2016 AMC 10B 真题

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1.

a=12a= \tfrac{1}{2} 时,求 2a1+a12a\dfrac{2a^{-1}+\frac{a^{-1}}{2}}{a} 的值。

What is the value of 2a1+a12a\dfrac{2a^{-1}+\frac{a^{-1}}{2}}{a} when a=12?a= \tfrac{1}{2}?

 1\ 1

 2\ 2

 52\ \dfrac{5}{2}

 10\ 10

 20\ 20

答案:D
知识点:指数换元法
难度评级:770
小提示:

先把式子中的 aa 的幂合并,再代入 a=12a=\frac{1}{2}

Substitute a=12a=\frac{1}{2} after combining powers of aa

大提示:

再除以 aa 会把 a1a^{-1} 变成 a2a^{-2}

Dividing by aa turns a1a^{-1} into a2a^{-2}

解答:

原式等于 2a2+a22=2.5(a1)22a^{-2}+\frac{a^{-2}}{2} = 2.5 (a^{-1})^2\text{。} 此时 a1a^{-1} 等于 112=2\dfrac{1}{\frac 12} = 2,所以原式为 2.522=102.5\cdot 2^2 = 10

所以正确答案是 D

The expression is equivalent to 2a2+a22=2.5(a1)2.2a^{-2}+\frac{a^{-2}}{2} = 2.5 (a^{-1})^2. Then a1a^{-1} is equal to 112=2,\dfrac{1}{\frac 12} = 2, so our expression is equal to 2.522=10.2.5\cdot 2^2 = 10.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

2.

nm=n3m2n\heartsuit m=n^3m^2,则 2442\frac{2\heartsuit 4}{4\heartsuit 2} 等于多少?

If nm=n3m2,n\heartsuit m=n^3m^2, what is 2442?\frac{2\heartsuit 4}{4\heartsuit 2}?

 14\ \dfrac{1}{4}

 12\ \dfrac{1}{2}

 1\ 1

 2\ 2

 4\ 4

答案:B
难度评级:870
小提示:

先用符号形式计算这个运算的比值。

Compute the operation ratio symbolically first

大提示:

nmmn=nm\frac{n\heartsuit m}{m\heartsuit n}=\frac nm

nmmn=nm\frac{n\heartsuit m}{m\heartsuit n}=\frac nm

解答:

对任意非零 a,ba,b,有 abba=a3b2b3a2=ab\dfrac{a\heartsuit b}{b\heartsuit a} = \dfrac{a^3b^2}{b^3 a^2} = \dfrac ab \text{。}a=2,b=4a=2,b=4,得到 24=12\frac{ 2}{4} = \frac 12

所以正确答案是 B

For any nonzero a,b,a,b, we have abba=a3b2b3a2=ab.\dfrac{a\heartsuit b}{b\heartsuit a} = \dfrac{a^3b^2}{b^3 a^2} = \dfrac ab . Using a=2,b=4,a=2,b=4, we get that 24=12.\frac{ 2}{4} = \frac 12.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

3.

x=2016x=-2016。求下式的值:xxxx\Bigg\vert\Big\vert |x|-x\Big\vert-|x|\Bigg\vert-x\text{?}

Let x=2016.x=-2016. What is the value of xxxx?\Bigg\vert\Big\vert |x|-x\Big\vert-|x|\Bigg\vert-x?

 2016\ -2016

 0\ 0

 2016\ 2016

 4032\ 4032

 6048\ 6048

答案:D
知识点:绝对值
难度评级:960
小提示:

x<0x<0 时,x=x|x|=-x

For x<0x<0, x=x|x|=-x

大提示:

从最里面的绝对值开始向外计算。

Evaluate the absolute values from the inside outward

解答:

x=2016<0x=-2016<0 可知 x=2016|x|=2016,所以 xx=2016(2016)=4032 \begin{aligned} |x|-x&=2016-(-2016) \\ &=4032 \end{aligned}\text{,} 最内层的绝对值为 40324032。因此整个表达式为 40322016+2016=4032|4032-2016|+2016=4032\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Since x=2016<0,x=-2016<0, we have x=2016.|x|=2016. Thus xx=2016(2016)=4032, \begin{aligned} |x|-x&=2016-(-2016) \\ &=4032, \end{aligned} so the innermost absolute value is 4032.4032. Therefore the full expression is 40322016+2016=4032.|4032-2016|+2016=4032.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

4.

Zoey 一本一本地读了 1515 本书。第一本书花了她 11 天,第二本花了 22 天,第三本花了 33 天,依此类推,每一本都比前一本多花 11 天。Zoey 在星期一读完第一本书,在星期三读完第二本书。她会在星期几读完第 1515 本书?

Zoey read 1515 books, one at a time. The first book took her 11 day to read, the second book took her 22 days to read, the third book took her 33 days to read, and so on, with each book taking her 11 more day to read than the previous book. Zoey finished the first book on a Monday, and the second on a Wednesday. On what day of the week did she finish her 1515th book?

星期日

Sunday

星期一

Monday

星期三

Wednesday

星期五

Friday

星期六

Saturday

答案:B
难度评级:1020
小提示:

总阅读天数是 1+2++151+2+\cdots+15

The total reading time is 1+2++151+2+\cdots+15

大提示:

把第 1515 本读完的日期与第 11 本读完的日期模 77 比较。

Compare the finish day of book 1515 with the finish day of book 11 modulo 77

解答:

读完 1515 本书共需要 15162=120\dfrac{ 15\cdot 16}{2} =120 天。因此第十五本读完是在第一本读完后的 1201=119120-1=119 天。因为这是 77 的倍数,所以第 1515 本是在与第 11 本相同的星期几读完的,也就是星期一。

所以正确答案是 B

The number of days it takes to read 1515 books is 15162=120.\dfrac{ 15\cdot 16}{2} =120. Therefore, it is 1201=119120-1=119 days after the first book is read. This is a multiple of 7,7, so the 1515th book was finished on the same day as the 11st book. Therefore, it was finished on a Monday.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

5.

Amanda 的 44 个表亲的平均年龄是 88,年龄中位数是 55。她最小和最大的两个表亲的年龄之和是多少?

The mean age of Amanda’s 44 cousins is 8,8, and their median age is 5.5. What is the sum of the ages of Amanda’s youngest and oldest cousins?

 13\ 13

 16\ 16

 19\ 19

 22\ 22

 25\ 25

答案:D
难度评级:900
小提示:

四个人的年龄总和是 484\cdot8

The total age is 484\cdot8

大提示:

中间两个年龄的和是 1010

The two middle ages sum to 1010

解答:

四个年龄的总和是 48=324\cdot8=32。由于中位数是 55,中间两个年龄的平均数是 55,所以它们的和是 1010

因此最小年龄与最大年龄的和为 3210=2232-10=22

所以正确答案是 D

The total of the four cousin ages is 48=324\cdot8=32. Since the median is 55, the two middle ages have average 55, so their sum is 1010.

Therefore the youngest and oldest ages sum to 3210=2232-10=22.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

Laura 把两个三位正整数相加。这两个数中的六个数字互不相同。她得到的和是一个三位数 SSSS 的各位数字之和最小可能是多少?

Laura added two three-digit positive integers. All six digits in these numbers are different. Laura’s sum is a three-digit number S.S. What is the smallest possible value for the sum of the digits of S?S?

 1\ 1

 4\ 4

 5\ 5

 15\ 15

 21\ 21

答案:B
知识点:数字极端原理
难度评级:960
小提示:

说明数字和小于 44 不可能。

Show a digit sum below 44 is impossible

大提示:

157+243=400157+243=400 可以达到数字和 44

157+243=400157+243=400 reaches digit sum 44

解答:

为使两个加数的和尽量小,百位取两个最小的非零数字 1122,剩下的四个数位取余下最小的四个数字 0,3,4,50,3,4,5。把较小的数字放在十位上可知,任何可能的和都至少是 104+235=339104+235=339。另一方面,数字和小于 44 的三位数最大也只有 300300。因此 SS 的数字和至少为 44

例子 157+243=400157+243=400 使用六个互不相同的数字,且数字和为 44。因此最小可能值是 44

所以正确答案是 B

To minimize the sum of the addends, use the two smallest nonzero hundreds digits, 11 and 22, and then the four smallest remaining digits, 0,3,4,50,3,4,5. Placing the smaller digits in the tens places shows that every possible sum is at least 104+235=339104+235=339. On the other hand, any three-digit number with digit sum less than 44 is at most 300300. Therefore the digit sum of SS is at least 44.

The example 157+243=400157+243=400 uses six distinct digits and has digit sum 44. Thus the smallest possible digit sum is 44.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

两个锐角的度数之比为 5:45:4,且其中一个角的余角是另一个角的余角的两倍。这两个角的度数之和是多少?

The ratio of the measures of two acute angles is 5:4,5:4, and the complement of one of these two angles is twice as large as the complement of the other. What is the sum of the degree measures of the two angles?

 75\ 75

 90\ 90

 135\ 135

 150\ 150

 270\ 270

答案:C
难度评级:1070
小提示:

设较小的锐角为 xx

Let the smaller acute angle be xx

大提示:

较大的角有较小的余角。

The larger angle has the smaller complement

解答:

设较小角为 xx。则较大角为 54x\frac 54 x,两角和为 94x\frac 94 x

它们的余角分别是 90x90-x9054x90 - \frac 54x。由于 90x90-x 大于 9054x90-\frac 54 x,所以 90x=2(9054x)90x=18052xx=60\begin{aligned}90 -x &= 2\left(90 - \frac 54 x\right) \\90-x&= 180-\frac 52 x\\x&=60\end{aligned}\text{。}

因此两角和为 9460=135\dfrac 94 \cdot 60=135\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Let the smaller angle be x.x. Then, the larger angle is 54x.\frac 54 x. Note that their sum is 94x.\frac 94 x.

Their complements are then 90x90-x and 9054x.90 - \frac 54x. Since 90x90-x is larger than 9054x,90-\frac 54 x, we know 90x=2(9054x)90x=18052xx=60.\begin{aligned}90 -x &= 2\left(90 - \frac 54 x\right) \\90-x&= 180-\frac 52 x\\x&=60.\end{aligned}

Therefore, the sum is 9460=135.\dfrac 94 \cdot 60=135.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

8.

2015201620172015^{2016}-2017 的十位数字是多少?

What is the tens digit of 201520162017?2015^{2016}-2017?

 0\ 0

 1\ 1

 3\ 3

 5\ 5

 8\ 8

答案:A
难度评级:1420
小提示:

为了得到十位数字,计算这个数模 100100

Work modulo 100100 to get the tens digit

大提示:

分别使用模 44 和模 2525 的同余。

Use congruences modulo 44 and 2525

解答:

为了求十位数字,先求该数模 100100 的余数。先求 20152016mod1002015^{2016} \mod 100,可用中国剩余定理分别考虑 mod4\mod 4mod25\mod 25

201520160mod252015^{2016} \equiv 0 \mod 25 因为它是 2525 的倍数。

另一方面,底数除以四的余数为负一,所以 20152016(1)20162015^{2016} \equiv (-1)^{2016} 1mod4 \equiv 1 \mod 4\text{。}

由中国剩余定理可知,这个数同余于 25mod10025 \mod 100

因此 2015201620172015^{2016}-2017 2517mod100\equiv 25 - 17 \mod 1008mod100\equiv 8 \mod 100\text{。} 这说明十位数字是 00

所以正确答案是 A

To find the tens digit, we first need to find the number modulo 100.100. First, we can find 20152016mod100.2015^{2016} \mod 100. We can do this with the Chinese Remainder Theorem by first getting the number mod4\mod 4 and then mod25.\mod 25.

The number 201520160mod252015^{2016} \equiv 0 \mod 25 since it is a multiple of 25.25.

Then, observe that 20152016(1)20162015^{2016} \equiv (-1)^{2016}1mod4. \equiv 1 \mod 4 .

By the Chinese remainder theorem, we can get that our number is congruent to 25mod100.25 \mod 100.

Therefore, 2015201620172015^{2016}-2017 2517mod100\equiv 25 - 17 \mod 1008mod100.\equiv 8 \mod 100 . This means the tens digit is 0.0.

Thus, the correct answer is A .

9.

ABC\bigtriangleup ABC 的三个顶点都在抛物线 y=x2y=x^2 上,其中 AA 在原点,且 BC\overline{BC} 平行于 xx 轴。若三角形面积为 6464,则 BCBC 的长度是多少?

All three vertices of ABC\bigtriangleup ABC lie on the parabola defined by y=x2,y=x^2, with AA at the origin and BC\overline{BC} parallel to the xx-axis. The area of the triangle is 64.64. What is the length of BC?BC?

 4\ 4

 6\ 6

 8\ 8

 10\ 10

 16\ 16

答案:C
难度评级:1280
小提示:

使用对称点 (t,t2)(-t,t^2)(t,t2)(t,t^2)

Use symmetric points (t,t2)(-t,t^2) and (t,t2)(t,t^2)

大提示:

三角形的面积是 t3t^3

The triangle area is t3t^3

解答:

设三个顶点为 A=(0,0)A=(0,0)\text{,} B=(x1,y1)B=(x_1,y_1)\text{,} C=(x2,y2)C=(x_2,y_2)\text{。}

因为 BCBC 平行于 xx 轴,所以 y1=y2y_1=y_2,记为 yy。又两点都在抛物线上,x12=y=x22x_1^2 = y=x_2^2,即 x12=x22x_1^2=x_2^2 。因此 x1=x2x_1=-x_2 x1=x2x_1 = x_2。后一种会让两点重合,面积为 00。所以令 x=x1=x2x= -x_1=x_2,同时 y=x2y=x^2

于是点为 A=(0,0)A=(0,0)\text{,}B=(x,x2)B=(-x,x^2)\text{,}C=(x,x2)C=(x,x^2)\text{。}BCBC 为底时,底长为 2x2x,高为 x2x^2,面积为 x3=64x^3 = 64。因此 x=4x=4,所以 BC=24=8BC = 2\cdot 4 = 8

所以正确答案是 C

Let the points be A=(0,0),A=(0,0),B=(x1,y1),B=(x_1,y_1),C=(x2,y2).C=(x_2,y_2).

Then, since BCBC is parallel with the xx-axis, we know y1=y2,y_1=y_2, which we will let be y.y. Then, x12=y=x22,x_1^2 = y=x_2^2, so x12=x22.x_1^2=x_2^2 . This implies that either x1=x2x_1=-x_2 or x1=x2.x_1 = x_2. The second option cannot happen since that would set two points as the same, which would create an area of 0.0. As such, let x=x1=x2.x= -x_1=x_2. Then y=x2y=x^2 also.

Then, the points are A=(0,0),A=(0,0),B=(x,x2),B=(-x,x^2),C=(x,x2).C=(x,x^2). With a base of BC,BC, the length is 2x2x and the height is x2.x^2. This would make the area x3=64.x^3 = 64. Therefore, x=4,x=4, so BC=24=8.BC = 2\cdot 4 = 8.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

10.

一块均匀密度的薄木板是边长为 33 英寸的等边三角形,重 1212 盎司。另一块同种木材、同样厚度的等边三角形木板边长为 55 英寸。下面哪个数最接近第二块木板的重量(盎司)?

A thin piece of wood of uniform density in the shape of an equilateral triangle with side length 33 inches weighs 1212 ounces. A second piece of the same type of wood, with the same thickness, also in the shape of an equilateral triangle, has side length 55 inches. Which of the following is closest to the weight, in ounces, of the second piece?

 14.0\ 14.0

 16.0\ 16.0

 20.0\ 20.0

 33.3\ 33.3

 55.6\ 55.6

答案:D
难度评级:960
小提示:

厚度和密度固定时,重量按面积比例缩放。

Weights scale like areas because thickness and density are fixed

大提示:

边长的缩放因子是 53\frac{5}{3}

The side-length scale factor is 53\frac{5}{3}

解答:

面积按 532\frac 53 ^2 倍增加,因为边长按 53\frac 53 倍增加。厚度不变,所以体积也按同样倍数增加。又因为木材密度相同,重量也按 532\frac 53^2 倍增加,于是新重量为 12259=100312 \cdot \dfrac {25}{9} = \dfrac{100}3\text{。} 约为 33.333.3

所以正确答案是 D

The surface area is increased by a factor of 532\frac 53 ^2 since the side lengths are increased by a factor of 53.\frac 53. Also since the thickness is constant, the volume is scaled up by that much. Then, the wood having the same density makes the weight increase by a factor of 532\frac 53^2 as well, so the new weight is 12259=1003.12 \cdot \dfrac {25}{9} = \dfrac{100}3. This is approximately 33.3.33.3.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

11.

Carl 决定给他的长方形花园围篱笆。他买了 2020 根柱子,四个角各放一根,其余柱子沿花园边均匀放置,相邻柱子之间恰好相隔 44 码。较长边(包括两端角上的柱子)上的柱子数是较短边的两倍。Carl 的花园面积是多少平方码?

Carl decided to fence in his rectangular garden. He bought 2020 fence posts, placed one on each of the four corners, and spaced out the rest evenly along the edges of the garden, leaving exactly 44 yards between neighboring posts. The longer side of his garden, including the corners, has twice as many posts as the shorter side, including the corners. What is the area, in square yards, of Carl’s garden?

 256\ 256

 336\ 336

 384\ 384

 448\ 448

 512\ 512

答案:B
难度评级:1280
小提示:

设短边和长边上包括角柱在内的柱子数分别为 ssll

Let ss and ll be posts on the short and long sides, including corners

大提示:

使用 l=2sl=2s2l+2s4=202l+2s-4=20

Use l=2sl=2s and 2l+2s4=202l+2s-4=20

解答:

设长边上有 ll 根柱子,短边上有 ss 根柱子,均包括两个角。总柱子数为 2l+2s4=202l+2s-4=20\text{,} 其中 4-4 是为了避免四个角被重复计算。

又长边柱子数是短边的两倍,所以 l=2sl=2s。代入得 2(2s)+2s4=202(2s)+2s-4=20,因此 s=4s=4l=8l=8

短边有 33 个间隔,长边有 77 个间隔,每个间隔 44 码,所以边长分别为 12122828,面积为 1228=33612\cdot28=336

所以正确答案是 B

Let ll be the number of posts on a long side, including corners, and let ss be the number of posts on a short side, including corners. The total number of posts is 2l+2s4=20,2l+2s-4=20, where the 4-4 avoids double-counting the corners.

Since a long side has twice as many posts as a short side, l=2sl=2s. Thus 2(2s)+2s4=202(2s)+2s-4=20, so s=4s=4 and l=8l=8.

There are 33 equal gaps on a short side and 77 equal gaps on a long side. With 44 yards between neighboring posts, the side lengths are 1212 and 2828, so the area is 1228=33612\cdot28=336.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

从集合 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} 中随机选出两个不同的数并相乘。乘积为偶数的概率是多少?

Two different numbers are selected at random from {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} and multiplied together. What is the probability that the product is even?

 0.2\ 0.2

 0.4\ 0.4

 0.5\ 0.5

 0.7\ 0.7

 0.8\ 0.8

答案:D
难度评级:960
小提示:

反过来数乘积为奇数的数对。

Count the odd-product pairs instead

大提示:

总共有 (52)\binom52 对,其中奇数对有 (32)\binom32 对。

There are (32)\binom32 odd pairs out of (52)\binom52 pairs

解答:

乘积为奇数当且仅当两个数都是奇数。有 (32)=3\binom 32=3 种奇数对,总共有 (52)=10\binom 52=10 种数对。因此乘积为奇数的概率为 310=0.3\frac 3{10} = 0.3,乘积为偶数的概率为 10.3=0.71-0.3=0.7

所以正确答案是 D

The product is odd if and only if both numbers are odd. There are (32)=3\binom 32=3 ways to do this out of a possible (52)=10\binom 52=10 ways. This makes the probability of it being odd equal to 310=0.3.\frac 3{10} = 0.3. This means the probability it is even is 10.3=0.7.1-0.3=0.7.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

13.

某年 Megapolis 医院的多胞胎统计如下:双胞胎、三胞胎、四胞胎一共占 10001000 个出生婴儿。三胞胎组数是四胞胎组数的四倍,双胞胎组数是三胞胎组数的三倍。这 10001000 个婴儿中,有多少个属于四胞胎?

At Megapolis Hospital one year, multiple-birth statistics were as follows: Sets of twins, triplets, and quadruplets accounted for 10001000 of the babies born. There were four times as many sets of triplets as sets of quadruplets, and there were three times as many sets of twins as sets of triplets. How many of these 10001000 babies were in sets of quadruplets?

 25\ 25

 40\ 40

 64\ 64

 100\ 100

 160\ 160

答案:D
知识点:方程组
难度评级:1140
小提示:

设双胞胎、三胞胎、四胞胎的组数分别为 w,r,qw,r,q

Let w,r,qw,r,q be the numbers of twin, triplet, and quadruplet sets

大提示:

使用 r=4qr=4qw=3rw=3r

Use r=4qr=4q and w=3rw=3r

解答:

设双胞胎、三胞胎、四胞胎的组数分别为 w,r,qw,r,q。婴儿总数给出 2w+3r+4q=10002w+3r+4q=1000\text{。} 条件给出 r=4qr=4q,且 w=3r=12qw=3r=12q

代入得 2(12q)+3(4q)+4q2(12q)+3(4q)+4q =40q=1000=40q=1000,所以 q=25q=25。四胞胎中的婴儿数为 4q=1004q=100

所以正确答案是 D

Let w,r,qw,r,q be the numbers of sets of twins, triplets, and quadruplets. Then 2w+3r+4q=1000.2w+3r+4q=1000. The statement gives r=4qr=4q and w=3r=12qw=3r=12q.

Substituting gives 2(12q)+3(4q)+4q2(12q)+3(4q)+4q =40q=1000=40q=1000, so q=25q=25. The number of babies in sets of quadruplets is 4q=1004q=100.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

有多少个边平行于坐标轴、顶点坐标都是整数的正方形完全位于由直线 y=πxy=\pi x、直线 y=0.1y=-0.1 和直线 x=5.1x=5.1 围成的区域内?

How many squares whose sides are parallel to the axes and whose vertices have coordinates that are integers lie entirely within the region bounded by the line y=πx,y=\pi x, the line y=0.1y=-0.1 and the line x=5.1?x=5.1?

 30\ 30

 41\ 41

 45\ 45

 50\ 50

 57\ 57

答案:D
难度评级:1970
小提示:

对每一种边长,数可能的左上顶点格点。

For each square size, count possible top-left lattice points

大提示:

只有边长 1,2,31,2,3 的正方形能放入。

Only side lengths 1,2,31,2,3 can fit

解答:

正方形必须在 y=0.1y=-0.1 上方、x=5.1x=5.1 左方、且在 y=πxy=\pi x 下方。因为 π\pi 略大于 33,在 x=1,2,3,4x=1,2,3,4 处可用的整数高度分别是 3,6,9,123,6,9,12,边长大于 33 的正方形不能完全放入。

按左上顶点和边长计数。边长为 11 时有 3+6+9+12=303+6+9+12=30 个;边长为 22 时有 2+5+8=152+5+8=15 个;边长为 33 时有 1+4=51+4=5 个。

总数为 30+15+5=5030+15+5=50

所以正确答案是 D

A square must lie above y=0.1y=-0.1, to the left of x=5.1x=5.1, and below y=πxy=\pi x. Since π\pi is a little more than 33, the lattice heights available at x=1,2,3,4x=1,2,3,4 are 3,6,9,123,6,9,12, and side lengths larger than 33 cannot fit.

Count by side length using the top-left lattice point. For side length 11, there are 3+6+9+12=303+6+9+12=30 choices. For side length 22, there are 2+5+8=152+5+8=15 choices. For side length 33, there are 1+4=51+4=5 choices.

The total is 30+15+5=5030+15+5=50.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

把数字 112233445566778899 填入一个 3×33\times3 方格阵列,每格一个数,使得任意两个连续数字所在方格都共边。四个角上的数字之和为 1818。中心格中的数字是多少?

All the numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 99 are written in a 3×33\times3 array of squares, one number in each square, in such a way that if two numbers are consecutive then they occupy squares that share an edge. The numbers in the four corners add up to 18.18. What is the number in the center?

 5\ 5

 6\ 6

 7\ 7

 8\ 8

 9\ 9

答案:C
难度评级:1420
小提示:

相邻的连续数字奇偶性相反。

Adjacent consecutive numbers have opposite parity

大提示:

中心和四个角必须具有相同的奇偶性。

The center and four corners must all have the same parity

解答:

把方阵像棋盘一样染色,使中心和四个角是一种颜色,四个边格是另一种颜色。相邻整数占据相邻格,所以路径 1,2,,91,2,\ldots,9 的颜色交替。因此五个奇数全在一个颜色类中,四个偶数全在另一个颜色类中。

由中心和四个角组成的颜色类有五个格子,所以其中放的是五个奇数。因此四角与中心之和为 1+3+5+7+9=251+3+5+7+9=25\text{。}

由于四个角的和为 1818,中心的数为 2518=725-18=7

所以正确答案是 C

Color the array like a checkerboard, with the center and four corners one color and the four edge squares the other color. Consecutive numbers occupy adjacent squares, so the path 1,2,,91,2,\ldots,9 alternates colors. Therefore all five odd numbers occupy one color class and all four even numbers occupy the other.

The color class consisting of the center and four corners has five squares, so it contains the five odd numbers. Hence the sum of the corners and center is 1+3+5+7+9=25.1+3+5+7+9=25.

Since the corners have a sum of 18,18, the center has a value of 2518=7.25-18=7.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

16.

一个无穷等比级数的和是正数 SS,且该级数的第二项是 11SS 的最小可能值是多少?

The sum of an infinite geometric series is a positive number S,S, and the second term in the series is 1.1. What is the smallest possible value of S?S?

 1+52\ \dfrac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}

 2\ 2

 5\ \sqrt{5}

 3\ 3

 4\ 4

答案:E
难度评级:1540
小提示:

设首项为 aa,公比为 rr

Write the first term as aa and common ratio as rr

大提示:

条件 ar=1ar=1 使得 S=1r(1r)S=\frac{1}{r(1-r)}

The condition ar=1ar=1 makes S=1r(1r)S=\frac{1}{r(1-r)}

解答:

设首项为 aa,公比为 rr。由第二项为一可得 S=a1r=arr(1r)=1r(1r)\begin{aligned}S&=\dfrac{a}{1-r}\\ &= \dfrac{ar}{r(1-r)} \\&= \dfrac{1}{r(1-r)}\end{aligned}\text{。} 因此要使级数和最小,就要找使下式最大的 rrr(1r)=0.25(r0.5)2r(1-r)= 0.25-(r-0.5)^2\text{。} 这个最大值在 r=0.5r=0.5 时取到。

所以 S=10.5(0.5)=4S = \dfrac{1}{0.5(0.5)}= 4

所以正确答案是 E

Let the first value of the series be a,a, and let the ratio be r.r. Thus, S=a1r=arr(1r)=1r(1r).\begin{aligned}S&=\dfrac{a}{1-r}\\ &= \dfrac{ar}{r(1-r)} \\&= \dfrac{1}{r(1-r)}.\end{aligned} This means we have to find rr that maximizes r(1r)=0.25(r0.5)2.r(1-r)= 0.25-(r-0.5)^2. This maximization will happen with r=0.5.r=0.5.

Therefore, S=10.5(0.5)=4.S = \dfrac{1}{0.5(0.5)}= 4.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

17.

把数字 223344556677 分配到一个立方体的六个面上,每个面一个数。对立方体的每个顶点,计算包含该顶点的三个面上的三个数的乘积。所有八个顶点的这些乘积之和最大可能是多少?

All the numbers 2,2,3, 3, 4,4, 5,5,6, 6,7 7 are assigned to the six faces of a cube, one number to each face. For each of the eight vertices of the cube, a product of three numbers is computed, where the three numbers are the numbers assigned to the three faces that include that vertex. What is the greatest possible value of the sum of these eight products?

 312\ 312

 343\ 343

 625\ 625

 729\ 729

 1680\ 1680

答案:D
难度评级:1880
小提示:

把立方体的相对面配成三对。

Pair opposite faces of the cube

大提示:

最大化 (a1+a2)(b1+b2)(c1+c2)(a_1+a_2)(b_1+b_2)(c_1+c_2)

Maximize (a1+a2)(b1+b2)(c1+c2)(a_1+a_2)(b_1+b_2)(c_1+c_2)

解答:

把三对相对面上的数记为 (a1,a2)(a_1,a_2)(b1,b2)(b_1,b_2)(c1,c2)(c_1,c_2)。每个顶点的乘积从每一对中各取一个数,所以八个顶点乘积之和为 (a1+a2)(b1+b2)(c1+c2)(a_1+a_2)(b_1+b_2)(c_1+c_2)\text{。}

六个面上数字之和为 2+3+4+5+6+7=272+3+4+5+6+7=27,所以三对相对面之和的总和为 2727。它们的乘积在尽量相等时最大,即 9,9,99,9,9,最大为 93=7299^3=729

这个最大值可以通过把 227733664455 配成相对面来达到。因此最大可能和为 729729

所以正确答案是 D

Pair opposite faces as (a1,a2)(a_1,a_2), (b1,b2)(b_1,b_2), and (c1,c2)(c_1,c_2). Each vertex product uses one number from each pair, so the sum of all eight vertex products is (a1+a2)(b1+b2)(c1+c2).(a_1+a_2)(b_1+b_2)(c_1+c_2).

The six face labels sum to 2+3+4+5+6+7=272+3+4+5+6+7=27, so the three opposite-pair sums have total 2727. Their product is maximized when the sums are as equal as possible, namely 9,9,99,9,9, giving at most 93=7299^3=729.

This maximum is attainable by pairing 22 with 77, 33 with 66, and 44 with 55. Hence the greatest possible sum is 729729.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

345345 可以用多少种方式写成两个或更多个连续正整数的递增序列之和?

In how many ways can 345345 be written as the sum of an increasing sequence of two or more consecutive positive integers?

 1\ 1

 3\ 3

 5\ 5

 6\ 6

 7\ 7

答案:E
难度评级:1660
小提示:

若长度为 ss,则 s(2x+s1)=690s(2x+s-1)=690

If the length is ss, then s(2x+s1)=690s(2x+s-1)=690

大提示:

检查能使 xx 为正整数的因子长度。

Check factor lengths that give positive integer xx

解答:

设这个数列的长度为 ss,首项为 xx。于是 345=s(x+s12)345=s\left(x+\frac{s-1}{2}\right)\text{,}s(2x+s1)=690s(2x+s-1)=690\text{。}

因此 ss 必须是 690690 的因子,而且 x=690ss+12x=\frac{\frac{690}{s}-s+1}{2} 要是正整数。逐一检查可能的因子长度,得到 s=2,3,5,6,10,15,23s=2,3,5,6,10,15,23\text{。}只有这些长度才能让 xx 保持为正整数。

因此共有 77 种表示。

所以正确答案是 E

Suppose the sequence has length ss and first term xx. Then 345=s(x+s12),345=s\left(x+\frac{s-1}{2}\right), or s(2x+s1)=690.s(2x+s-1)=690.

Thus ss must be a divisor of 690690, with x=690ss+12x=\frac{\frac{690}{s}-s+1}{2} a positive integer. Checking the possible divisor lengths gives s=2,3,5,6,10,15,23.s=2,3,5,6,10,15,23. These are the only lengths that keep xx positive and integral.

Therefore there are 77 representations.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

19.

长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=5AB=5BC=4BC=4。点 EEAB\overline{AB} 上且 EB=1EB=1,点 GGBC\overline{BC} 上且 CG=1CG=1,点 FFCD\overline{CD} 上且 DF=2DF=2。线段 AG\overline{AG}AC\overline{AC} 分别在 QQPP 处和 EF\overline{EF} 相交。求 PQEF\dfrac{PQ}{EF}

Rectangle ABCDABCD has AB=5AB=5 and BC=4.BC=4. Point EE lies on AB\overline{AB} so that EB=1,EB=1, point GG lies on BC\overline{BC} so that CG=1,CG=1, and point FF lies on CD\overline{CD} so that DF=2.DF=2. Segments AG\overline{AG} and AC\overline{AC} intersect EF\overline{EF} at QQ and P,P, respectively. What is the value of PQEF?\dfrac{PQ}{EF}?

 316~\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{16}

 213~\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{13}

 982~\dfrac{9}{82}

 1091~\dfrac{10}{91}

 19~\dfrac19

答案:D
难度评级:1970
小提示:

先求 ACACAGAGEFEF 上的交点位置。

First find where ACAC and AGAG cut EFEF

大提示:

用相似三角形表示 PFEF\frac{PF}{EF}QFEF\frac{QF}{EF}

Use similar triangles to express PFEF\frac{PF}{EF} and QFEF\frac{QF}{EF}

解答:

我们有 AE=ABEB=4AE=AB-EB=4FC=DCDF=3FC=DC-DF=3。因为 AEFCAE\parallel FC,所以三角形 AEPAEPCFPCFP 相似。于是 PFPE=FCAE=34\frac{PF}{PE}=\frac{FC}{AE}=\frac34\text{,}从而 PFEF=37\frac{PF}{EF}=\frac37

延长 AGAG,与直线 CDCD 交于 XX。因为 BG=3BG=3,由相似得 ADDX=BGAB,4DX=35\frac{AD}{DX}=\frac{BG}{AB},\qquad \frac4{DX}=\frac35\text{,}于是 DX=203DX=\frac{20}{3}。因此 FX=DXDF=143FX=DX-DF=\frac{14}{3}。又因为 AEFXAE\parallel FX,三角形 AEQAEQXFQXFQ 相似,所以 QFQE=FXAE=76\frac{QF}{QE}=\frac{FX}{AE}=\frac76\text{。}从而 QFEF=713\frac{QF}{EF}=\frac7{13}

因此 PQEF=QFEFPFEF=71337=1091 \begin{aligned} \frac{PQ}{EF}&=\frac{QF}{EF}-\frac{PF}{EF} \\ &=\frac7{13}-\frac37=\frac{10}{91} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

We have AE=ABEB=4AE=AB-EB=4 and FC=DCDF=3.FC=DC-DF=3. Since AEFC,AE\parallel FC, the triangles AEPAEP and CFPCFP are similar. Therefore PFPE=FCAE=34,\frac{PF}{PE}=\frac{FC}{AE}=\frac34, so PFEF=37.\frac{PF}{EF}=\frac37.

Extend AGAG to meet line CDCD at X.X. Because BG=3,BG=3, similarity gives ADDX=BGAB,4DX=35,\frac{AD}{DX}=\frac{BG}{AB},\qquad \frac4{DX}=\frac35, and hence DX=203DX=\frac{20}{3}. Thus FX=DXDF=143.FX=DX-DF=\frac{14}{3}. Since AEFX,AE\parallel FX, triangles AEQAEQ and XFQXFQ are similar, so QFQE=FXAE=76.\frac{QF}{QE}=\frac{FX}{AE}=\frac76. Consequently QFEF=713.\frac{QF}{EF}=\frac7{13}.

It follows that PQEF=QFEFPFEF=71337=1091. \begin{aligned} \frac{PQ}{EF}&=\frac{QF}{EF}-\frac{PF}{EF} \\ &=\frac7{13}-\frac37=\frac{10}{91}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D .

20.

平面上的一次位似变换,也就是具有正比例因子的大小变换,把以 A(2,2)A(2,2) 为圆心、半径为 22 的圆变成以 A(5,6)A'(5,6) 为圆心、半径为 33 的圆。在这个变换下,原点 O(0,0)O(0,0) 移动了多远?

A dilation of the plane—that is, a size transformation with a positive scale factor—sends the circle of radius 22 centered at A(2,2)A(2,2) to the circle of radius 33 centered at A(5,6).A'(5,6). What distance does the origin O(0,0),O(0,0), move under this transformation?

 0\ 0

 3\ 3

 13\ \sqrt{13}

 4\ 4

 5\ 5

答案:C
难度评级:1660
小提示:

位似比例因子是 32\frac{3}{2}

The dilation scale factor is 32\frac{3}{2}

大提示:

位似中心在两个圆心所在的直线上。

The center of dilation lies on the line through the two circle centers

解答:

半径从 22 变为 33,所以位似比例因子为 32\frac32。位似中心 CCA(2,2)A(2,2)A(5,6)A'(5,6) 所在的直线上。

AAAA' 的向量为 (3,4)(3,4)。若 CC 是位似中心,则由比例因子可得 AA=12(AC)A'-A=\frac12(A-C)\text{。}于是 AC=2(3,4)A-C=2(3,4),所以 C=(2,2)2(3,4)=(4,6)C=(2,2)-2(3,4)=(-4,-6)

CC 为中心作比例因子为 32\frac32 的位似时,一个点移动的距离是它到 CC 距离的一半。由于 CO=(4)2+(6)2=52CO=\sqrt{(-4)^2+(-6)^2}=\sqrt{52},原点移动的距离为 1252=13\frac12\sqrt{52}=\sqrt{13}

所以正确答案是 C

The dilation scale factor is 32\frac32, since the radius changes from 22 to 33. The center of dilation CC lies on the line through A(2,2)A(2,2) and A(5,6)A'(5,6).

The vector from AA to AA' is (3,4)(3,4). If CC is the dilation center, then the scale factor gives AA=12(AC).A'-A=\frac12(A-C). Thus AC=2(3,4)A-C=2(3,4), so C=(2,2)2(3,4)=(4,6).C=(2,2)-2(3,4)=(-4,-6).

Under a scale factor 32\frac32 dilation about CC, a point moves by half its distance from CC. Since CO=(4)2+(6)2=52CO=\sqrt{(-4)^2+(-6)^2}=\sqrt{52}, the origin moves 1252=13\frac12\sqrt{52}=\sqrt{13}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

方程 x2+y2=x+yx^2+y^2=|x|+|y| 的图形围成区域的面积是多少?

What is the area of the region enclosed by the graph of the equation x2+y2=x+y?x^2+y^2=|x|+|y|?

 π+2\ \pi+\sqrt{2}

 π+2\ \pi+2

 π+22\ \pi+2\sqrt{2}

 2π+2\ 2\pi+\sqrt{2}

 2π+22\ 2\pi+2\sqrt{2}

答案:B
难度评级:1860
小提示:

先在第一象限求面积,再乘以 44

Work in one quadrant and multiply by 44

大提示:

第一象限的区域是一个三角形加一个半圆。

The first-quadrant region is a triangle plus a semicircle

解答:

这个方程在四个象限中都是对称的。在第一象限里它化为 x2+y2=x+yx^2+y^2=x+y\text{,}(x12)2+(y12)2=12(x-\tfrac12)^2+(y-\tfrac12)^2=\tfrac12\text{。}

在第一象限中,围成的区域是直线 x+y=1x+y=1 下方的三角形,面积为 12\frac12,再加上一个半径为 12\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} 的半圆,面积为 π4\frac\pi4

乘以 44,总面积为 4(12+π4)=2+π4\left(\frac12+\frac\pi4\right)=2+\pi\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The equation is symmetric in all four quadrants. In the first quadrant it becomes x2+y2=x+y,x^2+y^2=x+y, or (x12)2+(y12)2=12.(x-\tfrac12)^2+(y-\tfrac12)^2=\tfrac12.

In the first quadrant, the enclosed region is the triangle under x+y=1x+y=1, with area 12\frac12, plus a semicircle of radius 12\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}, with area π4\frac\pi4.

Multiplying by 44, the total area is 4(12+π4)=2+π.4\left(\frac12+\frac\pi4\right)=2+\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

一组队伍进行循环赛,每支队伍与其他每支队伍恰好比赛一次。每支队伍都赢了 1010 场、输了 1010 场,没有平局。有多少个三队集合 {A,B,C}\{A, B, C\} 满足 AA 击败 BBBB 击败 CC,且 CC 击败 AA

A set of teams held a round-robin tournament in which every team played every other team exactly once. Every team won 1010 games and lost 1010 games; there were no ties. How many sets of three teams {A,B,C}\{A, B, C\} were there in which AA beat B,B, BB beat C,C, and CC beat A?A?

 385\ 385

 665\ 665

 945\ 945

 1140\ 1140

 1330\ 1330

答案:A
难度评级:1820
小提示:

先数所有三队集合,再减去没有循环胜负的集合。

Count all triples of teams, then subtract transitive triples

大提示:

每支队伍作为最强队,会出现在 (102)\binom{10}{2} 个传递型三队集合中。

Each team is the top team in (102)\binom{10}{2} transitive triples

解答:

队伍总数为 10+10+1=2110+10+1=21。因此三队集合总数为 (213)=1330\binom{21}{3} = 1330

没有循环胜负的三队集合中,有一支队伍击败另外两支。选择这支队伍有 2121 种方法,再从它击败的十支队伍中选两支,有 (102)=45\binom{10}{2} = 45 种方法。因此非循环集合有 2145=94521\cdot 45=945 个,循环集合数为 1330945=3851330-945=385

所以正确答案是 A

The total number of teams is 10+10+1=21.10+10+1=21. The total number of sets is therefore (213)=1330.\binom{21}{3} = 1330.

Now, we must subtract the total number of sets such that there is no cycle. This only happens if one team beats the other two teams. There are 2121 choices for the team that beat the other two and (102)=45\binom{10}{2} = 45 ways to choose the teams they beat. Thus, the total of non-cycles is 2145=945.21\cdot 45=945. This means the total number of cycles is 1330945=385.1330-945=385.

Thus, the correct answer is A .

23.

在正六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 中,点 WWXXYYZZ 分别选在边 BC\overline{BC}CD\overline{CD}EF\overline{EF}FA\overline{FA} 上,使直线 ABABZWZWYXYXEDED 互相平行且间距相等。六边形 WCXYFZWCXYFZ 的面积与六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 的面积之比是多少?

In regular hexagon ABCDEF,ABCDEF, points W,W, X,X, Y,Y, and ZZ are chosen on sides BC,\overline{BC}, CD,\overline{CD}, EF,\overline{EF}, and FA\overline{FA} respectively, so lines AB,AB, ZW,ZW, YX,YX, and EDED are parallel and equally spaced. What is the ratio of the area of hexagon WCXYFZWCXYFZ to the area of hexagon ABCDEF?ABCDEF?

 13\ \dfrac{1}{3}

 1027\ \dfrac{10}{27}

 1127\ \dfrac{11}{27}

 49\ \dfrac{4}{9}

 1327\ \dfrac{13}{27}

答案:C
难度评级:2300
小提示:

延长 FE\overline{FE}CD\overline{CD},直到它们相交。

Extend FE\overline{FE} and CD\overline{CD} until they meet

大提示:

比较以延长交点为公共顶点的三个相似三角形的面积。

Compare the areas of three similar triangles with vertex at the extension point

解答:

延长 FE\overline{FE}CD\overline{CD},直到它们相交于点 PP

ddZWZWFCFC 之间的距离。因为题中的四条直线彼此等距,且 FCFC 恰好位于 ZWZWYXYX 的正中间,所以 EDEDZWZW 的距离是 2d2d。设从 PPEDED 的高为 hh。等边三角形 PEDPEDPFCPFC 的边长之比为 1:21:2,所以它们的高满足 h+3d=2hh+3d=2h\text{,}从而 h=3dh=3d。因此 PZWPZWPEDPED 的边长之比为 h+2dh=53\frac{h+2d}{h}=\frac53\text{。}

[PED]=1[PED]=1,由相似可得 [PZW]=259[PZW]=\frac{25}{9}[PFC]=4[PFC]=4。于是 [ZWCF]=4259=119,[EDCF]=41=3 \begin{aligned} [ZWCF]&=4-\frac{25}{9}=\frac{11}{9}, \\ [EDCF]&=4-1=3 \end{aligned}\text{。}所求的六边形由两块全等的 ZWCFZWCF 拼成,而正六边形由两块全等的 EDCFEDCF 拼成。因此所求的比值是 1193=1127\frac{\frac{11}{9}}{3}=\frac{11}{27}

所以正确答案是 C

Extend FE\overline{FE} and CD\overline{CD} until they meet at P.P.

Let dd be the distance between ZWZW and FC.FC. Because the four given lines are equally spaced and FCFC lies halfway between ZWZW and YX,YX, the distance from EDED to ZWZW is 2d.2d. Let the altitude from PP to EDED be h.h. The equilateral triangles PEDPED and PFCPFC have side lengths in the ratio 1:2,1:2, so their altitudes satisfy h+3d=2h,h+3d=2h, giving h=3d.h=3d. Therefore the side-length ratio of PZWPZW to PEDPED is h+2dh=53.\frac{h+2d}{h}=\frac53.

Taking [PED]=1,[PED]=1, similarity gives [PZW]=259[PZW]=\frac{25}{9} and [PFC]=4.[PFC]=4. Hence [ZWCF]=4259=119,[EDCF]=41=3. \begin{aligned} [ZWCF]&=4-\frac{25}{9}=\frac{11}{9}, \\ [EDCF]&=4-1=3. \end{aligned} The desired hexagon consists of two congruent copies of ZWCF,ZWCF, while the regular hexagon consists of two congruent copies of EDCF.EDCF. Thus the requested ratio is 1193=1127.\frac{\frac{11}{9}}{3}=\frac{11}{27}.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

24.

有多少个四位整数 abcdabcd,其中 a0a \neq 0,满足:三个两位数 ab<bc<cdab < bc < cd 构成一个递增等差数列?

其中一个例子是 46924692,此时 a=4a=4b=6b=6c=9c=9d=2d=2

How many four-digit positive integers abcd,abcd, with a0,a \neq 0, have the property that the three two-digit integers ab<bc<cdab < bc < cd form an increasing arithmetic sequence?

One such number is 4692,4692, where a=4,a=4, b=6,b=6, c=9,c=9, and d=2.d=2.

 9\ 9

 15\ 15

 16\ 16

 17\ 17

 20\ 20

答案:D
难度评级:2390
小提示:

等差数列条件是 2bc=ab+cd2bc=ab+cd

The arithmetic-sequence condition is 2bc=ab+cd2bc=ab+cd

大提示:

数字方程会分成两种进位情形。

The digit equation has two possible carry cases

解答:

ab<bc<cdab<bc<cd,可得 abca\le b\le c。等差数列条件为 2(10b+c)=(10a+b)+(10c+d) \begin{aligned} 2(10b+c)&=(10a+b) \\ &\quad +(10c+d) \end{aligned}\text{,}整理得 10(a2b+c)=b+2cd10(a-2b+c)=-b+2c-d\text{。}右边是 1010 的倍数。因为 bcb\le c,四个符号都是数字,且 b1b\ge1,所以右边介于 9-91717 之间。因此它只能是 001010

情况 11 b+2cd=10,a=2bc+1 \begin{aligned} -b+2c-d&=10, \\ a&=2b-c+1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

下面逐一考察 cc 的可能值。

c=6c=6b+d=2,2b5=ab+d=2, 2b-5=a。由第一个方程有 b2b\leq 2,但这无法满足第二个方程。

c=7c=7b+d=4,2b6=ab+d=4, 2b-6=a。由第一个方程有 b4b\leq 4,由第二个方程有 b>3b > 3,所以只有 b=4b=4 这一种情况。

c=8c=8b+d=6,2b7=ab+d=6, 2b-7=a。由第一个方程有 b6b\leq 6,由第二个方程有 b>3b > 3,所以 b=4,5,6b=4,5,6。给出三种情况。

c=9c=9b+d=8,2b8=ab+d=8, 2b-8=a。由第一个方程有 b8b\leq 8,由第二个方程有 b>4b > 4,所以 b=5,6,7,8b=5,6,7,8。给出四种情况。本情况的解为 2470,1482,3581,5680,2593,4692,6791,8890 \begin{gathered} 2470,1482,3581,5680, \\ 2593,4692,6791,8890 \end{gathered}\text{,}88 个。

情况 22 b+2cd=0-b+2c-d=0\text{,}2bac=02b-a-c=0\text{,}这表示四个数字构成等差数列。

若公差为 11,则 1a61 \leq a \leq 6,给出 66 个解。

若公差为 22,则 1a31 \leq a \leq 3,给出 33 个解。若公差至少为 33,就会迫使 d=a+3r>9d=a+3r>9。因此本情况给出 99 个解。

总解数为 8+9=178+9 = 17

所以正确答案是 D

From ab<bc<cdab<bc<cd, we have abc.a\le b\le c. The arithmetic-sequence condition is 2(10b+c)=(10a+b)+(10c+d), \begin{aligned} 2(10b+c)&=(10a+b) \\ &\quad +(10c+d), \end{aligned} which rearranges to 10(a2b+c)=b+2cd.10(a-2b+c)=-b+2c-d. The right side is a multiple of 10.10. Because bcb\le c and all four symbols are digits with b1,b\ge1, it lies between 9-9 and 1717. Hence it is either 00 or 10.10.

Case 1:1: b+2cd=10,a=2bc+1. \begin{aligned} -b+2c-d&=10, \\ a&=2b-c+1. \end{aligned}

We can look at the possible values of c.c.

c=6:c=6: b+d=2,2b5=a.b+d=2, 2b-5=a. Thus, b2b\leq 2 from the first equation, but can’t work for the second equation.

c=7:c=7: b+d=4,2b6=a.b+d=4, 2b-6=a. Thus, b4b\leq 4 from the first equation, and b>3b > 3 from the second equation. This makes one case for b=4.b=4.

c=8:c=8: b+d=6,2b7=a.b+d=6, 2b-7=a. Thus, b6b\leq 6 from the first equation, and b>3b > 3 from the second equation. This makes three cases for b=4,5,6.b=4,5,6.

c=9:c=9: b+d=8,2b8=a.b+d=8, 2b-8=a. Thus, b8b\leq 8 from the first equation, and b>4b > 4 from the second equation. This makes four cases for b=5,6,7,8.b=5,6,7,8. Altogether this case gives 2470,1482,3581,5680,2593,4692,6791,8890, \begin{gathered} 2470,1482,3581,5680, \\ 2593,4692,6791,8890, \end{gathered} for 88 solutions.

Case 2:2: b+2cd=0,-b+2c-d=0,2bac=0,2b-a-c=0, which means the digits are an arithmetic sequence.

If the difference is 1,1, then 1a61 \leq a \leq 6 makes 66 solutions.

If the difference is 2,2, then 1a31 \leq a \leq 3 makes 33 solutions. A difference of at least 33 would force d=a+3r>9.d=a+3r>9. This case therefore gives 99 solutions.

In total, the number of solutions is 8+9=17.8+9 = 17.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

25.

f(x)=k=210(kxkx)f(x)=\sum_{k=2}^{10}(\lfloor kx \rfloor -k \lfloor x \rfloor)\text{,} 其中 r\lfloor r \rfloor 表示小于或等于 rr 的最大整数。当 x0x \ge 0 时,f(x)f(x) 会取到多少个不同的值?

Let f(x)=k=210(kxkx),f(x)=\sum_{k=2}^{10}(\lfloor kx \rfloor -k \lfloor x \rfloor), where r\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to r.r. How many distinct values does f(x)f(x) assume for x0?x \ge 0?

 32\ 32

 36\ 36

 45\ 45

 46\ 46

 无穷多个\ \text{无穷多个}

 infinitely many \ \text{infinitely many}

答案:A
难度评级:2440
小提示:

只有 xx 的小数部分会影响函数值。

Only the fractional part of xx matters

大提示:

数出 2k102\le k\le10 时不同的断点 ik\frac{i}{k}

Count distinct breakpoints ik\frac{i}{k} for 2k102\le k\le10

解答:

x=x+tx=\lfloor x\rfloor+t,其中 0t<10\le t\lt1。则 kxkx=kt\lfloor kx\rfloor-k\lfloor x\rfloor=\lfloor kt\rfloor\text{,} 所以 f(x)f(x) 只取决于小数部分 tt

ff 的值只会在 tt 跨过某个分数 ik\frac{i}{k} 时改变,其中 2k102\le k\le101i<k1\le i\lt k。在 (0,1)(0,1) 内这些不同分数的个数是 φ(2)+φ(3)++φ(10)=1+2+2+4+2+6+4+6+4=31 \begin{aligned} &\varphi(2)+\varphi(3) \\ &\quad {}+\cdots+\varphi(10) \\ &=1+2+2+4+2 \\ &\quad {}+6+4+6+4 \\ &=31 \end{aligned}\text{。}

加上第一个断点之前的初始取值,ff 共有 31+1=3231+1=32 个不同的值。

所以正确答案是 A

Write x=x+tx=\lfloor x\rfloor+t, where 0t<10\le t\lt1. Then kxkx=kt,\lfloor kx\rfloor-k\lfloor x\rfloor=\lfloor kt\rfloor, so f(x)f(x) depends only on the fractional part tt.

The value of ff changes only when tt crosses a fraction ik\frac{i}{k}, where 2k102\le k\le10 and 1i<k1\le i\lt k. The number of distinct such fractions in (0,1)(0,1) is φ(2)+φ(3)++φ(10)=1+2+2+4+2+6+4+6+4=31. \begin{aligned} &\varphi(2)+\varphi(3) \\ &\quad {}+\cdots+\varphi(10) \\ &=1+2+2+4+2 \\ &\quad {}+6+4+6+4 \\ &=31. \end{aligned}

Including the initial value before the first breakpoint, ff assumes 31+1=3231+1=32 distinct values.

Thus, the correct answer is A.