2014 AMC 10A 真题

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1.

下列表达式的值是多少?

10(12+15+110)1 10\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{10}\right)^{-1}

What is the value of the following expression?

10(12+15+110)1 10\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{10}\right)^{-1}

33

88

252\dfrac{25}{2}

1703\dfrac{170}{3}

170170

答案:C
知识点:分数运算顺序
难度评级:770
小提示:

先把括号内的分数相加。

Add the fractions inside the parentheses first

大提示:

乘以 1010 之前,先取倒数。

Take the reciprocal before multiplying by 1010

解答:

先计算括号内的和:12+15+110=510+210+110=45\begin{aligned} &\dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{10} \\ &= \dfrac{5}{10} + \dfrac{2}{10} + \dfrac{1}{10} \\&= \dfrac{4}{5} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 (45)1=54\left(\dfrac{4}{5}\right)^{-1} = \dfrac{5}{4},最后得到 1054=25210 \cdot \dfrac{5}{4} = \dfrac{25}{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

We get that 12+15+110=510+210+110=45.\begin{aligned} &\dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{10} \\ &= \dfrac{5}{10} + \dfrac{2}{10} + \dfrac{1}{10} \\&= \dfrac{4}{5}. \end{aligned}

Then (45)1=54\left(\dfrac{4}{5}\right)^{-1} = \dfrac{5}{4} and then finally, 1054=252.10 \cdot \dfrac{5}{4} = \dfrac{25}{2}.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

2.

Roy 的猫每天早上吃 13\dfrac{1}{3} 罐猫粮,每天晚上吃 14\dfrac{1}{4} 罐猫粮。星期一早上喂猫之前,Roy 打开一个装有 66 罐猫粮的盒子。这只猫在星期几吃完盒子里所有猫粮?

Roy’s cat eats 13\dfrac{1}{3} of a can of cat food every morning and 14\dfrac{1}{4} of a can of cat food every evening. Before feeding his cat on Monday morning, Roy opened a box containing 66 cans of cat food. On what day of the week did the cat finish eating all the cat food in the box?

星期二

Tuesday

星期三

Wednesday

星期四

Thursday

星期五

Friday

星期六

Saturday

答案:C
难度评级:1140
小提示:

这只猫每天共吃 712\frac7{12} 罐。

The cat eats 712\frac7{12} can per full day

大提示:

找出累计吃掉 66 罐时落在哪一天。

Check the integer day when the total first reaches 66 cans

解答:

这只猫每个完整的一天共吃 13+14=712 \dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{1}{4} = \dfrac{7}{12} 罐猫粮。经过 1010 个完整的一天,它吃了 10712=35610\cdot\frac7{12}=\frac{35}{6} 罐,还剩 16\frac16 罐。

它会在下一次早晨喂食时吃完剩余部分。从星期一算作第一个早晨,第十一个早晨是星期四。

所以正确答案是 C

The cat eats 13+14=712 \dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{1}{4} = \dfrac{7}{12} cans of food each full day. After 1010 full days, it has eaten 10712=35610\cdot\frac7{12}=\frac{35}{6} cans, leaving 16\frac16 of a can.

The cat finishes that remainder during its next morning feeding. The eleventh morning, counting Monday as the first, is Thursday.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

3.

Bridget 为她的面包店烤了 4848 条面包。上午她以每条 $2.50\$ 2.50 卖出一半。下午她卖出剩余面包的三分之二;因为不新鲜了,她只收半价。傍晚她以每条一美元卖出剩下的面包。每条面包的制作成本为 $0.75\$ 0.75。她当天的利润是多少美元?

Bridget bakes 4848 loaves of bread for her bakery. She sells half of them in the morning for $2.50\$ 2.50 each. In the afternoon she sells two thirds of what she has left, and because they are not fresh, she charges only half price. In the late afternoon she sells the remaining loaves at a dollar each. Each loaf costs $0.75\$ 0.75 for her to make. In dollars, what is her profit for the day?

2424

3636

4444

4848

5252

答案:E
知识点:钱币分数
难度评级:960
小提示:

分别跟踪上午、下午和傍晚的销售额。

Track morning, afternoon, and late-afternoon sales separately

大提示:

从总收入中减去总制作成本。

Subtract the total baking cost from the total revenue

解答:

上午 Bridget 卖出 2424 条面包,收入 24$2.50=$6024\cdot\$2.50=\$60

她还剩 2424 条面包。下午她以半价卖出 2324=16\frac23\cdot24=16 条,收入 16$1.25=$2016\cdot\$1.25=\$20

剩下的 88 条卖得 $8\$8,所以总收入为 $60+$20+$8=$88\$60+\$20+\$8=\$88。成本为 48$0.75=$3648\cdot\$0.75=\$36

她的利润为 $88$36=$52\$88-\$36=\$52

所以正确答案是 E

In the morning Bridget sells 2424 loaves for 24$2.50=$6024\cdot\$2.50=\$60.

She has 2424 loaves left. In the afternoon she sells 2324=16\frac23\cdot24=16 loaves at half price, earning 16$1.25=$2016\cdot\$1.25=\$20.

The remaining 88 loaves sell for $8\$8, so her revenue is $60+$20+$8=$88\$60+\$20+\$8=\$88. Her cost is 48$0.75=$3648\cdot\$0.75=\$36.

Her profit is $88$36=$52\$88-\$36=\$52.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

4.

Ralph 沿 Jane 街走过连续四栋房子,每栋房子颜色不同。他先经过橙色房子,再经过红色房子;他先经过蓝色房子,再经过黄色房子。蓝色房子不与黄色房子相邻。这些彩色房子的排列有多少种可能?

Walking down Jane Street, Ralph passed four houses in a row, each painted a different color. He passed the orange house before the red house, and he passed the blue house before the yellow house. The blue house was not next to the yellow house. How many orderings of the colored houses are possible?

22

33

44

55

66

答案:B
难度评级:1140
小提示:

按黄色房子所在位置分类。

Case on where the yellow house appears

大提示:

同时使用“蓝在黄前面”和“不相邻”两个条件。

Use the blue-before-yellow condition and the no-adjacent condition together

解答:

蓝色必须在黄色之前且不相邻,所以蓝黄位置只能是 (1,3)(1,3)(1,4)(1,4)(2,4)(2,4)

每种情况下,橙色和红色填入剩下两个位置,并且橙色必须在红色之前,因此被唯一确定。三种排列依次为:橙、蓝、红、黄;蓝、橙、红、黄;蓝、橙、黄、红。

共有 33 种排列。

所以正确答案是 B

Blue must come before yellow but not next to it, so they sit in positions (1,3)(1,3) or (1,4)(1,4) or (2,4)(2,4).

In each case orange and red fill the two remaining spots with orange before red, which is forced. The three orderings are orange, blue, red, yellow; blue, orange, red, yellow; and blue, orange, yellow, red.

There are 33 possible orderings.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

5.

一次代数测验中,10%10\% 的学生得 7070 分,35%35\%8080 分,30%30\%9090 分,其余学生得 100100 分。学生分数的平均数与中位数之差是多少?

On an algebra quiz, 10%10\% of the students scored 7070 points, 35%35\% scored 8080 points, 30%30\% scored 9090 points, and the rest scored 100100 points. What is the difference between the mean and the median of the students’ scores on this quiz?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:C
难度评级:1280
小提示:

用累计百分比确定中位数。

Find the median from the cumulative percentages

大提示:

用各分数对应百分比计算加权平均数。

Compute the weighted mean using the score percentages

解答:

45%45\% 的学生低于 9090 分,25%25\% 的学生高于 9090 分,所以中位数为 9090

平均数为 0.10700.10\cdot70 +0.3580+0.35\cdot80 +0.3090+0.30\cdot90 +0.25100=87+0.25\cdot100=87

差为 9087=390-87=3

所以正确答案是 C

The median is 9090, because 45%45\% of the students scored below 9090 and 25%25\% scored above 9090.

The mean is 0.10700.10\cdot70 +0.3580+0.35\cdot80 +0.3090+0.30\cdot90 +0.25100=87+0.25\cdot100=87.

The difference is 9087=390-87=3.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

6.

假设 aa 头奶牛在 cc 天里产 bb 加仑牛奶。按这个速度,dd 头奶牛在 ee 天里会产多少加仑牛奶?

Suppose that aa cows give bb gallons of milk in cc days. At this rate, how many gallons of milk will dd cows give in ee days?

bdeac\dfrac{bde}{ac}

acbde\dfrac{ac}{bde}

abdec\dfrac{abde}{c}

bcdea\dfrac{bcde}{a}

abcde\dfrac{abc}{de}

答案:A
知识点:比与比例速率
难度评级:870
小提示:

先求每头奶牛每天的产奶量。

Find the production rate per cow per day

大提示:

再乘以 dd 头奶牛和 ee 天。

Scale by dd cows and ee days

解答:

先用 bb 乘以 da\dfrac{d}{a},来调整奶牛数量。

再乘以 ec\dfrac{e}{c},来调整产奶天数。

因此产奶量为 bdaec=bdeac b \cdot \dfrac{d}{a} \cdot \dfrac{e}{c} = \dfrac{bde}{ac}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

We have to multiply bb by da\dfrac{d}{a} to account for the new number of cows.

We then have to multiply by ec\dfrac{e}{c} to account for the new time that we have.

This gives us a final answer of bdaec=bdeac. b \cdot \dfrac{d}{a} \cdot \dfrac{e}{c} = \dfrac{bde}{ac}.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

7.

非零实数 xxyyaabb 满足 x<ax < ay<by < b。下面四个不等式中有多少个必然成立?

(I) x+y<a+bx + y \lt a + b

(II) xy<abx - y \lt a - b

(III) xy<abxy \lt ab

(IV) xy<ab\dfrac{x}{y} \lt \dfrac{a}{b}

Nonzero real numbers x,x, y,y, a,a, and bb satisfy x<ax < a and y<b.y < b. How many of the following inequalities must be true?

(I) x+y<a+bx + y \lt a + b

(II) xy<abx - y \lt a - b

(III) xy<abxy \lt ab

(IV) xy<ab\dfrac{x}{y} \lt \dfrac{a}{b}

00

11

22

33

44

答案:B
知识点:不等式反例
难度评级:1140
小提示:

同向不等式相加是安全的。

Adding inequalities with the same direction is safe

大提示:

对其他不等式找反例。

Find counterexamples for the other proposed inequalities

解答:

把两个不等式相加,得到

x+y<a+b x + y \lt a + b\text{,} 所以 (I) 必然成立。

不等式不能直接相减,所以 (II) 不一定成立。

例如取 x=1x = 1y=1y = 1a=2a = 2b=3b = 3,就会得到错误的不等式 0<10 \lt -1

(III) 也不一定成立,因为 xxyy 可能都是负数。

x=3x = -3y=2y = -2a=1a = 1b=1b = 1,则 xy=6xy = 6,而 ab=1ab = 1,所以 (III) 不成立。

(IV) 也有同样的问题。使用同一组数,有 xy=1.5\dfrac{x}{y} = 1.5,而 ab=1\dfrac{a}{b} = 1

因此只有 (I) 必然成立。

所以正确答案是 B

Adding the two inequalities together gets us

x+y<a+b, x + y \lt a + b, which shows that (I) is correct.

One cannot subtract inequalities, which means that (II) is not necessarily true.

Consider x=1,x = 1, y=1,y = 1, a=2,a = 2, and b=3b = 3 as a counter-example. This would give us 0<1.0 \lt -1.

(III) is also not always true, since xx and yy might be negative numbers.

Let x=3,x = -3, y=2,y = -2, a=1,a = 1, and b=1.b = 1. Then xy=6xy = 6 and ab=1ab = 1 which shows that (III) is wrong.

The same thing occurs with (IV) . Using the same values as above, we have xy=1.5\dfrac{x}{y} = 1.5 and ab=1.\dfrac{a}{b} = 1.

This shows that (I) is the only true statement.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

8.

下列哪个数是完全平方数?

Which of the following numbers is a perfect square?

14!15!2\dfrac{14!15!}2

15!16!2\dfrac{15!16!}2

16!17!2\dfrac{16!17!}2

17!18!2\dfrac{17!18!}2

18!19!2\dfrac{18!19!}2

答案:D
难度评级:1420
小提示:

把每个选项写成 n!(n+1)!2\frac{n!(n+1)!}{2}

Write each choice as n!(n+1)!2\frac{n!(n+1)!}{2}

大提示:

只需要检查 n+12\frac{n+1}{2} 是否为完全平方数。

Only n+12\frac{n+1}{2} needs to be a square

解答:

注意每个选项都形如 n!(n+1)!2=(n!)2(n+1)2 \dfrac{n!(n + 1)!}{2} = \dfrac{(n!)^2(n + 1)}{2}\text{。}其中 (n!)2(n!)^2 已经是完全平方数,所以还需要 n+12\dfrac{n + 1}{2} 也是完全平方数。

这说明 n+1n + 1 必须是完全平方数的两倍。选项中只有 n+1=18n + 1 = 18,因此 n=17n = 17

所以正确答案是 D

Note that all of these answer choices are of the form n!(n+1)!2=(n!)2(n+1)2. \dfrac{n!(n + 1)!}{2} = \dfrac{(n!)^2(n + 1)}{2}. We have that (n!)2(n!)^2 is square, so we need n+12\dfrac{n + 1}{2} to be square as well.

This means that n+1n + 1 must be twice a perfect square. The only choice we have is n+1=18,n + 1 = 18, which gives us n=17.n = 17.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

9.

一个直角三角形的两条直角边也是高,长度分别为 232\sqrt366。这个三角形的第三条高有多长?

The two legs of a right triangle, which are altitudes, have lengths 232\sqrt3 and 6.6. How long is the third altitude of the triangle?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:C
难度评级:1220
小提示:

用两条直角边求三角形面积。

Use the two given legs to find the area

大提示:

把斜边作为底边来表示第三条高。

Use the hypotenuse as the base for the third altitude

解答:

三角形面积为 12236=63 \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 2\sqrt{3} \cdot 6 = 6\sqrt{3}\text{。} 斜边长为 (23)2+62=48=43 \sqrt{(2\sqrt{3})^2 + 6^2} = \sqrt{48} = 4\sqrt{3}\text{。}

设斜边上的高为 hh12h43=63 \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot h \cdot 4\sqrt{3} = 6\sqrt{3} h=3 h = 3\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

We get that the area of the triangle is 12236=63. \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 2\sqrt{3} \cdot 6 = 6\sqrt{3}. The length of the hypotenuse is (23)2+62=48=43. \sqrt{(2\sqrt{3})^2 + 6^2} = \sqrt{48} = 4\sqrt{3}.

Dropping the altitude, h,h, from the vertex to the hypotenuse, we get that 12h43=63 \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot h \cdot 4\sqrt{3} = 6\sqrt{3} h=3. h = 3.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

10.

aa 开始的五个连续正整数的平均数为 bb。从 bb 开始的 55 个连续整数的平均数是多少?

Five positive consecutive integers starting with aa have average b.b. What is the average of 55 consecutive integers that start with b?b?

a+3a+3

a+4a+4

a+5a+5

a+6a+6

a+7a+7

答案:B
难度评级:900
小提示:

xx 开始的五个连续整数的平均数是 x+2x+2

The average of five consecutive integers starting at xx is x+2x+2

大提示:

先对 aa 用这个规则,再对 bb 用一次。

Apply that rule first to aa, then to bb

解答:

xx 开始的 55 个连续整数的平均数为 5x+1+2+3+45=x+2 \dfrac{5x + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4}{5} = x + 2\text{。}

因此,从 aa 开始的 55 个连续整数的平均数为 a+2a + 2,也就是 bb

bb 开始的 55 个连续整数的平均数为 b+2=a+4b + 2 = a + 4\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Note that the average of 55 consecutive numbers starting with xx is 5x+1+2+3+45=x+2. \dfrac{5x + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4}{5} = x + 2.

This means that the average of 55 consecutive integers starting with aa is a+2,a + 2, which we know is b.b.

Furthermore, the average of 55 consecutive numbers starting with bb is b+2=a+4.b + 2 = a + 4.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

11.

一位打算购买电器的顾客有三张优惠券,但只能使用其中一张:

优惠券 11:标价至少为 $50\$50 时,减价 10%10\%

优惠券 22:标价至少为 $100\$100 时,减 $20\$ 20

优惠券 33:对标价超过 $100\$100 的部分减价 18%18\%

对下列哪个标价,优惠券 11 的减价幅度会同时大于优惠券 22 和优惠券 33

A customer who intends to purchase an appliance has three coupons, only one of which may be used:

Coupon 1:1: 10%10\% off the listed price if the listed price is at least $50\$50

Coupon 2:2: $20\$ 20 off the listed price if the listed price is at least $100\$100

Coupon 3:3: 18%18\% off the amount by which the listed price exceeds $100\$100

For which of the following listed prices will coupon 11 offer a greater price reduction than either coupon 22 or coupon 3?3?

$179.95\$ 179.95

$199.95\$ 199.95

$219.95\$ 219.95

$239.95\$ 239.95

$259.95\$ 259.95

答案:C
知识点:不等式百分数
难度评级:1540
小提示:

比较实际减掉的美元数,而不是最终价格。

Compare the actual dollar discount, not the final price

大提示:

解出优惠券 11 同时优于优惠券 22 和优惠券 33 的价格范围。

Solve the inequalities where coupon 11 beats coupons 22 and 33

解答:

设标价为 xx

优惠券 11 使价格变为 0.9x0.9x,优惠券 22 使价格变为 x20x - 20,优惠券 33 使价格变为 x0.18(x100)=0.82x+18 x - 0.18(x - 100) = 0.82x + 18\text{。}

需要同时满足 0.9x<x20 0.9x \lt x - 20 0.9x<0.82x+18 0.9x \lt 0.82x + 18\text{。} 解这两个不等式,得到 200<x<225200 \lt x \lt 225\text{。}

选项中只有 $219.95\$ 219.95 符合。

所以正确答案是 C

Let us analyze what these coupons do to an arbitrary price, x.x.

Coupon 11 changes this price to 0.9x.0.9x. Coupon 22 changes the price to x20.x - 20. Coupon 33 changes the price to x0.18(x100)=0.82x+18. x - 0.18(x - 100) = 0.82x + 18.

We want 0.9x<x20 0.9x \lt x - 20 and 0.9x<0.82x+18. 0.9x \lt 0.82x + 18. Solving both gives us 200<x<225.200 \lt x \lt 225.

The only answer choice that works is $219.95.\$ 219.95.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

12.

一个正六边形边长为 66。以每个顶点为圆心画半径为 33 的全等圆弧,形成如图所示的扇形。六边形内部但扇形外部的区域被涂阴影。阴影区域的面积是多少?

A regular hexagon has side length 6.6. Congruent arcs with radius 33 are drawn with the center at each of the vertices, creating circular sectors as shown. The region inside the hexagon but outside the sectors is shaded as shown. What is the area of the shaded region?

2739π27\sqrt{3}-9\pi

2736π27\sqrt{3}-6\pi

54318π54\sqrt{3}-18\pi

54312π54\sqrt{3}-12\pi

10839π108\sqrt{3}-9\pi

答案:C
难度评级:1370
小提示:

从六边形面积中减去六个圆形扇形的面积。

Subtract the six circular sectors from the hexagon area

大提示:

每个扇形的圆心角为 120120^\circ

Each sector has central angle 120120^\circ

解答:

正六边形可以分成 66 个边长为 66 的等边三角形。

边长为 ss 的等边三角形面积为 s234 \dfrac{s^2 \sqrt{3}}{4}\text{。}

因此正六边形的面积为 66234=543 6 \cdot \dfrac{6^2 \sqrt{3}}{4} = 54\sqrt{3}\text{。}

正六边形每个内角为 120120^{\circ},所以六个扇形合起来相当于 22 个完整圆。

因此所有扇形的总面积为 232π=18π 2 \cdot 3^2 \pi = 18\pi\text{。}

所以阴影区域的面积为 54318π 54\sqrt{3} - 18\pi\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Note that we can split the hexagon up into 66 equilateral triangles each with side length 6.6.

Recall that the area of an equilateral triangle with side length ss is s234. \dfrac{s^2 \sqrt{3}}{4}.

This means that the area of the hexagon is 66234=543. 6 \cdot \dfrac{6^2 \sqrt{3}}{4} = 54\sqrt{3}.

Since each interior angle of a regular hexagon is 120,120^{\circ}, the six sectors form 22 full circles.

This means that the area of all the sectors is 232π=18π. 2 \cdot 3^2 \pi = 18\pi.

The area of the shaded region is then 54318π. 54\sqrt{3} - 18\pi.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

13.

等边 ABC\triangle ABC 的边长为 11,正方形 ABDEABDEBCHIBCHICAFGCAFG 都在三角形外侧。六边形 DEFGHIDEFGHI 的面积是多少?

Equilateral ABC\triangle ABC has side length 1,1, and squares ABDE,ABDE, BCHI,BCHI, CAFGCAFG lie outside the triangle. What is the area of hexagon DEFGHI?DEFGHI?

12+334\dfrac{12+3\sqrt3}4

92\dfrac92

3+33+\sqrt3

6+332\dfrac{6+3\sqrt3}2

66

答案:C
难度评级:1540
小提示:

把六边形分成原三角形、三个正方形和三个外侧三角形。

Decompose the hexagon into the original triangle, three squares, and three outer triangles

大提示:

每个外侧三角形的两边长为 1,11,1,夹角为 120120^\circ

Each outer triangle has sides 1,11,1 with included angle 120120^\circ

解答:

求出各个小块的面积,再把它们相加。

中央等边三角形的面积为 1234=34 \dfrac{1^2 \sqrt{3}}{4} = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\text{。}

所有正方形的总面积为 312=3 3 \cdot 1^2 = 3\text{。}

另外,EAF=36060290 \angle EAF = 360^{\circ} - 60^{\circ} - 2 \cdot 90^{\circ}=120 = 120^{\circ}\text{。}

又有 AE=AF=1AE=AF=1,且 EAF=120\angle EAF=120^\circ。从 AA 向底边作高可得 EF=3EF=\sqrt3,高为 12\frac12,所以 [EAF]=34[EAF]=\frac{\sqrt3}{4}。另外两个外侧三角形面积相同。因此它们的总面积为 334\frac{3\sqrt3}{4}

总面积为 34+334+3=3+3 \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4} + \dfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{4} + 3 = 3 + \sqrt{3}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

We can find the areas of all the individual pieces and then add them up together.

The area of the center equilateral triangle is 1234=34. \dfrac{1^2 \sqrt{3}}{4} = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4}.

We have that the areas of all the squares is 312=3. 3 \cdot 1^2 = 3.

We also have that EAF=36060290 \angle EAF = 360^{\circ} - 60^{\circ} - 2 \cdot 90^{\circ}=120. = 120^{\circ}.

Also, AE=AF=1AE=AF=1 and EAF=120\angle EAF=120^\circ. Dropping the altitude from AA shows that EF=3EF=\sqrt3 and the altitude is 12\frac12, so [EAF]=34[EAF]=\frac{\sqrt3}{4}. The other two outer triangles have the same area. Thus their combined area is 334\frac{3\sqrt3}{4}.

The total area is then 34+334+3=3+3. \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4} + \dfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{4} + 3 = 3 + \sqrt{3}.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

14.

两条相互垂直的直线交于点 A(6,8)A(6,8),它们的 yy 轴截距为 PPQQ,且两个截距之和为零。求 APQ\triangle APQ 的面积。

The yy-intercepts, PP and Q,Q, of two perpendicular lines intersecting at the point A(6,8)A(6,8) have a sum of zero. What is the area of APQ?\triangle APQ?

4545

4848

5454

6060

7272

答案:D
难度评级:1660
小提示:

设两个纵轴截距为 bbb-b

Let the y-intercepts be bb and b-b

大提示:

使用过 (6,8)(6,8) 的两条垂直直线的斜率关系。

Use perpendicular slopes through (6,8)(6,8)

解答:

两个 yy 轴截距到原点的距离相等,因为它们的数值之和为 00

设这个距离为 zz。因为两条给定直线互相垂直,APQ\triangle APQAA 处为直角。原点是斜边 PQPQ 的中点,所以它到 PPQQAA 的距离相等。因此 AA 到原点的距离也是 zz

由距离公式,z=62+82=10 z = \sqrt{6^2 + 8^2} = 10\text{。}AAPQ\overline{PQ} 的高为 66(也就是 AAxx 坐标)。

又有 PQ=210=20PQ = 2 \cdot 10 = 20,所以面积为 [APQ]=12620=60 [APQ] = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 6 \cdot 20 = 60\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

We have that the yy-intercepts are an equal distance from the origin since their values sum to 0.0.

Let this distance be z.z. Because the two given lines are perpendicular, APQ\triangle APQ is right at AA. The origin is the midpoint of its hypotenuse PQPQ, so it is equidistant from PP, QQ, and AA. Hence the distance from AA to the origin is also zz.

We then know that z=62+82=10 z = \sqrt{6^2 + 8^2} = 10 by the distance formula. We know the altitude from AA to PQ\overline{PQ} is 66 (it is just the xx-value of AA).

We also know that PQ=210=20,PQ = 2 \cdot 10 = 20, which tells us that the area [APQ]=12620=60. [APQ] = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 6 \cdot 20 = 60.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

15.

David 从家开车去机场赶飞机。第一小时他开了 3535 英里,但意识到如果继续按这个速度行驶会迟到 11 小时。之后他把速度提高 1515 英里每小时,并提前 3030 分钟到达。机场离他家多少英里?

David drives from his home to the airport to catch a flight. He drives 3535 miles in the first hour, but realizes that he will be 11 hour late if he continues at this speed. He increases his speed by 1515 miles per hour for the rest of the way to the airport and arrives 3030 minutes early. How many miles is the airport from his home?

140140

175175

210210

245245

280280

答案:C
难度评级:1540
小提示:

比较原来过慢的计划和提速后的实际行程。

Compare the original too-slow schedule with the faster schedule

大提示:

提速后的行程总共节省了 1.51.5 小时。

The faster trip saves 1.51.5 hours overall

解答:

第一小时后,David 的速度为 5050 英里每小时。

若机场离家 xx 英里,则两种行程时间相差一个半小时,因此 x35(1+x3550)=32\dfrac x{35} - \left(1+\dfrac{x-35}{50}\right) = \dfrac 32\text{。}解这个方程:x35(1+x3550)=32x35x35+5050=3210x7(x+15)=52510x7x105=5253x=630x=210\begin{aligned} \dfrac x{35} - \left(1+\dfrac{x-35}{50}\right) &= \dfrac 32\\ \dfrac x{35} - \dfrac{x-35+50}{50} &= \dfrac 32\\ 10x - 7(x+15)&= 525\\ 10x - 7x-105&= 525\\ 3x&= 630\\ x&=210 \end{aligned} 所以机场离家 x=210x=210 英里。

所以正确答案是 C

Note that David drives at 5050 miles per hour after one hour.

Then, if the airport is xx miles from David’s house, we know that: x35(1+x3550)=32\dfrac x{35} - \left(1+\dfrac{x-35}{50}\right) = \dfrac 32 We solve this equation as follows: x35(1+x3550)=32x35x35+5050=3210x7(x+15)=52510x7x105=5253x=630x=210\begin{aligned} \dfrac x{35} - \left(1+\dfrac{x-35}{50}\right) &= \dfrac 32\\ \dfrac x{35} - \dfrac{x-35+50}{50} &= \dfrac 32\\ 10x - 7(x+15)&= 525\\ 10x - 7x-105&= 525\\ 3x&= 630\\ x&=210 \end{aligned} Therefore, the airport is x=210x=210 miles from David’s house.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

16.

在长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=1AB=1BC=2BC=2,点 EEFFGG 分别是 BC\overline{BC}CD\overline{CD}AD\overline{AD} 的中点。点 HHGE\overline{GE} 的中点。阴影区域的面积是多少?

In rectangle ABCD,ABCD, AB=1,AB=1, BC=2,BC=2, and points E,E, F,F, and GG are midpoints of BC,\overline{BC}, CD,\overline{CD}, and AD,\overline{AD}, respectively. Point HH is the midpoint of GE.\overline{GE}. What is the area of the shaded region?

112\dfrac1{12}

318\dfrac{\sqrt3}{18}

212\dfrac{\sqrt2}{12}

312\dfrac{\sqrt3}{12}

16\dfrac16

答案:E
知识点:矩形中点相似
难度评级:1660
小提示:

使用交叉线形成的相似三角形。

Use similar triangles created by the crossing lines

大提示:

阴影风筝形的面积是一个小三角形面积的两倍。

The shaded kite area is twice one small triangle area

解答:

DHC\triangle DHC 的面积减去两个未涂阴影的小三角形。

DH\overline{DH} 延长到 BB。令 DB\overline{DB}AF\overline{AF} 交于 XX

DXFBXA\triangle DXF\sim\triangle BXA。由于 AB=2DFAB=2\cdot DF,对应边成比例,所以 BX=2DXBX=2\cdot DX

这说明 DX=13DBDX = \dfrac{1}{3} \cdot DB,所以 DXF\triangle DXF 的高是长方形高度的 13\dfrac{1}{3}

DXF\triangle DXF 的面积为 121223=16 \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \dfrac{2}{3} = \dfrac{1}{6}\text{。}

两个未涂阴影小三角形面积合计为 216=132 \cdot \dfrac{1}{6} = \dfrac{1}{3}DHC\triangle DHC 的面积为 1211=12 \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = \dfrac{1}{2}\text{。}

因此阴影区域面积为 1213=16\dfrac{1}{2} - \dfrac{1}{3} = \dfrac{1}{6}

所以正确答案是 E

We can find the area of the shaded region by finding the area of DHC\triangle DHC and subtracting out the two unshaded triangles.

Extend DH\overline{DH} so that it hits B.B. Let the intersection of DB\overline{DB} and AF\overline{AF} be X.X.

We have that DXFBXA.\triangle DXF\sim\triangle BXA. Since AB=2DFAB=2\cdot DF, corresponding sides give BX=2DXBX=2\cdot DX.

This means that DX=13DB,DX = \dfrac{1}{3} \cdot DB, which means that the altitude of DXF\triangle DXF is 13\dfrac{1}{3} the height of the rectangle.

The area of DXF\triangle DXF is then 121223=16. \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \dfrac{2}{3} = \dfrac{1}{6}.

The area of both unshaded triangles is then 216=13.2 \cdot \dfrac{1}{6} = \dfrac{1}{3}. The area of DHC\triangle DHC is 1211=12. \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = \dfrac{1}{2}.

The area of the shaded region is then 1213=16.\dfrac{1}{2} - \dfrac{1}{3} = \dfrac{1}{6}.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

17.

掷三枚公平的六面骰子。恰有两枚骰子的点数之和等于剩下一枚骰子的点数的概率是多少?

Three fair six-sided dice are rolled. What is the probability that the values shown on two of the dice sum to the value shown on the remaining die?

16\dfrac16

1372\dfrac{13}{72}

736\dfrac7{36}

524\dfrac5{24}

29\dfrac29

答案:D
难度评级:1540
小提示:

按和列出可能的有序骰子对。

List possible ordered dice pairs by their sum

大提示:

记得统计有序的三枚骰子结果。

Remember to count ordered triples of dice rolls

解答:

若一枚骰子的点数是另外两枚之和,它必然是三枚中最大的。

先选哪一枚是这个和,有 33 种方式。

最大骰子的点数不能为 11,因为两个正整数之和不可能是 11

它取其余每个点数的概率都是 16\dfrac{1}{6}

和为 22 时有 11 种有序数对,和为 33 时有 22 种,和为 44 时有 33 种,和为 55 时有 44 种,和为 66 时有 55 种。

另外两枚骰子共有 62=366^2 = 36 种有序结果,所以所求概率为 3161+2+3+4+536=524 3 \cdot \dfrac{1}{6} \cdot \dfrac{1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5}{36} = \dfrac{5}{24}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Note that if one die is the sum of the other two dice, then it is strictly greater than the other two dice.

There are 33 ways to choose which of the dice is the sum of the other two, which makes it the greatest.

This die cannot be 1,1, since there is no way to sum two positive integers to get 1.1.

There is a 16\dfrac{1}{6} chance that this die is any of the other numbers.

There is 11 way to get a sum of 2,2, 22 ways for 3,3, 33 for 4,4, 44 for 5,5, and 55 for 6.6.

We take these numbers of ways out of a total of 62=366^2 = 36 possibilities. The desired probability is then 3161+2+3+4+536=524. 3 \cdot \dfrac{1}{6} \cdot \dfrac{1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5}{36} = \dfrac{5}{24}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

18.

坐标平面中的一个正方形,其四个顶点的 yy 坐标为 00114455。这个正方形的面积是多少?

A square in the coordinate plane has vertices whose yy-coordinates are 0,0, 1,1, 4,4, and 5.5. What is the area of the square?

1616

1717

2525

2626

2727

答案:B
难度评级:1720
小提示:

选取纵坐标相差 11 的相邻顶点。

Choose adjacent vertices whose y-coordinates differ by 11

大提示:

一个边向量旋转 9090^\circ 后,纵坐标的变化量为 44

A side vector rotated 9090^\circ creates a y-change of 44

解答:

正方形的一对对角顶点具有相同的 yy 坐标平均值。因此两对对角顶点的 yy 坐标必须分别是 (0,5)(0,5)(1,4)(1,4),因为只有这两对的和相等。特别地,yy 坐标为 00 的顶点,与 yy 坐标为 1144 的顶点相邻。

设一个顶点为 A=(0,0)A=(0,0),与它相邻且 yy 坐标为 11 的顶点为 B=(x,1)B=(x,1),其中 x>0x>0

把边向量 (x,1)(x,1) 旋转 9090^\circ,得到下一条边的向量 (1,x)(-1,x),所以另一个顶点的纵坐标为 xx。剩余纵坐标为 4455,故 x=4x=4

边长的平方为 AB2=x2+12=42+1=17AB^2=x^2+1^2=4^2+1=17,也就是正方形的面积。

所以正确答案是 B

Opposite vertices of a square have the same average yy-coordinate. Thus the opposite pairs must have yy-coordinates (0,5)(0,5) and (1,4)(1,4), the two pairs with equal sum. In particular, a vertex with yy-coordinate 00 is adjacent to vertices with yy-coordinates 11 and 44.

Let one vertex be A=(0,0)A=(0,0), and let its adjacent vertex with yy-coordinate 11 be B=(x,1)B=(x,1) with x>0x>0.

Rotating the side vector (x,1)(x,1) by 9090^\circ gives the next side vector (1,x)(-1,x), so another vertex has y-coordinate xx. The remaining y-coordinates are 44 and 55, hence x=4x=4.

The side length squared is AB2=x2+12=42+1=17AB^2=x^2+1^2=4^2+1=17, which is the area of the square.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

19.

边长分别为 11223344 的四个立方体如图堆叠。线段 XY\overline{XY} 位于边长为 33 的立方体内部的部分有多长?

Four cubes with edge lengths 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and 44 are stacked as shown. What is the length of the portion of XY\overline{XY} contained in the cube with edge length 3?3?

3335\dfrac{3\sqrt{33}}5

232\sqrt3

2333\dfrac{2\sqrt{33}}3

44

323\sqrt2

答案:A
难度评级:1790
小提示:

整条线段 XYXY 的竖直变化为 1010

The whole segment XYXY has vertical change 1010

大提示:

在线段中位于边长 33 立方体内的部分,与整条线段的比例等于对应竖直变化的比例。

The part inside the side-33 cube is the same fraction of the full segment as its vertical change

解答:

XXYYzz 轴方向距离为 1+2+3+4=10 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10\text{。}

沿 xx 轴和 yy 轴方向的距离都为 44

因此线段全长为 XY=42+42+102=233 XY = \sqrt{4^2 + 4^2 + 10^2} = 2\sqrt{33}\text{。}

取坐标 X=(0,0,10)X=(0,0,10)Y=(4,4,0)Y=(4,4,0)。直线与边长为 33 的立方体的上、下表面分别交于 (65,65,7)(\frac65,\frac65,7)(125,125,4)(\frac{12}5,\frac{12}5,4)。两点都在相应的正方形面内,所以线段位于这个立方体内部的部分确实有 33 的竖直变化量。

设所求长度为 xx。由相似三角形可得 x3=23310 \dfrac{x}{3} = \dfrac{2\sqrt{33}}{10} x=3335 x = \dfrac{3\sqrt{33}}{5}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The distance between XX and YY with respect to the zz-axis is 1+2+3+4=10. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.

Both the distances along the xx and yy-axes are 4.4.

Then XY=42+42+102=233. XY = \sqrt{4^2 + 4^2 + 10^2} = 2\sqrt{33}.

Using coordinates X=(0,0,10)X=(0,0,10) and Y=(4,4,0)Y=(4,4,0), the line meets the top and bottom of the side-33 cube at (65,65,7)(\frac65,\frac65,7) and (125,125,4)(\frac{12}5,\frac{12}5,4). Both points lie inside those square faces, so the portion inside this cube really does have vertical change 33.

Let the desired length be x.x. Then using similar triangles, we have that x3=23310 \dfrac{x}{3} = \dfrac{2\sqrt{33}}{10} x=3335. x = \dfrac{3\sqrt{33}}{5}.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

20.

乘积 (8)(8888)(8)(888\dots8) 中第二个因子有 kk 位数字。该乘积是一个各位数字和为 10001000 的整数。求 kk

The product (8)(8888),(8)(888\dots8), where the second factor has kk digits, is an integer whose digits have a sum of 1000.1000. What is k?k?

901901

911911

919919

991991

999999

答案:D
难度评级:1660
小提示:

先乘几个小例子,观察数字模式。

Multiply a few examples to see the digit pattern

大提示:

k3k\ge3,乘积中有 k2k-2 个数字 11

For k3k\ge3, the product has k2k-2 digits equal to 11

解答:

kk 个数字 88 组成的数为 810k198\frac{10^k-1}{9},所以乘积为 6410k19=710k+10010k219+4 \begin{aligned} 64\frac{10^k-1}{9} &=7\cdot10^k\\ &\quad+100\frac{10^{k-2}-1}{9}\\ &\quad+4 \end{aligned}\text{。}k2k\ge2 时,这个数的各位依次是 77k2k-2 个一,再接 0,40,4

因此,对任意 k3k \geq 3,乘积的各位数字和为 7+4+0+k2=k+9 7 + 4 + 0 + k - 2 = k + 9\text{。}

最后解得 k+9=1000 k + 9 = 1000 k=991 k = 991\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The kk-digit number made entirely of 88s is 810k198\frac{10^k-1}{9}, so the product is 6410k19=710k+10010k219+4. \begin{aligned} 64\frac{10^k-1}{9} &=7\cdot10^k\\ &\quad+100\frac{10^{k-2}-1}{9}\\ &\quad+4. \end{aligned} For k2k\ge2, this is the number whose digits are 77, followed by k2k-2 ones, then 0,40,4.

This means that for any k3,k \geq 3, the sum of the digits in the product is 7+4+0+k2=k+9. 7 + 4 + 0 + k - 2 = k + 9.

Finally, we get k+9=1000 k + 9 = 1000 k=991. k = 991.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

21.

正整数 aabb 使得直线 y=ax+5y=ax+5y=3x+by=3x+bxx 轴上交于同一点。所有可能交点的 xx 坐标之和是多少?

Positive integers aa and bb are such that the graphs of y=ax+5y=ax+5 and y=3x+by=3x+b intersect the xx-axis at the same point. What is the sum of all possible xx-coordinates of these points of intersection?

20-20

18-18

15-15

12-12

8-8

答案:E
难度评级:1600
小提示:

令两条直线的横轴截距相等。

Set both x-intercepts equal

大提示:

1515 的正整数因数对给出全部可能。

Positive integer factor pairs of 1515 give all possibilities

解答:

两条直线与 xx 轴相交时 y=0y = 0。因此 0=ax+5 0 = ax + 50=3x+b 0 = 3x + b\text{,} 解得 x=5a x = -\dfrac{5}{a}x=b3 x = -\dfrac{b}{3}\text{。}

令二者相等,得到 5a=b3 \dfrac{5}{a} = \dfrac{b}{3} ab=15 ab = 15\text{。}

因为 aabb 都是正整数,所以 (a,b)(a, b) 只能是 (1,15) (1, 15)\text{,}(3,5) (3, 5)\text{,}(5,3) (5, 3)\text{,}(15,1)(15, 1)\text{。}

对应的 xx 坐标为 x=5,53,1,13 x = -5, -\dfrac{5}{3}, -1, -\dfrac{1}{3}\text{。} 它们的和为 8-8

所以正确答案是 E

Note that the lines intersect the xx-axis when y=0.y = 0. This gives us 0=ax+5 0 = ax + 5 and 0=3x+b, 0 = 3x + b, which when solved gives us x=5a x = -\dfrac{5}{a} and x=b3. x = -\dfrac{b}{3}.

Setting these equal to each other, we have 5a=b3 \dfrac{5}{a} = \dfrac{b}{3} ab=15. ab = 15.

We know that aa and bb are positive, which means that the only pairs of values (a,b)(a, b) that satisfy the above equation are (1,15), (1, 15),(3,5), (3, 5),(5,3), (5, 3), (15,1).(15, 1).

Plugging these values back into the equations gives us xx-values of x=5,53,1,13. x = -5, -\dfrac{5}{3}, -1, -\dfrac{1}{3}. The sum of all these values is 8.-8.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

22.

在长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=20\overline{AB}=20BC=10\overline{BC}=10。点 EECD\overline{CD} 上,且 CBE=15\angle CBE=15^\circ。求 AE\overline{AE} 的长度。

In rectangle ABCD,ABCD, AB=20\overline{AB}=20 and BC=10.\overline{BC}=10. Let EE be a point on CD\overline{CD} such that CBE=15.\angle CBE=15^\circ. What is AE?\overline{AE}?

2033\dfrac{20\sqrt3}3

10310\sqrt3

1818

11311\sqrt3

2020

答案:E
难度评级:1950
小提示:

构造一个点,使其形成 3030-6060-9090 三角形。

Construct a helpful point making a 3030-6060-9090 triangle

大提示:

证明这个构造点就是 EE

Show the constructed point is the same as EE

解答:

CD\overline{CD} 上取点 EE',使 AE=AB=20AE'=AB=20

因为 AD=10AD=10,三角形 ADEADE'3030-6060-9090 三角形,所以 DAE=60\angle DAE'=60^\circ,从而 BAE=30\angle BAE'=30^\circ

AE=ABAE'=AB,所以三角形 ABEABE' 是等腰三角形,顶点在 AA,顶角为 3030^\circ,两个底角为 7575^\circ

于是 CBE=9075=15\angle CBE'=90^\circ-75^\circ=15^\circ,因此 E=EE'=E,所以 AE=20AE=20

所以正确答案是 E

Let EE' be the point on CD\overline{CD} such that AE=AB=20AE'=AB=20.

Since AD=10AD=10, triangle ADEADE' is a 3030-6060-9090 triangle, so DAE=60\angle DAE'=60^\circ and BAE=30\angle BAE'=30^\circ.

Also AE=ABAE'=AB, so triangle ABEABE' is isosceles. Its vertex angle at AA is 3030^\circ, so each base angle is 7575^\circ.

Therefore CBE=9075=15\angle CBE'=90^\circ-75^\circ=15^\circ, so E=EE'=E, and AE=20AE=20.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

23.

一张长方形纸的长是宽的 3\sqrt3 倍,面积为 AA。这张纸沿相对的长边分成三个相等部分,然后如图从一侧的第一个分点到另一侧的第二个分点画一条虚线。纸沿这条虚线折平,形成的新图形面积为 BB。求 B:AB:A

A rectangular piece of paper whose length is 3\sqrt3 times the width has area A.A. The paper is divided into three equal sections along the opposite lengths, and then a dotted line is drawn from the first divider to the second divider on the opposite side as shown. The paper is then folded flat along this dotted line to create a new shape with area B.B. What is the ratio B:A?B:A?

1:21:2

3:53:5

2:32:3

3:43:4

4:54:5

答案:C
难度评级:2150
小提示:

把长方形宽度缩放为 11

Scale the rectangle to width 11

大提示:

折叠会产生等边三角形重叠区域。

The fold creates equilateral overlap triangles

解答:

不妨设长方形宽为 11,长为 3\sqrt3

画出过折线中点的垂线,如图。

注意 QR=233QR = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3},并且 QT=12+(33)2 QT = \sqrt{1^2 + \left(\dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}\right)^2} =1+13=43 = \sqrt{1 + \dfrac{1}{3}} = \sqrt{\dfrac{4}{3}}\text{。}因此 QT=233=QR QT = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} = QR\text{。}这说明 QRT\triangle QRT 是等边三角形;同理,RTS\triangle RTS 也是等边三角形,所以两个三角形全等。

折叠后,这个三角形区域会发生重叠。长方形面积为 13=31 \cdot \sqrt3 = \sqrt3,该三角形的边长为 QT=233QT = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3},所以它的面积为 (233)234=33 \left(\dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}\right)^2 \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt3}{4} = \dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}\text{。}折后图形面积为 333=233 \sqrt3 - \dfrac{\sqrt3}{3} = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}\text{。}所求比值为 233÷3=23 \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} \div \sqrt3 = \dfrac{2}{3}\text{。}因此 B:A=2:3B:A=2:3。所以正确答案是 C

WLOG, let the width of the rectangle be 11 and the length be 3.\sqrt3.

Draw the line perpendicular to the midpoint of the fold, as shown below.

Note that QR=233QR = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} and QT=12+(33)2 QT = \sqrt{1^2 + \left(\dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}\right)^2}=1+13=43. = \sqrt{1 + \dfrac{1}{3}} = \sqrt{\dfrac{4}{3}}. This tells us QT=233=QR. QT = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} = QR. This means that QRT\triangle QRT is equilateral. Similarly, RTS\triangle RTS is equilateral. This makes the two triangles congruent.

This means that after the rectangle gets folded, this area will be overlapped. The area of the rectangle is 13=3.1 \cdot \sqrt3 = \sqrt3. The side length of this triangle is QT=233.QT = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}. The area of it is then (233)234=33. \left(\dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}\right)^2 \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt3}{4} = \dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}. The area of the folded figure is then 333=233. \sqrt3 - \dfrac{\sqrt3}{3} = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}. The desired ratio is then 233÷3=23. \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} \div \sqrt3 = \dfrac{2}{3}. Therefore B:A=2:3B:A=2:3. Thus, C is the correct answer.

24.

一个自然数序列按如下方式构造:先列出前 44 个数,然后跳过一个数;再列出接下来的 55 个数,跳过 22 个数;再列出 66 个数,跳过 33 个数;在第 nn 次迭代中,列出 n+3n+3 个数并跳过 nn 个数。该序列开头为 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,131,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,13\text{。}这个序列的第 500,000500{,}000 个数是多少?

A sequence of natural numbers is constructed by listing the first 4,4, then skipping one, listing the next 5,5, skipping 2,2, listing 6,6, skipping 3,3, and on the nnth iteration, listing n+3n+3 and skipping n.n. The sequence begins 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,13.1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,13. What is the 500,000500{,}000th number in the sequence?

996,996,  ⁣506\!506

996,996,  ⁣507\!507

996,996,  ⁣508\!508

996,996,  ⁣509\!509

996,996,  ⁣510\!510

答案:A
难度评级:1790
小提示:

计算完整 nn 次迭代后已经列出了多少项。

Count how many terms have been listed after nn full iterations

大提示:

再把目标项定位到下一段列出的数中。

Then locate the desired term inside the next listed block

解答:

完整 nn 次迭代后,列出的项数为 4+5++(n+3)=n(n+7)24+5+\cdots+(n+3)=\frac{n(n+7)}2

需要最大的 nn 使 n(n+7)2<500000\frac{n(n+7)}2<500000。因为 9961003=998988996\cdot1003=998988,所以 996996 次迭代后列出了 499494499494 项。

997997 次迭代列出的第一个数,是此前所有列出和跳过的数的总数再加一,即 9962+4996+1=996001996^2+4\cdot996+1=996001

500000500000 个列出的数,是下一段中的第 500000499494=506500000-499494=506 个数,所以它是 996001+505=996506996001+505=996506

所以正确答案是 A

After nn full iterations, the number of listed terms is 4+5++(n+3)=n(n+7)24+5+\cdots+(n+3)=\frac{n(n+7)}2.

We need the largest nn with n(n+7)2<500000\frac{n(n+7)}2<500000. Since 9961003=998988996\cdot1003=998988, after 996996 iterations there are 499494499494 listed numbers.

The first number listed in iteration 997997 is one more than the total of all listed and skipped numbers so far, namely 9962+4996+1=996001996^2+4\cdot996+1=996001.

The 500000500000th listed number is the 500000499494=506500000-499494=506th number of this next block, so it is 996001+505=996506996001+505=996506.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

25.

58675^{867} 介于 220132^{2013}220142^{2014} 之间。有多少对整数 (m,n)(m,n) 满足 1m20121\leq m\leq 20125n<2m<2m+2<5n+15^n < 2^m < 2^{m+2} < 5^{n+1}\text{?}

The number 58675^{867} is between 220132^{2013} and 22014.2^{2014}. How many pairs of integers (m,n)(m,n) are there such that 1m20121\leq m\leq 2012 and 5n<2m<2m+2<5n+1?5^n < 2^m < 2^{m+2} < 5^{n+1}?

278278

279279

280280

281281

282282

答案:B
难度评级:2300
小提示:

相邻两个 55 的幂之间包含两个或三个 22 的幂。

Each interval between consecutive powers of 55 contains two or three powers of 22

大提示:

使用 58675^{867} 之前一共有多少个 22 的幂。

Use the total number of powers of 22 before 58675^{867}

解答:

因为 22<5<232^2<5<2^3,每个区间 (5n,5n+1)(5^n,5^{n+1}) 中包含两个或三个 22 的幂。题目的不等式恰好对应含有三个这样的幂的区间。

0n<8670\le n<867,设含两个 22 的幂的区间有 dd 个,含三个 22 的幂的区间有 tt 个,则 d+t=867d+t=867

22013<5867<220142^{2013}<5^{867}<2^{2014} 可知,这些区间一共包含 2013201322 的幂,所以 2d+3t=20132d+3t=2013

解这个方程组得到 t=279t=279

所以正确答案是 B

Since 22<5<232^2<5<2^3, each interval (5n,5n+1)(5^n,5^{n+1}) contains either two or three powers of 22. The desired inequality holds exactly for intervals containing three such powers.

For 0n<8670\le n<867, let dd be the number of intervals with two powers of 22, and let tt be the number with three powers of 22. Then d+t=867d+t=867.

Because 22013<5867<220142^{2013}<5^{867}<2^{2014}, these intervals contain 20132013 powers of 22 altogether, so 2d+3t=20132d+3t=2013.

Solving the system gives t=279t=279.

Thus, B is the correct answer.