Answer: D

Solution:

There are $18\cdot 4=72$ students. As such, there are $72\cdot 2=144$ rabbits in total. Therefore, the difference is $144-72=72.$

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Answer: E

Solution:

The smaller side of the rectangle is equal to the diameter, which is $2r=2\cdot 5=10.$

Due to the $2:1$ ratio, the long side is $10\cdot 2=20.$

Therefore, the area is $20\cdot 10=200.$

Thus, the correct answer is E.

Answer: B

Solution:

Notice that the line in question is perfectly horizontal. This means that if we were to construct a perpendicular line segment from the point to the line, to find the reflected coordinates of the point, we simply double the distance along that line segment.

The line segment from $(1000,2012)$ to $y=2000$ is of length $12,$ so the reflected point is along this same line segment, but a distance of $12$ on the other side of the horizontal line. This yields $(1000,1988).$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Answer: A

Solution:

As we know that when Ringo's marbles are divided by $6,$ we have a remainder of $4,$ we conclude that he has $6x+4$ marbles for some $x.$

Using the same logic, we can also conclude that Paul has $6y+3$ marbles for some $y.$

Therefore, the total number of marbles is $$(6x+4)+(6y+3)$$$$= 6(x+y+1)+1$$ Which, when divided by $6,$ only leaves $1$ left over.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Answer: D

Solution:

Suppose the original price is $x.$ Then, the tax is $0.1$ and the tip is $0.15x.$ This makes the total payment equal to: $$\begin{align*}x+0.1x+0.15x&=1.25x\\&=27.5\end{align*}$$ Therefore, $x=22.$

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Answer: A

Solution:

The value when $x$ is rounded up is greater than $x.$

The value when $-y$ is rounded up is greater than $-y.$

Therefore, we add two numbers which are greater than their corresponding parts in $x-y,$ making it greater.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Answer: D

Solution:

Let the number of acorns they each hid be $x.$ Then, the number of holes from the chipmunk is $\dfrac x3$ and the number of holes from the squirrel is $\dfrac x4 .$

This means $$\dfrac x3 - \dfrac x4 = \dfrac{x}{12}= 4$$ Therefore, $x=48.$

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Answer: B

Solution:

Suppose we have $x=2+k$ as a solution. Then, $x=2-k$ would also be a solution as $$((2+k)-2)^2 = ((2-k)-2)^2$$ The sum of these two solutions would be $4.$ Thus, the sum of all integer solutions to the above equation is four times the number of positive $k$'s that work.

To find the number of $k$'s, we need to find the number of positive solutions to: $$1 < k^2 < 25,$$ which would be $3,$ as $k=2,3,4.$

Therefore, there are a total of $4\cdot 3=12$ solutions.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Answer: A

Solution:

The sum of the first two numbers is even, so we can make them both even.

The sum of the next two numbers is odd, so one must be even and one must be odd.

The sum of the last two numbers is even, so we can make them both even.

Therefore, we can have $1$ odd number, making it the minimum.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Answer: D

Solution:

By cross multiplying, we can see that $MN = 36.$ Thus, we can make $M$ any factor of $36$ and then determine $N$ from it.

Since $36=2^2\cdot 3^2,$ we have $(2+1)(2+1)=9$ possible choices for $M,$ each of which also determine a unique $N.$

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Answer: A

Solution:

We know that there must be cake served on Friday, and as such, on Saturday, we cannot have cake. Therefore, we have $3$ choices for Saturday's menu.

Furthermore, for each of the $5$ previous days, we could go backwards and have $3$ choices on each day, making the total number of choices $3^5\cdot 3 = 729.$

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Answer: B

Solution:

We know $AB$ and $BC$ are perpendicular, so $$AB^2 + BC^2 = (10\sqrt 2)^2 = 200.$$ Also, as $\angle BAC = 45^\circ,$ we know that $\triangle ABC$ is an isoceles right triangle, so $AB = BC ,$ making $2AB^2 = 200.$ Thus, $AB = BC = 10.$

As such, we know that $$BD= BC+CD = 30.$$ Thus, by the Pythagorean Theorem, we have that $$\begin{align*}AD^2 &= AB^2+BD^2 \\&= 10^2+30^2\\&=1000\end{align*}$$ Thus, since $$31^2 < AD^2 < 32^2,$$ we have $$31 \lt AD\lt 32$$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Answer: B

Solution:

Let $c$ represent Clea's speed walking down the non-operational escalator. Similarly, let $e$ represent Clea's speed standing still on the operational escalator. Then, as speed is equal to distance over time, we know that $c = \dfrac d{60}$ and $$c+e = \dfrac d{24}.$$ Therefore, $$e = \dfrac d{24}-\dfrac d{60} = \dfrac d{40},$$ meaning that Clea takes $40$ to descend the escalator by simply standing still.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Answer: D

Solution:

This rhombus is created by placing two congruent equilateral triangles. Let the side length of it be $s.$ Then, the area of one of them is $\dfrac{s^2 \sqrt 3}4,$ making the total area $\dfrac{s^2 \sqrt 3}2.$

The side length of the larger equilateral triangle is $2 \sqrt 3.$ The height of it is $3$ since the height is equal to $2 \sqrt 3 \sin(60^\circ) .$

Half of the sqaure is $\sqrt 3,$ so the height of the smaller triangle is $3 - \sqrt 3 .$ Thus, the ratio between $s$ and $2 \sqrt 3$ is $\dfrac {3-\sqrt 3}3 .$

As such, $$s = \dfrac{2 \sqrt 3(3-\sqrt 3)}3 = 2\sqrt 3-2 .$$

Therefore, the combined area is $$\begin{align*} \dfrac{s^2 \sqrt 3}2 &= \dfrac{(2\sqrt 3-2)^2 \sqrt 3 }2 \\&= \dfrac{(16-8\sqrt 3) \sqrt 3 }2 \\&= 8 \sqrt 3 - 12 \end{align*}$$

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Answer: D

Solution:

They would have to share $\binom 62 = 15$ wins.

This means, we can't have a $6$ way tie as that would be $2.5$ wins per team.

If we had a $5$ way tie, each team could have $3$ wins, which is possible if one team losses all of its games, and out of the $5$ winning teams, they each split their games.

If we label the teams from $1$ to $5,$ and designate team $6$ to lose all their games. To get a $5$ way tie, we could have each team $1\le x \le 5$ beat team $x+1 \mod 5$ and team $x+2 \mod 5,$ as well as team $6.$

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Answer: A

Solution:

Consider the following diagram:

We first construct $3$ circles, and take $\dfrac 16$ of it out for each of them, leaving $2.5$ times the area of a circle.

Together, they have an area of $$2.5r^2 \pi = 2.5\cdot 4 \pi - 10 \pi .$$

Then, add an equilateral with a side length of $4.$ The area is then $$\dfrac {s^2 \sqrt 3}4 = \dfrac{16 \sqrt 3}4 = 4 \sqrt 3 .$$

Therefore, the total is $$10 \pi + 4 \sqrt 3 .$$

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Answer: C

Solution:

The diagonal length is $x=12$ for both cones since it is the radius. Let the cones each have radii of $r_1,r_2$ and heights of $h_1,h_2,$ with the smaller cone being cone $1.$

Then, the ratio between the cones is $$\dfrac{\frac{r_1^2h_1 \pi}3}{\frac{r_2^2h_2 \pi}3} = \dfrac{r_1^2h_1 }{r_2^2h_2 }.$$ Then, for each cone, $h^2+r^2=x^2$ ad their diagonal length is $x,$ so $h= \sqrt{x^2-r^2}.$

This makes the ratio $$\dfrac{r_1^2 \sqrt{x^2-r_1^2} }{r_2^2\sqrt{x^2-r_r^2} } .$$

Then, with the smaller section, the curcumference of the base is $\frac 13$ of the circumference of the larger circle, so its radius is $\frac 13$ of the larger radius, making it $\frac 13 x.$

Also, with the larger section, the curcumference of the base is $\frac 23$ of the circumference of the larger circle, so its radius is $\frac 23$ of the larger radius, making it $\frac 23 x.$

This makes the ratio $$\begin{align*} \dfrac{(\frac{x}3)^2 \sqrt{x^2-(\frac{x}3)^2} }{(\frac{2x}3)^2 \sqrt{x^2-(\frac{2x}3)^2} } &= \dfrac{\sqrt{\frac 89}}{2^2 \sqrt{\frac 59}} \\&= \dfrac{\sqrt{10}}{{10}} \end{align*}$$

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Answer: C

Solution:

The probability that someone has a positive test is equal to the probability someone is positive times the probability the test is positive plus the probability the test is negative times the probability the test is negative. This would be $$\dfrac{1}{500}\cdot 1 + \dfrac{499}{500}\cdot 0.02$$$$= \dfrac{499\cdot 0.02+1}{500}$$

The probability that someone is positive given that they had a positive test is equal to the probability someone is positive times the probability the test is positive divided by the probability the test is positive. This would be $$\dfrac {\frac{1}{500}\cdot 1}{\frac{499\cdot 0.02+1}{500}} = \dfrac {1}{499\cdot 0.02+1}$$ This is very close to $$\dfrac {1}{500\cdot 0.02+1} = \dfrac 1{11} .$$

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Answer: C

Solution:

The polygon $BFDG$ is a trapezoid with bases $DG$ and $BF$ and height $6.$ Also, since $G$ is the midpoint between $A$ and $D,$ we have $GD= 15.$

We can see that $EBF \sim EAD ,$ so $$\dfrac{BF}{AD} = \dfrac{EB}{EA}$$ $$\dfrac{BF}{30} = \dfrac 28$$$$BF = 7.5$$

This makes the area of $BFDG$ equal to $\dfrac{6(15+7.5)}2 = \dfrac{135}2.$

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Answer: A

Solution:

Suppose $x$ was our initial number. Then, it becomes $2x$ when given to Silva, and $2x+50$ when given to Bernardo. Repeatedly doing this can yield that it eventually becomes $16x+700$ when given to Silva and $16x+750$ when given to Bernardo. Any more iterations makes the number greater than $1000.$

The number given to Silva must be below $1000$ and the number Silva makes is greater than $1000,$ so $$16x+750 > 1000 > 16x+700 .$$

Therefore, $300 > 16x > 250 .$ This makes $18 \geq x \geq 16,$ so $N=16.$ As such, the sum of the digits of $N$ is $1+6=7.$

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Answer: A

Solution:

We must have some equilateral triangle of length $a$ as otherwise, we would have $2$ of the points being the same which contradicts the distinctness. Then, the other point is $a$ away from some point on the equilateral triangle, and $2a$ away from another point in the triangle.

As such, those three points must be colinear. This makes us have an isoceles triangle with lengths $a-a-b,$ with the opposite angle to $b$ being $120^\circ .$ Thus, $b$ can be split into $2$ right triangles, making $$\begin{align*}b &= 2a \cos(60 ^\circ) \\&= a(2\cdot \dfrac{\sqrt 3}2 ) \\&= a \sqrt 3.\end{align*}$$

Therefore, their ratio is $\sqrt 3.$

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Answer: B

Solution:

Suppose we have $a_1.$ Then we can either add $a_1-1$ or $a_1+1.$ Then, when every we add some number, we must have it in a connected interval to the numbers before.

Thus, our last interval would be $[1,10].$ If we construct a list backwards, we need to take either the lowest or highest numbers in the list. We can do this $9$ times to get $a_{10},$ then $a_9$ and continually until we get $a_2.$ Then, $a_1$ is given. For each index, we choose an upper or lower, so there are $2$ choices. Thus, the total is $2^9=512.$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Answer: D

Solution:

Suppose we have the unit cube where our points are $(\pm 1,\pm 1, \pm 1).$

Then, we choose our non adjacent points to be $(1,1,0),(1,0,1),(0,1,1).$ If we put it on a table, the top point would be the current point $(0,0,0),$ so we must find the distance from the origin to the plane containing $(1,1,0),(1,0,1),$ and $(0,1,1).$

Since the tetrahedron is rotationally symmetric, the point $(0,0,0)$ is closest to is the center of mass which would be $(\frac 23, \frac 23, \frac 23 ).$ Therefore, the distance is $$\sqrt{3\left(\dfrac 23\right)^2} = \dfrac{2\sqrt 3}3 .$$

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Answer: B

Solution:

There are two cases: Each pair has exactly one liked song in common, or some pair has $2$ liked songs in common. This is because each pair must have at least $1$ liked song in common, and any more pairs than in the cases would result in $5$ songs.

Case 1: Each pair has exactly one liked song in common

There are $4$ ways to choose the song that one pair likes, $3$ ways to choose the song that the second pair likes, and $2$ ways to choose the song the third pair likes if we choose some order for them. Then, for the last song, one of them could like it which has $3$ cases or none of them likes it which is another case. Thus, the number of solutions in this case is $$4\cdot 3\cdot 2\cdot (3+1)=96.$$

Case 2: Some pair has $2$ liked songs in common

There are $3$ ways to choose the pair that has $2$ liked songs in common. Then, there are $\binom 43 = 6$ ways to choose which songs they like. Finally, there are $\binom 21 =2$ ways to figure out who likes the last song. Thus, the number of solutions in this case is $$3\cdot 6\cdot 2=36$$

The total amount is then $96+36 = 132.$

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Answer: E

Solution:

For each of the arrows in the first column, we have one way to get to them. Then, we could get to any of the second column forward arrows, and directly to any of the third column arrows, making $4$ ways to get there. Furthermore, we have $1$ more way to get there by going forward on the opposite side twice, (top/bottom) go to the backwards arrow, and go to the specified arrow on the 3rd column.

It is symmetric, so the number of paths from any of the fifth column arrows to B is $5.$ Thus, for every path from a third column arrow to a fifth column arrow, there are $5\cdot 5=25$ paths.

Note that with the answer choices, one can deduce that the answer is $E$ since it is the only multiple of $5.$ However, we will solve the rest anyways.

If we don't take any of the back arrows, we can choose a forwards arrow in the third, fourth, and fifth column, making $4^3=64$ paths from the third to fifth column.

If we do take one of the back arrows, we must first choose a blue arrow, a forward arrow to go to on its side, then go to the back arrow, choose a forward arrow on the other side, and then choose a forward arrow in the fifth row in the opposite side as the arrow chosen in the third row.

This has $4\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 2=32$ cases. Thus, we have $96$ ways to go from the third to fifth column, making our answer $96\cdot 5\cdot 5=2400.$

Thus, the correct answer is E.