2011 AMC 10B 真题

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1.

求下式的值:2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6\dfrac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \dfrac{1+3+5}{2+4+6}

What is the value of the following expression? 2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6\dfrac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \dfrac{1+3+5}{2+4+6}

1-1

536\dfrac{5}{36}

712\dfrac{7}{12}

14760\dfrac{147}{60}

433\dfrac{43}{3}

答案:C
知识点:分数运算顺序
难度评级:660
小提示:

先分别把偶数和奇数相加。

Add the even numbers and odd numbers first

大提示:

表达式变为 129912\frac{12}{9}-\frac{9}{12}

The expression becomes 129912\frac{12}{9}-\frac{9}{12}

解答:

直接计算:2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6=129912=1612912=712\begin{aligned} &\dfrac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \dfrac{1+3+5}{2+4+6} \\ &= \dfrac{12}9 - \dfrac 9{12} \\ &= \dfrac {16}{12} - \dfrac 9{12} \\ &=\dfrac 7{12} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Simply solving directly: 2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6=129912=1612912=712.\begin{aligned} &\dfrac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \dfrac{1+3+5}{2+4+6} \\ &= \dfrac{12}9 - \dfrac 9{12} \\ &= \dfrac {16}{12} - \dfrac 9{12} \\ &=\dfrac 7{12}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C .

2.

Josanna 到目前为止的考试分数为 90908080707060608585。她的目标是在下一次考试后把考试平均分至少提高 33 分。她至少需要在下一次考试中得到多少分?

Josanna’s test scores to date are 90,90, 80,80, 70,70, 60,60, and 85.85. Her goal is to raise her test average at least 33 points with her next test. What is the minimum test score she would need to accomplish this goal?

8080

8282

8585

9090

9595

答案:E
知识点:平均数逆推法
难度评级:870
小提示:

求当前总分和目标平均分。

Find the current total score and target average

大提示:

第六次考试后总分必须达到 6806\cdot80

The sixth score must bring the total to 6806\cdot80

解答:

她当前的平均分为 90+80+70+60+855=77\dfrac{90+80+70+60+85}5 = 77\text{,}而总分为 385385。目标平均分为 8080,所以六次考试所需的总分为 80680\cdot 6。因此下一次考试至少需要得 806385=9580\cdot 6-385 = 95\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Her current average is 90+80+70+60+855=77,\dfrac{90+80+70+60+85}5 = 77, and the sum of her scores is 385.385. The desired average is then 80,80, so the sum of scores required is 806.80\cdot 6. Therefore, the answer is 806385=95.80\cdot 6-385 = 95.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

3.

在一家商店中,若长度标为 xx 英寸,则实际长度至少为 x0.5x - 0.5 英寸,至多为 x+0.5x + 0.5 英寸。若一个长方形瓷砖的尺寸标为 22 英寸乘 33 英寸,则它的最小面积是多少平方英寸?

At a store, when a length is reported as xx inches that means it is at least x0.5x - 0.5 inches and at most x+0.5x + 0.5 inches. Suppose the dimensions of a rectangular tile are reported as 22 inches by 33 inches. In square inches, what is the minimum area for the rectangle?

3.753.75

4.54.5

55

66

8.758.75

答案:A
知识点:面积最优化
难度评级:770
小提示:

使用最小可能的长和宽。

Use the smallest possible length and width

大提示:

标为 2233 的瓷砖最小可为 1.51.52.52.5

The reported 22 by 33 tile can be as small as 1.51.5 by 2.52.5

解答:

最小可能尺寸为 1.5×2.51.5\times 2.5,所以面积为 1.52.5=3.751.5\cdot 2.5=3.75\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The smallest possible dimensions are 1.5×2.5,1.5\times 2.5, so the area is 1.52.5=3.75.1.5\cdot 2.5=3.75.

Thus, the correct answer is A .

4.

LeRoy 和 Bernardo 一起进行了一周旅行,并同意平分费用。一周中,两人分别支付了一些共同费用,例如汽油和租车。旅行结束时,LeRoy 支付了 AA 美元,Bernardo 支付了 BB 美元,其中 A<BA < B。LeRoy 应给 Bernardo 多少美元,才能使两人平分费用?

LeRoy and Bernardo went on a week-long trip together and agreed to share the costs equally. Over the week, each of them paid for various joint expenses such as gasoline and car rental. At the end of the trip it turned out that LeRoy had paid AA dollars and Bernardo had paid BB dollars, where A<B.A < B. How many dollars must LeRoy give to Bernardo so that they share the costs equally?

A+B2\dfrac{A + B}{2}

AB2\dfrac{A - B}{2}

BA2\dfrac{B - A}{2}

BAB - A

A+BA + B

答案:C
难度评级:870
小提示:

比较 Bernardo 比 LeRoy 多付了多少。

Compare how much more Bernardo paid than LeRoy

大提示:

只需转移差额的一半。

Only half of the difference has to be transferred

解答:

两人每人应承担 A+B2\dfrac{A+B}2,而 LeRoy 已支付 AA。因此他还需向 Bernardo 支付 A+B2A=BA2\dfrac{A+B}2-A = \dfrac{B-A}2 美元。

所以正确答案是 C

The amount they each would have to pay is A+B2,\dfrac{A+B}2, and LeRoy paid A.A. Thus, he has to pay A+B2A=BA2\dfrac{A+B}2-A = \dfrac{B-A}2 more.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

5.

在计算两个正整数 aabb 的乘积时,Ron 把两位数 aa 的数字顺序颠倒了。他错误得到的乘积是 161161aabb 的正确乘积是多少?

In multiplying two positive integers aa and b,b, Ron reversed the digits of the two-digit number a.a. His erroneous product was 161.161. What is the correct value of the product of aa and b?b?

116116

161161

204204

214214

224224

答案:E
难度评级:960
小提示:

分解 161161

Factor 161161

大提示:

唯一的两位因数给出 aa 颠倒后的值。

The only two-digit factor tells you the reversed value of aa

解答:

161161 等于 7237\cdot 23161161 除了 11611\cdot 161 外没有其他因数对,所以 2323 是唯一的两位因数。因此 2323 是颠倒后的数,原来的乘法应为 32732\cdot 7,结果是 224224

所以正确答案是 E

The number 161161 is equal to 723.7\cdot 23. There are no other pairs of numbers that multiply to 161161 besides 1161,1\cdot 161, so 2323 is the only two digit factor. Thus, 2323 is the number reversed, so he meant to get 32732\cdot 7 which is 224.224.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

6.

万圣节时 Casper 吃掉了自己糖果的 13\frac{1}{3},然后给了弟弟 22 颗。第二天,他吃掉剩余糖果的 13\frac{1}{3},然后给了妹妹 44 颗。第三天,他吃掉最后的 88 颗糖果。Casper 一开始有多少颗糖果?

On Halloween Casper ate 13\frac{1}{3} of his candies and then gave 22 candies to his brother. The next day he ate 13\frac{1}{3} of his remaining candies and then gave 44 candies to his sister. On the third day he ate his final 88 candies. How many candies did Casper have at the beginning?

3030

3939

4848

5757

6666

答案:A
知识点:分数逆推法
难度评级:1140
小提示:

从最后的 88 颗糖果倒推。

Work backward from the final 88 candies

大提示:

给妹妹 44 颗之前有 1212 颗,这是前一数量的三分之二。

Before giving away 44, Casper had 1212, which was two thirds of the previous amount

解答:

倒推。给妹妹 44 颗之前,Casper 有 1212 颗糖果,因为第二天结束时剩 88 颗。

1212 颗是第一天结束后糖果数的 23\dfrac23,所以第一天结束后有 1818 颗。

给弟弟 22 颗之前有 2020 颗。这是原来糖果数的 23\dfrac23,所以一开始有 3030 颗。

所以正确答案是 A

Work backward. Before giving 44 candies to his sister, Casper had 1212 candies, because he ended the second day with 88.

Those 1212 candies were 23\dfrac23 of what he had after the first day, so after the first day he had 1818 candies.

Before giving 22 candies to his brother, he had 2020 candies. This was 23\dfrac23 of his original amount, so he began with 3030 candies.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

7.

一个三角形中两个角的和是直角的 65\frac{6}{5},且这两个角中的一个比另一个大 3030^{\circ}。这个三角形最大角的度数是多少?

The sum of two angles of a triangle is 65\frac{6}{5} of a right angle, and one of these two angles is 3030^{\circ} larger than the other. What is the degree measure of the largest angle in the triangle?

6969

7272

9090

102102

108108

答案:B
难度评级:1020
小提示:

将直角的 65\dfrac65 换算成度数。

Convert 65\dfrac65 of a right angle to degrees

大提示:

比较第三个角与那两个已知和与差的角。

Compare the third angle with the two angles whose sum and difference are known

解答:

这两个角之和为 6590=108\frac 65 \cdot 90 = 108。所以第三个角为 180108=72180-108=72。若这两个角中较大的为 xx,较小的为 x30x-30,则 2x30=1082x-30=108,所以 x=69x=69

没有角大于 7272,因此最大角是 7272

所以正确答案是 B

The two angles add to 6590=108.\frac 65 \cdot 90 = 108. This makes the other angle 180108=72.180-108=72. Then, if the larger of the two angles is xx then the smaller of them is x30x-30 so their sum is 2x30=108,2x-30=108, making x=69.x=69.

This means no angle is larger than 72,72, making the largest equal to 72.72.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

8.

某海滩在气温至少为 80F80^{\circ} F 且晴朗时会很拥挤。六月 1010 日该海滩不拥挤。关于六月 1010 日的天气条件,可以推出什么?

At a certain beach if it is at least 80F80^{\circ} F and sunny, then the beach will be crowded. On June 1010 the beach was not crowded. What can be concluded about the weather conditions on June 10?10?

气温低于 8080^{\circ}F,且天气不晴朗。

The temperature was cooler than 80 80^{\circ} F and it was not sunny.

气温低于 8080^{\circ}F,或者天气不晴朗。

The temperature was cooler than 80 80^{\circ} F or it was not sunny.

如果气温至少为 8080^{\circ} F,那么那天晴朗。

If the temperature was at least 80 80^{\circ} F, then it was sunny.

如果气温低于 8080^{\circ} F,那么那天晴朗。

If the temperature was cooler than 80 80^{\circ} F, then it was sunny.

如果气温低于 8080^{\circ}F,那么那天不晴朗。

If the temperature was cooler than 80 80^{\circ} F, then it was not sunny.

答案:B
知识点:逻辑推理
难度评级:870
小提示:

使用“炎热且晴朗则拥挤”的逆否命题。

Use the contrapositive of “hot and sunny implies crowded”

大提示:

不拥挤表示两个条件中至少有一个不成立。

Not crowded means at least one of the two conditions failed

解答:

原命题是:若气温至少 80F80^\circ F 且晴朗,则海滩拥挤。

因为海滩不拥挤,这两个条件不可能同时成立。因此气温低于 80F80^\circ F,或者天气不晴朗,或者两者都成立。

所以正确答案是 B

The statement says that if the weather was at least 80F80^\circ F and sunny, then the beach was crowded.

Because the beach was not crowded, the two conditions could not both have been true. Therefore the temperature was cooler than 80F80^\circ F, or it was not sunny, or both.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

9.

EBD\triangle EBD 的面积是 33-44-55 三角形 ABCABC 面积的三分之一。线段 DEDE 垂直于线段 ABABBDBD 是多少?

The area of EBD\triangle EBD is one third of the area of the 33-44-55 triangle ABC.ABC. Segment DEDE is perpendicular to segment AB.AB. What is BD?BD?

43\dfrac{4}{3}

5\sqrt{5}

94\dfrac{9}{4}

433\dfrac{4\sqrt{3}}{3}

52\dfrac{5}{2}

答案:D
知识点:相似面积比
难度评级:1280
小提示:

使用 BDE\triangle BDEBCA\triangle BCA 的相似。

Use similarity between BDE\triangle BDE and BCA\triangle BCA

大提示:

面积比 1:31:3 给出边长比 1:31:\sqrt3

Area ratio 1:31:3 gives side-length ratio 1:31:\sqrt3

解答:

由角角相似,BDEBCABDE \sim BCA

面积比为 13\frac 13,所以对应边长比为 13\frac{1}{\sqrt 3}

因此 BDBC=BD4=13\dfrac{BD}{BC} = \dfrac{BD}4 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt 3}\text{,}从而 BD=43=433BD = \dfrac 4{ \sqrt 3} = \dfrac{4\sqrt{3}}{3}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

By angle angle similarity, we have BDEBCA.BDE \sim BCA .

Then, since the ratio of the areas is 13,\frac 13, the ratio of the sidelengths is 13.\frac{1}{\sqrt 3}.

As such, BDBC=BD4=13,\dfrac{BD}{BC} = \dfrac{BD}4 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt 3}, making BD=43=433.BD = \dfrac 4{ \sqrt 3} = \dfrac{4\sqrt{3}}{3} .

Thus, the correct answer is D .

10.

考虑集合 {1,10,102,103,,1010}\{1, 10, 10^2, 10^3, \ldots, 10^{10}\}。该集合最大元素与其他十个元素之和的比值最接近哪个整数?

Consider the set of numbers {1,10,102,103,,1010}.\{1, 10, 10^2, 10^3, \ldots, 10^{10}\}. The ratio of the largest element of the set to the sum of the other ten elements of the set is closest to which integer?

11

99

1010

1111

101101

答案:B
知识点:等比数列估算
难度评级:1280
小提示:

分母是一个等比数列和。

The denominator is a geometric sum

大提示:

1+10++1091+10+\cdots+10^9 =101019=\frac{10^{10}-1}{9}

1+10++1091+10+\cdots+10^9 =101019=\frac{10^{10}-1}{9}

解答:

最大元素为 101010^{10}。其余十个元素之和为 S=i=0910i=101019S=\sum_{i=0}^9 10^i=\dfrac{10^{10}-1}{9}\text{。}因此所求比值为 1010S=9101010101\dfrac{10^{10}}{S}=9\cdot\dfrac{10^{10}}{10^{10}-1}\text{,}它略大于 99,所以最接近 99

所以正确答案是 B

The largest number is 1010.10^{10}. The other ten numbers have sum S=i=0910i=101019.S=\sum_{i=0}^9 10^i=\dfrac{10^{10}-1}{9}. Therefore their ratio is 1010S=9101010101,\dfrac{10^{10}}{S}=9\cdot\dfrac{10^{10}}{10^{10}-1}, which is just slightly greater than 99 and hence closest to 9.9.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

11.

一个房间里有 5252 人。使“这个房间中至少有 nn 人的生日在同一个月份”这一陈述总为真的最大 nn 是多少?

There are 5252 people in a room. What is the largest value of nn such that the statement “At least nn people in this room have birthdays falling in the same month” is always true?

22

33

44

55

1212

答案:D
知识点:抽屉原理
难度评级:1070
小提示:

1212 个月使用抽屉原理。

Use the pigeonhole principle with 1212 months

大提示:

尝试把 5252 个生日尽量平均分配。

Try distributing 5252 birthdays as evenly as possible

解答:

n6n\geq 6 不一定成立,因为可以让 55 人的生日落在前 44 个月中的每个月,而其余八个月各有 44 人生日。

但一定有某个月至少 55 人生日,因为平均每月人数为 5212\frac{52}{12},大于 44

所以正确答案是 D

It isn’t necessarily true for n6n\geq 6 as we could have 55 people born in the first 44 months and 44 people born in the subsequent months.

However, one month must be greater than or equal to 55 as the average of the number of people born in each month is 5212\frac{52}{12} which is greater than 4,4, and some month must be above average.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

12.

Keiko 每天以完全相同的恒定速度绕跑道走一圈。跑道两侧为直线,两端为半圆。跑道宽 66 米,她沿外侧边缘走一圈比沿内侧边缘走一圈多用 3636 秒。Keiko 的速度是多少米每秒?

Keiko walks once around a track at exactly the same constant speed every day. The sides of the track are straight, and the ends are semicircles. The track has a width of 66 meters, and it takes her 3636 seconds longer to walk around the outside edge of the track than around the inside edge. What is Keiko’s speed in meters per second?

π3\dfrac{\pi}{3}

2π3\dfrac{2\pi}{3}

π\pi

4π3\dfrac{4\pi}{3}

5π3\dfrac{5\pi}{3}

答案:A
难度评级:1370
小提示:

比较内外路径时,直线部分抵消。

The straight portions cancel when comparing outside and inside paths

大提示:

只有两个半圆端增加了额外距离。

Only the two semicircular ends add extra distance

解答:

设内侧半圆半径为 rr

内外路径的直线部分总长相同,所以距离差只来自两个半圆端。两个内侧半圆总长为 2πr2\pi r,两个外侧半圆总长为 2π(r+6)2\pi(r+6),差为 12π12\pi

Keiko 多用 3636 秒走了 12π12\pi 米,所以速度为 12π36=π3\frac{12\pi}{36}=\dfrac\pi3 米每秒。

所以正确答案是 A

Let the inner semicircle radius be rr. The straight parts of the inside and outside paths have the same total length, so only the semicircular ends change the distance.

The two inner semicircles have total length 2πr2\pi r, while the two outer semicircles have total length 2π(r+6)2\pi(r+6). The outside path is therefore 12π12\pi meters longer.

Keiko takes 3636 more seconds to walk 12π12\pi more meters, so her speed is 12π36=π3\frac{12\pi}{36}=\dfrac\pi3 meters per second.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

13.

从区间 [20,10][-20, 10] 中独立随机选择两个实数。它们的乘积大于零的概率是多少?

Two real numbers are selected independently at random from the interval [20,10].[-20, 10]. What is the probability that the product of those numbers is greater than zero?

19\dfrac{1}{9}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

49\dfrac{4}{9}

59\dfrac{5}{9}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

答案:D
难度评级:1310
小提示:

乘积为正当且仅当两个数同号。

The product is positive when both numbers have the same sign

大提示:

区间中负数部分长度为 2020,正数部分长度为 1010

The interval has 2020 negative units and 1010 positive units

解答:

选中的数为负数的概率是 2030=23\frac{20}{30}=\frac{2}{3},为正数的概率是 1030=13\frac{10}{30}=\frac{1}{3}。(恰好选中 00 的概率为 00。)乘积为正当且仅当两个数同号,所以所求概率为 (23)2+(13)2=49+19=59\left(\dfrac23\right)^2+\left(\dfrac13\right)^2=\dfrac49+\dfrac19=\dfrac59\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

A selected number is negative with probability 2030=23\frac{20}{30}=\frac{2}{3} and positive with probability 1030=13.\frac{10}{30}=\frac{1}{3}. (Selecting exactly 00 has probability 0.0.) The product is positive exactly when both numbers have the same sign, so the probability is (23)2+(13)2=49+19=59.\left(\dfrac23\right)^2+\left(\dfrac13\right)^2=\dfrac49+\dfrac19=\dfrac59.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

14.

一个长方形停车场的对角线长 2525 米,面积为 168168 平方米。该停车场的周长是多少米?

A rectangular parking lot has a diagonal of 2525 meters and an area of 168168 square meters. In meters, what is the perimeter of the parking lot?

5252

5858

6262

6868

7070

答案:C
难度评级:1370
小提示:

设边长为 xxyy

Let the side lengths be xx and yy

大提示:

使用 (x+y)2=x2+y2+2xy(x+y)^2=x^2+y^2+2xy

Use (x+y)2=x2+y2+2xy(x+y)^2=x^2+y^2+2xy

解答:

设长方形边长为 l,wl,w。要求的是 2(l+w)2(l+w)。由勾股定理,25=l2+w225 = \sqrt{l^2+w^2} l2+w2=625l^2+w^2 = 625 并且 lw=168lw = 168

因此 l2+2lw+w2=(l+w)2=961=312\begin{aligned}l^2+2lw+ w^2 &= (l+w)^2 \\&= 961 \\&= 31^2\end{aligned}\text{。}所以 l+w=31l+w = 31,周长为 312=6231\cdot 2=62

所以正确答案是 C

Let the side lengths be l,w.l,w. We wish to find 2(l+w).2(l+w). From the Pythagorean Theorem, we get 25=l2+w225 = \sqrt{l^2+w^2}l2+w2=625l^2+w^2 = 625 We also know lw=168.lw = 168.

As such l2+2lw+w2=(l+w)2=961=312.\begin{aligned}l^2+2lw+ w^2 &= (l+w)^2 \\&= 961 \\&= 31^2.\end{aligned} This makes l+w=31,l+w = 31, and as such, our answer is 312=62.31\cdot 2=62.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

15.

@@ 表示“与……取平均”的运算:a@b=a+b2a @ b = \frac{a+b}{2}。下列哪些分配律对所有数 xxyyzz 都成立?

I. x@(y+z)=(x@y)+(x@z)x @ (y + z) = (x @ y) + (x @ z)

II. x+(y@z)=(x+y)@(x+z)x + (y @ z) = (x + y) @ (x + z)

III. x@(y@z)=(x@y)@(x@z)x @ (y @ z) = (x @ y) @ (x @ z)

Let @@ denote the “averaged with” operation: a@b=a+b2.a @ b = \frac{a+b}{2}. Which of the following distributive laws hold for all numbers x,x, y,y, and z?z?

I. x@(y+z)=(x@y)+(x@z)x @ (y + z) = (x @ y) + (x @ z)

II. x+(y@z)=(x+y)@(x+z)x + (y @ z) = (x + y) @ (x + z)

III. x@(y@z)=(x@y)@(x@z)x @ (y @ z) = (x @ y) @ (x @ z)

I\mathrm{I}

I\mathrm{I} only

II\mathrm{II}

II\mathrm{II} only

III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III} only

I\mathrm{I}III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I} and III\mathrm{III} only

II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} only

答案:E
难度评级:1280
小提示:

a@b=a+b2a@b=\frac{a+b}{2} 展开每一边。

Expand each side using a@b=a+b2a@b=\frac{a+b}{2}

大提示:

分别用代数检验 I、II、III。

Test each of I, II, and III symbolically

解答:

I 的左边为 x+y+z2\dfrac{x+y+z}2,右边为 x+y+z2x+\dfrac{y+z}2,不恒相等。

II 的左右两边都等于 x+y+z2x+\dfrac{y+z}2,所以恒成立。

III 的左右两边都等于 2x+y+z4\dfrac{2x+y+z}4,所以也恒成立。

所以正确答案是 E

In statement I, the left-hand side equals x+y+z2\dfrac{x+y+z}2 and the right-hand side equals x+y+z2,x+\dfrac{y+z}2, so they are not always equal.

In statement II, both sides equal x+y+z2,x+\dfrac{y+z}2, so it holds.

In statement III, both sides equal 2x+y+z4,\dfrac{2x+y+z}4, so it also holds.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

16.

一个飞镖靶是如图所示分区的正八边形。假设飞镖落在靶上任意位置的概率相同。飞镖落在中心正方形内的概率是多少?

A dart board is a regular octagon divided into regions as shown. Suppose that a dart thrown at the board is equally likely to land anywhere on the board. What is the probability that the dart lands within the center square?

212\dfrac{\sqrt{2} - 1}{2}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

222\dfrac{2 - \sqrt{2}}{2}

24\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4}

222 - \sqrt{2}

答案:A
难度评级:1730
小提示:

设中心正方形边长为 11

Let each side of the center square be 11

大提示:

把中心正方形、四个长方形和四个角上的三角形的面积相加,求出八边形的面积。

Find the octagon area by adding the center square, four rectangles, and four corner triangles

解答:

设中心正方形边长为 11。则中心面积为 11

八边形可看作一个大正方形去掉 44 个等腰直角三角形。大正方形边长为 1+212=1+21 + 2\cdot \dfrac 1{\sqrt 2} = 1 + \sqrt 2\text{,}所以面积为 (1+2)2=3+22(1+\sqrt 2)^2 = 3 + 2 \sqrt 2\text{。}

这些直角三角形的直角边长为 12\dfrac {1}{\sqrt 2} ,每个面积为 1222=14\dfrac {\frac {1}{\sqrt 2}^2}{2} = \dfrac 14\text{。}四个总面积为 11,所以八边形面积为 2+222+ 2 \sqrt 2

因此比值为 12+22=2+22(2+22)(2+22)=2(21)4=212\begin{aligned}&\dfrac 1{2+ 2 \sqrt 2} \\&= \dfrac {-2+ 2 \sqrt 2}{(2+ 2 \sqrt 2)(-2+ 2 \sqrt 2)}\\ &=\dfrac {2(\sqrt 2-1)}{4} \\&=\dfrac {\sqrt 2-1}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

Let the side length be 1.1. Then, the area of the center is 1.1.

Then, we must find the area of the octagon. It can be found as a square with 44 isosceles right triangles taken out. The side length of this square is 1+212=1+2.1 + 2\cdot \dfrac 1{\sqrt 2} = 1 + \sqrt 2 . It has an area of (1+2)2=3+22.(1+\sqrt 2)^2 = 3 + 2 \sqrt 2.

Then, the side length of the right triangles is 12,\dfrac {1}{\sqrt 2} , making the area of one equal to 1222=14. \dfrac {\frac {1}{\sqrt 2}^2}{2} = \dfrac 14 . This makes them have a total combined area of 1,1, so the area of the octagon is 2+22.2+ 2 \sqrt 2.

Thus, the ratio is 12+22=2+22(2+22)(2+22)=2(21)4=212.\begin{aligned}&\dfrac 1{2+ 2 \sqrt 2} \\&= \dfrac {-2+ 2 \sqrt 2}{(2+ 2 \sqrt 2)(-2+ 2 \sqrt 2)}\\ &=\dfrac {2(\sqrt 2-1)}{4} \\&=\dfrac {\sqrt 2-1}{2}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is A .

17.

在给定圆中,直径 EB\overline{EB} 平行于 DC\overline{DC},且 AB\overline{AB} 平行于 ED\overline{ED}。角 AEBAEBABEABE 的比为 4:54 : 5。角 BCDBCD 的度数是多少?

In the given circle, the diameter EB\overline{EB} is parallel to DC,\overline{DC}, and AB\overline{AB} is parallel to ED.\overline{ED}. The angles AEBAEB and ABEABE are in the ratio 4:5.4 : 5. What is the degree measure of angle BCD?BCD?

120120

125125

130130

135135

140140

答案:C
难度评级:1670
小提示:

使用直径所对圆周角为直角。

Use the fact that an angle subtending a diameter is right

大提示:

平行弦形成等腰梯形中的相等底角。

Parallel chords create equal base angles in an isosceles trapezoid

解答:

因为 EBEB 是直径,EAB=90\angle EAB=90^\circ。由 AEB:ABE=4:5\angle AEB:\angle ABE=4:5,得 AEB=40\angle AEB=40^\circABE=50\angle ABE=50^\circ

因为 ABEDAB\parallel ED,所以 DEB=50\angle DEB=50^\circ。又 EBDCEB\parallel DC,四边形 EBCDEBCD 是等腰梯形,所以 BCD=CDE\angle BCD=\angle CDE

DEBDEBCDECDE 互补,所以 CDE=18050=130\angle CDE=180^\circ-50^\circ=130^\circ,因此 BCD=130\angle BCD=130^\circ

所以正确答案是 C

Since EBEB is a diameter, EAB=90\angle EAB=90^\circ. The ratio AEB:ABE=4:5\angle AEB:\angle ABE=4:5 then gives AEB=40\angle AEB=40^\circ and ABE=50\angle ABE=50^\circ.

Because ABEDAB\parallel ED, DEB=50\angle DEB=50^\circ. Since EBDCEB\parallel DC, quadrilateral EBCDEBCD is an isosceles trapezoid, so BCD=CDE\angle BCD=\angle CDE.

Angles DEBDEB and CDECDE are supplementary, so CDE=18050=130\angle CDE=180^\circ-50^\circ=130^\circ. Hence BCD=130\angle BCD=130^\circ.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

18.

长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=6AB = 6BC=3BC = 3。点 MM 在边 ABAB 上,使得 AMD=CMD\angle AMD = \angle CMDAMD\angle AMD 的度数是多少?

Rectangle ABCDABCD has AB=6AB = 6 and BC=3.BC = 3. Point MM is chosen on side ABAB so that AMD=CMD.\angle AMD = \angle CMD. What is the degree measure of AMD?\angle AMD?

1515

3030

4545

6060

7575

答案:E
难度评级:1540
小提示:

ABCDAB\parallel CD 把一个角转移到 CDM\angle CDM

Use ABCDAB\parallel CD to transfer one angle to CDM\angle CDM

大提示:

三角形 CMDCMD 会成为等腰三角形。

Triangle CMDCMD becomes isosceles

解答:

AMD\angle AMDMDC\angle MDC 相等,因为 ABDCAB \parallel DC

因此 MDC=DMC\angle MDC = \angle DMC ,所以三角形 MDCMDC 为等腰三角形,MC=DC=6MC = DC = 6

在直角三角形中,由边长比例可得 sin(CMB)=12\sin (\angle CMB) = \frac 12,因此 CMB=30\angle CMB = 30^\circ

因此 AMC=150\angle AMC = 150^\circ 。由于 AMD\angle AMD 是它的一半,AMD=75\angle AMD = 75^\circ

所以正确答案是 E

The angles AMD\angle AMD and MDC\angle MDC are equal since ABDC.AB \parallel DC.

As such, MDC=DMC,\angle MDC = \angle DMC , making MDCMDC isosceles and MC=DC=6.MC = DC = 6.

As we can see, sin(CMB)=12,\sin (\angle CMB) = \frac 12, making CMB=30.\angle CMB = 30^\circ .

Therefore, AMC=150.\angle AMC = 150^\circ . Since AMD\angle AMD is half of that, AMD=75.\angle AMD = 75^\circ .

Thus, the correct answer is E .

19.

下列方程所有根的乘积是多少?5x+8=x216\sqrt{5 | x | + 8} = \sqrt{x^2 - 16}

What is the product of all the roots of the equation below? 5x+8=x216\sqrt{5 | x | + 8} = \sqrt{x^2 - 16}

64-64

24-24

9-9

2424

576576

答案:A
难度评级:1580
小提示:

检查根号有定义后,将两边平方。

Square both sides after checking the radicals are defined

大提示:

x|x| 写出方程。

Write the equation in terms of x|x|

解答:

因为 x2=x2x^2=|x|^2,将方程两边平方可得 5x+8=x216,x25x24=0,(x8)(x+3)=0\begin{aligned} 5|x|+8 &= |x|^2-16,\\ |x|^2-5|x|-24&=0,\\ (|x|-8)(|x|+3)&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}x|x| 在代数上可能为 883-3,但绝对值不能为负。因此 x=8|x|=8,两个根为 888-8,乘积为 64-64

所以正确答案是 A

Because x2=x2,x^2=|x|^2, squaring the equation gives 5x+8=x216,x25x24=0,(x8)(x+3)=0.\begin{aligned} 5|x|+8 &= |x|^2-16,\\ |x|^2-5|x|-24&=0,\\ (|x|-8)(|x|+3)&=0. \end{aligned} The algebraic possibilities for x|x| are 88 and 3,-3, but an absolute value cannot be negative. Hence x=8,|x|=8, so the roots are 88 and 8-8, with product 64.-64.

Thus, the correct answer is A .

20.

菱形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 22,且 B=120\angle B = 120^\circ。区域 RR 由菱形内所有比到其他三个顶点更接近顶点 BB 的点组成。RR 的面积是多少?

Rhombus ABCDABCD has side length 22 and B=120\angle B = 120^\circ. Region RR consists of all points inside the rhombus that are closer to vertex BB than any of the other three vertices. What is the area of R?R?

33\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

32\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

233\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}

1+331 + \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

22

答案:C
难度评级:1950
小提示:

使用垂直平分线来确定更接近 BB 的点。

Use perpendicular bisectors to locate points closer to BB

大提示:

所求区域是由两个全等小三角形切去后的中心部分。

The desired region is the central pentagon cut out by two congruent small triangles

解答:

比到其他顶点更接近 BB 的点由 BABABCBCBDBD 的垂直平分线围定。BDBD 的垂直平分线是对角线 ACAC,所以所求区域位于 ABC\triangle ABC 中。

三角形 ABCABC 面积为 1222sin120=3\dfrac12\cdot2\cdot2\sin120^\circ=\sqrt3BABABCBC 的垂直平分线切去两个全等的 3030-6060-9090 三角形,每个面积为 36\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}

所求面积为 3236=233\sqrt3-2\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}=\dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}

所以正确答案是 C

The points closer to BB than to another vertex are bounded by the perpendicular bisectors of BABA, BCBC, and BDBD. The bisector of BDBD is diagonal ACAC, so the desired region lies in ABC\triangle ABC.

Triangle ABCABC has area 1222sin120=3\dfrac12\cdot2\cdot2\sin120^\circ=\sqrt3. The perpendicular bisectors of BABA and BCBC cut off two congruent 3030-6060-9090 triangles, each with area 36\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}.

Therefore the desired area is 3236=233\sqrt3-2\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}=\dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

21.

Brian 写下四个整数 w>x>y>zw > x > y > z,它们的和为 4444。这些数两两之间的正差为 113344556699ww 的所有可能值之和是多少?

Brian writes down four integers w>x>y>zw > x > y > z whose sum is 44.44. The pairwise positive differences of these numbers are 1,1, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, and 9.9. What is the sum of the possible values for w?w?

1616

3131

4848

6262

9393

答案:B
难度评级:1990
小提示:

最大差必须是 wz=9w-z=9

The largest difference must be wz=9w-z=9

大提示:

剩余成对差必须把 99 分成 3+63+64+54+5

The remaining paired differences must split 99 as 3+63+6 or 4+54+5

解答:

最大差为 99,所以 wz=9w-z=9。对任一中间数 nn,差 wnw-nnzn-z 的和必须为 99

可用的和为 99 的配对为 3+63+64+54+5,剩下两个中间数之间的差为 11

一种集合为 {w,w5,w6,w9}\{w,w-5,w-6,w-9\},给出 4w20=444w-20=44,所以 w=16w=16。另一种为 {w,w3,w4,w9}\{w,w-3,w-4,w-9\},给出 4w16=444w-16=44,所以 w=15w=15

可能的 ww 之和为 16+15=3116+15=31

所以正确答案是 B

The largest difference is 99, so wz=9w-z=9. For either middle number nn, the two differences wnw-n and nzn-z must add to 99.

The available pairs of differences that add to 99 are 3+63+6 and 4+54+5, and the remaining difference between the two middle numbers is 11.

One possible set is {w,w5,w6,w9}\{w,w-5,w-6,w-9\}, giving 4w20=444w-20=44 and w=16w=16. The other is {w,w3,w4,w9}\{w,w-3,w-4,w-9\}, giving 4w16=444w-16=44 and w=15w=15.

The sum of the possible values of ww is 16+15=3116+15=31.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

22.

一个金字塔有边长为 11 的正方形底面,侧面都是等边三角形。一个立方体放在金字塔内,使其一个面在金字塔底面上,而相对的面所有边都位于金字塔侧面上。这个立方体的体积是多少?

A pyramid has a square base with sides of length 11 and has lateral faces that are equilateral triangles. A cube is placed within the pyramid so that one face is on the base of the pyramid and its opposite face has all its edges on the lateral faces of the pyramid. What is the volume of this cube?

5275\sqrt{2} - 7

7437 - 4\sqrt{3}

2227\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{27}

29\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{9}

39\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{9}

答案:A
难度评级:2150
小提示:

使用穿过金字塔和立方体的对角垂直截面。

Use a diagonal cross-section through the pyramid and cube

大提示:

立方体在截面中对应一个高为 xx、宽为 2x\sqrt2x 的长方形。

The cube contributes a rectangle of height xx and width 2x\sqrt2x

解答:

设立方体边长为 xx。作金字塔的一个竖直对角截面,它经过正方形底面的两个相对顶点。

这个截面是斜边为 2\sqrt2 的等腰直角三角形。立方体在其中表现为高 xx、宽 2x\sqrt2x 的长方形,两侧留下两个全等的、直角边为 xx 的等腰直角三角形。

因此 2=2x+2x\sqrt2=\sqrt2x+2x,所以 x=21x=\sqrt2-1,立方体体积为 x3=(21)3=527x^3=(\sqrt2-1)^3=5\sqrt2-7

所以正确答案是 A

Let the cube have side length xx. Take a vertical diagonal cross-section of the pyramid through opposite vertices of the square base.

This cross-section is an isosceles right triangle with hypotenuse 2\sqrt2. The cube appears as a rectangle of height xx and width 2x\sqrt2x, leaving two congruent right isosceles triangles of leg xx.

Thus 2=2x+2x\sqrt2=\sqrt2x+2x, so x=21x=\sqrt2-1. The cube volume is x3=(21)3=527x^3=(\sqrt2-1)^3=5\sqrt2-7.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

23.

201120112011^{2011} 的百位数字是多少?

What is the hundreds digit of 20112011?2011^{2011}?

11

44

55

66

99

答案:D
难度评级:1820
小提示:

在模 10001000 下计算。

Work modulo 10001000

大提示:

(10+1)2011(10+1)^{2011} 中,含 10310^3 或更高次幂的项不影响最后三位。

In (10+1)2011(10+1)^{2011}, terms with 10310^3 or higher do not affect the last three digits

解答:

因为 201111(mod1000)2011\equiv11\pmod{1000},只需计算 112011=(10+1)201111^{2011}=(10+1)^{2011} 在模 10001000 下的值。

10310^3 或更高幂的项都能被 10001000 整除,所以只需前三项:1+201110+(20112)1021+2011\cdot10+\binom{2011}{2}10^2\text{。}

10001000 下,这等于 1+1110+2011201021001+110+500=611 \begin{aligned} &1+11\cdot10+\dfrac{2011\cdot2010}{2}\cdot100 \\ &\quad \equiv1+110+500=611 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此百位数字为 66

所以正确答案是 D

Because 201111(mod1000)2011\equiv11\pmod{1000}, it is enough to find 112011=(10+1)201111^{2011}=(10+1)^{2011} modulo 10001000.

All terms with 10310^3 or higher are divisible by 10001000, so only the first three terms matter: 1+201110+(20112)102.1+2011\cdot10+\binom{2011}{2}10^2.

Modulo 10001000, this is 1+1110+2011201021001+110+500=611 \begin{aligned} &1+11\cdot10+\dfrac{2011\cdot2010}{2}\cdot100 \\ &\quad \equiv1+110+500=611 \end{aligned} .

The hundreds digit is therefore 66.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

24.

xyxy 坐标系中,格点是指 (x,y)(x, y)xxyy 都为整数的点。直线 y=mx+2y = mx +2 不经过任何满足 0<x1000 < x \le 100 的格点,且对所有 mm,若 12<m<a\frac{1}{2} < m < a,这一结论都成立。aa 的最大可能值是多少?

A lattice point in an xyxy-coordinate system is any point (x,y)(x, y) where both xx and yy are integers. The graph of y=mx+2y = mx +2 passes through no lattice point with 0<x1000 < x \le 100 for all mm such that 12<m<a.\frac{1}{2} < m < a. What is the maximum possible value of a?a?

51101\dfrac{51}{101}

5099\dfrac{50}{99}

51100\dfrac{51}{100}

52101\dfrac{52}{101}

1325\dfrac{13}{25}

答案:B
难度评级:2350
小提示:

mxmx 为整数时,向下平移 22 后的直线会经过格点。

A lattice point occurs when mxmx is an integer after shifting down by 22

大提示:

检查大于 x2\frac{x}{2} 的最小整数,其中 1x1001\le x\le100

Check the nearest integer above x2\frac{x}{2} for each 1x1001\le x\le100

解答:

将图像下移 22。问题等价于找最小的 m>12m\gt\dfrac12,使直线 y=mxy=mx 经过某个满足 0<x1000\lt x\le100 的格点。

对固定整数 xx,最小整数 yy 必须满足 yx>12\frac{y}{x}\gt\frac{1}{2}。它为 x2+1\frac{x}{2}+1(若 xx 为偶数),以及 x+12\frac{x+1}{2}(若 xx 为奇数)。

候选斜率为 12+1x\dfrac12+\dfrac1x(当 xx 为偶数),在 x=100x=100 时最小为 51100\dfrac{51}{100}。候选斜率为 12+12x\dfrac12+\dfrac1{2x}(若 xx 为奇数),在 x=99x=99 时最小为 5099\dfrac{50}{99}

两类中较小的端点是 5099\dfrac{50}{99}。因此当 mm 满足 12<m<5099\dfrac12\lt m\lt\dfrac{50}{99} 时不会经过这些格点,而这个上端点已经是可能的最大值。

所以正确答案是 B

Shift the graph down by 22. The problem is equivalent to finding the smallest slope m>12m\gt\dfrac12 for which y=mxy=mx passes through a lattice point with 0<x1000\lt x\le100.

For a fixed integer xx, the smallest integer yy with yx>12\frac{y}{x}\gt\frac{1}{2} is x2+1\frac{x}{2}+1 when xx is even, and x+12\frac{x+1}{2} when xx is odd.

Thus the candidate slopes are 12+1x\dfrac12+\dfrac1x for even xx, minimized at x=100x=100 as 51100\dfrac{51}{100}, and 12+12x\dfrac12+\dfrac1{2x} for odd xx, minimized at x=99x=99 as 5099\dfrac{50}{99}.

The smaller of these is 5099\dfrac{50}{99}, so every mm with 12<m<5099\dfrac12\lt m\lt\dfrac{50}{99} avoids such lattice points, and this upper endpoint is best possible.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

25.

T1T_1 是边长为 201120112012201220132013 的三角形。对 n1n \ge 1,若 Tn=ABCT_n = \triangle ABC,且 DDEEFF 分别是 ABC\triangle ABC 的内切圆与边 ABABBCBCACAC 的切点,则若存在,Tn+1T_{n+1} 是边长为 ADADBEBECFCF 的三角形。数列 (Tn)( T_n ) 中最后一个三角形的周长是多少?

Let T1T_1 be a triangle with side lengths 2011,2011, 2012,2012, and 2013.2013. For n1,n \ge 1, if Tn=ABCT_n = \triangle ABC and D,D, E,E, and FF are the points of tangency of the incircle of ABC\triangle ABC to the sides AB,AB, BC,BC, and AC,AC, respectively, then Tn+1T_{n+1} is a triangle with side lengths AD,AD, BE,BE, and CF,CF, if it exists. What is the perimeter of the last triangle in the sequence (Tn)?( T_n )?

15098\dfrac{1509}{8}

150932\dfrac{1509}{32}

150964\dfrac{1509}{64}

1509128\dfrac{1509}{128}

1509256\dfrac{1509}{256}

答案:D
难度评级:2490
小提示:

从同一顶点引出的切线段相等。

Tangent lengths from the same vertex are equal

大提示:

对边长 s1,s,s+1s-1,s,s+1,下一个三角形的中间边为 s2\frac{s}{2}

For side lengths s1,s,s+1s-1,s,s+1, the next middle side is s2\frac{s}{2}

解答:

对边长 a=BCa=BCb=CAb=CAc=ABc=AB 的三角形,同一顶点到内切圆的切线段相等,所以下一个三角形边长为 b+ca2,a+cb2,a+bc2 \begin{gathered} \dfrac{b+c-a}{2}, \\ \quad \dfrac{a+c-b}{2}, \\ \quad \dfrac{a+b-c}{2} \end{gathered}\text{。}

若当前边长为 s1,s,s+1s-1,s,s+1,则下一组边长为 s21,s2,s2+1\dfrac{s}{2}-1,\dfrac{s}{2},\dfrac{s}{2}+1。因此这种形式会一直保持,而中间边每次减半。

TnT_n,中间边为 20122n1\frac{2012}{2^{n-1}}。形如 s1,s,s+1s-1,s,s+1 的三角形存在,当且仅当 s>2s>2

最后一个有效三角形满足 20122n1>2\frac{2012}{2^{n-1}}>2,但下一次不满足。此时 n=10n=10,中间边为 201229=503128\frac{2012}{2^9}=\frac{503}{128}

周长为 3503128=15091283\cdot\dfrac{503}{128}=\dfrac{1509}{128}

所以正确答案是 D

For a triangle with side lengths a=BCa=BC, b=CAb=CA, and c=ABc=AB, equal tangents from the same vertex give the next side lengths b+ca2,a+cb2,a+bc2. \begin{gathered} \dfrac{b+c-a}{2}, \\ \quad \dfrac{a+c-b}{2}, \\ \quad \dfrac{a+b-c}{2}. \end{gathered}

If the current side lengths are s1,s,s+1s-1,s,s+1, then the next side lengths are s21,s2,s2+1\dfrac{s}{2}-1,\dfrac{s}{2},\dfrac{s}{2}+1. Thus the same form persists while the middle side halves each time.

For TnT_n, the middle side is 20122n1\frac{2012}{2^{n-1}}. A triangle of the form s1,s,s+1s-1,s,s+1 exists exactly when s>2s>2.

The last valid triangle has 20122n1>2\frac{2012}{2^{n-1}}>2, but the next one does not. This gives n=10n=10, with middle side 201229=503128\frac{2012}{2^9}=\frac{503}{128}.

The perimeter is 3503128=15091283\cdot\dfrac{503}{128}=\dfrac{1509}{128}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.