2020 AMC 10A 真题

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1.

哪个 xx 的值满足下式?x34=51213x- \frac{3}{4} = \frac{5}{12} - \frac{1}{3}\text{?}

What value of xx satisfies x34=51213?x- \frac{3}{4} = \frac{5}{12} - \frac{1}{3}?

23\displaystyle -\frac{2}{3}

736\displaystyle \frac{7}{36}

712\displaystyle \frac{7}{12}

23\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}

56\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}

答案:E
知识点:分数一次方程
难度评级:560
小提示:

先用分母 1212 化简右边。

First simplify the right side using denominator 1212

大提示:

求出右边后,两边同时加上 34\frac34

After finding the right side, add 34\frac34 to both sides

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

右边为 51213=512412=112\dfrac{5}{12}-\dfrac13=\dfrac{5}{12}-\dfrac4{12}=\dfrac1{12}。所以 x=34+112=912+112=56x=\dfrac34+\dfrac1{12}=\dfrac9{12}+\dfrac1{12}=\dfrac56。正确答案是 E

The right side is 51213=512412=112\dfrac{5}{12}-\dfrac13=\dfrac{5}{12}-\dfrac4{12}=\dfrac1{12}. Thus x=34+112=912+112=56x=\dfrac34+\dfrac1{12}=\dfrac9{12}+\dfrac1{12}=\dfrac56. Thus, E is the correct answer.

2.

335577aabb 的平均数为 1515aabb 的平均数是多少?

The numbers 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, a,a, and bb have an average (arithmetic mean) of 15.15. What is the average of aa and b?b?

00

1515

3030

4545

6060

答案:C
知识点:平均数
难度评级:560
小提示:

把五个数的平均数转化为总和。

Convert the average of five numbers into a total sum

大提示:

先减去已知的三个数,再求 aabb 的平均数。

Subtract the known three numbers before averaging aa and bb

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

五个数的总和为 515=755\cdot15=75。又 3+5+7=153+5+7=15,所以 a+b=7515=60a+b=75-15=60。因此 aabb 的平均数为 3030。正确答案是 C

The five numbers have total sum 515=755\cdot15=75. Since 3+5+7=153+5+7=15, we have a+b=7515=60a+b=75-15=60, so the average of aa and bb is 3030. Thus, C is the correct answer.

3.

假设 a3a\neq3b4b\neq4c5c\neq5,下列表达式的最简值是多少?a35cb43ac54b\frac{a-3}{5-c} \cdot \frac{b-4}{3-a} \cdot \frac{c-5}{4-b}

Assuming a3,a\neq3, b4,b\neq4, and c5,c\neq5, what is the value in simplest form of the following expression? a35cb43ac54b\frac{a-3}{5-c} \cdot \frac{b-4}{3-a} \cdot \frac{c-5}{4-b}

1-1

11

abc60\displaystyle \frac{abc}{60}

1abc160\displaystyle \frac{1}{abc} - \frac{1}{60}

1601abc\displaystyle \frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{abc}

答案:A
知识点:代数变形分数
难度评级:770
小提示:

每个分母都是对应分子因子的相反数。

Each denominator is the negative of a matching numerator factor

大提示:

约分后数一数负号的个数。

Count the number of negative signs after cancellation

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

将分母各因式改写为 5c=(c5)5-c=-(c-5)3a=(a3)3-a=-(a-3)4b=(b4)4-b=-(b-4)。原式化为 (a3)(b4)(c5)(a3)(b4)(c5)=1\dfrac{(a-3)(b-4)(c-5)}{-(a-3)(b-4)(c-5)}=-1。正确答案是 A

Rewrite the denominator factors as 5c=(c5)5-c=-(c-5), 3a=(a3)3-a=-(a-3), and 4b=(b4)4-b=-(b-4). The expression becomes (a3)(b4)(c5)(a3)(b4)(c5)=1\dfrac{(a-3)(b-4)(c-5)}{-(a-3)(b-4)(c-5)}=-1. Thus, A is the correct answer.

4.

一名司机开车 22 小时,速度为每小时 6060 英里,在此期间汽车每加仑汽油可行驶 3030 英里。她每行驶一英里获得 $0.50\$0.50 报酬,唯一开销是每加仑价格为 $2.00\$2.00 的汽油。扣除汽油费用后,她每小时的净报酬是多少美元?

A driver travels for 22 hours at 6060 miles per hour, during which her car gets 3030 miles per gallon of gasoline. She is paid $0.50\$0.50 per mile, and her only expense is gasoline at $2.00\$2.00 per gallon. What is her net rate of pay, in dollars per hour, after this expense?

2020

2222

2424

2525

2626

答案:E
知识点:速率钱币
难度评级:900
小提示:

先求两小时内总共行驶了多少英里。

Find the total miles driven in two hours

大提示:

先扣除汽油成本,再除以小时数。

Subtract gasoline cost before dividing by the number of hours

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

她行驶 260=1202\cdot60=120 英里,所以收入为 120$0.50=$60120\cdot \$0.50=\$60。这次行程用汽油 12030=4\frac{120}{30}=4 加仑,花费 4$2=$84\cdot\$2=\$8。净收入为 608=5260-8=52 美元,用时 22 小时,所以每小时净报酬为 2626 美元。正确答案是 E

The driver travels 260=1202\cdot60=120 miles, so she is paid 120$0.50=$60120\cdot \$0.50=\$60. The trip uses 12030=4\frac{120}{30}=4 gallons of gasoline, costing 4$2=$84\cdot\$2=\$8. Her net pay is 608=5260-8=52 dollars over 22 hours, or 2626 dollars per hour. Thus, E is the correct answer.

5.

所有满足下式的实数 xx 之和是多少?x212x+34=2|x^2-12x+34|=2\text{?}

What is the sum of all real numbers xx for which x212x+34=2?|x^2-12x+34|=2?

1212

1515

1818

2121

2525

答案:C
难度评级:1020
小提示:

把绝对值方程分成两个二次方程。

Split the absolute-value equation into two quadratic equations

大提示:

对所有实数解求和时,重根只计算一次。

Remember to count the double root only once in the sum of real numbers

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

方程等价于 x212x+34=2x^2-12x+34=2x212x+34=2x^2-12x+34=-2。第一式化为 x212x+32=0x^2-12x+32=0,根为 4488;第二式化为 (x6)2=0(x-6)^2=0,根为 66。所有实数解的和为 4+8+6=184+8+6=18。正确答案是 C

The equation means x212x+34=2x^2-12x+34=2 or x212x+34=2x^2-12x+34=-2. The first gives x212x+32=0x^2-12x+32=0, with roots 44 and 88. The second gives (x6)2=0(x-6)^2=0, with root 66. The sum of all real solutions is 4+8+6=184+8+6=18. Thus, C is the correct answer.

6.

有多少个 44 位正整数,也就是 1000100099999999 之间的整数,只含偶数数字且能被 55 整除?

How many 44-digit positive integers (that is, integers between 10001000 and 9999,9999, inclusive) having only even digits are divisible by 5?5?

8080

100100

125125

200200

500500

答案:B
难度评级:980
小提示:

末位必须同时满足偶数数字和被 55 整除。

The last digit must be compatible with both evenness and divisibility by 55

大提示:

固定末位后,独立选择千位、百位、十位。

Choose the thousands, hundreds, and tens digits independently after fixing the last digit

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

末位只能是 00,因为这个数能被 55 整除,而且所有数字都是偶数。千位可为 2,4,62,4,688,共有四种;百位和十位各有 55 种选择。因此共有 455=1004\cdot5\cdot5=100 个这样的整数。正确答案是 B

The last digit must be 00, because the number is divisible by 55 and all digits are even. The thousands digit can be 2,4,6,2,4,6, or 88, and each of the hundreds and tens digits has 55 choices. Thus there are 455=1004\cdot5\cdot5=100 such integers. Thus, B is the correct answer.

7.

2525 个从 10-101414 的整数可以排列成一个 5555 的方阵,使每一行、每一列以及两条主对角线上的数之和都相同。这个公共和是多少?

The 2525 integers from 10-10 to 14,14, inclusive, can be arranged to form a 55-by-55 square in which the sum of the numbers in each row, the sum of the numbers in each column, and the sum of the numbers along each of the main diagonals are all the same. What is the value of this common sum?

22

55

1010

2525

5050

答案:C
知识点:幻方等差数列
难度评级:960
小提示:

五个行和加起来等于所有 2525 个整数的总和。

The five row sums together equal the sum of all 2525 integers

大提示:

计算从 10-101414 的等差数列和。

Compute the arithmetic-sequence sum from 10-10 through 1414

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

10-101414 的整数总和为 2510+142=5025\cdot\dfrac{-10+14}{2}=50。若每行公共和为 SS,则五行总和为 5050,所以 5S=505S=50,从而 S=10S=10。正确答案是 C

The sum of the integers from 10-10 to 1414 is 2510+142=5025\cdot\dfrac{-10+14}{2}=50. If every row has common sum SS, then the five row sums add to 5050, so 5S=505S=50 and S=10S=10. Thus, C is the correct answer.

8.

求下列表达式的值:1+2+34+5+6+78++197+198+199200 \begin{aligned} &1+2+3-4+5+6+7-8\\ &\quad+\cdots\\ &\quad+197+198+199-200 \end{aligned}\text{?}

What is the value of 1+2+34+5+6+78++197+198+199200? \begin{aligned} &1+2+3-4+5+6+7-8\\ &\quad+\cdots\\ &\quad+197+198+199-200? \end{aligned}

9,8009{,}800

9,9009{,}900

10,00010{,}000

10,10010{,}100

10,20010{,}200

答案:B
难度评级:1060
小提示:

把表达式按每四项一组分组。

Group the expression into blocks of four terms

大提示:

求第 jj 组的公式,再对 5050 组求和。

Find a formula for the jjth block and sum over 5050 blocks

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

按四项一组:(1+2+34)(1+2+3-4) +(5+6+78)+(5+6+7-8) ++\cdots +(197+198+199200)+(197+198+199-200)。第 jj 组的和为 (4j3)+(4j2)(4j-3)+(4j-2) +(4j1)4j=8j6+(4j-1)-4j=8j-6

共有 5050 组,所以和为 j=150(8j6)=850512\sum_{j=1}^{50}(8j-6)=8\cdot\dfrac{50\cdot51}{2} 650=9900-6\cdot50=9900。正确答案是 B

Group the terms in blocks of four: (1+2+34)(1+2+3-4) +(5+6+78)+(5+6+7-8) ++\cdots +(197+198+199200)+(197+198+199-200). The jjth block is (4j3)+(4j2)(4j-3)+(4j-2) +(4j1)4j=8j6+(4j-1)-4j=8j-6.

There are 5050 blocks, so the sum is j=150(8j6)=850512\sum_{j=1}^{50}(8j-6)=8\cdot\dfrac{50\cdot51}{2} 650=9900-6\cdot50=9900. Thus, B is the correct answer.

9.

学校活动中,一个长凳单元可以坐 77 名成人或 1111 名儿童。当 NN 个长凳单元首尾相连时,相同人数的成人和儿童一起就坐,刚好占满所有长凳空间。NN 的最小正整数值是多少?

A single bench section at a school event can hold either 77 adults or 1111 children. When NN bench sections are connected end to end, an equal number of adults and children seated together will occupy all the bench space. What is the least possible positive integer value of N?N?

99

1818

2727

3636

7777

答案:B
难度评级:1070
小提示:

设成人和儿童的相同人数为 PP

Let the equal number of adults and children be PP

大提示:

长凳单元数为 P7+P11\frac{P}{7}+\frac{P}{11}

The number of bench sections is P7+P11\frac{P}{7}+\frac{P}{11}

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

设成人和儿童各有 PP 人。成人需要 P7\frac{P}{7} 个长凳单元,儿童需要 P11\frac{P}{11} 个长凳单元,因此 N=P(17+111)=18P77N=P\left(\dfrac17+\dfrac1{11}\right)=\dfrac{18P}{77}

使其为整数的最小值是 P=77P=77,此时 N=18N=18。正确答案是 B

If the equal number of adults and children is PP, then the adults use P7\frac{P}{7} bench sections and the children use P11\frac{P}{11} bench sections. Thus N=P(17+111)=18P77N=P\left(\dfrac17+\dfrac1{11}\right)=\dfrac{18P}{77}.

The least positive integer occurs when P=77P=77, giving N=18N=18. Thus, B is the correct answer.

10.

七个立方体的体积分别为 118827276464125125216216343343 立方单位。它们竖直堆成一座塔,体积从底部到顶部递减。除最底部的立方体外,每个立方体的底面都完全位于其下方立方体的顶面上。求这座塔的总表面积,包括底面。

Seven cubes, whose volumes are 1,1, 8,8, 27,27, 64,64, 125,125, 216,216, and 343343 cubic units, are stacked vertically to form a tower in which the volumes of the cubes decrease from bottom to top. Except for the bottom cube, the bottom face of each cube lies completely on top of the cube below it. What is the total surface area of the tower (including the bottom) in square units?

644644

658658

664664

720720

749749

答案:B
难度评级:1420
小提示:

先求七个单独立方体的表面积总和。

Start with the surface areas of all seven separate cubes

大提示:

每个接触面会隐藏两块面积等于较小立方体底面的正方形面。

Each contact hides two faces with the side length of the smaller cube

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

这些立方体边长为 1,2,3,4,5,6,71,2,3,4,5,6,7,从大到小堆叠。单独表面积之和为 6(12+22++72)6(1^2+2^2+\cdots+7^2) =6140=840=6\cdot140=840

每个接触处隐藏两个正方形面,面积分别为 12,22,,621^2,2^2,\ldots,6^2。所以总表面积为 840840 2(12+22++62)-2(1^2+2^2+\cdots+6^2) =840182=658=840-182=658。正确答案是 B

The cube side lengths are 1,2,3,4,5,6,71,2,3,4,5,6,7, stacked from largest on bottom to smallest on top. The sum of the surface areas of the separate cubes is 6(12+22++72)6(1^2+2^2+\cdots+7^2) =6140=840=6\cdot140=840.

Each contact hides two square faces, with areas 12,22,,621^2,2^2,\ldots,6^2. Subtracting these hidden faces gives 840840 2(12+22++62)-2(1^2+2^2+\cdots+6^2) =840182=658=840-182=658. Thus, B is the correct answer.

11.

下列 40404040 个数的列表的中位数是多少?1,2,3,,2020,12,22,32,,20202 \begin{aligned} &1,2,3,\ldots,2020,\\ &1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots,2020^2 \end{aligned}

What is the median of the following list of 40404040 numbers? 1,2,3,,2020,12,22,32,,20202 \begin{aligned} &1,2,3,\ldots,2020,\\ &1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots,2020^2 \end{aligned}

1974.51974.5

1975.51975.5

1976.51976.5

1977.51977.5

1978.51978.5

答案:C
难度评级:1480
小提示:

在中位数附近,分别统计普通整数和平方数。

Near the median, count ordinary integers and square numbers separately

大提示:

使用 442<2020<45244^2<2020<45^2

Use 442<2020<45244^2<2020<45^2

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

对中位数附近的一个数,排好序的列表中不超过它的项包括所有不超过它的普通整数和所有不超过它的平方数。因为 442=193644^2=1936452=202545^2=2025,所以从 1936193620202020 之间的任一数,都恰有 4444 个平方数不超过它。

19751975 处,不超过它的项有 1975+44=20191975+44=2019 个,其中普通整数截至 19751975。在 19761976 处,不超过该数的项有 20202020 个,其中普通整数截至 19761976,所以第 20202020 项为 19761976,下一项为 19771977。中位数为 1976.51976.5。正确答案是 C

For a number near the median, the sorted list includes all ordinary integers up to that number and all squares up to that number. Since 442=193644^2=1936 and 452=202545^2=2025, there are 4444 squares not exceeding any number from 19361936 through 20202020.

At 19751975, there are 1975+44=20191975+44=2019 list entries at most 19751975. At 19761976, there are 20202020 entries at most 19761976, so the 20202020th entry is 19761976, and the next is 19771977. The median is 1976.51976.5. Thus, C is the correct answer.

12.

三角形 AMCAMC 是等腰三角形,且 AM=ACAM = AC。中线 MV\overline{MV}CU\overline{CU} 互相垂直,并且 MV=CU=12MV=CU=12。求 AMC\triangle AMC 的面积。

Triangle AMCAMC is isosceles with AM=AC.AM = AC. Medians MV\overline{MV} and CU\overline{CU} are perpendicular to each other, and MV=CU=12.MV=CU=12. What is the area of AMC?\triangle AMC?

4848

7272

9696

144144

192192

答案:C
难度评级:1660
小提示:

把重心放在原点,并让两条垂直中线沿坐标轴方向。

Put the centroid at the origin and align the perpendicular medians with the axes

大提示:

重心把每条中线按 2:12:1 分割。

The centroid divides each median in a 2:12:1 ratio

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

设重心为原点。重心把中线按 2:12:1 分割,所以可令中线 MVMV 水平,取 M=(8,0)M=(8,0)V=(4,0)V=(-4,0);中线 CUCU 竖直,取 C=(0,8)C=(0,8)U=(0,4)U=(0,-4)

因为 UUAMAM 的中点,所以 A=2UM=(8,8)A=2U-M=(-8,-8)AMC\triangle AMC 的面积为 12(16,8)×(8,16)\dfrac12 |(16,8)\times(8,16)| =12(25664)=96=\dfrac12(256-64)=96。正确答案是 C

Let the centroid be the origin. Since a centroid divides each median in a 2:12:1 ratio, we may place median MVMV horizontally with M=(8,0)M=(8,0) and V=(4,0)V=(-4,0), and median CUCU vertically with C=(0,8)C=(0,8) and U=(0,4)U=(0,-4).

Because UU is the midpoint of AMAM, we get A=2UM=(8,8)A=2U-M=(-8,-8). The area of AMC\triangle AMC is 12(16,8)×(8,16)\dfrac12 |(16,8)\times(8,16)| =12(25664)=96=\dfrac12(256-64)=96. Thus, C is the correct answer.

13.

一只青蛙坐在点 (1,2)(1, 2),开始连续跳跃。每次跳跃都平行于某条坐标轴,长度为 11,方向为上、下、右、左之一,且每次独立随机选择。当青蛙到达以 (0,0)(0, 0)(0,4)(0, 4)(4,4)(4, 4)(4,0)(4, 0) 为顶点的正方形的一条边时,跳跃序列结束。跳跃序列在正方形的竖直边上结束的概率是多少?

A frog sitting at the point (1,2)(1, 2) begins a sequence of jumps, where each jump is parallel to one of the coordinate axes and has length 1,1, and the direction of each jump (up, down, right, or left) is chosen independently at random. The sequence ends when the frog reaches a side of the square with vertices (0,0),(0, 0), (0,4),(0, 4), (4,4),(4, 4), and (4,0).(4, 0). What is the probability that the sequence of jumps ends on a vertical side of the square?

12\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}

58\displaystyle \frac{5}{8}

23\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}

34\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}

78\displaystyle \frac{7}{8}

答案:B
难度评级:1950
小提示:

让每个内部格点表示先碰到竖直边的概率。

Let each interior lattice point store the probability of hitting a vertical side first

大提示:

用对称性把随机游走方程减少到四个未知数。

Use symmetry to reduce the random-walk equations to four unknowns

视频讲解:
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文字解答:

p(x,y)p(x,y) 为从 (x,y)(x,y) 出发最终先碰到竖直边的概率。由对称性,令 a=p(1,1)=p(1,3)a=p(1,1)=p(1,3)b=p(2,1)=p(2,3)b=p(2,1)=p(2,3)c=p(1,2)c=p(1,2),并令 d=p(2,2)d=p(2,2)

每一步取四个相邻点概率的平均,得到 a=1+b+c4a=\dfrac{1+b+c}{4}b=2a+d4b=\dfrac{2a+d}{4}c=1+2a+d4c=\dfrac{1+2a+d}{4},以及 d=b+c2d=\dfrac{b+c}{2}。解得 c=58c=\dfrac58。起点为 (1,2)(1,2),所以这就是所求概率。正确答案是 B

Let p(x,y)p(x,y) be the probability of eventually hitting a vertical side first from point (x,y)(x,y). By symmetry, set a=p(1,1)=p(1,3)a=p(1,1)=p(1,3), b=p(2,1)=p(2,3)b=p(2,1)=p(2,3), c=p(1,2)c=p(1,2), and d=p(2,2)d=p(2,2).

The averaging equations are a=1+b+c4a=\dfrac{1+b+c}{4}, b=2a+d4b=\dfrac{2a+d}{4}, c=1+2a+d4c=\dfrac{1+2a+d}{4}, and d=b+c2d=\dfrac{b+c}{2}. Solving gives c=58c=\dfrac58, which is the desired probability from (1,2)(1,2). Thus, B is the correct answer.

14.

实数 xxyy 满足 x+y=4x + y = 4xy=2x \cdot y = -2。求下列表达式的值:x+x3y2+y3x2+yx + \frac{x^3}{y^2} + \frac{y^3}{x^2} + y\text{?}

Real numbers xx and yy satisfy x+y=4x + y = 4 and xy=2.x \cdot y = -2. What is the value of x+x3y2+y3x2+y?x + \frac{x^3}{y^2} + \frac{y^3}{x^2} + y?

360360

400400

420420

440440

480480

答案:D
难度评级:1480
小提示:

使用幂和 Sk=xk+ykS_k=x^k+y^k

Use power sums Sk=xk+ykS_k=x^k+y^k

大提示:

关系式 t24t2=0t^2-4t-2=0 给出 SkS_k 的递推。

The relation t24t2=0t^2-4t-2=0 gives a recurrence for SkS_k

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Sk=xk+ykS_k=x^k+y^k。因为 x+y=4x+y=4xy=2xy=-2,数 xxyy 是方程 t24t2=0t^2-4t-2=0 的两根,所以 Sk=4Sk1+2Sk2S_k=4S_{k-1}+2S_{k-2}

S0=2S_0=2S1=4S_1=4 出发,得到 S2=20S_2=20S3=88S_3=88S4=392S_4=392,以及 S5=1744S_5=1744。原式为 x+y+x5+y5x2y2x+y+\dfrac{x^5+y^5}{x^2y^2} =4+17444=440=4+\dfrac{1744}{4}=440。正确答案是 D

Let Sk=xk+ykS_k=x^k+y^k. Since x+y=4x+y=4 and xy=2xy=-2, the numbers xx and yy satisfy t24t2=0t^2-4t-2=0, so Sk=4Sk1+2Sk2S_k=4S_{k-1}+2S_{k-2}.

Using S0=2S_0=2 and S1=4S_1=4, we get S2=20S_2=20, S3=88S_3=88, S4=392S_4=392, and S5=1744S_5=1744. The expression is x+y+x5+y5x2y2x+y+\dfrac{x^5+y^5}{x^2y^2} =4+17444=440=4+\dfrac{1744}{4}=440. Thus, D is the correct answer.

15.

12!12! 的正整数因数中随机选一个。所选因数为完全平方数的概率可写为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 为互质正整数。求 m+nm+n

A positive integer divisor of 12!12! is chosen at random. The probability that the divisor chosen is a perfect square can be expressed as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

33

55

1212

1818

2323

答案:E
难度评级:1420
小提示:

12!12! 分解成质因数。

Factor 12!12! into primes

大提示:

平方因数只能选择偶数质数指数。

A square divisor must choose only even prime exponents

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12!12! 的质因数分解为 2103552711112^{10}3^5 5^2 7^1 11^1。因此 12!12! 的正因数总数为 (10+1)(5+1)(10+1)(5+1) (2+1)(1+1)(1+1)=792\cdot(2+1)(1+1)(1+1)=792

平方因数的所有质数指数必须为偶数,因此共有 63211=366\cdot3\cdot2\cdot1\cdot1=36 个。所求概率为 36792=122\frac{36}{792}=\frac{1}{22},所以 m+n=1+22=23m+n=1+22=23。正确答案是 E

The prime factorization of 12!12! is 2103552711112^{10}3^5 5^2 7^1 11^1. Therefore 12!12! has (10+1)(5+1)(10+1)(5+1) (2+1)(1+1)(1+1)=792\cdot(2+1)(1+1)(1+1)=792 positive divisors.

A square divisor must use only even exponents, giving 63211=366\cdot3\cdot2\cdot1\cdot1=36 square divisors. The probability is 36792=122\frac{36}{792}=\frac{1}{22}, so m+n=1+22=23m+n=1+22=23. Thus, E is the correct answer.

16.

在坐标平面中,从顶点为 (0,0)(0, 0)(2020,0)(2020, 0)(2020,2020)(2020, 2020)(0,2020)(0, 2020) 的正方形内部随机选一点。该点距离某个格点不超过 dd 个单位的概率为 12\tfrac{1}{2}。其中格点指坐标 (x,y)(x, y)xxyy 均为整数的点。求 dd 四舍五入到最接近的十分位是多少?

A point is chosen at random within the square in the coordinate plane whose vertices are (0,0),(0, 0), (2020,0),(2020, 0), (2020,2020),(2020, 2020), and (0,2020).(0, 2020). The probability that the point is within dd units of a lattice point is 12.\tfrac{1}{2}. (A point (x,y)(x, y) is a lattice point if xx and yy are both integers.) What is dd to the nearest tenth?

0.30.3

0.40.4

0.50.5

0.60.6

0.70.7

答案:B
难度评级:1540
小提示:

只看一个单位格子。

Look at one unit square of the lattice

大提示:

单位格子四个角的四个四分之一圆面积总和为 πd2\pi d^2

The four quarter-circles around its corners have total area πd2\pi d^2

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对于 d<12d<\dfrac12,每个单位正方形中,距离某个格点不超过 dd 的部分由四个四分之一圆组成,总面积为 πd2\pi d^2。大正方形由单位正方形铺成,所以所求概率为 πd2\pi d^2

πd2=12\pi d^2=\dfrac12,得 d=12π0.399d=\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{2\pi}}\approx0.399,四舍五入到十分位为 0.40.4。正确答案是 B

For d<12d<\dfrac12, the points within dd of lattice points occupy, in each unit square, four quarter-circles whose total area is πd2\pi d^2. The enormous square is tiled by unit squares, so the desired probability is πd2\pi d^2.

Setting πd2=12\pi d^2=\dfrac12 gives d=12π0.399d=\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{2\pi}}\approx0.399, which rounds to 0.40.4. Thus, B is the correct answer.

17.

定义 P(x)=(x12)(x22)(x1002) \begin{aligned} P(x)={}&(x-1^2)(x-2^2)\\ &\cdots(x-100^2) \end{aligned}\text{。} 有多少个整数 nn 满足 P(n)0P(n)\leq 0

Define P(x)=(x12)(x22)(x1002). \begin{aligned} P(x)={}&(x-1^2)(x-2^2)\\ &\cdots(x-100^2). \end{aligned} How many integers nn are there such that P(n)0?P(n)\leq 0?

49004900

49504950

50005000

50505050

51005100

答案:E
难度评级:1660
小提示:

在根 12,22,,10021^2,2^2,\ldots,100^2 之间画符号表。

Make a sign chart across the square roots 12,22,,10021^2,2^2,\ldots,100^2

大提示:

每隔一个区间计数,并包含端点。

Count integer points in every other interval, including endpoints

视频讲解:
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多项式在每个平方数 12,22,,10021^2,2^2,\ldots,100^2 处变号,且首项系数为正。因此满足 P(n)0P(n)\le0 的整数落在区间 [12,22][1^2,2^2][32,42][3^2,4^2]\ldots[992,1002][99^2,100^2] 中。

对奇数 kk,区间 [k2,(k+1)2][k^2,(k+1)^2] 中的整数个数为 (k+1)2k2+1=2k+2(k+1)^2-k^2+1=2k+2。对 k=1,3,,99k=1,3,\ldots,99 求和,得到 2(1+3++99)2(1+3+\cdots+99) +250=5000+100+2\cdot50=5000+100 =5100=5100。正确答案是 E

The polynomial changes sign at each square 12,22,,10021^2,2^2,\ldots,100^2, and its leading coefficient is positive. Thus P(n)0P(n)\le0 for integers in the intervals [12,22][1^2,2^2], [32,42][3^2,4^2], \ldots, [992,1002][99^2,100^2].

For odd kk, the interval [k2,(k+1)2][k^2,(k+1)^2] contains (k+1)2k2+1=2k+2(k+1)^2-k^2+1=2k+2 integers. Summing over odd k=1,3,,99k=1,3,\ldots,99 gives 2(1+3++99)2(1+3+\cdots+99) +250=5000+100+2\cdot50=5000+100 =5100=5100. Thus, E is the correct answer.

18.

(a,b,c,d)(a,b,c,d) 为一个有序四元组,其中每个数都是集合 {0,1,2,3}\{0,1,2,3\} 中的整数,且不要求互不相同。有多少个这样的四元组满足 adbca\cdot d-b\cdot c 为奇数?例如,(0,3,1,1)(0,3,1,1) 是一个这样的四元组,因为 0131=30\cdot 1-3\cdot 1 = -3 为奇数。

Let (a,b,c,d)(a,b,c,d) be an ordered quadruple of not necessarily distinct integers, each one of them in the set {0,1,2,3}.\{0,1,2,3\}. For how many such quadruples is it true that adbca\cdot d-b\cdot c is odd? (For example, (0,3,1,1)(0,3,1,1) is one such quadruple, because 0131=30\cdot 1-3\cdot 1 = -3 is odd.)

4848

6464

9696

128128

192192

答案:C
难度评级:1540
小提示:

只有 a,b,c,da,b,c,d 的奇偶性重要。

Only the parities of a,b,c,da,b,c,d matter

大提示:

数一数二元域上的可逆 2×22\times2 矩阵。

Count invertible 2×22\times2 matrices over the two-element field

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只需考虑模 22 的奇偶性。条件是 adbcad-bc11,也就是说矩阵 (abcd)\begin{pmatrix}a&b\\ c&d\end{pmatrix}F2\mathbb F_2 上可逆。

可逆矩阵共有 (41)(42)=6(4-1)(4-2)=62×22\times2 矩阵,它们都定义在 F2\mathbb F_2 上。每一种奇偶模式可提升为 24=162^4=16 个取自 {0,1,2,3}\{0,1,2,3\} 的四元组。因此共有 616=966\cdot16=96 个四元组。正确答案是 C

Only parity matters. Modulo 22, the condition is that adbcad-bc is 11, meaning the matrix (abcd)\begin{pmatrix}a&b\\ c&d\end{pmatrix} is invertible over F2\mathbb F_2.

There are (41)(42)=6(4-1)(4-2)=6 invertible 2×22\times2 matrices over F2\mathbb F_2. Each parity pattern lifts to 24=162^4=16 choices from {0,1,2,3}\{0,1,2,3\}, so there are 616=966\cdot16=96 quadruples. Thus, C is the correct answer.

19.

如下图所示,一个正十二面体,也就是由 1212 个全等正五边形面组成的多面体,漂浮在空间中,并有两个水平面。注意,顶面相邻有一圈五个倾斜面,底面相邻也有一圈五个倾斜面。从顶面出发,经由一系列相邻面移动到底面,且每个面至多访问一次,并且不允许从底部环移动到顶部环。这样的走法有多少种?

As shown in the figure below, a regular dodecahedron (the polyhedron consisting of 1212 congruent regular pentagonal faces) floats in space with two horizontal faces. Note that there is a ring of five slanted faces adjacent to the top face, and a ring of five slanted faces adjacent to the bottom face. How many ways are there to move from the top face to the bottom face via a sequence of adjacent faces so that each face is visited at most once and moves are not permitted from the bottom ring to the top ring?

125125

250250

405405

640640

810810

答案:E
难度评级:2460
小提示:

因为禁止向上移动,把每条路径分成顶部环阶段和底部环阶段。

Because upward moves are forbidden, split every path into a top-ring phase and a bottom-ring phase

大提示:

在一个五环上,不自交行走的停止路径有 1+241+2\cdot4 种。

On a five-cycle, a self-avoiding walk has 1+241+2\cdot4 possible stopping paths

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离开顶面后,先选择 55 个顶部环面之一。由于不允许从底部环回到顶部环,每条有效路径都由顶部环阶段、一次向下移动、底部环阶段组成。

固定第一个顶部环面。在顶部 55 环上,可以不重复地沿环走若干步后停止;选择不动有一种,选择一个方向后可走一到四步,所以共有 1+24=91+2\cdot4=9 种顶部环路径。停止处有 22 种向下移动选择,因此顶部部分有 1818 种。

到达底部环后,同理有 1+24=91+2\cdot4=9 种方式在底部 55 环上不重复移动并进入底面。总数为 5189=8105\cdot18\cdot9=810。正确答案是 E

After leaving the top face, choose one of the 55 top-ring faces. Because moves from the bottom ring to the top ring are forbidden, every valid path has a top-ring phase, then one move down to the bottom ring, then a bottom-ring phase.

Fix the first top-ring face. On the top ring, the path can move around the 55-cycle without revisiting a face and then stop at any point: there are 1+24=91+2\cdot4=9 possible top-ring paths. From the stopping face, there are 22 possible downward moves to the bottom ring, so the top part has 1818 choices.

Once in the bottom ring, the path can move around the bottom 55-cycle without revisiting a face and then enter the bottom face; this gives 1+24=91+2\cdot4=9 choices. The total is 5189=8105\cdot18\cdot9=810. Thus, E is the correct answer.

20.

四边形 ABCDABCD 满足 ABC=ACD=90\angle ABC = \angle ACD = 90^{\circ}AC=20AC=20CD=30CD=30。对角线 AC\overline{AC}BD\overline{BD} 交于点 EE,且 AE=5AE=5。求四边形 ABCDABCD 的面积。

Quadrilateral ABCDABCD satisfies ABC=ACD=90,\angle ABC = \angle ACD = 90^{\circ}, AC=20,AC=20, and CD=30.CD=30. Diagonals AC\overline{AC} and BD\overline{BD} intersect at point E,E, and AE=5.AE=5. What is the area of quadrilateral ABCD?ABCD?

330330

340340

350350

360360

370370

答案:D
难度评级:2150
小提示:

ACAC 放在 xx 轴上,并使用已知点 EE

Put ACAC on the xx-axis and use the known point EE

大提示:

BB 既在直线 DEDE 上,也在以 ACAC 为直径的圆上。

Point BB lies both on line DEDE and on the circle with diameter ACAC

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A=(0,0)A=(0,0)C=(20,0)C=(20,0)。因为 ACD=90\angle ACD=90^\circCD=30CD=30,可取 D=(20,30)D=(20,30)。点 EE 的坐标是 (5,0)(5,0),所以直线 BDBD 的方程为 y=2(x5)y=2(x-5)

因为 ABC=90\angle ABC=90^\circ,点 BB 在以 ACAC 为直径的圆上:(x10)2+y2=100(x-10)^2+y^2=100。与 y=2(x5)y=2(x-5) 联立,得 x=2x=21010。凸四边形对应 B=(2,6)B=(2,-6)

于是 [ACD]=122030=300[ACD]=\dfrac12\cdot20\cdot30=300,且 [ABC]=12206=60[ABC]=\dfrac12\cdot20\cdot6=60。总面积为 360360。正确答案是 D

Place A=(0,0)A=(0,0) and C=(20,0)C=(20,0). Since ACD=90\angle ACD=90^\circ and CD=30CD=30, take D=(20,30)D=(20,30). The point EE is (5,0)(5,0), so line BDBD has equation y=2(x5)y=2(x-5).

Because ABC=90\angle ABC=90^\circ, point BB lies on the circle with diameter ACAC: (x10)2+y2=100(x-10)^2+y^2=100. Intersecting with y=2(x5)y=2(x-5) gives x=2x=2 or 1010. The convex quadrilateral uses B=(2,6)B=(2,-6).

Then [ACD]=122030=300[ACD]=\dfrac12\cdot20\cdot30=300, and [ABC]=12206=60[ABC]=\dfrac12\cdot20\cdot6=60. The total area is 360360. Thus, D is the correct answer.

21.

存在唯一严格递增的非负整数序列 a1<a2<<aka_1<a_2<\cdots<a_k,使得 2289+1217+1=2a1+2a2++2ak\frac{2^{289}+1}{2^{17}+1}=2^{a_1}+2^{a_2}+\cdots+2^{a_k}\text{。}kk

There exists a unique strictly increasing sequence of nonnegative integers a1<a2<<aka_1<a_2<\cdots<a_k such that 2289+1217+1=2a1+2a2++2ak.\frac{2^{289}+1}{2^{17}+1}=2^{a_1}+2^{a_2}+\cdots+2^{a_k}. What is k?k?

117117

136136

137137

273273

306306

答案:C
难度评级:2380
小提示:

X=217X=2^{17},再计算 X17+1X^{17}+1 除以 X+1X+1 的商。

Set X=217X=2^{17} and divide X17+1X^{17}+1 by X+1X+1

大提示:

把正负幂成对组合,得到二进制表示中连续的全一数位区块。

Pair positive and negative powers to create blocks of binary ones

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X=217X=2^{17}。则 2289+1217+1=X17+1X+1=X16X15+X14X+1 \begin{gathered} \dfrac{2^{289}+1}{2^{17}+1} = \dfrac{X^{17}+1}{X+1} \\ = X^{16}-X^{15}+X^{14} \\ {}-\cdots-X+1 \end{gathered}

把相邻项配成 X16X15X^{16}-X^{15}X14X13X^{14}-X^{13}\ldotsX2XX^2-X,最后剩下 +1+1。每一对都形如 217m(2171)2^{17m}(2^{17}-1),在二进制表示中贡献 1717 个一。共有 88 对,再加最后的 11,所以 k=817+1=137k=8\cdot17+1=137。正确答案是 C

Let X=217X=2^{17}. Then 2289+1217+1=X17+1X+1=X16X15+X14X+1 \begin{gathered} \dfrac{2^{289}+1}{2^{17}+1} = \dfrac{X^{17}+1}{X+1} \\ = X^{16}-X^{15}+X^{14} \\ {}-\cdots-X+1 \end{gathered} .

Pair consecutive terms: X16X15X^{16}-X^{15}, X14X13X^{14}-X^{13}, \ldots, X2XX^2-X, and then the final +1+1. Each pair is 217m(2171)2^{17m}(2^{17}-1), contributing 1717 ones in binary. There are 88 such pairs plus the final 11, so k=817+1=137k=8\cdot17+1=137. Thus, C is the correct answer.

22.

有多少个正整数 n1000n \le 1000,使得 998n+999n+1000n\left\lfloor \dfrac{998}{n} \right\rfloor+\left\lfloor \dfrac{999}{n} \right\rfloor+\left\lfloor \dfrac{1000}{n}\right \rfloor 不能被 33 整除?这里 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数。

For how many positive integers n1000n \le 1000 is998n+999n+1000n\left\lfloor \dfrac{998}{n} \right\rfloor+\left\lfloor \dfrac{999}{n} \right\rfloor+\left\lfloor \dfrac{1000}{n}\right \rfloornot divisible by 3?3? (Recall that x\lfloor x \rfloor is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x.)

2222

2323

2424

2525

2626

答案:A
难度评级:2380
小提示:

1000=qn+r1000=qn+r

Let 1000=qn+r1000=qn+r

大提示:

只有当减去 1122 跨过 nn 的倍数时,三个取整值之和才不是 33 的倍数。

The sum of floors fails to be a multiple of 33 only when subtracting 11 or 22 crosses a multiple of nn

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写作 1000=qn+r1000=qn+r,其中 0r<n0\le r<n。则 1000n=q\left\lfloor\dfrac{1000}{n}\right\rfloor=q。另外两个取整值通常也是 qq,只有当减去 1122 后,从 10001000 跨过了 nn 的倍数时,也就是 rr 较小时,才会减少。

n>1n>1,三个取整值之和不能被 33 整除当且仅当 r=0r=0r=1r=1r=0r=0 对应 10001000 的因数,除去 11 后有 1515 个。r=1r=1 对应 999999 的因数且不为 11,这样的因数有 (3+1)(1+1)1=7(3+1)(1+1)-1=7 个。总数为 2222。正确答案是 A

Write 1000=qn+r1000=qn+r, where 0r<n0\le r<n. Then 1000n=q\left\lfloor\dfrac{1000}{n}\right\rfloor=q. The other two floors are usually also qq, except that subtracting 11 or 22 from 10001000 crosses a multiple of nn when rr is small.

For n>1n>1, the sum is not divisible by 33 exactly when r=0r=0 or r=1r=1. The case r=0r=0 gives divisors of 10001000, excluding 11, for 1515 values. The case r=1r=1 gives divisors of 999999, excluding 11, for (3+1)(1+1)1=7(3+1)(1+1)-1=7 values. The total is 2222. Thus, A is the correct answer.

23.

TT 为坐标平面中顶点为 (0,0)(0,0)(4,0)(4,0)(0,3)(0,3) 的三角形。考虑平面上的下列五个等距变换:绕原点逆时针旋转 9090^{\circ}180180^{\circ}270270^{\circ},关于 xx 轴反射,关于 yy 轴反射。在这五个变换中选取三个组成序列,允许重复,共 125125 个序列,其中有多少个会把 TT 变回原来的位置?例如,先旋转 180180^{\circ},再关于 xx 轴反射,再关于 yy 轴反射,会把 TT 变回原位;但先旋转 9090^{\circ},再关于 xx 轴反射,再关于 xx 轴反射,则不会把 TT 变回原位。

Let TT be the triangle in the coordinate plane with vertices (0,0),(0,0), (4,0),(4,0), and (0,3).(0,3). Consider the following five isometries (rigid transformations) of the plane: rotations of 90,90^{\circ}, 180,180^{\circ}, and 270270^{\circ} counterclockwise around the origin, reflection across the xx-axis, and reflection across the yy-axis. How many of the 125125 sequences of three of these transformations (not necessarily distinct) will return TT to its original position? (For example, a 180180^{\circ} rotation, followed by a reflection across the xx-axis, followed by a reflection across the yy-axis will return TT to its original position, but a 9090^{\circ} rotation, followed by a reflection across the xx-axis, followed by another reflection across the xx-axis will not return TT to its original position.)

1212

1515

1717

2020

2525

答案:A
知识点:变换系统列举
难度评级:1950
小提示:

9090^\circ 旋转记为 RR,两个反射记为 X,YX,Y

Name the 9090^\circ rotation RR and the two reflections X,YX,Y

大提示:

前两个变换确定后,第三个必须是它们乘积的逆变换。

Once the first two transformations are fixed, the third must be the inverse of their product

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RR 表示 9090^\circ 旋转,允许的旋转为 R,R2,R3R,R^2,R^3。令 XXYY 分别表示关于两个坐标轴的反射。前两个变换确定后,第三个变换必须是它们乘积的逆,才能使总效果为恒等变换。

在两个旋转的组合中,有 66 个有序对的乘积是非恒等旋转。一个旋转与一个反射的乘积是允许的坐标轴反射,当且仅当该旋转为 R2R^2,这给出 44 个有序对。最后,两个不同的坐标轴反射可以按任一顺序出现,又给出 22 个有序对。总共有 6+4+2=126+4+2=12 个有效序列。正确答案是 A

Let RR be a 9090^\circ rotation, so the allowed rotations are R,R2,R3R,R^2,R^3. Let XX and YY be the reflections across the coordinate axes. Once the first two transformations are chosen, the third is forced to be the inverse of their product.

Among two rotations, 66 ordered pairs have a nonidentity rotation as their product. A rotation and a reflection have an allowed axis-reflection as their product exactly when the rotation is R2R^2, giving 44 ordered pairs. Finally, the two different axis-reflections can occur in either order, giving 22 more pairs. Altogether there are 6+4+2=126+4+2=12 valid sequences. Thus, A is the correct answer.

24.

nn 为大于 10001000 的最小正整数,满足 gcd(63,n+120)=21gcd(n+63,120)=60 \begin{gathered} \gcd(63,n+120)=21\\ \text{且}\\ \gcd(n+63,120)=60 \end{gathered}\text{。} nn 的各位数字之和是多少?

Let nn be the least positive integer greater than 10001000 for which gcd(63,n+120)=21andgcd(n+63,120)=60. \begin{gathered} \gcd(63,n+120)=21\\ \text{and}\\ \gcd(n+63,120)=60. \end{gathered} What is the sum of the digits of n?n?

1212

1515

1818

2121

2424

答案:C
难度评级:1820
小提示:

把每个最大公因数条件转化为一个同余条件加一个排除条件。

Translate each gcd condition into a congruence plus an exclusion

大提示:

先解两个同余,再测试大于 10001000 的候选值。

Solve the two congruences first, then test candidates above 10001000

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第一条给出 n+1200(mod21)n+120\equiv0\pmod{21},即 n6(mod21)n\equiv6\pmod{21},但 n+120n+120 不能被 6363 整除。第二条给出 n+630(mod60)n+63\equiv0\pmod{60},即 n57(mod60)n\equiv57\pmod{60},但 n+63n+63 不能被 120120 整除。

联立 n6(mod21)n\equiv6\pmod{21}n57(mod60)n\equiv57\pmod{60},得 n237(mod420)n\equiv237\pmod{420}。大于 10001000 的候选为 1077,1497,1917,1077,1497,1917,\ldots。第一个不满足第一条最大公因数条件,第二个不满足第二条,19171917 满足。数字和为 1818。正确答案是 C

The first gcd condition gives n+1200(mod21)n+120\equiv0\pmod{21}, so n6(mod21)n\equiv6\pmod{21}, but n+120n+120 must not be divisible by 6363. The second gives n+630(mod60)n+63\equiv0\pmod{60}, so n57(mod60)n\equiv57\pmod{60}, but n+63n+63 must not be divisible by 120120.

Solving n6(mod21)n\equiv6\pmod{21} and n57(mod60)n\equiv57\pmod{60} gives n237(mod420)n\equiv237\pmod{420}. The candidates above 10001000 are 1077,1497,1917,1077,1497,1917,\ldots. The first fails the first gcd condition, the second fails the second gcd condition, and 19171917 works. The digit sum is 1818. Thus, C is the correct answer.

25.

Jason 掷三枚公平的标准六面骰。然后他查看结果,并选择其中一个骰子子集重新掷,子集可以为空,也可以是全部三枚。重新掷后,他获胜的条件是三枚骰子朝上的点数之和恰好为 77。Jason 总是采用使获胜概率最大的策略。他选择恰好重新掷两枚骰子的概率是多少?

Jason rolls three fair standard six-sided dice. Then he looks at the rolls and chooses a subset of the dice (possibly empty, possibly all three dice) to reroll. After rerolling, he wins if and only if the sum of the numbers face up on the three dice is exactly 7.7. Jason always plays to optimize his chances of winning. What is the probability that he chooses to reroll exactly two of the dice?

736\displaystyle \frac{7}{36}

524\displaystyle \frac{5}{24}

29\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}

1772\displaystyle \frac{17}{72}

14\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}

答案:A
难度评级:2380
小提示:

比较重新掷 0,1,20,1,233 枚骰子时的最佳获胜概率。

Compare the best chance from rerolling 0,1,2,0,1,2, or 33 dice

大提示:

恰好重新掷两枚最优,只会发生在某些排序后的初始结果中,此时两个较小点数之和较大。

Rerolling two dice is optimal only for certain sorted initial rolls with large two-smallest sum

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对任意初始结果,Jason 比较重新掷 0,1,20,1,233 枚骰子的最佳概率。重新掷三枚的概率为 15216=572\frac{15}{216}=\frac{5}{72}。若保留两枚、重新掷一枚,获胜概率可达 16\frac{1}{6},条件是某对保留骰子点数之和不超过 66

若恰好重新掷两枚,则只保留一枚。保留点数 1,2,3,4,5,61,2,3,4,5,6 时,获胜结果数分别为 5,4,3,2,1,05,4,3,2,1,0,总结果数为 3636。这种选择只有在两个最小点数之和至少为 77,且最小点数为 1,21,233 时才可能最优。

满足条件的有序结果排序后为 (1,6,6)(1,6,6)(2,5,5),(2,5,6),(2,6,6)(2,5,5),(2,5,6),(2,6,6),以及 (3,4,4)(3,4,4)(3,4,5)(3,4,5)(3,4,6)(3,4,6)(3,5,5)(3,5,5)(3,5,6)(3,5,6)(3,6,6)(3,6,6)。按排列数计数,共有 3+12+27=423+12+27=42 个结果,总结果数为 216216,所以概率为 42216=736\frac{42}{216}=\frac{7}{36}。正确答案是 A

For any initial roll, Jason compares the best probabilities from rerolling 0,1,2,0,1,2, or 33 dice. Rerolling all three dice has probability 15216=572\frac{15}{216}=\frac{5}{72}. Rerolling one die has probability 16\frac{1}{6} whenever some pair of kept dice has sum at most 66.

If he rerolls exactly two dice, he keeps one die. Keeping a die showing 1,2,3,4,5,61,2,3,4,5,6 gives probabilities 5,4,3,2,1,05,4,3,2,1,0 out of 3636, respectively. This can be optimal only when the two smallest dice sum at least 77 and the smallest die is 1,2,1,2, or 33.

The sorted rolls satisfying this are (1,6,6)(1,6,6), (2,5,5),(2,5,6),(2,6,6)(2,5,5),(2,5,6),(2,6,6), and (3,4,4),(3,4,4), (3,4,5),(3,4,5), (3,4,6),(3,4,6), (3,5,5),(3,5,5), (3,5,6),(3,5,6), (3,6,6)(3,6,6). Counting permutations gives 3+12+27=423+12+27=42 rolls out of 216216, so the probability is 42216=736\frac{42}{216}=\frac{7}{36}. Thus, A is the correct answer.