1998 AMC 8 真题

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1.

x=7x = 7 时,下列哪一个最小?

For x=7,x = 7, which of the following is the smallest?

6x\dfrac{6}{x}

6x+1\dfrac{6}{x+1}

6x1\dfrac{6}{x-1}

x6\dfrac{x}{6}

x+16\dfrac{x+1}{6}

答案:B
知识点:换元法分数
难度评级:450
小提示:

先代入 x=7x = 7

Substitute x=7x = 7 first.

大提示:

分子相同时,比较分母大小。

With equal numerators, compare denominators.

解答:

代入 x=7x = 7,五个选项的值依次为 67\dfrac{6}{7}68\dfrac{6}{8}1176\dfrac{7}{6}43\dfrac{4}{3}

只有前两个值小于 11。这两个分数的分子相同,所以分母较大的分数较小。因此正确答案是 B

Substituting x=7x = 7 gives the five values 67,\dfrac{6}{7}, 68,\dfrac{6}{8}, 1,1, 76,\dfrac{7}{6}, and 43.\dfrac{4}{3}.

The first two are the only values less than 1.1. Because they have the same numerator, the fraction with the larger denominator is smaller. Thus, the correct answer is B .

2.

如果  abcd=adbc~\begin{array}{r|l}a&b \\ \hline c&d\end{array} = a\cdot d-b\cdot c,那么  3412 ~\begin{array}{r|l}3&4 \\ \hline 1&2\end{array}~ 的值是多少?

If  abcd=adbc,~\begin{array}{r|l}a&b \\ \hline c&d\end{array} = a\cdot d-b\cdot c, what is the value of  3412 ?~\begin{array}{r|l}3&4 \\ \hline 1&2\end{array}~?

2-2

1-1

00

11

22

答案:E
知识点:自定义运算
难度评级:450
小提示:

aabbccdd 分别对应到四个位置上的数。

Match a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd to the four entries.

大提示:

计算 32413\cdot 2-4\cdot 1

Compute 3241.3\cdot 2-4\cdot 1.

解答:

代入定义得到 3241=23\cdot 2-4\cdot 1=2\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Substituting into the definition gives 3241=2.3\cdot 2-4\cdot 1=2.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

3.

下列表达式的值是多少?38+7845\dfrac{\frac{3}{8}+\frac{7}{8}}{\frac{4}{5}}

What is the value of the following expression? 38+7845\dfrac{\frac{3}{8}+\frac{7}{8}}{\frac{4}{5}}

11

2516\dfrac{25}{16}

22

4320\dfrac{43}{20}

4716\dfrac{47}{16}

答案:B
知识点:分数
难度评级:560
小提示:

先把分子里的两个分数相加。

Add the numerator fractions first.

大提示:

除以 45\frac{4}{5} 等于乘以 54\frac{5}{4}

Dividing by 45\frac{4}{5} means multiplying by 54.\frac{5}{4}.

解答:

计算得:38+7845=5445=(54)2=2516\begin{align*} \dfrac{\frac{3}{8}+\frac{7}{8}}{\frac{4}{5}} &= \dfrac{\frac{5}{4}}{\frac{4}{5}} \\ &=\left(\dfrac{5}{4}\right)^2 \\ &= \dfrac{25}{16}\end{align*}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

This evaluates to: 38+7845=5445=(54)2=2516.\begin{align*} \dfrac{\frac{3}{8}+\frac{7}{8}}{\frac{4}{5}} &= \dfrac{\frac{5}{4}}{\frac{4}{5}} \\ &=\left(\dfrac{5}{4}\right)^2 \\ &= \dfrac{25}{16}.\end{align*}

Thus, the correct answer is B .

4.

这个图形中有多少个三角形?(有些三角形可能与其他三角形重叠。)

How many triangles are in this figure? (Some triangles may overlap other triangles.)

99

88

77

66

55

答案:E
难度评级:720
小提示:

分别数小三角形和较大的三角形

Count small and larger triangles separately.

大提示:

不要忘记由几个小三角形合成的三角形

Do not forget triangles formed by combining smaller ones.

解答:

图中有三个小三角形,两个最右边小三角形合成的一个三角形,以及整个外部大三角形。

一共是 55 个三角形。

所以正确答案是 E

The figure contains three small triangles, the triangle made from the two rightmost small triangles, and the large outside triangle.

This gives 55 triangles.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

5.

下列哪个数最大?

Which of the following numbers is largest?

9.123449.12344

9.12349.123\overline{4}

9.12349.12\overline{34}

9.12349.1\overline{234}

9.12349.\overline{1234}

答案:B
知识点:循环小数位值
难度评级:730
小提示:

把循环小数多写出几位

Write the repeating decimals out for a few places.

大提示:

从左到右比较,在第一个不同的数位处判断大小

Compare at the first digit where the decimals differ.

解答:

每个数都以 9.12349.1234 开头。下一位是 44 的是选项 AABB,是 33 的是 CC,是 22 的是 DD,是 11 的是 EE

选项 AA 到此终止,后续各位补零;选项 BB 则继续出现 44。因此 BB 最大。

所以正确答案是 B

Each number starts with 9.1234.9.1234. The next digit is 44 for choices AA and B,B, 33 for C,C, 22 for D,D, and 11 for E.E.

Choice AA then terminates and is followed by zeros, while choice BB continues with more 44s. Thus, choice BB is largest.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

6.

点在水平方向和竖直方向上都相隔一个单位。这个多边形围成的面积是多少平方单位?

Dots are spaced one unit apart, horizontally and vertically. The number of square units enclosed by the polygon is

55

66

77

88

99

答案:B
知识点:面积分割格点
难度评级:870
小提示:

把上方斜边形成的小三角形移到下方缺口处

Move the slanted top triangle into the missing bottom space.

大提示:

这个多边形面积等于一个 2×32\times 3 长方形的面积。

The polygon has the area of a 2×32\times 3 rectangle.

解答:

考虑底部的 2×32 \times 3 长方形。长方形上方那块三角形的面积,恰好等于它下方缺失的那块三角形的面积。把其中一块补到另一块的位置,就得到一个完整的 2×32 \times 3 长方形,所以多边形的面积为 66

所以正确答案是 B

Consider the 2×32 \times 3 rectangle on the bottom. The triangular piece above that rectangle has the same area as the missing triangular piece below it. Rearranging one into the other gives a full 2×32 \times 3 rectangle, so the polygon’s area is 6.6.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

7.

100×19.98×1.998×1000=100\times 19.98\times 1.998\times 1000=

(1.998)2(1.998)^2

(19.98)2(19.98)^2

(199.8)2(199.8)^2

(1998)2(1998)^2

(19980)2(19980)^2

答案:D
知识点:小数指数
难度评级:860
小提示:

把小数因数与 1010 的幂配对

Pair the factors with powers of 10.10.

大提示:

将乘积写成 (10019.98)(10001.998)(100\cdot 19.98)(1000\cdot 1.998)

Group the product as (10019.98)(10001.998).(100\cdot 19.98)(1000\cdot 1.998).

解答:

把前两个因数和后两个因数分别分组:

(10019.98)(1.9981000)=19981998=(1998)2 \begin{aligned} &(100\cdot 19.98)(1.998\cdot 1000) \\ &= 1998\cdot1998 \\ &= (1998)^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Group the first two factors and the last two factors:

(10019.98)(1.9981000)=19981998=(1998)2. \begin{aligned} &(100\cdot 19.98)(1.998\cdot 1000) \\ &= 1998\cdot1998 \\ &= (1998)^2. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D .

8.

一个儿童浅水池中有 200200 加仑水。如果水以每天 0.50.5 加仑的速度蒸发,且没有其他水加入或取出,那么 3030 天后池中还有多少加仑水?

A child’s wading pool contains 200200 gallons of water. If water evaporates at the rate of 0.50.5 gallons per day and no other water is added or removed, how many gallons of water will be in the pool after 3030 days?

140140

170170

185185

198.5198.5

199.85199.85

答案:C
知识点:速率
难度评级:730
小提示:

先求 3030 天一共蒸发了多少水

Find how much water evaporates in 3030 days.

大提示:

从初始水量中减去 0.5300.5\cdot 30

Subtract 0.5300.5\cdot 30 from the starting amount.

解答:

蒸发掉的水量是 0.530=150.5\cdot 30=15 加仑,所以剩余水量为 20015=185200-15=185\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The amount lost is 0.530=150.5\cdot 30=15 gallons. Therefore, the amount left is 20015=185.200-15=185.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

9.

促销时,店主把一条 $10\$10 围巾降价 20%20\%。后来价格再次降低,这次降低为折后价的一半。现在价格是

For a sale, a store owner reduces the price of a $10\$10 scarf by 20%.20\%. Later the price is lowered again, this time by one-half the reduced price. The price is now

$2.00\$2.00

$3.75\$3.75

$4.00\$4.00

$4.90\$4.90

$6.40\$6.40

答案:C
知识点:百分数
难度评级:860
小提示:

降价 20%20\% 后剩下原价的 80%80\%

A 20%20\% reduction leaves 80%.80\%.

大提示:

第二次降价把折后价减半

The second reduction halves the reduced price.

解答:

第一次降价 20%20\% 后,价格为 $100.8=$8\$10\cdot 0.8=\$8

再减半后,价格为 $82=$4\dfrac{\$8}{2}=\$4

所以正确答案是 C

After the 20%20\% reduction, the price is $100.8=$8.\$10\cdot 0.8=\$8.

Then, after halving the price, the price is $82=$4.\dfrac{\$8}{2}=\$4.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

10.

字母 WWXXYYZZ 分别表示集合 {1,2,3,4}\{1,2,3,4\} 中不同的整数,但顺序不一定如此。它们满足 WXYZ=1\dfrac{W}{X}-\dfrac{Y}{Z}=1 WWYY 的和是多少?

Each of the letters W,W, X,X, Y,Y, and ZZ represents a different integer in the set {1,2,3,4},\{1,2,3,4\}, but not necessarily in that order. They satisfy WXYZ=1\dfrac{W}{X}-\dfrac{Y}{Z}=1 What is the sum of WW and Y?Y?

33

44

55

66

77

答案:E
知识点:分数分类讨论
难度评级:1070
小提示:

列出用 11223344 能组成的分数。

List possible fractions using 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and 4.4.

大提示:

较大的那个分数必须恰好比小的那个大 11

The larger fraction must exceed the smaller one by exactly 1.1.

解答:

得到差为 11 的唯一方式是

3142=1\frac{3}{1}-\frac{4}{2}=1\text{。}

因此 W=3W=3Y=4Y=4,所以 W+Y=7W+Y=7

所以正确答案是 E

The only way to get a difference of 11 is

3142=1.\frac{3}{1}-\frac{4}{2}=1.

Thus, W=3W=3 and Y=4,Y=4, so W+Y=7.W+Y=7.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

11.

Harry 有 33 个姐妹和 55 个兄弟。他的姐妹 Harriet 有 SS 个姐妹和 BB 个兄弟。SSBB 的乘积是多少?

Harry has 33 sisters and 55 brothers. His sister Harriet has SS sisters and BB brothers. What is the product of SS and B?B?

88

1010

1212

1515

1818

答案:C
难度评级:1020
小提示:

先数这个家庭中一共有多少男孩和女孩

First count the total boys and girls in the family.

大提示:

Harriet 是 Harry 的姐妹之一

Harriet is one of Harry’s sisters.

解答:

Harry 有 33 个姐妹和 55 个兄弟,所以这个家庭有 33 个女孩和 66 个男孩。Harriet 是女孩之一,所以她有 22 个姐妹和 66 个兄弟。

因此 SB=26=12SB=2\cdot 6=12

所以正确答案是 C

Since Harry has 33 sisters and 55 brothers, the family has 33 girls and 66 boys. Harriet is one of the girls, so she has 22 sisters and 66 brothers.

Therefore, SB=26=12.SB=2\cdot 6=12.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

12.

下列表达式的值是多少?2(112)+3(113)+4(114)++10(1110) \begin{aligned} &2\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)+3\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}\right) \\ &\quad {}+4\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\cdots \\ &\quad {}+10\left(1-\dfrac{1}{10}\right) \end{aligned}

What is the value of the following expression? 2(112)+3(113)+4(114)++10(1110) \begin{aligned} &2\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)+3\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}\right) \\ &\quad {}+4\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\cdots \\ &\quad {}+10\left(1-\dfrac{1}{10}\right) \end{aligned}

4545

4949

5050

5454

5555

答案:A
知识点:求和代数变形
难度评级:1090
小提示:

化简每一项 n(11n)n(1-\frac{1}{n})

Simplify each term n(11n).n(1-\frac{1}{n}).

大提示:

这些项会变成连续整数

The terms become consecutive integers.

解答:

nn 依次取从 221010 的整数,

n(11n)=n1n\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)=n-1\text{。}

因此原式为 1+2++9=451+2+\cdots+9=45

所以正确答案是 A

For each integer nn from 22 through 10,10,

n(11n)=n1.n\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)=n-1.

The expression is therefore 1+2++9=45.1+2+\cdots+9=45.

Thus, the correct answer is A .

13.

阴影正方形的面积与大正方形面积之比是多少?(图按比例绘制。)

What is the ratio of the area of the shaded square to the area of the large square? (The figure is drawn to scale.)

16\dfrac{1}{6}

17\dfrac{1}{7}

18\dfrac{1}{8}

112\dfrac{1}{12}

116\dfrac{1}{16}

答案:C
难度评级:1150
小提示:

把大正方形中的网格线延长

Extend the grid lines in the large square.

大提示:

阴影正方形由四个半单位正方形组成。

The shaded square is made from four half-unit squares.

解答:

如图,把原图延伸成一个 4444 的网格:

大正方形由 1616 个单位正方形组成。阴影正方形由四个半单位正方形组成,所以其面积为 412=24\cdot\dfrac{1}{2}=2。因此所求比值为 216=18\dfrac{2}{16}=\dfrac{1}{8}

所以正确答案是 C

Extend the figure to a 44 by 44 grid as shown:

The large square consists of 1616 unit squares. The shaded square is made from four half-unit squares, so its area is 412=2.4\cdot\dfrac{1}{2}=2. Therefore, the required ratio is 216=18.\dfrac{2}{16}=\dfrac{1}{8}.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

14.

在 Annville Junior High School,数学俱乐部中 30%30\% 的学生也参加科学俱乐部,科学俱乐部中 80%80\% 的学生也参加数学俱乐部。科学俱乐部有 1515 名学生。数学俱乐部有多少名学生?

At Annville Junior High School, 30%30\% of the students in the Math Club are in the Science Club, and 80%80\% of the students in the Science Club are in the Math Club. There are 1515 students in the Science Club. How many students are in the Math Club?

1212

1515

3030

3636

4040

答案:E
知识点:百分数
难度评级:1180
小提示:

先求两个俱乐部都参加的学生人数

Find the number of students in both clubs first.

大提示:

这个重叠人数是数学俱乐部人数的 30%30\%

That overlap is 30%30\% of the Math Club.

解答:

由于 80%80\%1515 名科学俱乐部学生也参加数学俱乐部,所以两个俱乐部共有的学生数是 0.815=120.8\cdot 15=12。这相当于数学俱乐部人数的 30%30\%,因此数学俱乐部有 120.3=40\dfrac{12}{0.3}=40 名学生。

所以正确答案是 E

Since 80%80\% of the 1515 Science Club students are also in the Math Club, the two clubs overlap in 0.815=120.8\cdot 15=12 students. This is 30%30\% of the Math Club, so the Math Club has 120.3=40\dfrac{12}{0.3}=40 students.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

15.

151516161717 题都参考以下内容:

不要让群岛太拥挤

在 Irenic Sea 的正中央,有美丽的 Nisos Isles。19981998 年这些岛上的人口只有 200200,但人口每 2525 年增长为原来的三倍。Queen Irene 规定,岛上每位居民至少必须有 1.51.5 平方英里的土地。Nisos Isles 的总面积是 24,90024{,}900 平方英里。

估计 20502050 年 Nisos 的人口。

Problems 15,15, 16,16, and 1717 all refer to the following:

Don’t Crowd The Isles

In the very center of the Irenic Sea lie the beautiful Nisos Isles. In 19981998 the number of people on these islands is only 200,200, but the population triples every 2525 years. Queen Irene has decreed that there must be at least 1.51.5 square miles for every person living in the Isles. The total area of the Nisos Isles is 24,90024{,}900 square miles.

Estimate the population of Nisos in the year 2050.2050.

600600

800800

10001000

20002000

30003000

答案:D
知识点:等比数列估算
难度评级:960
小提示:

人口连续两次变为原来的三倍,年份就从 19981998 年到了 20482048 年。

Tripling twice gets from 19981998 to 2048.2048.

大提示:

20482048 作为最接近 20502050 的参考年份。

Use 20482048 as the closest benchmark to 2050.2050.

解答:

20482048 年时,已经过了 5050 年(从 19981998 年算起),人口为 32200=18003^2\cdot200=1800

因为 20482048 接近 20502050,所以 20502050 年人口约为 18001800,最接近的选项是 20002000

所以正确答案是 D

The population in 2048,2048, which is 5050 years after 1998,1998, is 32200=1800.3^2\cdot200=1800.

Since 20482048 is close to 2050,2050, the population in 20502050 is approximately 1800,1800, and the closest choice is 2000.2000.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

16.

估计 Nisos 人口约为 60006000 的年份。

Estimate the year in which the population of Nisos will be approximately 6000.6000.

20502050

20752075

21002100

21252125

21502150

答案:B
知识点:等比数列估算
难度评级:1030
小提示:

比较 60006000 与起始人口 200200

Compare 60006000 with the starting population 200.200.

大提示:

三次变为原来的三倍,接近变为原来的 3030

Three triplings are close to a factor of 30.30.

解答:

这一年的人口约为 3030 倍于 19981998 年的人口。这意味着人口大约要经历 33 次三倍增长,也就是从 19981998 年起约 325=753\cdot 25=75 年之后,即约为 20732073 年,因此 20752075 最接近。

所以正确答案是 B

This would be the year the population is 3030 times as much as in 1998.1998. This means the population triples approximately 33 times, making the year approximately 325=753\cdot 25=75 years after 1998.1998. This would be 2073,2073, so 20752075 is the best approximation.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

17.

19981998 年起,大约多少年后,Nisos 的人口会达到 Queen Irene 宣称这些岛屿可以承载的人口数量?

In how many years, approximately, from 19981998 will the population of Nisos be as much as Queen Irene has proclaimed that the islands can support?

5050

5050 years

7575

7575 years

100100

100100 years

125125

125125 years

150150

150150 years

答案:C
知识点:等比数列估算
难度评级:1120
小提示:

先计算这些岛屿最多能承载多少人

Compute how many people the islands can support.

大提示:

把承载人口与每次三倍增长后的人口作比较

Compare the capacity with the population after each tripling.

解答:

最大承载人口为 24,9001.5=16,600\dfrac{24{,}900}{1.5}=16{,}600,约为 8383 倍于 19981998 年的人口。因此大约需要 44 次三倍增长,从 19981998 年算起,所需时间约为 254=10025\cdot 4=100 年。

所以正确答案是 C

The maximal population is 24,9001.5=16,600.\dfrac{24{,}900}{1.5}=16{,}600. This is 8383 times as much as the population in 1998,1998, so it would be about 44 triples from 1998.1998. That would be 254=10025\cdot 4=100 years.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

18.

如下图所示,一张长方形纸先从下往上折,再从左往右折,最后在 XX 处打一个孔。展开后纸是什么样子?

As indicated by the diagram below, a rectangular piece of paper is folded bottom to top, then left to right, and finally, a hole is punched at X.X. What does the paper look like when unfolded?

答案:B
难度评级:1280
小提示:

展开时先展开最后一次折叠

Unfold the last fold first.

大提示:

每次折叠都会把孔关于折痕反射一次

Each fold reflects the hole across the fold line.

解答:

最后折好的长方形是原纸的右上四分之一,孔打在这个折后长方形的左上部分。

展开时,孔会分别关于水平和竖直折痕反射。只有选项 B 有这四个对应位置的孔。

所以正确答案是 B

The final folded rectangle is the upper-right quarter of the original sheet, and the hole is punched in the upper-left part of that folded rectangle.

Unfolding reflects the hole across the horizontal and vertical fold lines. Only choice B has the four corresponding holes.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

19.

Tamika 从集合 {8,9,10}\{8,9,10\} 中随机选择两个不同的数并相加。Carlos 从集合 {3,5,6}\{3,5,6\} 中随机选择两个不同的数并相乘。Tamika 的结果大于 Carlos 的结果的概率是多少?

Tamika selects two different numbers at random from the set {8,9,10}\{8,9,10\} and adds them. Carlos takes two different numbers at random from the set {3,5,6}\{3,5,6\} and multiplies them. What is the probability that Tamika’s result is greater than Carlos’ result?

49\dfrac{4}{9}

59\dfrac{5}{9}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

答案:A
难度评级:1430
小提示:

列出 Tamika 可能得到的和,以及 Carlos 可能得到的积

List Tamika’s possible sums and Carlos’ possible products.

大提示:

在九个等可能的配对结果中数有利情况

Count the favorable ordered pairs among the nine equally likely pairs.

解答:

Tamika 可能得到 171718181919,Carlos 可能得到 151518183030

从两人各选一个结果,形成九个等可能配对。Tamika 的结果较大的情况是 (17,15)(17,15)(18,15)(18,15)(19,15)(19,15)(19,18)(19,18),所以这 99 个配对中有 44 个符合条件。

所以正确答案是 A

Tamika can get 17,17, 18,18, or 19,19, and Carlos can get 15,15, 18,18, or 30.30.

The nine equally likely pairs are formed by choosing one result from each person. Tamika’s result is greater in (17,15),(17,15), (18,15),(18,15), (19,15),(19,15), and (19,18),(19,18), so 44 of the 99 pairs work.

Thus, the correct answer is A .

20.

PQRSPQRS 是一张正方形纸。把 PP 折到 RR,再把 QQ 折到 SS。所得图形的面积为 99 平方英寸。求正方形 PQRSPQRS 的周长。

Let PQRSPQRS be a square piece of paper. PP is folded onto RR and then QQ is folded onto S.S. The area of the resulting figure is 99 square inches. Find the perimeter of square PQRS.PQRS.

99

1616

1818

2424

3636

答案:D
知识点:折纸面积
难度评级:1360
小提示:

两次折叠后,四个全等部分组成原正方形

After the two folds, four congruent pieces make the original square.

大提示:

用所得图形面积求出原正方形边长

Use the resulting area to find the original side length.

解答:

两次折叠后得到的三角形面积为 99。四个这样的全等三角形组成原正方形。

所以原正方形面积为 49=364\cdot 9=36,边长为 66。周长为 46=244\cdot 6=24

所以正确答案是 D

After the two folds, the resulting triangle has area 9.9. Four congruent copies of this triangle make the original square.

So the square has area 49=36,4\cdot 9=36, giving side length 6.6. Its perimeter is 46=24.4\cdot 6=24.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

21.

一个 4×4×44\times 4\times 4 的立方体盒子内装有 6464 个完全填满盒子的相同小立方体。有多少个小立方体接触盒子的侧面或底面?

A 4×4×44\times 4\times 4 cubical box contains 6464 identical small cubes that exactly fill the box. How many of these small cubes touch a side or the bottom of the box?

4848

5252

6060

6464

8080

答案:B
难度评级:1410
小提示:

数不接触侧面或底面的立方体数量

Count the cubes that do not touch a side or the bottom.

大提示:

不接触的内部核心是 2×2×32\times 2\times 3

The untouched interior core is 2×2×3.2\times 2\times 3.

解答:

不接触侧面或底面的立方体只可能在底层以上的内部核心中。这个核心尺寸为 2×2×32\times 2\times 3,共 1212 个小立方体。

因此接触侧面或底面的立方体有 6412=5264-12=52 个。

所以正确答案是 B

The only cubes that do not touch a side or the bottom form the interior core above the bottom layer. This core has dimensions 2×2×3,2\times 2\times 3, so it contains 1212 cubes.

Thus, 6412=5264-12=52 cubes touch a side or the bottom.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

22.

Terri 按三条规则生成一个正整数序列。她从一个正整数开始,然后对结果应用合适的规则,并持续这样做。

规则 11如果整数小于 1010,则乘以 99

规则 22如果整数是偶数且大于 99,则除以 22

规则 33如果整数是奇数且大于 99,则减去 55

例如,样例序列为 232318189981817676\ldots

求以 98984949\ldots 开头的这个序列的第 9898 项。

Terri produces a sequence of positive integers by following three rules. She starts with a positive integer, then applies the appropriate rule to the result, and continues in this fashion.

Rule 1:1: If the integer is less than 10,10, multiply it by 9.9.

Rule 2:2: If the integer is even and greater than 9,9, divide it by 2.2.

Rule 3:3: If the integer is odd and greater than 9,9, subtract 55 from it.

For example, consider the sample sequence 23,23, 18,18, 9,9, 81,81, 76,76, .\ldots.

Find the 9898th term of the sequence that begins 98,98, 49,49, .\ldots.

66

1111

2222

2727

5454

答案:D
知识点:递推模运算
难度评级:1480
小提示:

生成各项,直到某个值重复

Generate terms until a value repeats.

大提示:

循环开始后,把项数按循环长度取余

After the repeat begins, reduce the index modulo the cycle length.

解答:

序列开始为

98,49,44,22,11,6,54,27,22, \begin{gathered} 98,49,44,22,11, \\ 6,54,27,22,\ldots \end{gathered}\text{。}

前三项之后,循环 (22,11,6,54,27)(22,11,6,54,27) 重复。因为 983=9598-3=9555 的倍数,第 9898 项是循环中的第五项,即 2727

所以正确答案是 D

The sequence begins

98,49,44,22,11,6,54,27,22,. \begin{gathered} 98,49,44,22,11, \\ 6,54,27,22,\ldots. \end{gathered}

After the first three terms, the cycle (22,11,6,54,27)(22,11,6,54,27) repeats. Since 983=9598-3=95 is a multiple of 5,5, the 9898th term is the fifth term of the cycle, 27.27.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

23.

如果图中的模式继续,第八个三角形内部有多少比例会被涂色?

If the pattern in the diagram continues, what fraction of the interior would be shaded in the eighth triangle?

38\dfrac{3}{8}

527\dfrac{5}{27}

716\dfrac{7}{16}

916\dfrac{9}{16}

1145\dfrac{11}{45}

答案:C
难度评级:1410
小提示:

nn 步有 n2n^2 个小三角形。

At step n,n, there are n2n^2 small triangles.

大提示:

涂色数量为 1+2++(n1)1+2+\cdots+(n-1)

The shaded count is 1+2++(n1).1+2+\cdots+(n-1).

解答:

nn 个三角形有 n2n^2 个小三角形。

涂色小三角形数为 1+2++(n1)1+2+\cdots+(n-1) =n(n1)2=\dfrac{n(n-1)}{2}

n=8n=8 时,涂色比例为 87282=716\dfrac{\frac{8\cdot 7}{2}}{8^2}=\dfrac{7}{16}

所以正确答案是 C

The nnth triangle has n2n^2 small triangles.

The number of shaded small triangles is 1+2++(n1)1+2+\cdots+(n-1) =n(n1)2.=\dfrac{n(n-1)}{2}.

For n=8,n=8, the shaded fraction is 87282=716.\dfrac{\frac{8\cdot 7}{2}}{8^2}=\dfrac{7}{16}.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

24.

一个长方形板有 88 列小方格,从左上角开始编号,第一行从左到右编号为 1188,第二行为 991616,依此类推。一个学生涂色方格 11,然后跳过一个方格涂色方格 33,跳过两个方格涂色方格 66,跳过 33 个方格涂色方格 1010,并继续这样做,直到每一列至少有一个涂色方格。

第一次达到这个结果时,被涂色方格的编号是多少?

A rectangular board of 88 columns has squares numbered beginning in the upper left corner and moving left to right so row one is numbered 11 through 8,8, row two is 99 through 16,16, and so on. A student shades square 1,1, then skips one square and shades square 3,3, skips two squares and shades square 6,6, skips 33 squares and shades square 10,10, and continues in this way until there is at least one shaded square in each column.

What is the number of the shaded square that first achieves this result?

3636

6464

7878

9191

120120

答案:E
难度评级:1630
小提示:

列号对应模 88 的余数

Columns correspond to residues modulo 8.8.

大提示:

被涂色的方格编号是三角形数

The shaded squares are triangular numbers.

解答:

被涂色的方格编号是三角形数 11336610101515\ldots。列对应模 88 的余数,其中余数 00 表示第八列。

105105 为止的三角形数模八的余数为 1133662277554444557722663311。因此还没有出现第八列的余数。

下一个三角形数是 120120,且 1200(mod8)120\equiv 0\pmod{8}。这是第一次每一列都有涂色方格。

所以正确答案是 E

The shaded squares are the triangular numbers 1,1, 3,3, 6,6, 10,10, 15,15, .\ldots. Columns correspond to residues modulo 8,8, with residue 00 representing the eighth column.

The triangular numbers through 105105 have residues 1,1, 3,3, 6,6, 2,2, 7,7, 5,5, 4,4, 4,4, 5,5, 7,7, 2,2, 6,6, 3,3, and 1.1. Thus, the eighth-column residue has not appeared yet.

The next triangular number is 120,120, and 1200(mod8).120\equiv 0\pmod{8}. This is the first time every column has a shaded square.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

25.

三位慷慨的朋友各有一些现金,并按如下方式重新分配:Ami 给 Jan 和 Toy 足够的钱,使他们各自的钱数加倍。然后 Jan 给 Ami 和 Toy 足够的钱,使他们各自的钱数加倍。最后 Toy 给 Ami 和 Jan 足够的钱,使他们各自的钱数加倍。如果 Toy 开始时有 $36\$36,结束时也有 $36\$36,那么三位朋友一共有多少钱?

Three generous friends, each with some cash, redistribute their money as follows: Ami gives enough money to Jan and Toy to double the amount that each has. Jan then gives enough to Ami and Toy to double their amounts. Finally, Toy gives Ami and Jan enough to double their amounts. If Toy has $36\$36 when they begin and $36\$36 when they end, what is the total amount that all three friends have?

$108\$108

$180\$180

$216\$216

$252\$252

$288\$288

答案:D
知识点:逆推法不变量
难度评级:1620
小提示:

跟踪 Toy 在前两次分配后的钱数

Track Toy’s amount through the first two exchanges.

大提示:

Toy 最后一次给出的钱数等于 Ami 和 Jan 当时的总钱数

Before Toy’s final turn, the amount he gives equals Ami and Jan’s combined amount.

解答:

Toy 开始有 $36\$36。Ami 使 Toy 的钱加倍后,Toy 有 $72\$72。Jan 再使 Toy 的钱加倍后,Toy 有 $144\$144

Toy 最后结束时有 $36\$36,所以 Toy 给出了 $144$36=$108\$144-\$36=\$108。这笔钱使 Ami 和 Jan 的总钱数加倍,因此 Toy 最后行动前 Ami 和 Jan 合计有 $108\$108

总钱数不变,所以总数是 $144+$108=$252\$144+\$108=\$252

所以正确答案是 D

Toy begins with $36.\$36. After Ami doubles Toy’s amount, Toy has $72.\$72. After Jan doubles Toy’s amount, Toy has $144.\$144.

On Toy’s final turn, Toy ends with $36,\$36, so Toy gives away $144$36=$108.\$144-\$36=\$108. That gift doubles the combined amount of Ami and Jan, so Ami and Jan together had $108\$108 just before Toy’s final turn.

The total amount of money is constant, so the total is $144+$108=$252.\$144+\$108=\$252.

Thus, the correct answer is D .