The apples cost a total of $3 \cdot 50 = 150$ cents, which equals $1.50 \$.$ This means that Margie received $5 - 1.5 = 3.5$ dollars in change.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

The area of Karl's garden is $$20 \text{ft} \cdot 45 \text{ft} = 900 \text{ft}^2.$$ The area of Makenna's garden is $$25 \text{ft} \cdot 40 \text{ft} = 1000 \text{ft}^2.$$

The difference of these areas is $$1000 \text{ft}^2 - 900 \text{ft}^2 = 100 \text{ft}^2.$$ Therefore, Makenna's garden is $100 \text{ft}^2$ larger than Karl's.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

In the extended figure, there are $32$ shaded tiles and $17$ unshaded tiles. Therefore, the ratio of shaded tiles to unshaded tiles is $32:17.$

Thus, D is the correct answer.

To find these values more easily, we can get the following ordered list: $$0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3.$$

From this, we see that the mode is $3,$ the median is $2,$ and the mean is $15 / 9 = 5 / 3.$

Since $\dfrac{5}{3} < 2 < 3,$ we get that:

mean $<$ median $<$ mode.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

The remainder when $2011$ is divided by $60$ is $31.$ This means that $2011 = 60 \cdot 33 + 31,$ which means that $2011$ minutes is the same as $33$ hours and $31$ minutes.

$24$ hours takes us to January $2,$ so we get that we are $9$ hours and $31$ minutes into January $2.$

Thus, D is the correct answer.

We know that $45$ people own motorcycles, so $351 - 45 = 306$ people do not own motorcycles.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

The top left and the bottom right shaded regions are both a quarter of each square. The top right is one-eighth, and the bottom left is three-eights. Their combined area is $$\dfrac{1}{4} + \dfrac{1}{4} + \dfrac{1}{8} + \dfrac{3}{8} = 1.$$

Therefore, the shaded regions combined equal the area of one square, so they are $25 \%$ of the total area.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

We can create a table to look at all the possible outcomes and their respective sums.

From this, we can see that there are $5$ distinct values that we can get.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

Carmen travels $35$ miles in $7$ hours, so her average speed is $35 / 7 = 5$ miles per hour.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

There is a guaranteed $\$2$ tip, so we can subtract that from the total, leaving $\$8.$ This is greater than $\$2.40,$ so we can subtract that and add $\dfrac{1}{2}$ miles to the total distance.

We now have $\$5.60$ to use for additional miles. $\$0.20$ per $0.1$ mile is the same as $\$2$ for $1$ mile. That means one can ride for $5.60 / 2 = 2.8$ more miles with this much money. This leaves a total of $2.8 + \dfrac{1}{2} = 3.3$ miles.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

We can calculate the difference in average minutes by looking at the differences per day.

Starting with Monday, the differences between Sasha and Asha are $10,$ $-10,$ $20,$ $30,$ and $-20.$ This is a total of $30$ minutes. Therefore, the average difference is $30 \div 5 = 6.$

Thus, A is the correct answer.

Consider that Angie's seat is chosen. Carlos has an equal probability of being in any of the other $3$ seats. Only one of them is opposite Angie, however. Therefore, the probability is $\dfrac{1}{3}.$

Thus, B is the correct answer.

We get that $$\begin{align*} SC &= DC + SR - DR \\ &= 15 + 15 - 25 \\ &= 5. \end{align*}$$

This means that the area of $PBSC$ is $5 \cdot 15 = 75.$ The area of $AQRD$ is $25 \cdot 15 = 375.$

$\dfrac{75}{375} = \dfrac{1}{5},$ which is $20 \%.$

Thus, C is the correct answer.

The total number of girls is $$\dfrac{4}{9} \cdot 270 + \dfrac{5}{9} \cdot 180 =$$ $$120 + 100 = 220.$$

There are $270 + 180 = 450$ students total, so the fraction of girls is $\dfrac{220}{450} = \dfrac{22}{45}.$

Thus, C is the correct answer.

To find the number of digits, we can try to express this number in terms of powers of $10.$

We get that $$\begin{align*} 4^5 \cdot 5^{10} &= 2^{10} \cdot 5^{10} \\ &= 10^{10}. \end{align*}$$

This shows that the desired number is $1$ followed by $10$ zeros, for a total of $11$ digits.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

Since these triangles are isosceles, we can drop altitudes to create two congruent right triangles as shown in the diagram.

Using the Pythagorean theorem, we get that the altitude of the triangle with area $A$ equals $$\sqrt{25^2 - 15^2} = 20.$$ Similarly, we get that the altitude of the triangle with area $B$ equals $$\sqrt{25^2 - 20^2} = 15.$$

With these altitudes, we can calculate the areas of the triangles. We get that $$A = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 20 \cdot 30 = 300.$$ Similarly, $$B = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 15 \cdot 40 = 300.$$

Therefore, $A = B.$

Thus, C is the correct answer.

To find the desired exponents, note that all the bases are prime numbers. This means that finding the prime factorization will be helpful.

We get that $$588 = 2^2 \cdot 3^1 \cdot 7^2.$$

From this, it is clear that $w = 2,$ $x = 1,$ $y = 0,$ and $z = 2$ ($y = 0$ since that makes the $5^y$ term equal $1$).

Therefore, $$\begin{gather*} 2w + 3x + 5y + 7z \\ = 2 \cdot 2 + 3 \cdot 1 + 5 \cdot 0 + 7 \cdot 2 \\ = 21. \end{gather*}$$

Thus, A is the correct answer.

There are $3$ possible outcomes when rolling a die twice: the first number is greater than the second, both numbers are equal, or the first number is less than the second number. The first and third outcomes have the same probability since they are symmetric.

The second outcome has a $\dfrac{1}{6}$ chance of happening, since the first number can be anything, and the second number must equal the first number. The other two outcomes have a combined probability of $1 - \dfrac{1}{6} = \dfrac{5}{6}.$ This means that each outcome has a $\dfrac{5}{6} \div 2 = \dfrac{5}{12}$ chance of happening.

The desired probability is the first outcome plus the second outcome, for a total probability of $\dfrac{5}{12} + \dfrac{1}{6} = \dfrac{7}{12}.$

Thus, D is the correct answer.

We can split the figure into these regions to make it easier to count the rectangles.

The rectangles in this figure are $b,$ $c,$ $d,$ $ab,$ $bc,$ $cd,$ $cf,$ $de,$ $abcd,$ $cdef,$ and $bcfg.$ These form $11$ rectangles.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

We can drop the following altitudes to more easily find the area.

We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to get that $$DE = \sqrt{15^2 - 12^2} = 9$$ and $$FC = \sqrt{20^2 - 12^2} = 16.$$

We also know that $$EF = AB = 50,$$ so $$DC = DE + EF + FC = 75.$$

Then the area of $ABCD$ is $$\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot (DC + 50) \cdot 12 = 6 \cdot 125$$ $$= 750.$$

Thus, D is the correct answer.

The first part of the statement means that Norb's age is greater than $36.$

The second part means that Norb's age is either between $36$ and $38$ or between $47$ and $49.$

Since $37$ is prime and $48$ is not, Norb's age is $37.$

Thus, C is the correct answer.

To find the tens digit, it is enough to track powers of $7$ modulo $100$. Since $7^4=2401\equiv1\pmod{100}$, the last two digits repeat every four powers.

Because $2011=4\cdot502+3$, we have $7^{2011}\equiv7^3=343$$\equiv43\pmod{100}$. Thus the tens digit is $4$.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

For a number to be divisible by $5,$ the units digit must be either $0$ or $5.$

If the units digit is $0,$ one of the other three digits must be $5.$ The remaining two digits must be chosen from $\{1, 2, 3, 4\}.$ There are $6$ ways to choose the pair, and there are $6$ ways to arrange the three digits for a total of $6 \cdot 6 = 36$ numbers.

If the units digit is $5,$ there are $4$ ways to choose the thousands digit. There are $4 \cdot 3 = 12$ ways to choose the other $2$ digits. This leaves a total of $4 \cdot 12 = 48$ numbers for this case.

Combining both cases, we get the total number of such integers is $36 + 48 = 84.$

Thus, D is the correct answer.

For two numbers to add to an odd number, one of them must be odd and the other even. Thus the only even prime is $2,$ so the other number is forced to be $9999.$ $9999$ is not prime, however, so $10001$ cannot be written as the sum of two primes.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

The circle's shaded area is equal to the area of the circle minus the area of the smaller square. The side length of the inner square can be calculated using the Pythagorean Theorem to get $$\sqrt{1^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{2}.$$

Therefore, the area of the inner square is $\sqrt{2}^2 = 2.$ The circle's shaded area is then $1^2\pi - 2 = \pi - 2.$

The area of the outside square is $2^2 = 4,$ so the shaded area between the two squares is $4 - 2 = 2.$

The desired fraction is $$\dfrac{\pi - 2}{2} \approx \dfrac{3.14 - 2}{2} \approx \dfrac{1}{2}.$$

Thus, A is the correct answer.