。

Use divisibility by 10001000, 99, and 1111

大提示:

未知数字会受到数字和检验与交错和检验的限制。

The unknown digits are constrained by the digit-sum and alternating-sum tests

解答:

因为 19!19! 能被 10001000 整除,它的末三位都是零,所以 H=0H=0

因为 19!19! 能被 99 整除,它的数位和 33+T+M33+T+M 也能被 99 整除。因此 T+M3(mod9)T+M\equiv3\pmod9,所以 T+MT+M331212

能被 1111 整除说明交错数位和 TM7T-M-7 能被 1111 整除,所以 TM7(mod11)T-M\equiv7\pmod{11}。检查这两个同余式下的数字可能性,得到 T=4T=4M=8M=8。因此 T+M+H=4+8+0=12T+M+H=4+8+0=12

所以答案是 C

Because 19!19! is divisible by 10001000, its last three digits are zero, so H=0H=0.

Since 19!19! is divisible by 99, its digit sum 33+T+M33+T+M is divisible by 99. Hence T+M3(mod9)T+M\equiv3\pmod9, so T+MT+M is either 33 or 1212.

Divisibility by 1111 says the alternating digit sum TM7T-M-7 is divisible by 1111, so TM7(mod11)T-M\equiv7\pmod{11}. Checking the digit possibilities from these two congruences gives T=4T=4 and M=8M=8. Therefore T+M+H=4+8+0=12T+M+H=4+8+0=12.

Thus, the answer is C .

15.

直角三角形 T1T_1T2T_2 的面积分别为 1122T1T_1 的一条边与 T2T_2 的一条边全等,并且 T1T_1 的另一条边与 T2T_2 的另一条边全等。T1T_1T2T_2 各自剩下的(第三条)边的长度之积的平方是多少?

Right triangles T1T_1 and T2T_2 have areas 11 and 22, respectively. A side of T1T_1 is congruent to a side of T2,T_2, and a different side of T1T_1 is congruent to a different side of T2.T_2. What is the square of the product of the lengths of the other (third) sides of T1T_1 and T2?T_2?

283\dfrac{28}{3}

1010

212\dfrac{21}{2}

323\dfrac{32}{3}

1212

答案:A
难度评级:1820
小提示:

设两条共有边的长度为 aba\le b

Let the two shared side lengths be aba\le b

大提示:

用两个面积方程求出 b4a4b^4-a^4

Use the two area equations to find b4a4b^4-a^4

解答:

设两条共有边的长度为 aba\le b。由于两个三角形的面积不同,这两条共有边在两个三角形中不可能扮演相同角色。因此面积为 22 的三角形以 aabb 为两条直角边,而面积为 11 的三角形有一条直角边 aa,另一条直角边为 b2a2\sqrt{b^2-a^2},斜边为 bb

两条不共有的第三边之积为 a2+b2b2a2\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\sqrt{b^2-a^2},其平方为 b4a4b^4-a^4

利用面积,ab2=2\dfrac{ab}{2}=2,且 ab2a22=1\dfrac{a\sqrt{b^2-a^2}}{2}=1。因此 a2b2=16a^2b^2=16,且 a2(b2a2)=4a^2(b^2-a^2)=4,所以 a4=12a^4=12。于是 b4=25612=643b^4=\dfrac{256}{12}=\dfrac{64}{3},且 b4a4=283b^4-a^4=\dfrac{28}{3}。所以正确答案是 A

Let the two shared side lengths be aba\le b. Because the triangles have different areas, the shared sides cannot play the same roles in both triangles. Thus the area-22 triangle has legs aa and bb, while the area-11 triangle has leg aa, other leg b2a2\sqrt{b^2-a^2}, and hypotenuse bb.

The product of the two non-shared third sides is a2+b2b2a2\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\sqrt{b^2-a^2}, whose square is b4a4b^4-a^4.

Using the areas, ab2=2\dfrac{ab}{2}=2 and ab2a22=1\dfrac{a\sqrt{b^2-a^2}}{2}=1. Hence a2b2=16a^2b^2=16 and a2(b2a2)=4a^2(b^2-a^2)=4, so a4=12a^4=12. Then b4=25612=643b^4=\dfrac{256}{12}=\dfrac{64}{3}, and b4a4=283b^4-a^4=\dfrac{28}{3}. Thus, A is the correct answer.

16.

在直角三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 中,直角在 CC,点 DD 位于线段 AB\overline{AB} 内部,点 EE 位于线段 BC\overline{BC} 内部,满足 AC=CDAC=CDDE=EBDE=EB,且 AC:DE=4:3AC:DE=4:3。求 AD:DBAD:DB

In ABC\triangle ABC with a right angle at C,C, point DD lies in the interior of AB\overline{AB} and point EE lies in the interior of BC\overline{BC} so that AC=CD,AC=CD, DE=EB,DE=EB, and the ratio AC:DE=4:3.AC:DE=4:3. What is the ratio AD:DB?AD:DB?

2:32:3

2:52:\sqrt{5}

1:11:1

3:53:\sqrt{5}

3:23:2

答案:A
难度评级:1890
小提示:

按比例放大或缩小,使 AC=CD=4AC=CD=4DE=EB=3DE=EB=3

Scale so AC=CD=4AC=CD=4 and DE=EB=3DE=EB=3

大提示:

利用等腰三角形角度证明 EDC=90\angle EDC=90^\circ

Use isosceles angles to show EDC=90\angle EDC=90^\circ

解答:

缩放图形,使 AC=CD=4AC=CD=4,且 DE=EB=3DE=EB=3。设 A=BACA=\angle BACB=ABCB=\angle ABC,所以 A+B=90A+B=90^\circ

等腰三角形 ACDACDDEBDEB 给出 CDA=A\angle CDA=AEDB=B\angle EDB=B。因为 DADADBDB 是反向射线,CDE=180AB=90\angle CDE=180^\circ-A-B=90^\circ\text{。}因此 CE=42+32=5CE=\sqrt{4^2+3^2}=5,所以 BC=CE+EB=8BC=CE+EB=8,且 tanA=BCAC=2\tan A=\frac{BC}{AC}=2

两个等腰三角形的底边长分别为 AD=8cosAAD=8\cos ABD=6cosB=6sinABD=6\cos B=6\sin A。所以 ADBD=8cosA6sinA=43tanA=23\frac{AD}{BD}=\frac{8\cos A}{6\sin A}=\frac{4}{3\tan A}=\frac23\text{。}

所以答案是 A

Scale the figure so that AC=CD=4AC=CD=4 and DE=EB=3DE=EB=3. Let A=BACA=\angle BAC and B=ABCB=\angle ABC, so A+B=90A+B=90^\circ.

The isosceles triangles ACDACD and DEBDEB give CDA=A\angle CDA=A and EDB=B\angle EDB=B. Because DADA and DBDB are opposite rays, CDE=180AB=90.\angle CDE=180^\circ-A-B=90^\circ. Therefore CE=42+32=5CE=\sqrt{4^2+3^2}=5, so BC=CE+EB=8BC=CE+EB=8 and tanA=BCAC=2\tan A=\frac{BC}{AC}=2.

The bases of the two isosceles triangles have lengths AD=8cosAAD=8\cos A and BD=6cosB=6sinABD=6\cos B=6\sin A. Hence ADBD=8cosA6sinA=43tanA=23.\frac{AD}{BD}=\frac{8\cos A}{6\sin A}=\frac{4}{3\tan A}=\frac23.

Thus, the answer is A .

17.

一个红球和一个绿球独立随机地被投入按正整数编号的箱子中。对每个球,投入第 kk 号箱子的概率为 2k2^{-k},其中 k=1k = 12233\ldots。红球被投入编号比绿球更大的箱子的概率是多少?

A red ball and a green ball are randomly and independently tossed into bins numbered with the positive integers so that for each ball, the probability that it is tossed into bin kk is 2k2^{-k} for k=1,k = 1, 2,2, 3,3, .\ldots. What is the probability that the red ball is tossed into a higher-numbered bin than the green ball?

14\dfrac{1}{4}

27\dfrac{2}{7}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

38\dfrac{3}{8}

37\dfrac{3}{7}

答案:C
难度评级:1460
小提示:

先求两个球落在同一个箱子的概率。

First compute the probability that both balls land in the same bin

大提示:

若它们落在不同箱子中,由对称性决定哪种颜色编号更大。

If they land in different bins, symmetry decides which color is higher

解答:

已知两个球落在不同箱子中时,较大编号箱子中的球为红球的概率为 12\frac 12。因此只需求出 P(两球落在不同箱子)2\frac{P(\text{两球落在不同箱子})}2 =1P(两球落在同一箱子)2= \frac{1-P(\text{两球落在同一箱子})}2 这个值,这里用了补集计数。

两个球都落在第 kk 号箱子的概率为 2k2k=4k2^{-k} \cdot 2^{-k} = 4^{-k}\text{。}

所以两个球落在同一个箱子的概率为 k=14k\sum_{k=1}^\infty 4^{-k}\text{。} 用等比数列求和公式,得到它等于 141114=13\frac 14 \cdot \dfrac{1}{1-\frac 14} = \frac 13\text{。}

故所求概率为 1132=13\frac{1-\frac 13}2 = \frac 13\text{。}

所以答案是 C

Given that the two balls were tossed into separate bins, the probability that the ball in the higher-numbered bin is red is 12.\frac 12. Thus we must find P(Balls in different bins)2\frac{P(\text{Balls in different bins})}2 =1P(Balls in same bins)2= \frac{1-P(\text{Balls in same bins})}2 by complementary counting.

The probability that both balls are in bin kk is 2k2k=4k.2^{-k} \cdot 2^{-k} = 4^{-k}.

The probability that they are both in the same bin is therefore k=14k.\sum_{k=1}^\infty 4^{-k}. Using the geometric sequence formula, we get this to be 141114=13.\frac 14 \cdot \dfrac{1}{1-\frac 14} = \frac 13.

Therefore, our answer is 1132=13.\frac{1-\frac 13}2 = \frac 13 .

Thus, the answer is C .

18.

Henry 早上决定去锻炼,他先从家向健身房走了全程的 34\tfrac{3}{4}。健身房离 Henry 家 22 千米。到达该点后,他改变主意,朝家走回当前到家的距离的 34\tfrac{3}{4}。到达新点后,他再次改变主意,朝健身房走当前到健身房距离的 34\tfrac{3}{4}。如果 Henry 一直这样在每次改变主意后朝健身房或家走剩余距离的 34\tfrac{3}{4},他会越来越接近在离家 AA 千米与离家 BB 千米的两个点之间来回走。AB|A-B| 是多少?

Henry decides one morning to do a workout, and he walks 34\tfrac{3}{4} of the way from his home to his gym. The gym is 22 kilometers away from Henry’s home. At that point, he changes his mind and walks 34\tfrac{3}{4} of the way from where he is back toward home. When he reaches that point, he changes his mind again and walks 34\tfrac{3}{4} of the distance from there back toward the gym. If Henry keeps changing his mind when he has walked 34\tfrac{3}{4} of the distance toward either the gym or home from the point where he last changed his mind, he will get very close to walking back and forth between a point AA kilometers from home and a point BB kilometers from home. What is AB?|A-B|?

23\frac{2}{3}

11

1151 \frac{1}{5}

1141 \frac{1}{4}

1121 \frac{1}{2}

答案:C
知识点:递推一次方程
难度评级:1540
小提示:

研究从一个转向点出发、两步后回到同一方向的映射。

Study the two-step map from one turnaround point back to the same direction

大提示:

在极限点处,应用这个两步映射后位置不变。

At the limiting point, applying that two-step map changes nothing

解答:

设某个向家转向的极限点离家 xx 千米。当 Henry 朝健身房走完这一段后,他的位置为 22x4=32+x42-\frac{2-x}{4}=\frac32+\frac{x}{4}\text{。}

接着向家走该距离的四分之三,新位置离家为 14(32+x4)=38+x16\frac14\left(\frac32+\frac{x}{4}\right)=\frac38+\frac{x}{16}\text{。}

在极限点处,这个两步过程不改变位置,所以 x=38+x16x=\frac38+\frac{x}{16}\text{,} 由此得 x=25x=\frac25

另一个极限点就是朝健身房走完后到达的位置: 22254=852-\frac{2-\frac25}{4}=\frac85\text{。} 因此 AB=8525=65=115|A-B|=\frac85-\frac25=\frac65=1\frac15\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Suppose a limiting homeward turnaround point is xx kilometers from home. After Henry walks toward the gym, his position is 22x4=32+x4.2-\frac{2-x}{4}=\frac32+\frac{x}{4}.

After he turns back toward home, one quarter of that distance remains, so his next homeward turnaround point is 14(32+x4)=38+x16.\frac14\left(\frac32+\frac{x}{4}\right)=\frac38+\frac{x}{16}.

At the limiting point this two-step map leaves the position unchanged, so x=38+x16,x=\frac38+\frac{x}{16}, which gives x=25x=\frac25.

The other limiting point is the position reached after walking toward the gym: 22254=85.2-\frac{2-\frac25}{4}=\frac85. Therefore AB=8525=65=115.|A-B|=\frac85-\frac25=\frac65=1\frac15.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

19.

SS100,000100{,}000 的所有正整数因数组成的集合。有多少个数可以表示为 SS 中两个不同元素的乘积?

Let SS be the set of all positive integer divisors of 100,000.100{,}000. How many numbers are the product of two distinct elements of S?S?

9898

100100

117117

119119

121121

答案:C
难度评级:2010
小提示:

把因数写成 2a5b2^a5^b 的形式。

Represent divisors as 2a5b2^a5^b

大提示:

乘积对应指数相加,但要排除只能由两个相同因数得到的情况。

Products correspond to sums of exponents, except when only equal factors can create them

解答:

首先注意到 100,000=2555100,000=2^5\cdot5^5

因此,SS 中任一元素都形如 2a5b2^a5^b,其中 0a,b50 \leq a,b \leq 5

x,ySx,y \in S 是两个不同的元素,且 x=2a5bx = 2^a5^b\text{,}y=2c5dy=2^c5^d\text{。} 于是 xy=2a+c5b+dxy = 2^{a+c}5^{b+d}\text{。} 因此 0a+c,b+d100 \leq a+c,b+d \leq 10\text{。} 这说明乘积的指数对至多有 (10+1)(10+1)=121(10+1)(10+1)=121 种。不过其中有些只能在 x=yx=y 时出现,也就是 (a,b)=(c,d)(a,b)=(c,d) 的情形。

a+c=0a+c=0,则必须有 a=0,c=0a=0,c=0

a+c=10a+c=10,则必须有 a=5,c=5a=5,c=5

a+ca+c 取其他值时,可以让 aca \neq c

b+db+d 也有类似的结构。因此,若 a+c,b+d{0,10}a+c,b+d \in \{0,10\}\text{,}(a,b)=(c,d)(a,b)=(c,d)\text{,} 从而 x=yx=y

因此必须排除 44 种选择,剩下 1214=117121-4=117\text{。}

所以答案是 C

First, note that 100,000=2555.100,000=2^5\cdot5^5.

Therefore, any element of SS must be of the form 2a5b2^a5^b with 0a,b5.0 \leq a,b \leq 5.

Suppose I have distinct x,ySx,y \in S with x=2a5b,x = 2^a5^b,y=2c5d.y=2^c5^d. Then, xy=2a+c5b+d.xy = 2^{a+c}5^{b+d}. Thus, 0a+c,b+d10.0 \leq a+c,b+d \leq 10. This means that there are (10+1)(10+1)=121(10+1)(10+1)=121 possible exponent pairs for a product. However, some products can arise only when x=yx=y, namely when (a,b)=(c,d)(a,b)=(c,d).

If a+c=0,a+c=0, then a=0,c=0a=0,c=0 must be true.

If a+c=10,a+c=10, then a=5,c=5a=5,c=5 must be true.

With any other value of a+c,a+c, we can have ac.a \neq c.

Similar structure holds for b+d.b+d. Thus, if a+c,b+d{0,10},a+c,b+d \in \{0,10\}, then (a,b)=(c,d),(a,b)=(c,d), thus making x=y.x=y.

This means we have to eliminate 44 choices, leaving 1214=117.121-4=117.

Thus, the answer is C .

20.

如图,线段 AD\overline{AD} 被点 BBCC 三等分,使得 AB=BC=CD=2AB=BC=CD=2。三个半径为 11 的半圆 AEB^\widehat{AEB}BFC^\widehat{BFC}CGD^\widehat{CGD} 都以 AD\overline{AD} 上的线段为直径,位于直线 ADAD 的同一侧,并与直线 EGEG 分别在 EEFFGG 处相切。另有一个半径为 22 的圆,其圆心为 FF。图中阴影区域在该圆内、三个半圆外,面积可写成 abπc+d\frac{a}{b}\cdot\pi-\sqrt{c}+d\text{,} 其中 aabbccdd 是正整数,且 aabb 互质。a+b+c+da+b+c+d 是多少?

As shown in the figure, line segment AD\overline{AD} is trisected by points BB and CC so that AB=BC=CD=2.AB=BC=CD=2. Three semicircles of radius 1,1, AEB^,\widehat{AEB}, BFC^,\widehat{BFC}, and CGD^,\widehat{CGD}, have their diameters on AD\overline{AD}, lie in the same halfplane determined by line ADAD, and are tangent to line EGEG at E,E, F,F, and G,G, respectively. A circle of radius 22 has its center at F.F. The area of the region inside the circle but outside the three semicircles, shaded in the figure, can be expressed in the form abπc+d,\frac{a}{b}\cdot\pi-\sqrt{c}+d, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers and aa and bb are relatively prime. What is a+b+c+d?a+b+c+d?

1313

1414

1515

1616

1717

答案:E
难度评级:2380
小提示:

把阴影面积分解成圆扇形和简单的剩余部分。

Break the shaded area into circular sectors and simple leftover pieces

大提示:

计算由半径为 22 的圆切出的中央扇形。

Compute the central sector cut out by the radius-22 circle

解答:

直线 EGEG 经过半径为 22 的圆的圆心 FF,所以阴影上半圆的面积为 2π2\pi

XZXZ 位于 ADAD 上,且它到 FF 的距离为一个单位。因此 XFZ=2arccos(12)=2π3\angle XFZ=2\arccos\left(\frac12\right)=\frac{2\pi}{3}\text{。}ADAD 下方的阴影弓形面积为 12(22)(2π3)12(2)(2)sin(2π3)=4π33 \begin{aligned} &\frac12(2^2)\left(\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)\\ &\quad-\frac12(2)(2)\sin\left(\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)\\ &=\frac{4\pi}{3}-\sqrt3 \end{aligned}\text{。}

EGEGADAD 之间的部分由四个如下的全等区域组成。

每个区域都是一个单位正方形去掉一个单位圆的四分之一,所以四个区域的总面积为 4(1π4)=4π4\left(1-\frac\pi4\right)=4-\pi\text{。}

因此阴影总面积为 2π+(4π33)+(4π)=7π33+4 \begin{aligned} &2\pi+\left(\frac{4\pi}{3}-\sqrt3\right)\\ &\quad+(4-\pi)\\ &=\frac{7\pi}{3}-\sqrt3+4 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以 a=7a=7b=3b=3c=3c=3d=4d=4,从而 a+b+c+d=17a+b+c+d=17

所以答案是 E

Line EGEG passes through the center FF of the radius-22 circle, so the shaded upper semicircle has area 2π2\pi.

The chord XZXZ lies on ADAD, one unit from FF. Thus XFZ=2arccos(12)=2π3.\angle XFZ=2\arccos\left(\frac12\right)=\frac{2\pi}{3}. The shaded circular segment below ADAD has area 12(22)(2π3)12(2)(2)sin(2π3)=4π33. \begin{aligned} &\frac12(2^2)\left(\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)\\ &\quad-\frac12(2)(2)\sin\left(\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)\\ &=\frac{4\pi}{3}-\sqrt3. \end{aligned}

The portion between EGEG and ADAD consists of four congruent pieces of the following form.

Each piece is a unit square with a quarter of a unit circle removed, so the four pieces have total area 4(1π4)=4π.4\left(1-\frac\pi4\right)=4-\pi.

The total shaded area is therefore 2π+(4π33)+(4π)=7π33+4. \begin{aligned} &2\pi+\left(\frac{4\pi}{3}-\sqrt3\right)\\ &\quad+(4-\pi)\\ &=\frac{7\pi}{3}-\sqrt3+4. \end{aligned} Hence a=7a=7, b=3b=3, c=3c=3, and d=4d=4, giving a+b+c+d=17a+b+c+d=17.

Thus, the answer is E .

21.

Debra 反复抛一枚公平硬币,并记录到目前为止出现的正面数和反面数,直到出现连续两个正面或连续两个反面时停止。她出现连续两个正面,但在看到第二个正面之前先看到了第二个反面的概率是多少?

Debra flips a fair coin repeatedly, keeping track of how many heads and how many tails she has seen in total, until she gets either two heads in a row or two tails in a row, at which point she stops flipping. What is the probability that she gets two heads in a row but she sees a second tail before she sees a second head?

136\dfrac{1}{36}

124\dfrac{1}{24}

118\dfrac{1}{18}

112\dfrac{1}{12}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

答案:B
难度评级:1660
小提示:

最后出现相同的一对之前,序列必须一直交替。

The sequence must alternate until the final matching pair

大提示:

对可能的奇数长度求概率和。

Sum the probabilities of the possible odd lengths

解答:

在最后一次重复结果出现之前,序列必须交替。若以 HH 开始,第二个正面必定早于第二个反面出现,所以成功序列必须以 TT 开始。为了在以 HHHH 结束之前看到第二个反面,开头必须是 THTTHT

因此成功序列为 THTHH,THTHTHH,THTHH,THTHTHH,\ldots:对每个不小于 55 的奇数长度,恰有一个序列。它们的总概率为 125+127+=1321114=124 \begin{gathered} \frac1{2^5}+\frac1{2^7}+\cdots\\ =\frac1{32}\cdot\frac1{1-\frac14}\\ =\frac1{24} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以答案是 B

Before the final repeated flip, the sequence must alternate. If it starts with HH, the second head necessarily occurs before the second tail, so a successful sequence must start with TT. To see a second tail before ending with HHHH, it must begin THTTHT.

Thus the successful sequences are THTHH,THTHTHH,THTHH,THTHTHH,\ldots: exactly one sequence of each odd length at least 55. Their total probability is 125+127+=1321114=124. \begin{gathered} \frac1{2^5}+\frac1{2^7}+\cdots\\ =\frac1{32}\cdot\frac1{1-\frac14}\\ =\frac1{24}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the answer is B .

22.

Raashan、Sylvia 和 Ted 玩下面的游戏。每人起初有 $1\$1。每 1515 秒铃响一次,此时每个当前有钱的玩家都同时、独立且随机地选择另外两名玩家之一,并给那人 $1\$1。铃响 20192019 次后,每个玩家都有 $1\$1 的概率是多少?

例如,Raashan 和 Ted 可以都决定给 Sylvia 一美元,而 Sylvia 决定把她的 $1\$1 给 Ted;这时 Raashan 有 $0\$0,Sylvia 有 $2\$2,Ted 有 $1\$1,第一轮结束。第二轮 Raashan 没钱可给,但 Sylvia 和 Ted 可能互相给对方 $1\$1,结果钱数保持不变。

Raashan, Sylvia, and Ted play the following game. Each starts with $1. \$1. A bell rings every 1515 seconds, at which time each of the players who currently has money simultaneously chooses one of the other two players independently and at random and gives $1\$1 to that player. What is the probability that after the bell has rung 20192019 times, each player will have $1?\$1?

(For example, Raashan and Ted may each decide to give $1\$1 to Sylvia, and Sylvia may decide to give her dollar to Ted, at which point Raashan will have $0,\$0, Sylvia will have $2,\$2, and Ted will have $1,\$1, and that is the end of the first round of play. In the second round Raashan has no money to give, but Sylvia and Ted might choose each other to give their $1 \$1 to, and the holdings will be the same at the end of the second round.)

17\dfrac{1}{7}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

答案:B
难度评级:1950
小提示:

不考虑玩家名字,钱数状态只有两种。

There are only two money configurations up to order

大提示:

从任一状态出发,计算下一轮变成 (1,1,1)(1,1,1) 的概率。

From either configuration, compute the chance the next state is (1,1,1)(1,1,1)

解答:

不计顺序,唯一能达到的钱数状态是 (1,1,1)(1,1,1)(2,1,0)(2,1,0)。玩家不可能在一轮结束时拥有全部 33 美元:每个轮初有钱的人都必须给别人一美元,而且不能给自己。从 (1,1,1)(1,1,1) 出发,下一状态仍为 (1,1,1)(1,1,1),当且仅当三个人沿同一个循环方向传钱,其概率为 2(12)3=142\left(\dfrac12\right)^3=\dfrac14

(2,1,0)(2,1,0) 出发,记三人的钱数为 A=2,B=1,C=0A=2,B=1,C=0。下一状态恰为 (1,1,1)(1,1,1),当且仅当 AA 把钱给 BB,且 BB 把钱给 CC,这是四个等可能选择组合中的一个。因此概率同样是 14\dfrac14

所以无论第 20182018 次铃响后的状态如何,下一次铃响后状态为 (1,1,1)(1,1,1) 的概率都是 14\dfrac14。所以正确答案是 B

The only reachable money configurations up to order are (1,1,1)(1,1,1) and (2,1,0)(2,1,0). A player cannot finish a round with all 33 dollars: anyone who begins with money must give a dollar to someone else, and no one can give to themselves. From (1,1,1)(1,1,1), the next state is again (1,1,1)(1,1,1) exactly when all three players pass dollars in the same cyclic direction, which has probability 2(12)3=142\left(\dfrac12\right)^3=\dfrac14.

From (2,1,0)(2,1,0), label the players’ holdings A=2,B=1,C=0A=2,B=1,C=0. The next state is (1,1,1)(1,1,1) exactly when AA gives to BB and BB gives to CC, one of the four equally likely pairs of choices. This also has probability 14\dfrac14.

Therefore, regardless of the state after 20182018 rings, the probability that the state after the next ring is (1,1,1)(1,1,1) is 14\dfrac14. Thus, B is the correct answer.

23.

A=(6,13)A=(6,13)B=(12,11)B=(12,11) 在平面中的圆 ω\omega 上。假设 ω\omegaAABB 处的切线相交于 xx 轴上的一点。求 ω\omega 的面积。

Points A=(6,13)A=(6,13) and B=(12,11)B=(12,11) lie on a circle ω\omega in the plane. Suppose that the tangent lines to ω\omega at AA and BB intersect at a point on the xx-axis. What is the area of ω?\omega?

83π8\dfrac{83\pi}{8}

21π2\dfrac{21\pi}{2}

85π8\dfrac{85\pi}{8}

43π4\dfrac{43\pi}{4}

87π8\dfrac{87\pi}{8}

答案:C
难度评级:2150
小提示:

两条切线的交点在 ABAB 的垂直平分线上。

The tangent intersection lies on the perpendicular bisector of ABAB

大提示:

到切点的半径垂直于切线。

The radius to a tangent point is perpendicular to the tangent line

解答:

设两条切线交于 PP。从同一点引出的两条切线长度相等,所以 PA=PBPA=PB,因此 PPAB\overline{AB} 的垂直平分线上。

A(6,13)A(6,13)B(12,11)B(12,11) 的中点为 (9,12)(9,12)ABAB 的斜率为 13-\dfrac13,所以垂直平分线为 y=3x15y=3x-15。它与 xx 轴交于 P=(5,0)P=(5,0)

经过 PPAA 的切线斜率为 1313,所以通向 AA 的半径斜率为 113-\dfrac1{13}。联立 y13=113(x6)y-13=-\dfrac1{13}(x-6)y=3x15y=3x-15,得到圆心 (374,514)\left(\dfrac{37}{4},\dfrac{51}{4}\right)

因此 r2=(3746)2r^2=\left(\dfrac{37}{4}-6\right)^2 +(51413)2+\left(\dfrac{51}{4}-13\right)^2 =858=\dfrac{85}{8},所以圆面积为 85π8\dfrac{85\pi}{8}。正确答案是 C

Let PP be the intersection point of the two tangents. Since tangent lengths from the same point are equal, PA=PBPA=PB, so PP lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB\overline{AB}.

The midpoint of A(6,13)A(6,13) and B(12,11)B(12,11) is (9,12)(9,12), and the slope of ABAB is 13-\dfrac13, so the perpendicular bisector is y=3x15y=3x-15. Its intersection with the xx-axis is P=(5,0)P=(5,0).

The tangent line through PP and AA has slope 1313, so the radius to AA has slope 113-\dfrac1{13}. Intersecting y13=113(x6)y-13=-\dfrac1{13}(x-6) with y=3x15y=3x-15 gives center (374,514)\left(\dfrac{37}{4},\dfrac{51}{4}\right).

Thus r2=(3746)2r^2=\left(\dfrac{37}{4}-6\right)^2 +(51413)2+\left(\dfrac{51}{4}-13\right)^2 =858=\dfrac{85}{8}, so the area is 85π8\dfrac{85\pi}{8}. Thus, C is the correct answer.

24.

定义数列 x0=5x_0=5,且 xn+1=xn2+5xn+4xn+6x_{n+1}=\frac{x_n^2+5x_n+4}{x_n+6} 对所有非负整数 nn 都成立。设 mm 为满足 xm4+1220x_m\leq 4+\frac{1}{2^{20}} 的最小正整数。mm 落在哪个区间内?

Define a sequence recursively by x0=5x_0=5 and xn+1=xn2+5xn+4xn+6x_{n+1}=\frac{x_n^2+5x_n+4}{x_n+6} for all nonnegative integers n.n. Let mm be the least positive integer such that xm4+1220.x_m\leq 4+\frac{1}{2^{20}}. In which of the following intervals does mm lie?

[9,26][9,26]

[27,80][27,80]

[81,242][81,242]

[243,728][243,728]

[729,)[729,\infty)

答案:C
难度评级:2380
小提示:

平移数列,令 an=xn4a_n=x_n-4

Shift the sequence by writing an=xn4a_n=x_n-4

大提示:

把比值 an+1an\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} 夹在 910\frac{9}{10}1011\frac{10}{11} 之间。

Bound the ratio an+1an\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} between 910\frac{9}{10} and 1011\frac{10}{11}

解答:

an=xn4a_n=x_n-4,则 a0=1a_0=1。化简递推式可得 an+1=an(an+9)an+10a_{n+1}=\frac{a_n(a_n+9)}{a_n+10}\text{。} 只要 0<an10<a_n\le1,就有 910anan+11011an\frac9{10}a_n\le a_{n+1}\le\frac{10}{11}a_n\text{。}

由归纳法,(910)nan(1011)n\left(\dfrac9{10}\right)^n\le a_n\le\left(\dfrac{10}{11}\right)^n。当 n=80n=80 时,(109)80<220\left(\dfrac{10}{9}\right)^{80}<2^{20},所以 (910)80>220\left(\dfrac9{10}\right)^{80}>2^{-20},从而 m>80m>80

另一方面,(1110)8>2\left(\dfrac{11}{10}\right)^8>2,所以 (1011)160<220\left(\dfrac{10}{11}\right)^{160}<2^{-20},从而 m160m\le160。于是 81m16081\le m\le160,所以 mm 位于 [81,242][81,242]。正确答案是 C

Let an=xn4a_n=x_n-4. Then a0=1a_0=1, and simplifying the recurrence gives an+1=an(an+9)an+10.a_{n+1}=\frac{a_n(a_n+9)}{a_n+10}. As long as 0<an10<a_n\le1, this implies 910anan+11011an.\frac9{10}a_n\le a_{n+1}\le\frac{10}{11}a_n.

By induction, (910)nan(1011)n\left(\dfrac9{10}\right)^n\le a_n\le\left(\dfrac{10}{11}\right)^n. For n=80n=80, (109)80<220\left(\dfrac{10}{9}\right)^{80}<2^{20}, so (910)80>220\left(\dfrac9{10}\right)^{80}>2^{-20}, and therefore m>80m>80.

Also (1110)8>2\left(\dfrac{11}{10}\right)^8>2, so (1011)160<220\left(\dfrac{10}{11}\right)^{160}<2^{-20}, which gives m160m\le160. Hence 81m16081\le m\le160, so mm lies in [81,242][81,242]. Thus, C is the correct answer.

25.

0011 组成的长度为 1919 的序列中,有多少个以 00 开头、以 00 结尾,且既不含两个连续的 00,也不含三个连续的 11

How many sequences of 00s and 11s of length 1919 are there that begin with a 0,0, end with a 0,0, contain no two consecutive 00s, and contain no three consecutive 11s?

5555

6060

6565

7070

7575

答案:C
难度评级:1770
小提示:

初始的 00 之后,整个序列由 1010110110 这两种块组成。

After the initial 00, the string is made of blocks 1010 and 110110

大提示:

2y+3x=182y+3x=18,并数这些块的排列方式。

Solve 2y+3x=182y+3x=18 and count block orderings

解答:

序列先以一个 00 开头,之后由若干个 110110 块和 1010 块依次组成,每个块都接在一个 00 后面。

110110 块有 xx 个,1010 块有 yy 个。于是序列的项数为 3x+2y+1=193x+2y+1=19\text{,}3x+2y=183x+2y=18\text{。} 可能的有序对为 (x,y)=(6,0),(4,3),(2,6),(0,9) \begin{aligned} (x,y)&=(6,0),(4,3),\\ &\quad(2,6),(0,9) \end{aligned}\text{。} 于是排列这 x+yx+y 个块的方法数为 (x+yx)\binom{x+y}x\text{,} 因为只需选定 x+yx+y 个位置中哪 xx 个放 110110 块。

因此总数为 (66)+(74)+(82)+(90)\binom 66 + \binom 74 + \binom 82 + \binom 90 =1+35+28+1=1+35+28+1 =65=65\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Our sequence starts with a 00 then has sequences of 110110 and 1010 in some order, where they each come after a 0.0.

Let the number of 110110 be xx and let the number of 1010 be y.y. Then the number of terms in the sequence is 3x+2y+1=19,3x+2y+1=19, making 3x+2y=18.3x+2y=18. The possible ordered pairs are (x,y)=(6,0),(4,3),(2,6),(0,9). \begin{aligned} (x,y)&=(6,0),(4,3),\\ &\quad(2,6),(0,9). \end{aligned} Then, the number of ways to order the x+yx+y blocks is (x+yx),\binom{x+y}x, since we choose which xx of the x+yx+y positions hold a 110110 block.

Therefore, the total number of ways is (66)+(74)+(82)+(90)\binom 66 + \binom 74 + \binom 82 + \binom 90=1+35+28+1=1+35+28+1=65.=65.

Thus, the answer is C .