Solution:

$$\begin{align*}&\frac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \frac{1+3+5}{2+4+6}\\ &= \dfrac {12}9 - \dfrac 9{12} \\&= \dfrac 43 - \dfrac 34 \\&= \dfrac 7{12}\end{align*}$$

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Solution:

The dimensions of the garden are $2\cdot 15 = 30$ feet by $2\cdot 20=40$ feet. Thus, the square footage is $30\cdot 40 = 1200.$

Therefore, there are $$1200\cdot \dfrac 12 =600$$ pounds of potatoes.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Solution:

Let the low temperature be represented by $l.$ Then, the high temperature is $l+16.$

This makes the average $$\dfrac{l+l+16}2 = l+8 = 3.$$ Therefore, $l = -5.$

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Solution:

When counting from $3$ to $201$ in any direction, we count $199$ numbers. When counting in the reverse direction, after counting $53,$ there are $50$ more count, meaning $149$ were counted by that point.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Solution:

This expressionS is equal to $a(2-b).$ Thus, we can minimize the value of the expression by making it as negative as possible. This happens when $a$ and $b$ are are large as possible, which is when $a=b = 5.$ This makes the expression evaluate to $$(2-5)\cdot 5 = -15.$$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Solution:

The sum of the ages of all the fifth-graders and their parents is: $$33\cdot 11+55\cdot 33 = 66\cdot 33.$$

Then, as the average is the sum divided by the number of people, the average age must be: $$\dfrac{66\cdot 33}{88} = \dfrac 34 \cdot 33 = 24.75 .$$

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Solution:

Consider the following diagram:

Working with the above diagram, observe that $\triangle BEF$ is a right triangle.

Furthermore, as each point is equally interspaced across the unit circle, $$\angle XOB = \dfrac{2\pi}{6} = \dfrac{\pi}{3}$$

Therefore, by similarity, $\angle E = \dfrac{\pi}{3}.$ As such, $\triangle BEF$ is a $30-60-90$ triangle. This means that it is not an equilateral triangle nor an isosceles triangle.

Now, as the radius of the circle is $1,$ $\overline{BE} = 2.$

Thus, by our special right triangle formulas (or just plain triginometry), we have: $$\overline{EF} = 1$$ $$\overline{BF} = \sqrt{3}$$

As such, the area is equal to $\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Solution:

When they drive $40$ miles each, they in total drive $80$ miles. Then, Ray uses $1$ gallons and Tom uses $4$ gallons, so they used $5$ gallons combinded. This makes the milage $\dfrac {80}5 = 16 .$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Solution:

Only one of them is a multiple of $2,$ only one of them is a multiple of $3,$ and only one of them is a multiple of $5.$

Since each of the positive integers is greater than $1,$ each of them must be a multiple of one of the given primes.

Therefore, since $$27000=2^3\cdot 3^3\cdot 5^3,$$ the numbers must be $2^3,3^3,5^3,$ making their sum $160.$

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Solution:

Let the number of three-point attempts be $t.$

Then, the number of made three-point shots is $0.4 t,$ implying that the number of points made off of three-point shots is $1.2t.$

Similarly, the number of two-point shots is $1.5t,$ so the number of made two-point shots is $0.75t,$ suggesting that the number of points made off of 2 point shots is $1.5t.$

This makes the total number of points scored equal to: $$2.7t=54,$$ and so, $t=20.$

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Solution:

This can be rewritten as $$x^2-10x+y^2+6y+34=0.$$

From this, completing the square yields $$x^2-10x+25+y^2+6y+9$$$$=(x-5)^2+(y+3)^2$$$$=0.$$ Since both of these squared terms must be greater than or equal to $0,$ and their sum equals $0,$ both values must both be $0$ yielding $$(x-5)^2 = (y+3)^2=0.$$

As such, $x=5,y=-3.$ This makes the sum $x+y=2.$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Solution:

We can solve for the number of sides and diagonals as each edge in question is made up of $2$ points, and there are $5$ points total. Therefore, the number of edges is equal to the number of ways to choose any $5$ points from the set of $5$ that we have: $$\binom 52 = 10$$

Also, as the polygon in question is a rectangle, each of the $5$ of the sides are the same length. Similarly, all the sides of the diagonals are the same length, as there is only one possible angle between any set of non-adjecent points.

Therefore, if we choose any pair of elements in $S,$ we have $\binom {10}2 =45$ possibilities. We know that the two chosen segments have the same length if and only if they are both sides, or both diagonals.

There are $\binom {5}2 =10$ ways of choosing two sides.

There are $\binom {5}2 =10$ ways of choosing two diagonals.

Therefore, the total number of ways to choose two segments that have the same length is: $$\dfrac{10+10}{45} = \dfrac 49.$$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Solution:

The sequence $1,2 \cdots n$ is said first after the $n^{th}$ triangular number $T_n,$ which is: $$T_n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}2.$$

(The triangular number $T_n$ is defined as being the sum of the numbers $1$ to $n.$ As for why it has this formula, there's a bunch of ways you can prove it using induction or arithmetic sequences. We'll leave that to you, though!)

Moving on, writing out some triangular numbers, we notice that $T_9 = 45$ is the closest triangular number less than $53.$ This means that the sequence $1,2 \cdots 9$ is first said after $$T_9 = \dfrac{9\cdot 10}2 = 45$$ numbers.

Therefore, the $46^{th}$ number starts this new sequence at $1,$ and counting forwards, we can see that the $53rd$ number is $7$ more than this, with a value of $8.$

Thus, the correct answer is E.

Solution:

If $x \clubsuit y = y \clubsuit x,$ we know that $$x^2y-xy^2 = y^2x-x^2y$$ $$2x^2y-2xy^2=0$$ $$(x)(y)(x-y)=0.$$ Thus, we know that if $x=0,x-y=0,$ or $y=0,$ we have a solution. These three solutions each take the form of a line, and so, the set of points where $x \clubsuit y = y \clubsuit x$ is a set of three points.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

Solution:

Let the side length of the equilateral triangle be $s.$ Then, let its area be $A.$ This would make $a=3s.$

As such, a hexagon with side $s$ would have $6$ equilateral triangles, with side length $s,$ making its area $6A.$

Therefore, the side length of the hexagon with area $A$ is equal to $\dfrac{s}{\sqrt 6} .$ As such, $$b = 6\cdot \dfrac{s}{\sqrt 6} = s\sqrt 6 .$$

This makes $$\dfrac ab = \dfrac{3s}{s\sqrt 6} = \dfrac{3 \sqrt 6}6 = \dfrac{\sqrt 6} 2.$$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Solution:

Since we have an intersection of medians, we know that the segments are split at a $2:1$ ratio. Thus, $$CP= 2PE = 3$$ and $$AP = 2PD = 2(1.5) = 3$$

Then, since $$\begin{align*}PE^2 + PD^2 &= 1.5^2 + 2^2 \\&= 2.5^2 \\&= DE^2,\end{align*}$$ the triangle $\triangle PED$ satisfies the Pythagorean Theorem, making $\angle DPE = 90^\circ ,$ and all of the angles at that point are therefore $90^\circ .$

Then, since the area of $AEDC$ is the area of all of the 4 right triangles put togeter, its area is $$\begin{align*} &\dfrac{CP\cdot AP+CP\cdot PD}2 \\+&\dfrac { PE \cdot AP + PE\cdot PD}2 \\=& \dfrac{(CP+PE)(AP+PD)}2 \\=& \dfrac{(4.5)(6)}2 \\=& \dfrac{27}2 \\=& 13.5 . \end{align*}$$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Solution:

Alex can do the following move: Take $6$ red coins and going the the first booth, getting $3$ blue coins and $3$ silver coins, and getting $1$ red coin and $4$ silver coins total after this exchange from the second booth. He can do this as long as he has $6$ red coins. Doing this $14$ times yields $5$ red coins, $75$ blue coins, and $56$ silver coins. Then, Alex can convert the red coins to blue, yielding $1$ red coin, $77$ blue coins, and $58$ silver coins.

Then, Alex can do the following move: Take $6$ blue coins and going the the second booth, getting $2$ red coins and $2$ silver coins, and getting $1$ blue coin and $3$ silver coins. Doing this $15$ times yields $1$ red coins, $2$ blue coins, and $103$ silver coins as we gain $45$ coins.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

Solution:

Given the first three numbers, if their sum is less than or equal to $9,$ it creates one number with the property.

Now, we can case on the $1$st digit.

If it is 1, then the sum of the $2$nd and $3$rd digit must be less than or equal to $8.$ For each possible sum $s,$ there are $s+1$ ways to choose the other numbers as the 2nd number can be anywhere from $0$ to $s.$

Thus, the total is the $9^{th}$ triangular number: $$\dfrac{9\cdot 10}2 =45.$$

If it is 2, then the only way we can get a number that works less than $2013$ is $2002,$ making a total of $46$ cases.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Solution:

If there is exactly one root, let's call it $r,$ we know that we can represent the quadratic as: $$(x-r)^2=x^2-2r+r^2$$

As such, we set $a=1,$ $b=-2r,$ and $c=r^2.$ Notice that this form of the quadratic is normalized, however, as we are finding roots (i.e. where the quadratic equals zero), we can scale the coefficients of the quadratic by any constant without changing the fundamental properties of the equation.

Now, as we know that $c, b, a$ is a nonnegative arithmetic sequence, we know that there exists some constant $k$ such that: $$c+2k = b+k = a$$ This suggests that $2b = c+a,$ which we can plug in values to see that: $$-4r = r^2+1$$ $$r^2+4r+1=0$$ $$r = -2 \pm \sqrt{3}$$

Therefore, as we know that $b\ge c \ge 0,$ we know that as $r\le 0$ and $-2r \ge r^2 \iff r \ge -2,$ so $r=-2+\sqrt{3}.$

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Solution:

Let's start by looking at the prime factorization of $2013,$ which is $2013=61\cdot 11\cdot 3.$ In order to have a factor of $61$ in the numerator and to minimize $a_1,$ we must set $a_1=61.$

Now, let's consider the denominator. For the numerator to have a factor of $61,$ we must have a factor of $61$ in the denominator as well, because otherwise it would not be canceled out. Since we want to minimize $b_1,$ we want the largest possible prime less than $61$ in the denominator, which is $59.$ Therefore, $b_1=59.$

Finally, we can compute $$|a_1-b_1|=|61-59|=2$$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Solution:

For the first sequence, let the first number be $a_1$ and let the second number be $a_2.$

Then, the sequence would be $$a_1, a_2 , a_1+a_2, a_1+2a_2,$$$$2a_1+3a_2, 3a_1+ 5a_2, 5a_1+8a_2$$ with $a_2 \geq a_1.$

If we had the second sequence start with $b_1, b_2,$ we would get that:$$5a_1+8a_2 = 5b_1+8b_2.$$ Thus, $$a_1 \equiv b_1 \mod 8,$$ $$a_2 \equiv b_2 \mod 5 .$$ If we let $a_1 < b_1 ,$ then we know $b_1 \geq 8.$ As such, $b_2 \geq 8.$ If we just let $b_1 =8, b_2 = 8,$ we can take $a_1 = 0,a_2 = 13$ and get $N=104$ as a minimum possible answer.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Solution:

Let $S$ be defined as: $$\begin{align*}S &= A+J+E\\&=B+J+F\\&=C+J+G\\&=D+J+H\end{align*}$$ $$\begin{align*}4S &= A+B+C+D+E\\&+F+G+H+4J \end{align*}$$ $$4S = 45+3J$$ $$45+3J \equiv 0 \mod 4$$ $$3J \equiv 3 \mod 4$$ $$J \equiv 1 \mod 4$$

This means that $J=1,5,9.$ From here, let's assume $J=1.$ We will see that the other cases are similar enough to omit.

If $J=1,$ then we know that the pairs of numbers that satisfy the equality above are: $$2+9 = 3+8 = 4+7 = 5+6$$ There are $4!$ ways to distribute the pairs over the four groups, and then $2^4$ ways for these groups to swap elements (i.e. $2+9\iff 9+2$).

Now, if we look at the $J=5$ and $J=9$ cases, we see a similar pattern in the number of groupings and swaps. As such, we have: $$3\cdot 4! \cdot 2^4 = 1152$$ possibilities.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Solution:

First, we can deduce that $BD =5, AD = 12, CD = 9$ by inspecting Pythagorean triples.

This yields the following diagram:

Then, we get $\angle ADE = \angle ACD$ by the similarity of $\triangle ADC$ and $\triangle AED .$ Since $\triangle ABF$ and $\triangle ADF$ are both right triangles, they both have circumcircles with diameter $AB,$ making $ABDF$ cyclic. Thus, $$\angle ABF = \angle ADF = \angle ACD,$$ making $$\cos (\angle ABF) = \dfrac 35,$$$$\sin (\angle ABF) = \dfrac 45 .$$ As such, $$AF = \dfrac 35 \cdot 13,$$$$BF = \dfrac 45 \cdot 13.$$

By Ptolemy's Theorem, we get $$AB \cdot DF + DB \cdot AF = BF\cdot AD .$$ Therefore, $$13\cdot DF + 5\cdot 13\dfrac 45 =12 \cdot 13\dfrac 35 .$$

This makes $$DF + 5\cdot \dfrac 45 = 12 \cdot \dfrac 35 ,$$ so $DF + 4 = \dfrac {36}5.$ As such, $DF=\dfrac {16}5,$ making $m+n=21.$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Solution:

A positive integer has $4$ divisors if it can be written as $p_1p_2$ or $p_1^3.$ The sum of the divisors would be $$(p_1+1)(p_2+1)$$ or $$p_1^3+p_1^2+p_1+1.$$ The second option can't happen since the value for $p_1=11$ is less than $2010$ and the value for $p_1=13$ is greater.

Thus, we have $(p_1+1)(p_2+1)$ as our factored form.

Now, if either $p_1$ or $p_2$ are $2,$ then looking at $(p_1+1), (p_2+1)$ we know that one of them must be equal to $3,$ and other is still even. The elements of the set that satisfy this are even multiples of three, or $2010$ and $2016.$

However, observe that: $$\dfrac{2010}{3}-1 = 669$$ $$\dfrac{2016}{3}-1 = 671$$

These aren't prime, so we conclude that $p_1$ and $p_2$ must be odd primes. This implies that $p_1+1$ and $p_2+1$ are both even, and as such, the number in question must be divisible by $4,$ giving only $2012$ and $2016$ as valid options.

Looking at each of these options: $$2012 = 4\cdot 503$$ Which implies $p_1 = 3, p_2=502$ which isn't a prime. $$2016 = 4\cdot 504$$ Which implies that $p_1 = 3, p_2 = 503,$ which are both odd primes.

Therefore, the only "nice" number in the set is $2016.$

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Solution:

First, we inspect on the units digit. If we let $$N \equiv a \mod 5,$$ $$N \equiv b \mod 6,$$ we can set the units digit of $S$ and $N$ equal to get that $$a+b \equiv 2a \mod 10$$$$b \equiv a \mod 10.$$ Since $a<10, b<10$ we conclude that $a=b.$

This makes $N \equiv a \mod 30$ for $a < 5 .$

Then, suppose we have $N = 30 x + a.$ If we have $a=0$ working, then $a = 0,1,2,3,4$ works and vice versa, so we need only to check $a=0,$ and for all $a=0$ that works, we can just multiply by $5.$

Thus, we need only to look at multiples of $30.$

Then, let $$N = 36a + 6b,$$$$N = 25x+5y.$$

We then know $$\begin{align*}10b + 10y &\equiv 2N \mod 100\\ &\equiv 50x + 10y \\&\equiv 72a+12b \end{align*}$$ Suggesting that: $$10b \equiv 50x \mod 100.$$

As such, $b$ is a multiple of $5$ and $b+y$ must be even.

Therefore, given any $y,$ we have a unique possible solution as there are two possible solutions for $b$ given any $y$ since $b$ must be $0$ or $5$ and only one of them yields $y+b$ is even.

So, for each of the $5$ possible $y,$ we have a unique $b$ that works, and for each $y$ we have $5$ values for $a.$

Thus, for each remainder of $N$ when divided by $25,$ there is a unique remainder when divided by $36,$ making $25$ out of the possible remainders when divided by $900$ a solution.

From $100$ to $999,$ each of the remainders appear exactly once, so there are $25$ solutions.

Thus, the correct answer is E.